The ancient civilizations knew only seven metals, gold, silver, copper, iron, mercury, tin and lead. They also knew seven heavenly bodies and related these metals to them. Gold was denoted with the Sun's symbol of a full circle, which represents mathematical perfection. Silver was associated with the Moon, and was denoted by a half circle, Iron was associated with Mars, the planet of the god of
... [Show full abstract] war, and thus was denoted with a shield and spear. Copper was denoted by a full circle because of its red color, which resembles gold. Lead was heavy and dull of all metals, and so was least valued, and came under the influence of Saturn. The number seven is unique because it represents the sum of the angles of the two fundamental geometrical figures, the triangle and the square. The pilgrims at Mecca tour around the Kabba seven times. saint Ignatius of Loyola mentioned the seven deadly sins in his 'Spiritual Exercises'.
