No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Optimization of suspension design based on evolution algorithm for a novel E-bike
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a novel design of electric bike. The authors used some engineering approach packages in this study to analyze kinetic and dynamics of the system. The newly developed suspension design of the E-bike will also be incorporated using ADAMS and BikeSim simulation into the design consideration of suspension. To improve the ride comfort and driving safety of the E-bike, an optimization problem is formulated based on the comfort and safety cost function. To obtain the optimal performance for the proposed suspension, evolution algorithms (EAs) are studied to obtain the optimal suspension parameters. Because of the unavoidable depletion in the fossil fuel resources and the impending greenhouse effect on the global warming on earth, the use of green energy, such as electric energy, as the power source on transportation vehicle has become ever important. In Taiwan, the demand of using light- weight commuting vehicles in the urban area to reduce the air pollution and the traffic is more prominent. The goal of this study is to obtain optimal suspension parameters for a novel two-wheeler electric bike (E-bike). The computer-aided design engineering using Solidworks packages is adopted to design novel suspensions of the E-bike in this study. In addition, the full bike model established using Adams is used to analyze both the performance of kinematics and dynamics of the E-bike. The hub motors are the newly and popular driving devices for the E-bikes recently. Because the ratio between the sprung and un-sprung masses for hob motors' driving is different from the conventional motorcycle, a great attention on the vibration suppression of the E-bike has been significantly increasing. Vehicle suspensions carry the vehicle bodies and transmit forces between bodies and road; besides, they are responsible for driving safety and ride comfort. For driving safety, a permanent contract between the tires and the road should be assured to avoid the wheel's bouncing conditions. For ride comfort, the suspension is used to filter the undesired vibrations and shocks which are transmitted from the road. The suspension systems basically consist of the spring, the shock absorber and the mechanism. The spring is to carry the mass and to isolate the body from road disturbances; therefore it contributes to the ride comfort mainly. The damper is used to dissipate the undesired energy and to avoid the wheel oscillations so that it contributes to both driving safety and ride comfort. Moreover, driving safety and ride comfort usually conflict with each other, so trade-off between the driving safety and ride comfort is necessary. Therefore, it is difficult to select the damping coefficients manually. Owing to this difficulty, there was a feasible method to tune of race car suspensions via the seven post rig. It has been used to optimize the response of the car by tuning of the dampers. (1) However, they did not discuss the interaction between driving
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
IntroductionER–MR HistoryER MaterialsER DampersER Controlled ValveMR MaterialsMR Dampers
The main objective of this paper is to establish a precision contouring control of a biaxial piezoelectric-actuated stage. The positioning accuracy of the piezoelectric-actuated stage is limited due to the hysteretic nonlinearity of the piezoelectric actuators (PEA). To compensate this hysteresis problem, a feedforward controller based on an evolution algorithm is proposed. The dynamics of the hysteresis is formulated by the Bouc–Wen model and the evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are studied to identify the optimal parameters of the Bouc–Wen model. To verify the consistency, two micro-contouring tasks are implemented by the proposed feedforward controller with the feedback of linear optical scales in DSP based real-time control architecture.
After discussing various principles of suspensions with variable dampers and springs as well as active components, mathematical models of these systems are derived. It is shown how the unknown parameters can be obtained experimentally through parameter estimation by using body accelerometers, wheel accelerometers, and suspension deflection sensors in different combinations. Experimental results are described for suspensions on a test rig and in cars driving over road surfaces. Through recursive parameter estimation these parameters can be obtained on-line in real time. Then, feedback principles are derived for controlling the damping ratio of dampers with proportional magnetic valve actuators. The mathematical models are then used for fault detection and diagnosis of the damper by combining parameter estimation and parity equation methods.
Genetic algorithms are playing an increasingly important role in studies of complex adaptive systems, ranging from adaptive agents in economic theory to the use of machine learning techniques in the design of complex devices such as aircraft turbines and integrated circuits. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems is the book that initiated this field of study, presenting the theoretical foundations and exploring applications.
In its most familiar form, adaptation is a biological process, whereby organisms evolve by rearranging genetic material to survive in environments confronting them. In this now classic work, Holland presents a mathematical model that allows for the nonlinearity of such complex interactions. He demonstrates the model's universality by applying it to economics, physiological psychology, game theory, and artificial intelligence and then outlines the way in which this approach modifies the traditional views of mathematical genetics.
Initially applying his concepts to simply defined artificial systems with limited numbers of parameters, Holland goes on to explore their use in the study of a wide range of complex, naturally occuring processes, concentrating on systems having multiple factors that interact in nonlinear ways. Along the way he accounts for major effects of coadaptation and coevolution: the emergence of building blocks, or schemata, that are recombined and passed on to succeeding generations to provide, innovations and improvements.
Bradford Books imprint