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CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TOBACCO LEAF AND DIFFERENCES AMONG TOBACCO TYPES
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... Today, the declining sugar content in fluecured and oriental cigarette tobaccos rarely occurs, the fundamental analytical trends are still true. Otherwise, the protein and α-amino nitrogen levels of the flue-cured and oriental sugars are lower (Leffingwell, 1999). ...
... In tobacco and/or tobacco smoke, there are 279 components that can be considered either as a full carbohydrate or a glycoside in which another structure, is connected to a carbohydrate. The use of tobacco containing different carbohydrate additives, such as different sugars, has recently been the subject of much debate in attempts to relate such additives to cigarette smoke-induced medical problems (Leffingwell, 1999). One of the most essential constituents of light tobacco is soluble carbohydrates. ...
... Total sugar acts as a strong smoking standard measure. Higher sugar amounts suggest good leaf quality as it gives the smoke an acidic character (Leffingwell, 1999). Sugars are common components of tobacco, such as glucose, fructose and sucrose. ...
This investigation was carried out at Zrguez Tobacco Station in Sulaimani governorate during the summer season of 2010, to estimate the chemical constituents and some physical properties of seven oriental tobacco genotypes (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The seven oriental tobacco genotypes, namely; Gullsur, Gullspi, Madara, Pazarjik, Bulgari, Line 10 and Line 18 which were grown in Zrguez Tobacco Station. The product sun cured and stored in the warehouse for a long time to induce natural fermentation and aging. The leaves from three primings were used to determine chemical constituents, which were (the percentage of reducing sugar, nicotine content, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, total ash, volatile oil, potassium content and chloride content),
... Conveniently, the large quantities of tobacco residues produced allow for the development of practical and economical logistical operations and technical processes for the valorisation of this feedstock. Its potential for valorisation results from the myriad of high value compounds found in this feedstock, including alkaloids, diterpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, polyphenols, pectins, and sugars [1,[4][5][6]. Among these substances, pectin is of particular importance due to its broad-reaching applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. ...
... The efficient extraction of pectin from tobacco samples requires a rigorous approach that considers the following: (I) the tobacco sample contains a slightly lower pectin content compared to pre-existing commercial sources (citrus peels and apple pomace), (II) the high amount of extractives and bioactive components present the tobacco biomass may interfere with pectin extraction, and (III) the tobacco biomass is generally highly recalcitrant compared to alternative pectin sources [5,[25][26][27][28]. To this end, it is crucial to implement a pre-treatment step aimed at pre-extracting a majority of the extractives prior to the pectin extraction step. ...
... Therefore, the pectin extracted from these tobacco samples may predominantly consist of rhamnogalacturonan. This is consistent with observations made by other authors on the structure of the pectic polysaccharides found in tobacco [5,65]. The particularly high glucose contents detected in the pectin extracts (compared to the other neutral sugars), suggests that the hydrolysed cellulose oligomers are intertwined with the pectin in tobacco, since pectin and cellulose are chemically and physically bound to each other in the cell wall [15]. ...
This study presents a method for effective pectin extraction from the laminae of three tobacco varieties as a means of biomass valorisation. Two pre-treatment methods (cold ethanol vs. accelerated solvent extraction [ASE] with ethanol) were compared for their capacities to produce a high pectin yield. Enzymatic extraction of pectin was also tested as a green extraction procedure and compared to the acid extraction approach. The optimisation experiments revealed that cold ethanol extraction followed by acid hydrolysis is the most convenient method for pectin extraction; the optimal set of conditions for hydrolysis were identified as 90°C, pH 1.5, and 4 h of extraction. Applying these optimised conditions to the three Nicotiana rustica tobacco varieties yielded pectin recoveries of 66.2%, 57.8%, and 56.7% from the NRT63, Bakoum Miena, and NRT61 samples, respectively. Tobacco pectins were found to have a medium molecular weight and low methoxy content. These results highlight the potential of tobacco residues as feedstock to produce pectin with dietary applications.
... A broad vibration band at 3400 cm − 1 is assigned to hydroxyl (O -H) and amine (N-H) groups [37]. The vibration bands at 2932, 1560-1680, and 1053 cm − 1 correspond to alkyl (C -H), alkenyl/carbonyl (C = C/C = O), and C-O stretching, respectively [38]. The vibration band of C -H bending is observed at 1409 cm − 1 [38]. ...
... The vibration bands at 2932, 1560-1680, and 1053 cm − 1 correspond to alkyl (C -H), alkenyl/carbonyl (C = C/C = O), and C-O stretching, respectively [38]. The vibration band of C -H bending is observed at 1409 cm − 1 [38]. Fig. 3b-e illustrate the XPS patterns of TL-CDs. ...
Novel carbon fiber (CF) mats were fabricated from tobacco leaf-based carbon dots (TL-CDs) filled rubber wood chip-extracted lignin (RWC-L)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite fibers with a hybrid doping method. The ex-situ doping was applied during fiber formation via electrospinning by adding functionalized TL-CDs in the spinning solution. The in-situ doping was carried out in carbonization process for nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) atom generation by utilizing RWC-L and PAN as a mixed precursor. The CF properties and electrochemical performances were evidently influenced by TL-CD content and carbonization temperature. The CF fabric containing 0.4 % w/v of TL-CDs and carbonized at 1200°C provided optimal specific capacitance (Cs ≅ 225 F g⁻¹), energy density (ED ≅ 53 W h kg⁻¹), and power density (PD ≅ 130 W kg⁻¹) at a current density of 0.2 A g⁻¹ in 6 M KOH electrolyte. It also had excellent cycling stability of ≅ 90% after 12000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g⁻¹. This could be combined effects of a small fiber diameter (≅ 0.65 μm), a high heteroatom content (≅ 21 wt% of N and O atoms), a large surface area (≅ 1063 m² g⁻¹), a high micropore volume (≅ 2.41 cm³ g⁻¹), high graphitic carbon (ID/IG ratio ≅ 0.97), and high electrical conductivity (≅ 62 S cm⁻¹). Moreover, the electrochemical properties of the TL-CD added CF sheet were superior to those of the bare CF mat. Therefore, this work introduces a sustainable and efficient approach to develop lignin-based CF fabrics as self-standing electrodes for advanced energy-storage devices.
... Tobacco waste has not attracted a lot of research attention [16] possibly because researchers get overshadowed by the economic benefits that this crop brings to those cultivating it. Tobacco processing waste products (stems and dust), like any other biomass, contain fibres, sugars, lignin, cellulose and proteins [17]. This implies that this waste could potentially be used in AMD treatment either as an adsorbent or as a carbon source for SRBs. ...
... The procedures outlined by Zhang et al. [6] were adopted in characterising the tobacco waste for moisture, organic matter content, bound nitrogen (N b ), pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Easily available substances (EAS) were taken from the literature [17]. Metal ions in slurries were quantified using standard Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic methods (Perkin Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrometer PinAAcle 900H) [20]. ...
Treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) was successfully demonstrated using tobacco waste (dust and stem) as a metal cation adsorbent, pH modifier and carbon source for sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Synthetic and industrial AMD wastewaters were used in batch adsorption and SRB facilitated bioremediation experiments. Up to absorbent loading of 80 g/L, metal removal increased. However, increases above 160 g/L did not offer a proportional increase. At an adsorbent loading of 80 g/L, the highest metal removals of 38, 41, 31 and 43% for iron, nickel, copper and zinc respectively were achieved. The iron data fitted well to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm while the Sips adsorption isotherm better-described nickel, copper and zinc adsorption to tobacco waste. SRBs used were able to use tobacco waste as a carbon source while reducing sulphates to metal sulphides in acid mine drainage. In the presence of SRBs, metal removals by both adsorption and sulphide precipitation were 95, 97, 70 and 93% for iron, nickel, copper and zinc, respectively. Copper, however, demonstrated lower removal yields in both adsorption and bioremediation. Bioremediation improved acid mine drainage pH by 2.05 units. The exponential decay function could model both the metal and sulphate removal perfectly. It was concluded that tobacco waste can be confidently used as an adsorbent and carbon source for sulphate-reducing bacteria while facilitating AMD biological treatment.
... The tobacco plant is recognized as an effective pesticide as a part of traditional pharmacopeia and also used as an insect or tick repellent to prevent vector-borne diseases (Jufri et al., 2016;Pavela et al., 2016). Tobacco leaves contain around 4,000 different compounds, and crude leaf methanolic extracts are highly complex compounds (Eich, 2008;Leffingwell, 1999;Rodgman and Perfetti, 2013). ...
Agricultural crops are susceptible to a variety of pests, including bacteria, fungi, insects, and weeds, resulting in lower yields and poor plant quality. Synthetic pesticides are thought to be particularly effective in pest control since they not only kill a wide range of pests but also harm the environment and farming systems. As a result, biopesticides are often recognized as a superior alternative to synthetic pesticides since they are extremely effective, target-specific, and pose no environmental risk. The use of biopesticides in combination with vermiwash considerably minimizes the pollution generated by chemical synthetic insecticides while also promoting sustainability. The use of biopesticides in combination with vermiwash considerably decreases the pollution generated by chemical synthetic insecticides and increases agriculture’s long-term sustainability. Many locally accessible plants, including neem, garlic, and tobacco, can be easily processed and utilized to control Helicoverpa armigera, Earias vittella, and other pests. Liquid biofertilizers combined with biopesticides are exceptionally effective, eco-friendly, biodegradable, and leave no toxic residue on the crop or in the environment. Biopesticides have been promoted in India to replace chemical pesticides in insect infestation for long-term crop productivity.
... Z-abienol, a labdanoid diterpene found in balsam fir (Abies balsamea), Bolivian sunroot, and tobacco, functions in plant disease resistance (Seo et al., 2012). Z-abienol also imparts flavor and aroma characteristics to most oriental tobaccos (Leffingwell, 1999;Severson et al., 1984;Severson et al., 1985). More importantly, Z-abienol can be used as a starting material for semi-synthesis of amber compounds such as Ambrox ® , a widely-used and highly-priced compound that has replaced ambergris in the fragrance industry due to its delicate odor and fixative properties (Barrero et al., 1993;Zerbe and Bohlmann, 2015). ...
Prime editing (PE) is a versatile CRISPR-Cas based precise genome-editing platform widely used to introduce a range of possible base conversions in various organisms. However, no PE systems have been shown to induce heritable mutations in tobacco, nor in any other dicot. In this study, we generated an efficient PE system in tobacco that not only introduced heritable mutations, but also enabled anthocyanin-based reporter selection of transgene-free T1 plants. This system was used to confer Z-abienol biosynthesis in the allotetraploid tobacco cultivar HHDJY by restoring a G>T conversion in the NtCPS2 gene. High levels of Z-abienol were detected in the leaves of homozygous T1 plants at two weeks after topping. This study describes an advance in PE systems and expands genome-editing toolbox in tobacco, even in dicots, for use in basic research and molecular breeding. And restoring biosynthesis of Z-abienol in tobacco might provide an efficient way to obtain Z-abienol in plants.
... Terpenoids are important aroma precursors in FCT, as in many plants. Specifically, carotenoids are major terpenoids in FCT that are degraded into various flavors and aromas, such as safranal, beta-damascone, beta-cyclocitral, and megastigmatrienones so on (Leffingwell, 1999). ...
... CB consists of some tobacco fibers, ash, and about 30% filter, along with some chemical additives. Tobacco leaves naturally contain a wide range of compounds, including nicotine and sugar esters [16] . ...
... Terpenoids are important aroma precursors in FCT, as in many plants. Specifically, carotenoids are major terpenoids in FCT that are degraded into various flavors and aromas, such as safranal, beta-damascone, beta-cyclocitral, and megastigmatrienones so on (Leffingwell, 1999). ...
Flue-cured tobacco (FCT) is an economical raw material whose quality affects the quality and cost of the derived product. However, the time-consuming and inefficient spontaneous aging is the primary process for improving the FCT quality in the industry. In this study, a function-driven co-culture with functional microorganisms was built in response to the quality-driven need for less irritation and more aroma in FCT. The previous study has found that Bacillus kochii SC could degrade starch and protein to reduce tobacco irritation and off-flavors. The Filobasidium magnum F7 with high lipoxygenase activity was screened out for degrading higher fatty acid esters and terpenoids to promote the aroma and flavor of FCT. Co-cultivation with strain SC and F7 obtained better quality improvement than mono-culture at an initial inoculation ratio of 1:3 for 2 days, representing a significant breakthrough in efficiency and a reduction in production costs compared to the more than 2 years required for the spontaneous aging process. Through the analysis of microbial diversity, predicted flora functions, enzyme activities and volatile compositions within the mono- and co-cultivation, our study showed the formation of a function-driven co-culture between two strains through functional division of labor and nutritional feeding. Herein, the function-driven co-culture via bioaugmentation will become an increasingly implemented approach for the tobacco industry.
... To be more specific, the yield of aldehydes varies considerably due to the combustion and pyrolysis of sugars (e.g., caramelization) as well as the reaction between sugars and amines in tobacco [10][11][12][13]. Also, the amount and type of sugars present in tobacco fluctuate due to different drying (curing) processes of unprocessed tobacco leaves and the addition of sugars and sugarcontaining ingredients during the process of manufacturing [10,[14][15][16][17]. The impact of these features on the number of aldehydes per cigarette has been shown in a study by Pauwels et al. ...
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease for which cigarette smoking is the main risk factor. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are short-chain aldehydes known to be formed during pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco and have been linked to respiratory toxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is suggested to be mechanistically and causally involved in the pathogenesis of smoking-associated lung diseases such as COPD. Cigarette smoke (CS) has been shown to impair the molecular regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and content in epithelial cells of the airways and lungs. Although it is unknown which specific chemicals present in CS are responsible for this, it has been suggested that aldehydes may be involved. Therefore, it has been proposed by the World Health Organization to regulate aldehydes in commercially-available cigarettes. In this review, we comprehensively describe and discuss the impact of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde on mitochondrial function and content and the molecular pathways controlling this (biogenesis versus mitophagy) in epithelial cells of the airways and lungs. In addition, potential therapeutic applications targeting (aldehyde-induced) mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as regulatory implications, and the necessary required future studies to provide scientific support for this regulation, have been covered in this review.
Quantitative variation in plastid pigments and polyphenols during leaf growth and after curing have been studied with several chlorophyll-deficient genotypes of tobacco. Under culture for flue-cured tobacco, the chlorophyll-deficient pale-yellow (NC95-Py) and yellow-green (SC58-yg) lines did not differ in polyphenol accumulation from the corresponding normal green recurrent parents NC95 and SC58. A negative correlation was evident between concentrations of polyphenol and chlorophyll. Decrease of the latter during leaf growth was accompanied with a decline of PPO and PRO activities. When the chlorophyll-deficient genotypes were grown under conditions for Burley tobacco, concentrations of chlorophyll and polyphenol maintained a steady level and were positively correlated, while the oxidases tended to increase. Burley 21 contained the lowest amount of polyphenols among the chlorophyll mutants, although the low chlorophyll content of its mature leaves was comparable to that of SC58-yg. Use of cultural practices for flue-cured tobacco caused an accumulation of polyphenols in green leaves. There was a greater loss of soluble polyphenols during air-curing than during flue-curing. Results indicate that the interaction of cultural practices with chlorophyll-deficient genes affects the metabolism of chlorophylls and polyphenols during leaf growth and maturation. Introduction of these genes into tobacco cultivars may provide a means of enhancing uniformity of leaf maturity and modifying certain leaf chemical constituents.
Factors influencing solanesol concentration in Burley tobacco have been investigated. A fivefold difference in solanesol concentration was found among genetic lines and the growing season effected a tenfold difference of this nonaprenol for certain tobacco genotypes. Soil-moisture deficits enhanced solanesol concentration at least fourfold. Irrigation of the stressed tobacco decreased the solanesol level. Data for the 1984 and 1985 growing seasons substantiated this observation and showed that solanesol may be a good indicator of small soil-moisture deficits. In 1984 and 1985 the solanesol concentration increased dramatically after topping for the top stalk position and there were smaller increases for the bottom and middle stalk positions. Nitrogen fertilization had only a minimal influence on solanesol concentration. The data show that it is possible to control solanesol concentration through genetic selection and, more importantly, through production practices.