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Applying TRIZ principles in crowd management
Abstract
Overcrowding that happens in places like concerts, stadiums or pilgrimage locations might sometimes cause injury or loss of life. Maintaining the safety of crowd in these places is therefore very important. In addition, increasing the performance of the buildings and structures has always been an important concern. Most of the previous work focused on using new devices and methods for monitoring and management of the crowd but they rarely focus on a comprehensive and structured approach with the purpose of increasing efficiency and safety. In this paper, we explore a Russian “Theory of Inventive Problem Solving”, TRIZ, to see whether its principles can help us to solve or improve overcrowding issues. More specifically we find the contradictions that arise in the context of crowd management and we observe which of the categorical solutions suggested by TRIZ might possibly be useful for our problem. Increasing the crowd capacity in a relatively small area, which leads to overcrowding, is one of the common contradictions in crowd management. TRIZ has been suggested as a good method for solving problems which involve contradiction and thus, chosen for this purpose.
... The overall concerns revolve on the common phenomenon in congestion due to overcrowding [4][6] [12], leading to safety violation and worst, mass impulse behavior causing irrevocable disaster and catastrophes [4][5] [9][10] [11] [13]. ...
... One analyzed limitation on ICT usage [5] where majority of these research initiatives optimized ICT such as wireless mobile computing [11]. Some initiatives applied multi-discipline theories such as Stability & Pattern Analysis [1] [8], reactive behaviors from physic and biology [5], TRIZ principles [9], Risk Management [10] as well as smart cities urbanization [2] [11]. ...
... 1][8][10], execution of reactive adhoc procedures in crowd management[2][4][6[12][13] and better planning for future event[3][8][9][11][13].In addition, Karl Steinbuch[15] theory of computer interwoven into every industrial product can be associated to the Internet of Things (IoT)[17] embracing human everyday life. Through smart sensory devices, IoT acts as medium for physical access point to various Internet services, allows integration between the physical and virtual world where element of control can be done remotely [22]. ...
Organizers of international as well as national events, despite supported by governmental agencies, continue to be baffled and inundated with challenges in crowd control. In particular, ensuring and influencing acceptable crowd behaviors to avoid major catastrophes. Current studies emphasized optimization of advent smart technology to simulate and monitor crowd movement. The latter facilitates the involvement of relevant agencies in their reactive real time decision-making. However, such reactive decision could be far too late to avoid catastrophes. There is a lack of evidence to substantiate the use of positive psychology to manage large crowd. Positive psychology instigates fostering individual positive attitudes that develops optimism in one's subjective experiences. It reduces , if not eliminates, pathological thoughts. Likewise, there is no research evidence that addresses how to motivate orderly dispersing of crowd. This position paper extends a comparative analysis on existing crowd management initiatives and propose a framework that optimizes Internet-of-Things in gathering situational data within a given area. Using predictive analytics, synthesize gathered data against profile of individuals to influence positive reactive behavior. Through smart application, disseminate information to the individuals in the crowd to influence their positive attitudes. Key objective is to influence orderly dispersion of the crowd to avoid overcrowding and potential catastrophe .
... The overall concerns revolve on the common phenomenon in congestion due to overcrowding [4][6] [12], leading to safety violation and worst, mass impulse behavior causing irrevocable disaster and catastrophes [4][5] [9][10] [11] [13]. ...
... One analyzed limitation on ICT usage [5] where majority of these research initiatives optimized ICT such as wireless mobile computing [11]. Some initiatives applied multi-discipline theories such as Stability & Pattern Analysis [1] [8], reactive behaviors from physic and biology [5], TRIZ principles [9], Risk Management [10] as well as smart cities urbanization [2] [11]. ...
... 1][8][10], execution of reactive adhoc procedures in crowd management[2][4][6[12][13] and better planning for future event[3][8][9][11][13].In addition, Karl Steinbuch[15] theory of computer interwoven into every industrial product can be associated to the Internet of Things (IoT)[17] embracing human everyday life. Through smart sensory devices, IoT acts as medium for physical access point to various Internet services, allows integration between the physical and virtual world where element of control can be done remotely [22]. ...
Organizers of international as well as national events, despite supported by governmental agencies, continue to be baffled and inundated with challenges in crowd control. In particular, ensuring and influencing acceptable crowd behaviors to avoid major catastrophes. Current studies emphasized optimization of advent smart technology to simulate and monitor crowd movement. The latter facilitates the involvement of relevant agencies in their reactive real time decision-making. However, such reactive decision could be far too late to avoid catastrophes. There is a lack of evidence to substantiate the use of positive psychology to manage large crowd. Positive psychology instigates fostering individual positive attitudes that develops optimism in one's subjective experiences. It reduces , if not eliminates, pathological thoughts. Likewise, there is no research evidence that addresses how to motivate orderly dispersing of crowd. This position paper extends a comparative analysis on existing crowd management initiatives and propose a framework that optimizes Internet-of-Things in gathering situational data within a given area. Using predictive analytics, synthesize gathered data against profile of individuals to influence positive reactive behavior. Through smart application, disseminate information to the individuals in the crowd to influence their positive attitudes. Key objective is to influence orderly dispersion of the crowd to avoid overcrowding and potential catastrophe.
... Crowd density reportedly influenced the outcome more than the absolute number of attendees. 54 Even if the global density of a mass gathering was low, the local density in specific locations could be very high, as the crowd was not distributed evenly throughout the venue. 43,51,65 The capacity of the venue and the density of the crowd depended on the body sizes and culture, and was therefore specific to each event. ...
... Nevertheless, this remains difficult to implement, as big crowds are usually preferred in mass gatherings by organizers and visitors themselves. 39,54 Crowd management is a preventive approach that starts before the event, whereas crowd control reacts to the behavior of a crowd. 39,52 A proposed maximum capacity calculation was that the number of visitors should be inferior to seven-times the area in m2. ...
... 43 Zig-zag shapes Prehospital and Disaster Medicine prevent congestion during panic, but they are unpractical in normal situations. 54,57 Increasing a bottleneck space is only a temporary solution, whereas minimizing pedestrian speeds at specific locations may reduce the risk of a crowd disaster. 47 Crowd monitoring examines the condition, movement, and behavior of a crowd, 70 and it was recommended to monitor critical areas during highly congested time periods. ...
Human stampedes are a major cause of mortality in mass gatherings, but they have received limited scientific attention. While the number of publications has increased, there is no recent review of new study results. This study compiles and reviews available literature on stampedes, their prevention, preparedness, and response.
A search for peer-reviewed and grey literature in PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA), Google Scholar (Google Inc.; Mountain View, California USA), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters; New York, New York USA), the World Health Organization Library Database (WHOLIS; World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland), and ReliefWeb (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; Geneva, Switzerland) was conducted, and papers were selected according to pre-defined eligibility criteria. Included items were read and results were compiled and summarized. A total of 64 publications were included, of which, 34 were published between 2013-2016. The most studied events were Germany’s Love Parade stampede in 2010 (Duisburg, Germany; n = 6) and the United Kingdom (UK) Hillsborough Stadium stampede in 1989 (Sheffield, England; n = 4). Conflicting definitions of human stampedes were found. The common belief that they result from an irrational and panicking crowd has progressively been replaced by studies suggesting that successive systemic failures are main underlying causes. There is a lack of systematic reporting, making news reports often the only source available. Prevention measures are mainly related to crowd management and venue design, but their effectiveness has not been studied. Drills are recommended in the preparedness phase to improve coordination and communication. Delay in decisions, poor triage, or loss of medical records are common problems in the response, which may worsen the outcome.
Stampedes are complex phenomenon that remain incompletely understood, hampering formulation of evidence-based strategies for their prevention and management. Documentation comes mostly from high-profile events and findings are difficult to extrapolate to other settings. More research from different disciplines is warranted to address these gaps in order to prevent and mitigate future events. A start would be to decide on a common definition of stampedes.
Moitinho de Almeida M, von Schreeb J. Human stampedes: an updated review of current literature. Prehosp Disaster Med.
... TRIZ places 39 parameters, identified through patent analysis, into a matrix in which technical contradictions can be detected. It also outlines 40 principles of creative invention to resolve the contradictions, and solutions are achieved by matching the contradiction with its appropriate principle (Li & Huang, 2009;Pin, Haron, Sarmady, Talib, & Khader, 2011;Verhaegen, D'hondt, Vertommen, Dewulf, & Duflou, 2009;Zhang & Shang, 2010;Chulvi, González-Cruz, Mulet, & Aguilar-Zambrano, 2013;Petrović, Miljković, & Babiv, 2013;Ilevbare et al., 2013;Huang & Phu, 2013). The TRIZ approach involves the following steps: specifying potential functions, idealizing, defining problems, analyzing parameters, forming parameters, selecting a design solution, and implementing an innovative design (Moehrle, 2013;Ge & Wang, 2013;Hsu, Tsai, & Chen, 2013) (see Fig. 1). ...
... As a technique that effectively resolves contradictions related to engineering problems and that reaches a balance/consensus among different interests, TRIZ has been rapidly and widely adopted in the academic and industrial domains (Fresner, Jantschgi, Birkel, Bärnthaler, & Krenn, 2010;Li & Huang, 2009;Pin et al., 2011;Zhang & Shang, 2010;Moehrle, 2013). ...
... The evacuation of persons in a segmented area will take longer because the evacuation path will be narrower and more complicated. TRIZ principles can be used to think about and address this new situation [20]. Principle 02: Taking out or extraction Prevent pilgrims from acquiring property during the Hajj ritual. ...
Religious events are one of the most overcrowding places in the world that require a lot of processes to keep humans in the safety stage. Moreover, a massive number of accidents occur because of people stampeding. The records have shown several accidents during the Hajj, particularly at Jamarat Bridge in Mina. It is one of the most crowding places in Hajj, where pilgrims come together at a specific time to throw stones. Therefore, this research selects Jamarat as a case study. This study aims to apply a method to reduce crowding problems and improve the safety of humans at crowded events using one of the influential theories that can settle the overcrowding problems known as the TRIZ methodology. TRIZ was invented to solve engineering problems. The study tries to improve the situation related to the congestion at the bridge Mina and the way of pilgrims from Arafat, Muzdalifah and Mina. By using TRIZ, two scenarios apply, and several solutions are generated. After analysis, the principal moving to another dimension and colour changes was the best solution for the first scenario by developing multi-layered bridges to make the pilgrim's movement easier. Also, the colour-changeable signs will guide pilgrims to avoid crowded and improve safety.
... It is basically a realignment of an object. The principle of another dimension has been used in studies pertaining to crowd management, design optimization, interaction design, and vehicle dynamics [36][37][38][39]. With this principle, instead of a single circuit configuration on a single board, the PCB could be adapted to support multiple circuit configurations by optimizing the specification and positioning of the electronic components. ...
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are generally used for actualizing simple and complex electronic circuits in the subject of analogue electronics. In an effort to improve the teaching of op-amps in electronics engineering curricula, op-amp circuits in various configurations are often used for experiments in laboratory sessions so that students can acquire certain psychomotor and cognitive skills by constructing circuit connections and analyzing input–output waveforms. As a result, multiple configurations of operational amplifier circuits are often needed, requiring multiple sets of experimental boards or circuits for each experiment. This is usually not cost effective, requires more consumable electronic components, requires more maintenance and storage space in facilities, and is less user friendly for the students. Therefore, the aim of this research is to design a single, compact, and easy-to-replicate experimental board that can be converted into multiple configurations of the LM741 operational amplifier, comprising an inverting amplifier, a noninverting amplifier, a voltage follower, a summing amplifier, a differential amplifier, a differentiator, and an integrator, with minimal electronic components at a cost lower than EUR 10. The experimental board was tested with a constant input voltage of 1.0 V AC and a switching frequency of 1.0 kHz. It is capable of producing an output voltage corresponding to the individual operational amplifier configurations and can thus be used as a facilitating module for teaching and learning activities in the field of analogue electronics.
... These include Sensor data and related context capturing techniques, federating sensor networks, archiving, storing, and processing of received data from sensors. Previous work focused on the use of new devices and methods mostly, but the comprehensive and structured approach is seldom focused by them with the purpose of increasing efficiency and safety [24]. In Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS), cross validation mechanism has been used in [25] that just required the lightweight "plug-in" for practical adoption. ...
The verification of massive crowd has become an important factor to avoid or to stop the entry of illegal and unauthorized people without compromising the speed or efficiency. The crowd is required to verified in a short specific time but as we make a tough verification criterion, it increases the crowd verification time. If we go without verification or random verification, increase the percentage of illegal entries. Therefore, to handle a massive crowd with verification during specific time period (Hajj and Umrah) became a big challenge. The advance and new methods are used to make the verification process fast especially in case of massive crowd. To make the verification process fast at public places, advance technologies such as WSN, IoT, Cloud Computing etc. are used. In the same way different methods of verification are used such as biometric, face recognition, voice recognition, scanning etc. In this paper, we collected data to calculate minimum, maximum, average verification time by well planned interviews and observations for the existing approach. We have presented a cluster verification approach that leads to optimal verification time in cluster form. A preliminary analysis is done in between current verification approach and cluster verification approach. Simulation results shows that cluster verification along with proactive support has minimized the verification time that will increase the performance for crowd verification.
... Other tools of TRIZ were applied to such issues as crowd management (Pin et al., 2011), human resource management in the manufacturing context (Akay et al., 2008), or business re-engineering in the case of industrial production processes (Cascini et al., 2008). Liu and Lang, 2010, developed a model of business model innovation using TRIZ, with explicit treatment of business-related contradictions. ...
How to use this book
When writing this book I aim to accomplish several goals. First, I would like to show that building a cooperative environment for a diverse workforce is a crucial antecedent to any attempts at building innovativeness. Diversity expresses itself in various forms. It may be the fact that men and women may have different creative sensitivities (Chapter 11), or that the employees differ in their views on the importance of various components of the business model (Chapter 3), or that different employee groups or different companies employ different strategies with respect to innovation management (Chapter 7). Being aware of these sources of diversity may be of practical importance for thoughtful managers.
Second, the heuristic methods described in Chapters 4, 10, and 11 are well suited for managerial practice, since they are the tools ready to be implemented in everyday work, when the need arises to stimulate employees’ innovativeness. Several hundred original examples provided in these chapters are meant to serve either as direct triggers of creativity (Appendix to Chapter 11) or potentially useful cases to enrich one’s thinking about their problems to be solved (examples of the TRIZ method in Appendix to Chapter 4 and examples of the SCAMPER method in Appendix to Chapter 10).
Third, modeling innovation dynamics using game theory (Chapter 7) and quantifying within-organization diversity with methods that are borrowed from community ecology, open novel opportunities for researchers in the area of management (Chapter 3). The existence of team roles creates a natural organizational setting through which plurality of employee views on the main business model of the organization are expressed. Since each team role has a unique view on the importance of particular components of the business model, an informal but very dynamic diversity of business models co-existing in the organization arises. I adopt quantitative concepts and methods from ecology to show how the diversity of team-role views can be assessed. Furthermore, the same method can be used to capture the diversity of views on business models among individual employees, especially at managerial and executive level. In a turbulent business environment an organization’s flexibility may be improved by internal diversity of the ways its business model is implemented.
Finally, several topics may be used in the educational context, with very low barriers to entry for the student users. Reciprocity as a mechanism promoting cooperation and building trust (Chapters 2 and 3) is, in my view, a fundamental concept when teaching about organizational behavior. Game theory is useful in strategic management. The heuristic methods mentioned above are key to implementing a very effective approach in creative thinking and innovation management courses.
Chapter 1 – Introduction: Managing in a VUCA world
1.1 VUCA
1.2. The focal points of modern framework of management
1.3. Diversity – cooperation – innovation versus the VUCA world
1.4 The elusive innovativeness
1.5 Academic entrepreneurship
1.6 From industry to academia and back: bidirectional inspirations
Part 1 – Business models: their diversity and reinvention
Chapter 2 - Business models as objects of reinvention
2.1 Business model as a framework
2.2 Simplify, but first build conceptual bridges
2.3 Procedures of reinventing
2.4 Reinvention in spite of trade-offs
2.5 Reinvention of business models of the cluster and within the cluster
2.6 The essential interplay of R&D and HR
2.7 A good business model should make an organization antifragile
Chapter 3 - Within-firm functional diversity of co-existing business models: there is a model for every team role and for every employee
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Detecting qualitative within-firm variation in business model perceptions
3.3 Quantifying business model perceptions among team roles
3.4 Quantifying niche-breadth in business model perceptions
3.5 Quantifying similarity among team roles in business model perceptions
3.6 Quantifying intra-firm diversity in business model perceptions: a team-role perspective
3.7 Quantifying similarity among business model components from team-role perceptions
3.8 Conclusions
Chapter 4 - Reinventing business models with TRIZ-based engineering heuristics
4.1 Introduction
4.2. Inventive principles of TRIZ as applied to the reinvention of business model components
4.3 Conclusions
4.4 Appendix – 40 inventive principles of TRIZ as applied to the reinvention of business model components
Part 2 – Cooperation: its logic and consequences
Chapter 5 - Cooperation among selfish players: the role of reciprocity
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Axelrod’s theory and the Prisoner’s Dilemma
5.3 The payoff matrix
5.4 Repeated Prisoner’s Dilemma
5.5 Difficult beginnings
5.6 Selected strategies considered from the perspective of cooperativeness
5.7 How do the strategies play against each other? What if the shadow of the future is finite and errors happen?
5.8 Conclusions
Chapter 6 - Cooperating and managing trust
6.1 The shadow of the future
6.2 How to play the cooperative game
6.3 How to practice trust management
6.4 About individualities
6.5 Developing indicators of a leader’s trustworthiness
6.6 Conclusions
Chapter 7 – Evolutionarily stable strategies and their relevance for innovation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Hawk-Dove game: defining the evolutionarily stable strategy
7.3 ESS for three strategies, with an added asymmetry
7.4 Determining the evolutionarily stable strategy for innovativeness
7.5 The frequency-dependent benefits from innovation and the Braess’s paradox
Chapter 8 - Cooperative games within the Triple Helix: research – government - business
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The scale of analysis
8.3 Does cooperation improve innovativeness?
8.4 The Triple Helix of research, government, and business
8.5 Local government as a broker
8.6 Science: quality and reliability of researchers or research labs
8.7 Business: quality and reliability of companies
8.8 Building an incentive system by modifying the payoff matrix
8.9 Cooperation among business organizations
8.10 Conclusions
Part 3 – Innovativeness: its requirements and methods
Chapter 9 - Creating environment conducive to innovativeness: implementing the fundamental features
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The characteristics of the environment conducive to innovativeness (ECTI)
9.3 Appendix: The case “ECTI in action: a reinvention of the shopping cart at IDEO”
Chapter 10 - Methods for stimulating creativity: an overview and an extended example
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Creativity as an art of defining and re-defining a problem: „scampering“ with universal stimulating questions
10.3 Appendix – An extended list of SCAMPER questions, with examples.
Chapter 11 – An “idea” is a gender-symmetric concept: a neglected dimension of creative thinking methods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 How to prove that we are not necessarily in control of our own views?
11.3 Gender-symmetric creativity
11.4 The nominal group method: autonomy and anonymity remove bias
11.5 Impersonation (Change Ego) – seeing the product through somebody else’s eyes
11.6 Imaginization
11.7 Are gender differences important in teaching and managing creativity?
11.8 Conclusions
11.9 Appendix - A largely gender-neutral and social status-neutral list of characters for use in the Impersonation method
Bibliography
... In turbulent crowds, overcrowding represents the main reason of crowd disasters [1], since high local density is more crucial than absolute number of people [9]. Generally, fatalities and injuries in crowd disasters can be due to the excessive crushing of the lungs that makes movement of pedestrians almost impossible, or to the jostling from the motion of other pedestrians [10]. ...
In this paper, the time series of contact force among pedestrians in two different crowding conditions is analysed by using the correlogram-based periodogram and the Fisher–Shannon method to investigate their spectral and informational properties, respectively. The overcrowding was simulated by controlled experiments carried out at University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei in three different walking styles. Our results show that: (1) the contact force is characterized by a significant periodic behavior; (2) a clear discrimination in the Fisher–Shannon information plane is found between contact forces measured in the two conditions of lower and higher pedestrian density.
... However, because of the high density and complexity of the crowd, it is easy for emergencies to occur within the crowds during mass events [11,12], including trampling accidents [13], such as the Shanghai stampede on the bund and the Love Parade disaster, which resulted in injuries and deaths [14]. Obviously, it is a difficult and important task for organizers to manage crowds [15,16]. Therefore, this paper focuses on the safety issues of HATCs due to their high potential risk, which will be useful for the management of HATCs. ...
The safety of highly aggregated tourist crowds is a challenging and important issue. This paper not only provided a comprehensive analysis of the accidents of highly aggregated tourist crowds but also determined the occurrence mechanism and coping paths. Based on the analysis of multiple cases, we found that the variable status of highly aggregated tourist crowds was the result of the interaction of three main elements: multisource pressure, state mutations and management responses. A series of factors interact and result in accidents, and the lack of a management response or a low-quality management response is the root cause of such accidents. A high-quality management response is a basic safety precaution for highly aggregated tourist crowds. Therefore, forming a virtuous circle of multisource pressure, state mutations and management responses is an effective path for coping with accidents.
... Among the tools to support innovation and creativity, TRIZ that means in English: "Theory for Inventive Problem Solving", and is a specific support for innovation development project, product or process engineering or technology. More surprisingly, the reference of the concept TRIZfractal that means self-similarity in transformations based on TRIZ tools to address knowledge management TRIZ (Pin et al., 2011) uses the matrix of contradictions and innovative principles in order to solve problems (Berdanosov and Redkolis, 2011). ...
... Referiu-se atrás do carácter no apoio específico ao desenvolvimento de inovações de projecto, produtos ou processos de engenharia ou tecnológicos. No entanto, dá-se conta de artigos noutros domínios, por exemplo dos serviços bancários [17] ou surpreendentemente, na aplicação a soluções inovativas quanto à prevenção de desastres e gestão de aglomeração de multidões [18]. Mais surpreendentemente ainda, a referência do conceito TRIZ-fractal, ou seja a auto-semelhança em transformações baseadas nas ferramentas TRIZ, para tratar a gestão do conhecimento [19]. ...
... Vries et al (2008) applied it to eliminate the emotional conflicts among organizations and employees [12]. Pin et al (2014) applied the TRIZ to treat the management of crowd safety issues [13]. Şimşita et al (2014) demonstrated a framework for factory managers to implement innovation [14]. ...
In order to reduce the building energy assumption and improve the building environment, the management system should be improved. Recently, TRIZ theory has been widely applied to the technical or management system innovation. However it still lacks of efficient conflict-solving tools in the field of management innovation. In the study, we overview the use of tool in TRIZ for solving the technical and management innovation problem, such as the 40 Inventive Principles and 39 Technical Parameters that have been commonly applied. Our overview found that the 40 Inventive Principles can be used for the conflict-solving of management innovation, while the 39 Technical Parameters should be revised before its application in the field of management system innovation. In order to apply the theory in practice, the Enterprise Environmental Parameters are necessary to solve the Management Conflict Matrix. And the ideality of the innovation should be measured in the process to get the optimal solution.
... L'efficacité apportée par TRIZ dans la résolution des problèmes techniques [Beaufils 2000] [Changqing, Kezheng et al. 2005] a poussé les experts à l'utiliser en complément à d'autres méthodes [Wits and Vaneker 2010] [Litvin, Feygenson et al. 2010] [Junghwan, Jinkyung et al. 2009] [Chin Pin, Haron et al. 2011]. ...
The current economic environment has created a strong need for innovation in companies. To overcome the concurrence, they do not hesitate to use the innovation and creativity methods. We find several of them on the market; unfortunately some of them have limitations in their ability to help companies to find innovative solution. These methods are not all based on structured knowledge and history of products evolution as is the case for the TRIZ theory. This theory carries a real basis of concepts and principles that help to generate ideas for solutions to common problems in all areas. TRIZ inspired the development of several software based on its key concepts and tools. However, most of existing software has not incorporated the laws of evolution focused on the identification of trends of technical systems with a process of innovation to anticipate their future development. The benefit for these companies is to have available methods that can help in this area. Our goal is to explore the TRIZ theory to propose a model to apply the law of evolution of TRIZ in innovation of products. Our model is based on the essential concepts of the theory especially resolving contradictions and laws of evolution. The model that we propose is intended for research and development teams and allows companies making profits by saving time in fetching the areas of product enhancements specifically in search of the next generation of products.
... TRIZ has been widely applied to help designers [1] to solve design problems and has been utilised by many multi-national enterprises including Samsung, Proctor & Gamble and many more. Not only TRIZ is widely utilised by large successful companies, the application of TRIZ has been expanding into many areas including software [2,3], social sciences [4,5], manufacturing [6] and others. TRIZ or the theory of inventive problem-solving was derived by Genrich Altshuller [7] from years of study on patent information. ...
TRIZ has been well-established and is widely applied in multi-national enterprises to enhance design innovation and problem solving for design and manufacturing problems. Most applications of TRIZ utilise the engineering contradiction tools to solve design and manufacturing problems. This paper initially applied the engineering contradiction matrix to solve a semi-processed material transfer misalignment problem while passing through a furnace via a long mesh metal conveyor belt in the productions of automotive parts. Then, using another TRIZ tool, substance-field analysis to verify the solutions obtained earlier. This verification is to reduce the possible of errors in solving problems using the engineering contradiction matrix.
... In this study, the sound truck has been chosen as a typical example of this type of physical equipment used for disaster information dissemination because of its stability and high mobility. In addition, because fixed loudspeakers can provide effective guidance for evacuating populations such as helping people to avoid congestion that could cause a fatal stampede (Ha and Lykotrafitis 2012) and injury or loss of life (Soo et al. 2011), the information dissemination method coupled with sound trucks and fixed loudspeakers are also analyzed. ...
Knowing the dynamic population vulnerability distribution and having an efficient information dissemination of disaster warnings play a very important role in the developing of a population evacuation strategy. In this paper, the evacuation of populations in a densely populated area of Beijing was studied with consideration of the spatio-temporal population vulnerability distribution and different methods of disaster information dissemination. Firstly, the population vulnerability distribution was obtained based on the population density, with consideration for dynamic population distribution, building heights, building types and population characteristics. Secondly, a disaster information dissemination model that utilizes sound trucks was developed, and an improved algorithm for finding the optimal route for the sound trucks was established. Thirdly, we ran 81 evacuation simulations that included different variables such as time periods, number of sound trucks, speeds of trucks and sound-spread radius. These were performed based on the dynamic population vulnerability distribution and the developed model. Through these simulations, the rates of population congestion in an evacuation area were understood, and an optimized evacuation plan was obtained and analyzed. The process and the results that were obtained are essential for improving the efficiency of evacuations, which should considerably reduce the possibility injury, deaths and other losses in a disaster.
Systematic Sustainable Design in Architecture and the Need to Mimic Nature
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze theory of inventive problem-solving (TRIZ) in terms of knowledge, skill, workload and affect to understand its effectiveness in enabling designers to achieve their optimized mental performance.
Design/methodology/approach
TASKS framework, which aims to capture the causal relations among Task workload, affect, skills, knowledge and mental stress, is adopted as our methodology. The framework supports the analysis of how a methodology influence designer’s affect, skills, knowledge and workload. TRIZ-related publications are assessed using the TASKS framework to identify the barriers and enablers in TRIZ-supported design.
Findings
TRIZ has limitations on its logic and tools. Nevertheless, it could create a beneficial impact on mental performance of designers.
Originality/value
This paper provides a theory-driven TRIZ usability analysis based on the materials in the literature following the TASKS framework. The impact of TRIZ, as an enabler or a barrier, has been analyzed in accomplishing a design task.
With the continuous increase of large-scale activities, it is easy to occur serious stampedes. This study focuses on sporting venues to study stampede accidents in large-scale activities for quantitative and dynamic risk analysis. A comprehensive risk analysis model for stampede accidents is established containing 96 nodes that take into account human error, site failure, environmental impact, and management deficiency, and it is applicable for most sports venues as the relevant inputs can be consistent with reality. First, the bow-tie method is applied for risk identification, and the catastrophe theory is introduced to better handle the expert system and statistics to establish the Bayesian network. Then, scenario analysis is implemented to dynamically predict the consequences, and sensitivity analysis is conducted to quantitatively identify the critical factors of the stampedes. It is identified that the failure of emergency lighting and indicating signs contribute more to the occurrence of a stampede, and the effective emergency measures are critical to reducing the casualties and economic losses. This paper could quantitatively assess the stampede risks and find out the critical hazards of stampede accidents in detail to provide technical and managerial support for most sports venues.
Background
Flexible needle insertion is one of the minimally invasive surgeries, which takes advantage of the lateral force acted on the bevel tip to make the needle shaft bend when inserted into the tissue. The bending makes the needle to avoid the obstacles (like bones, veins, nerves, etc.) in order to reach the target. However, the traditional flexible needle neither can change its curvature of the path, nor can realize a precise control because of the torsional friction between the needle and the tissue. Hence, a cannula flexible needle was proposed to overcome the drawbacks, which consists of a cannula and a stylet. Also, there is a need of an insertion mechanism for the cannula flexible needle in robot-assisted surgery.
Objective
The aim of this paper is to innovatively design an insertion mechanism with friction wheels for the cannula flexible needle, which is used as an end-effector in robot-assisted surgery system. The mechanism is supposed to realize the coordinated driving of the cannula and the stylet in order to achieve variable curvatures of paths.
Method
Making references of the patents and research papers on needle insertion mechanisms, and based on the requirement of degree of freedom for the cannula flexible needle insertion, the insertion mechanism for the cannula flexible needle is designed by using the TRIZ theory. The conflicts matrix analysis, the invention principles and the substance-field analysis are used to innovatively design the driving scheme and the synchronous motion mechanism.
Conclusion
In this paper, the concrete structure design of the insertion mechanism for the cannula flexible needle is achieved, which is compact and simple. The friction coefficient between the needle and the wheels, and the pretightening force between both wheels are calculated through the data from experiments. The insertion accuracy of friction wheel mechanism is tested and analyzed through experimentation. The results show that the maximum placement error of the needle executed by the insertion mechanism is less than 0.5mm, which meets the demands of surgical operations.
In crowd disasters, overcrowding is one of the causes for crushing and trampling. However, little research has been done on the physical interaction among pedestrians, especially the contact force. Therefore, a series of controlled experiments were conducted to study the contact force among pedestrians in static and moving states. The contact force can be extracted from flexible fabric pressure sensors that cover the upper body of a pedestrian. It is found that the forces are concentrated in the body regions including breast, shoulders, upper back, upper arms and infrascapular region. The space occupancy rate is defined to reflect the degrees of crowding under different densities. In the static state, the contact force increases as the space occupancy rate increases. In the moving state, the contact force increases as the velocity increases under different space occupancy rates. To combine empirical data under static and moving states, the polynomial relation is adopted tentatively to establish the numerical relations among contact force, velocity and space occupancy rate, which would be used to validate and calibrate numerical models. In addition, the autocorrelation coefficient is used to study the time series of forces. It is found that the contact forces of the upper body show similar periodic fluctuation characteristics in most cases. Some of the contact forces in divided regions show similar periodic fluctuation, which maybe be related to the steps to some extent. These results can be used to judge the crowd safety and prevent mortality.
TRIZ is an inventive thinking and problem solving process. With each passing day, inventive minds becomes dominant in every area. TRIZ has been successfully applied in the engineering and management fields through innovative thinking, through the setup of contradiction matrix and through systematic solving of specific problem. If you know that inventors create new things, then it makes sense that the word inventive applies to people and behavior that show creativity. This interaction changes our life quality. The positive change of our quality of life means that we have a happier future. For this reason there are the benefits of implementing methods that are known to be successful in an application. TRIZ is among the successful methods in the method. This presentation will review just a few of these principles of TRIZ and show how they are used in real problem solving situations of life quality.
Pilgrimage is one of the five pillars of Islam, which is a duty every Muslim should perform once during his
lifetime. Over than two millions Muslims from all the world gather in Makkah for one of the world's largest
pilgrimages. All those pilgrims are obligated to be accommodated at Hajj ritual sites, which are the Kaaba,
Mina, Arafat and Muzdalifah. With this huge number of pilgrims in the holy city, managing the crowd is a
complicated task, especially in the geographical area for the movement of pilgrims, the fixed underlying
road-network infrastructure between the different worship places, the annually increasing number of
pilgrims and also the short duration of Hajj. As a result of this, huge crowd and difficulties in control have
led to fatal accidents among the pilgrims. By the last decade, overcrowding management became a big
challenge for the Saudi Arabian authorities and Hajj organizers. Scientists have started research projects to
provide several methodologies for crowd monitoring and estimation of its density. In this work, we tried to
present a literature review about the Hajj in order to help scientists for future contribution and have lots
information about this new field of research.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose an innovative solution for prioritizing “Whats” and “Hows” and resolving contradictions among “Whats” in House of Quality (HoQ).
Design/methodology/approach
– Prioritization of the influence of the weights in correlation matrices of “Whats” and “Hows” (i.e. top roof and side roof) of HoQ and integration with TRIZ contradiction matrix have been studied. Explained through a case example of banking services, initially, contradictions among requirements of 180 customers have been identified by side roof matrix and then, the 12 by 12 non-technical contradictions matrix of service TRIZ have been used to suggest principles for resolving contradictions.
Findings
– Findings imply that the use of roof and side roof weights can influence the priorities of “Whats” and “Hows.”
Research limitations/implications
– Findings may assist researchers and practitioners in resolving ambiguity of the voice of customers, which in turn make the results of HoQ more accurate.
Originality/value
– A new approach has been proposed in this paper for resolving contradictions of customer requirements by service TRIZ and adjusting priorities of “Whats” and “Hows” in HoQ.
Day by day, more R&D divisions of modern industries start adopting inventive design tools and methods. Creativity needed in designing complex products cannot be left to subjective behavior; it must be helped and exploited by a systematic approach. The research described in this paper aims at developing a design framework focused on interaction issues, by exploiting the systematic approach of the theory of inventing problem solving TRIZ. The final result should integrate design, evaluation, and evolution issues. For this reason, the starting point consists in three tools already developed by the authors' research group: the interaction design guidelines-IDGL, the usability evaluation multi-methods- UEMM, and ITRE, a gatherer of interaction trends of evolution. All of them contain generic elements both of the TRIZ theory and the interaction design field; for this reason the proposed integrated approach could be exploited in completely different contexts. A first prototype of the framework has been developed as a Microsoft Access database. Its validation has started with two experiences in the field. Results are reported and discussed in the last section of the paper.
Nowadays, companies, even the small ones, need to use more efficient working methods such as "transnational." The market may still be local or regional, but the competition is global. To be competitive, companies need to develop innovative products and introduce them to the market at an acceptable price, in proper time and with a higher quality level. According to some authors, the survival strategy of the companies is related to the development of methodologies that are able to design, develop and provide, through efficient processes, innovative products and high quality. In this context, this paper aims to classify and characterize the main methodologies and tools used in new products development. This aims are supported by the graphs theory that is briefly addressed.
TRIZ has been well-established and is widely applied in multi-national enterprises to enhance design innovation and problem solving for design and manufacturing problems. Most applications of TRIZ utilise the engineering contradiction tools to solve design and manufacturing problems. This paper initially applied the engineering contradiction matrix to solve a semi-processed material transfer misalignment problem while passing through a furnace via a long mesh metal conveyor belt in the productions of automotive parts. Then, using another TRIZ tool, substance-field analysis to verify the solutions obtained earlier. This verification is to reduce the possible of errors in solving problems using the engineering contradiction matrix.
TRIZ has been developed over six decades and attracted a great deal of interest in industry and education. It can provide a systematic approach to analyze problems where innovation is needed and to provide strategies and methods to solve the problem. It consists of many tools such as 40 inventive principles and the matrix of contradictions, laws of technical system evolution, substance-field analysis, ARIZ (algorithm of inventive problems solving). In this paper, we focused on engineering innovative education and developed a TRIZ-based systematic method applied to inspire individual student's interest and learning motivation based on their life experience and capability. The process of this method includes analysis of individual student's interest and expertise, requirement analysis, confirmation of problem direction, problem definition, selection of TRIZ tools, generation of solutions, evaluation of solutions. A case study including an integrated application with mechanical, electrical and information techniques was illustrated for the method and process. The authors expects this research could provide a reference for engineering innovation education and the method proposed in this paper is general in form to be applied for the other disciplines.
A new innovative approach based on theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) and the quality service measurement scale (SERVQUAL) is proposed to improve the quality of health-care service. TRIZ is used at a wide range of area in industrialized countries to solve problems, while SERVQUAL is used very extensively to measure quality of service sector (especially in health-care service) by many researchers. Su et al. (2008) proposed a systematic framework based on TRIZ to solve the service quality problems. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology to improve the quality of health-care service sector by adapting the SERVQUAL scale parameters to TRIZ in the light of the study by Su et al. (2008). Firstly, we mapped the determinants of SERVQUAL scale with the analogical explanations of the 39 TRIZ engineering parameters. Then, questionnaire was prepared for confirming our study. Questionnaire was applied to ten doctors (three of them are Professors (academic) and the rest of them are regular doctors) at the Ataturk University Hospital in Turkey. Finally, a case study was conducted to show how to apply this new innovative approach. Application area of TRIZ is extended thanks to this study.
Although pedestrians have individual preferences, aims, and destinations, the dynamics of pedestrian crowds is surprisingly predictable. Pedestrians can move freely only at small pedestrian densities. Otherwise their motion is affected by repulsive interactions with other pedestrians, giving rise to self-organization phenomena. Examples of the resulting patterns of motion are separate lanes of uniform walking direction in crowds of oppositely moving pedestrians or oscillations of the passing direction at bottlenecks. If pedestrians leave footprints on deformable ground (for example, in green spaces such as public parks) this additionally causes attractive interactions which are mediated by modifications of their environment. In such cases, systems of pedestrian trails will evolve over time. The corresponding computer simulations are a valuable tool for developing optimized pedestrian facilities and way systems.
This paper presents an automatic method to detect abnormal crowd density by using texture analysis and learning, which is very important for the intelligent surveillance system in public places. By using the perspective projection model, a series of multi-resolution image cells are generated to make better density estimation in the crowded scene. The cell size is normalized to obtain a uniform representation of texture features. In order to diminish the instability of texture feature measurements, a technique of searching the extrema in the Harris-Laplacian space is also applied. The texture feature vectors are extracted from each input image cell and the support vector machine (SVM) method is utilized to solve the regression problem of calculating the crowd density. Finally, based on the estimated density vectors, the SVM method is used again to solve the classification problem of detecting abnormal density distribution. Experiments on real crowd videos show the effectiveness of the proposed system.
The early detection and the prevention of crowd-related
emergencies are the main aims of large crowd management Closed Circuit
Television (CCTV) systems. However, environmental and psychological
factors play a role in degrading the performance of CCTV operators,
hence causing a threat to crowd safety. We present computer vision
techniques that estimate the paths and directions of crowd flows in CCTV
images and improve the perception of scene dynamics by offering online
illustrations. Moreover, we present motion-based algorithms to detect
crowd-related emergencies and assist CCTV operators in ensuring crowd
safety
Human beings perceive images through their properties, like
colour, shape, size, and texture. Texture is a fertile source of
information about the physical environment. Images of low density crowds
tend to present coarse textures, while images of dense crowds tend to
present fine textures. The paper describes a technique for automatic
estimation of crowd density, which is a part of the problem of automatic
crowd monitoring, using texture information based on grey level
transition probabilities on digitised images. Crowd density feature
vectors are extracted from such images and used by a self organising
neural network which is responsible for the crowd density estimation.
Results obtained respectively to the estimation of the number of people
in a specific area of Liverpool Street Railway Station in London (UK)
are presented
The Cellular Automata (CA) microsimulation of pedestrians is a particle hopping model in which a set of local rules prescribe the behavior of entities within local neighborhoods of cells. CA microsimulation has emerged as a tool for simulating traffic flow and modeling transportation networks. Pedestrian flow is inherently more complex than traffic flow, and simulation models that are used for emulating vehicular traffic are not directly applicable to modeling pedestrian movements. In previous work the authors demonstrated that unidirectional pedestrian flow patterns, consistent with well-established fundamental properties, could be generated with CA microsimulation. This paper expands upon the previous effort and presents a CA microsimulation model and emergent fundamental flows for a bi-directional pedestrian walkway. Simulation experiments indicate that the basic model is applicable to walkways of various lengths and widths and across different directional shares of pedestrian movements.
Continuing to search for various non-technical applications of 40 Inventive Principles, which have been received favorably in spheres related to quality management [9], the author presents his collection of marketing, sales and advertising examples. Principle 1. Segmentation A. Divide an object or system into independent parts. • Market segmentation: clustering prospective buyers into groups that have common needs. • Sales splitting between customers. • Autonomous sales region centers. • Division and sorting advertisements by categories. B. Make an object or system easy to disassemble. • Separate a sale into permanent and replacement part, requiring constant new purchase. S.C. Johnson's business strategy, for aroma products especially, and famous as the Gillete strategy—sell the razor cheaply, or give it away, then sell the blades. C. Increase the degree of fragmentation or segmentation. • Mass customization: each customer is a market. Publix supermarkets in FL prints out instantly, as you shop, coupons on the back of your receipts from competitors of what you bought! • Stratified sampling for heterogeneous customer population. • Product advertisement mini-kits. D. Transition to micro-level. • Description of product function in advertisement on micro-level (e.g. food, drugs advertised based on molecular properties). Principle 2. Taking Out A. Separate an interfering part or property from an object or system, or single out the only necessary part or property of an object or system.
The computer model ‘SIMULEX’ is designed to simulate the escape movement of thousands of individual people through large, geometrically complex building spaces. The model is intended for use both as a research and design tool to analyse the evacuation of large populations through a wide range of building environments.The computer program assigns a variety of attributes to each individual in the building population. These attributes include a co-ordinate position, angle of orientation, and a walking speed for each person. Specific algorithms that facilitate the simulation of escape movement include distance mapping, wayfinding, overtaking, route deviation, and adjustments to individual speeds due to the proximity of crowd members. These algorithms contribute to a computer package that displays the building plan and the position and progress of individual building occupants as they walk towards, and through the exits.
We propose a two-dimensional cellular automaton model to simulate pedestrian traffic. It is a vmax=1 model with exclusion statistics and parallel dynamics. Long-range interactions between the pedestrians are mediated by a so-called floor field which modifies the transition rates to neighbouring cells. This field, which can be discrete or continuous, is subject to diffusion and decay. Furthermore it can be modified by the motion of the pedestrians. Therefore, the model uses an idea similar to chemotaxis, but with pedestrians following a virtual rather than a chemical trace. Our main goal is to show that the introduction of such a floor field is sufficient to model collective effects and self-organization encountered in pedestrian dynamics, e.g. lane formation in counterflow through a large corridor. As an application we also present simulations of the evacuation of a large room with reduced visibility, e.g. due to failure of lights or smoke.
Pedestrian flow is inherently complex, more so than vehicular flow, and development of microscopic models of pedestrian flow has been a daunting task for researchers. This paper presents the use of Cellular automata (CA) microsimulation for modeling bi-directional pedestrian walkways. It is shown that a small rule set is capable of effectively capturing the behaviors of pedestrians at the micro-level while attaining realistic macro-level activity. The model provides for simulating three modes of bi-directional pedestrian flow: (a) flows in directionally separated lanes, (b) interspersed flow, and (c) dynamic multi-lane (DML) flow. The emergent behavior that arises from the model, termed CA-Ped, is consistent with well-established fundamental properties.
Crowd density estimation using texture analysis and learning Crowd Density Estimation System. School of Computer Sciences, USM, Penang. Barrier Zone A Zone B Zone C Zone D Fig. 12. Illustration of a stadium with four entrances and segmented with barriers
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