No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Energy demand and supply, energy policies, and energy security in the Republic of Korea
Abstract
The Republic of Korea (ROK) has enjoyed rapid economic growth and development over the last 30 years. Rapid increases in energy use—especially petroleum, natural gas, and electricity, and especially in the industrial and transport sectors—have fueled the ROK's economic growth, but with limited fossil fuel resources of its own, the result has been that the ROK is almost entirely dependent on energy imports. The article that follows summarizes the recent trends in the ROK energy sector, including trends in energy demand and supply, and trends in economic, demographic, and other activities that underlie trends in energy use. The ROK has been experiencing drastic changes in its energy system, mainly induced by industrial, supply security, and environmental concerns, and energy policies in the ROK have evolved over the years to address such challenges through measures such as privatization of energy-sector activities, emphases on enhancing energy security through development of energy efficiency, nuclear power, and renewable energy, and a related focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The assembly of a model for evaluating energy futures in the ROK (ROK2010 LEAP) is described, and results of several policy-based scenarios focused on different levels of nuclear energy utilization are described, and their impacts on of energy supply and demand in the ROK through the year 2030 are explored, along with their implications for national energy security and long-term policy plans. Nuclear power continues to hold a crucial position in the ROK's energy policy, but aggressive expansion of nuclear power alone, even if possible given post-Fukushima global concerns, will not be sufficient to attain the ROK's “green economy” and greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals.
... Against this backdrop, the introduction of biomass-based electricity generation can yield substantial benefits to South Korea, especially on the environmental front (note that the terms "biomass-based electricity" and "bioelectricity" are used interchangeably throughout the paper). In fact, it would be in line with the new energy policy paradigm that has emerged in South Korea in recent years mainly as a response to oil market instability, environmental concerns, and concerns about energy supply security [3]. To better address these concerns, South Korea's energy policies have evolved, placing increased emphasis on energy efficiency, renewable energy, privatization of energy-sector activities, and the downscaling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. ...
... Given the large body of literature on energy supply and consumption, what does it say specifically about the energy system in South Korea? As Kim et al. [3] argue, even though nuclear power will continue to play a crucial role in South Korea's energy mix, its aggressive expansion alone will not suffice for South Korea to achieve its "green economy" and GHG emission reduction goals. In fact, the Fukushima episode is likely to make such an expansion politically difficult. ...
... South Korea has enjoyed remarkable economic growth and development during the past decades, which has been fueled by rapidly increasing energy use (especially in the industrial and the transportation sectors) [3]. Through much of this period, its energy policies were supply-oriented, mainly aimed at safeguarding a stable energy supply at a low price, and relied on central planning rather than on energy market forces. ...
We investigate the bioelectricity potential of South Korea and the ramifications of the introduction of biomass use in electricity production for the Korean electricity market. The novelty of our study lies in that we consider a broad portfolio of biomass-energy technologies and carefully analyze their potential economic and environmental implications for South Korea given its biomass availability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to attempt this in the context of South Korea. We first offer a preliminary assessment of South Korea's theoretical biomass potential from forestry residues, livestock manure, and staple crops and of the amount of electricity that could be generated using these different biomass feedstocks. Our analysis suggests that biomass can be used to produce a substantial portion of the total electricity consumed annually in South Korea. In addition, out of all the feedstocks and technologies considered, pyrolysis of forestry residues could potentially impact the electricity market the most. Next, we simulate different bioelectricity supply shocks while randomly perturbing our model's demand and supply elasticity parameters using the Monte Carlo methodology. Our results demonstrate that the introduction of bioelectricity could significantly affect South Korea's electricity market as well as its CO2 emissions.
... South Korea has enjoyed remarkable economic growth and development during the past decades, which was fueled by rapidly increasing energy use (especially in the industrial and transportation sectors; Kim, Shin and Chung, 2011). In recent years, according to Kim, Shin and Chung (2011), a new energy policy paradigm has emerged in South Korea, mainly as a response to oil market instability, environmental concerns, as well as concerns about energy supply security. ...
... South Korea has enjoyed remarkable economic growth and development during the past decades, which was fueled by rapidly increasing energy use (especially in the industrial and transportation sectors; Kim, Shin and Chung, 2011). In recent years, according to Kim, Shin and Chung (2011), a new energy policy paradigm has emerged in South Korea, mainly as a response to oil market instability, environmental concerns, as well as concerns about energy supply security. To better address these concerns, South Korea's energy policies have evolved, placing increased emphasis on energy efficiency, renewable energy, privatization of energysector activities, and the downscaling of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. ...
... Furthermore, focusing on biomass, co-firing wood biomass with coal in existing coal plants has much potential relative to other renewable technologies assuming that the wood biomass feedstock is sufficiently clean relative to coal (e.g., it is not the product of logging of natural forest). 11 The U.S. ...
In this report, we investigate the biomass-based electricity potential of South Korea and the ramifications of the introduction of biomass in electricity production for the Korean electricity market. The novelty of our study lies in that we consider a broad portfolio of biomass-energy technologies and carefully analyze their potential economic and environmental implications for South Korea given its biomass availability (which we actually estimate). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to attempt this in the context of South Korea. Our biomass assessment suggests that (theoretically) biomass can be used to produce a significant portion of the total electricity consumed annually in South Korea, with the most promising feedstock being forestry residues. And out of all the technologies considered, pyrolysis of forestry residues could potentially impact the electricity market the most.
... A higher level of energy cooperation among East Asian countries would benefit Japan [26,27]. Bustelo [28] and Kim et al. [29] analyze the primary energy consumption and energy strategies of Japan and South Korea based on several policy-based scenarios. The findings provide some lessons from the experiences of Japan and South Korea. ...
... The country risk index, denoted as r i , is used to measure a country's security situation. The International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) rating is a widely accepted country risk measure [18,27,29,30]. However, the ICRG composite risk index is based on a (0,100) scale, where a high score indicates low country risk. ...
... Geographical dispersion of oil imports may improve South Korea's energy security but usually generates higher energy cost. There can be an optimum level of geographic concentration of energy imports [29,33]. The regional analyses for Japan and South Korea are illustrated in Fig. 5. ...
This paper proposes a quantitative optimization model to investigate the oil supply risk from the perspective of the diversification of oil import sources. Japan and South Korea are highly dependent on oil imports from foreign countries. Both countries are seeking sustainable strategies to ensure a continuous and stable oil supply. Effective diversification of crude oil imports plays an important role in energy security. The optimization results imply that Japan faces the highest oil import risk. Japan should reduce oil imports from Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Instead, Japan should import more oil from Russia and Iraq. South Korea should reduce its oil dependence on the Persian Gulf countries. Based on forecasts of oil demand and production, Japan and South Korea will have lower oil supply risks until 2035. It can be attributed to the decreased oil imports and improved energy efficiency for both countries under individual energy efficiency programs. The Middle East countries maintain the dominant positions in oil imports for both Japan and South Korea. Saudi Arabia will remain the largest supplier to both countries.
... South Korea was established in 1948 and was originally an agrarian society. In fact, in 1960 it was considered to be one of the least industrially developed societies worldwide (Kim et al., 2011). However, over the last three decades rapid industrialisation has taken place, leading to a well-developed export-focused economy, a rise in living standards and a significant increase in energy consumption and associated GHG emissions. ...
... South Korea's economic growth is largely based on energy-intensive industries (steel, cement, petrochemicals, automobiles, etc.). Energy demand trends show that in the last two decades the industrial sector has accounted for more than half of the final energy use (Kim et al., 2011). The residential sector was also a main driver behind the rise in energy consumption and emissions due to the rise in living standards linked to economic growth (Jones and Yoo, 2011). ...
... This has led to a heavy dependence on fossil fuel imports. In 2007, Korea's energy imports were calculated at approximately 97%, rendering the country particularly sensitive to international price fluctuations (Kim et al., 2011). ...
... In this context, water management companies have experienced severe complications to supply the water demand, especially in the low-water-level season. According to a recent study carried out by OECD [1], water losses in water distribution networks (WDN) in the worst cases reaches up to 65% due to leaks, which can be caused by the natural aging of pipes, earthquakes, illegal intrusion, poor quality of the pipe material, temperature and pressure, non-use of standard pipe laying methods, geological changes and human damage, among others [2,3]. Moreover, health problems and social conflicts are part of this complex problem affecting governments worldwide. ...
... 14: if ψ ab > ψ aa then 15: e ← e + 1 16: break for 17: end if 18: end for 19: if e > e min then 20: break for 21: end if 22: end for 23: if e ≤ e min then 24: e min ← e 25: L opt ← L i 26: end if 27: end for print L opt 2: Get p the pressure of sensor in a free-leak scenario during 24 h. 3: C p ← C p 2 + p Equation (13) 4: Create Class labels with the zone combinations for each of the C p classes. 5: Q ← q n i × q n j Equation (18) 6: L s p ← C p r 2 Equation (19) 7: Create A zeros matrix R ∈ R N s ×L sp 8: for a = 1 : C p do 9: for b = 1 : r 2 do 10: i ← (a − 1)r 2 + b 11: ...
In this paper, the two-simultaneous-leak isolation problem in water distribution networks is addressed. This methodology relies on optimal sensor placement together with a leak location strategy using two well-known classifiers: k-NN and discriminant analysis. First, zone segmentation of the water distribution network is proposed, aiming to reduce the computational cost that involves all possible combinations of two-leak scenarios. Each zone is composed of at least two consecutive nodes, which means that the number of zones is at most half the number of nodes. With this segmentation, the leak identification task is to locate the zones where the pair of leaks are occurring. To quantify the uncertainty degree, a relaxation node criterion is used. The simulation results evidenced that the outcomes are accurate in most cases by using one-relaxation-node and two-relaxation-node criteria.
... We conducted a case study of the energy/resource sector R&D in South Korea for the following reasons. First, South Korea's heavy reliance on imported energy resources makes energy security and supply stability vital national priorities [29,30]. In this context, assessing the originality of research proposals is essential for identifying and funding unique R&D projects, effectively avoiding redundancy and fostering innovation. ...
While numerous studies have explored the field of research and development (R&D) landscaping, the preponderance of these investigations has emphasized predictive analysis based on R&D outcomes, specifically patents, and academic literature. However, the value of research proposals and novelty analysis has seldom been addressed. This study proposes a systematic approach to constructing and navigating the R&D landscape that can be utilized to guide organizations to respond in a reproducible and timely manner to the challenges presented by increasing number of research proposals. At the heart of the proposed approach is the composite use of the transformer-based language model and the local outlier factor (LOF). The semantic meaning of the research proposals is captured with our further-trained transformers, thereby constructing a comprehensive R&D landscape. Subsequently, the novelty of the newly selected research proposals within the annual landscape is quantified on a numerical scale utilizing the LOF by assessing the dissimilarity of each proposal to others preceding and within the same year. A case study examining research proposals in the energy and resource sector in South Korea is presented. The systematic process and quantitative outcomes are expected to be useful decision-support tools, providing future insights regarding R&D planning and roadmapping.
... Countries around the world are now faced with the challenge of overcoming the energy supply network crisis and achieving energy security while participating in the global trend toward carbon neutrality. Efforts are being made to ensure a stable supply of diverse power sources and to restructure the EPS so that there is no disruption to the electricity supply [10][11][12]. ...
The growing demand for electricity, driven by factors such as the shift to carbon neutrality and economic growth, is a challenge shared by South Korea and Japan. South Korea, a peninsula nation, and Japan, an island country, which are both heavily dependent on foreign energy sources and have manufacturing-based industrial structures, are actively working to secure stable power supplies for their economic development. This article carries out a quantitative analysis of the roles of the South Korean and Japanese electric power sectors (EPSs) in their respective economies, seeking to identify differences and generate actionable insights for decision making and policy formulation. Utilizing the input–output (IO) technique with the latest available data, the analysis includes a demand-side model, a supply-side model, and a price-side model to examine various effects of the EPSs. The key findings reveal differences in the production-inducing, value-added creation, and job-creation effects between the two countries, highlighting operational disparities in their electricity sectors. Additionally, South Korea exhibits higher wage-inducing, supply shortage, and price-side effects than Japan, because of its public enterprise-oriented high-wage structure and a substantial manufacturing sector. These quantitative results provide valuable reference material for future government decisions and policy development in the EPS and emphasize the significant role and impact of the power sector in both countries.
... In 2003, an economic evaluation for the Mexican electricity sector was reported in terms of a cost-benefit analysis on future energy scenarios for Mexico until the year 2025, using the LEAP model [7]. In 2011, Hoseok Kim et al., described the assembly of a model to assess energy futures in the Republic of Korea using the LEAP model and described the results of several policy-based scenarios focusing on different levels of nuclear energy use and their impacts on the energy supply and demand in the Republic of Korea [8]. In that same year, Yanjia Wang et al. [9] reported on the latest development of energy production, energy consumption and strategic energy planning and policies in China, using the LEAP tool for modeling the impacts of the implementation of new and expected energy and environmental policies. ...
A prospective analysis of the Mexican power system has been carried out, and the possibilities for complying with the National Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments adopted in the Paris Agreement in the National Climate Change Strategy of the General Law for Climate Change are presented. A hybrid approach was used, inspired by Foresight Frameworks on one side, and using an accounting and scenario-based modeling platform called Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) with economic optimization on the other, to analyze four possible scenarios to 2050: Trend, also known as Business As Usual (BAU), which only looks at the growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) and population, along with the country’s proven potential for renewable resources under the policy framework before 2015; Market, which considers the trend of installation of renewable technologies and the policies of the past administration; Sovereignty, which does the same as the previous scenario but for the policies of the current Mexican government; and Sustainable, which together with GDP and population growth takes into account the possible potential of national renewable resources and characteristics that the country should have to foster this. The research question was: Is there a long-term energy policy for the Mexican power sector to accomplish its NDCs? The study concluded that the best scenario is Sustainable, showing that the possible potential of the country’s renewable resources has the capacity to meet the Mexican commitments adopted in the Paris Agreement if, on one side, techno-economic renewable technologies and electricity storage systems are used, and on the other, if the country’s strategic areas evolve into a more holistically sustainable future.
... The revenues were considered to be subject to inflationary fluctuations but price-invariant in the demand-response and prosumer markets of the RoK. In particular, the following factors contribute to stabilizing energy prices in the long and short terms: a significant imbalance in terms of imported or locally sourced energy in the country (93.50% of energy is imported into the RoK [54]), the ongoing rising energy intensity for all economic sectors of the Korean economy [55], and the recorded response of the market for renewable systems against government incentives, which has been restrained notwithstanding regulation and normative stimuli [56,57]. Accordingly, based on growing energy supply insecurity for the RoK country profile [58] and the setting of a localized, district-wide demandresponse market, the equivalent price of spared energy bills is considered to not fluctuate in the long and short terms for the costing models provided in this study. ...
Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can achieve high yields through high percentages of building envelope surface coverage associated with material savings by substituting conventional building envelope components and avoiding land-use change to install open-land PV installations. This article discusses the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the life cycle costing (LCC) of BIPV systems in timber-hybrid building extensions and envelope renovation systems of three exemplary buildings in the Republic of Korea: apartment, mixed-use commercial/industrial, and low-rise multi-unit residential. The BIPV system’s electricity production was quantified with simulation tools. Minimum and average carbon LCAs were calculated using a global product inventory database for 50 years. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings by substituting conventional energy supplies were calculated based on the associated primary energy demands. LCC calculations were based on international datasets for BIPV LCC for 25 and 50 years. As a result, the BIPV system-associated GHG emissions can be decreased by up to 30% with a payback time of 12 (apartment) to 41 (mixed-use building) years for buildings with full PV coverage. The positive cumulative net present value (NPV) for both LCC scenarios encourages economic investments in building renovations with BIPV systems.
... While analyzing NPP site suitability, one of the MCDM techniques used alone or combined different techniques such as GIS and fuzzy TOPSIS (Kurt, 2014;Wang et al., 2018). However, there are very few studies that meet these energy needs with nuclear plants, by detecting the regions with energy demand country-wide (Dazhong & Yingyun, 2002;Kim et al., 2011). This paper emphasizes not only the suitability of the NPP site, but also the necessity of starting the installation of an NPP as a means of meeting up with the nation's growing energy demand. ...
Knowing the energy demand guides the future investments of countries. Nuclear power plant (NPP) is an important resource to guide sustainable energy policies in sectoral investments. The first step for the reliable, accurate and energy-demand-based use of this resource is the NPP installation on a suitable site. Therefore, spatial evaluation is required for NPP in terms of planning and management. The purpose of this study was to identify the potential province for NPP installation depending on the energy demand and to select the most suitable sites in this province by using geographic information system integrated with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process from multi-criteria decision making. First of all, the energy demand map for Turkey was produced by considering the demographic and economic criteria. From this map, it was concluded that “Bursa” has a very high energy potential province. Then, the suitability map was created by handling the environmental, social and safety criteria for site selection in Bursa. Results showed that Bursa has a very high suitability site for NPP, which spans 1092 km² (10%) after deducting the restricted sites, relatively and least suitable sites. Finally, nine candidate sites were selected from among the most suitable sites, and these sites were evaluated in terms of tourism, agricultural activities, sufficient cooling water and area sizes. As a result of the evaluations, two priority sites (CS-7 and CS-9) for NPP were found in Bursa. The examination of NPP site suitability would assist in the country’s development and spatial plans.
... Zhang (2011) is focused on the importance of China's demandside eff orts to control the growth of oil demand and its dependence on imported oil for energy security. Kim et al. (2011) is analyzed the dependence of the Republic of Korea on energy imports and in this context the growing concerns of the Republic of Korea in energy security. Kruyt et al. (2009) is provided an overview of available indicators for the long-term security of supply and, is claimed that there is no one ideal indicator for energy security. ...
This study is aimed to examine the relationship causality between energy security and growth for a total of 74 countries including 39 high-income countries, 23 upper-middle-income countries, and 12 lower-middle-income countries by using the Kónya (2006) Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality approach. According to the results obtained, it has been determined unidirectional causality relationship from energy security risk level to GDP for 14 countries and from GDP to energy security risk level for 20 countries. On the other hand, there is bidirectional causality between the energy security risk level and GDP for 22 countries, while there is no causality between the energy security risk level and GDP for 18 countries. Moreover, the results are also demonstrated that the rate of detection of a causality relationship increases as one moves from high-income group countries to lower-middle-income group countries. The results, which evidence the existence of a relationship between energy security risk level and economic growth for many countries, reveal the importance of the policies to be implemented in this direction.
... (1)). Even though this indicator has both an engineering and macroeconomic concept [57], the latter has been used for estimating future energy demand in several models [39,45,[58][59][60][61]. All sectors are modeled using a top-down approach except for Transport that has been modeled using both top-down and bottom-up methodologies. ...
The aim of this paper is to develop a system dynamics model to assess the energy future up to 2050 for Ecuador considering its condition of oil producing country. Three scenarios have been developed with different assumptions regarding national and global oil availability under a Business-As-Usual narrative.
Energy demand would have a 2.4-fold increase by 2050 with predominance of petroleum products in a BAU scenario with unlimited oil access. In constrained scenarios, restricted availability of oil might pressure final demand to be reduced in 31%–40% compared to BAU. Limited imports of oil and petroleum products might produce shortages in supply, causing a downfall in economic activity in sectors with high dependency on these fuels Electricity would partially substitute fossil fuels but is not enough to offset economy decay in constrained scenarios. Limiting oil exports would not have an important effect since the decline of Ecuador's oil wells is expected to be too fast. Oil exports would cease by 2030–2045. When BAU scenarios are evaluated considering limited fossil energy access in a decaying world oil production, arise the necessity to explore new strategies to deal with an energy/economic shock.
... Therefore, many researchers seek efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional energy sources to generate clean energy. [3][4][5] Among them, hydrogen is a well-regarded alternative fuel. It has an energy content of 118 MJ kg À1 at 298 K, which is higher than that of the existing conventional energy sources (eg, gasoline has an energy content of 44 MJ kg À1 for at 298 K); 6 in addition, its combustion or use in fuel cells does not produce harmful emissions. ...
In recent years, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted immense interest as new electrocatalysts in water splitting applications. Cobalt has often been incorporated into chalcogenides to form bifunctional electrocatalysts due to its abundance, catalytic activity, and environmentally friendly nature. Nanostructured tellurium is an emerging electrocatalyst support that can accelerate electron transportation while serving as a host to many active sites. This study focuses on exploring the effects of using different and low amounts of cobalt‐incorporated tellurium nanostructured composites (CoTe2/Te) as electrocatalysts in hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) with 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The electrocatalysts were prepared via a facile hydrothermal route. The highest HER activity was revealed for the CoTe2/Te (Co:Te = 4:20) composite electrode, achieving overpotentials of 312 and 421 mV at 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, with a Tafel slope of 69.2 mV dec−1. The optimal CoTe2/Te (Co:Te = 4:20) electrode retains an analogous polarization curve with almost zero attenuation of the cathodic current after 2000 cyclic voltammetry curves (CVs). The electrode remained highly active even after constant current density was maintained in the stability testing over 20 h. The HER performance of the CoTe2/Te (Co:Te = 4:20) electrode was observed to be superior to those of Te (commercial powder), Te (fabricated), and CoTe2 electrocatalysts. CoTe2/Te nanostructured electrocatalysts are developed by direct one‐step hydrothermal synthesis for high‐performance HER.
... Therefore, many researchers seek efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional energy sources to generate clean energy. [3][4][5] Among them, hydrogen is a well-regarded alternative fuel. It has an energy content of 118 MJ kg À1 at 298 K, which is higher than that of the existing conventional energy sources (eg, gasoline has an energy content of 44 MJ kg À1 for at 298 K); 6 in addition, its combustion or use in fuel cells does not produce harmful emissions. ...
... We control for three additional covariates through vector Z. First, the number of registered motor vehicles are seen as a main driver of the Korean usage of petroleum (Kim et al., 2011), which has been the main energy source in the energy mix. The number of registered motor vehicles is thus expected to increase energy use. ...
Using province-level data for South Korea, we analyze the dynamic relationship between economic growth and several energy parameters. Specifically, we decompose the growth effect into scale, composition, and technique effects, and control for regional spillovers through the use of a dynamic GMM estimator for spatial panel data models. The analyzed period, ranging from 2000 to 2017, allows us to look for changes in the regional growth effects following the implementation of the National Strategy for Green Growth in 2009. Our estimates show that the scale and composition effect tended to increase both per capita final energy use and energy intensity, outweighing reductions through the technique effect. In contrast, when considering renewable energy production, the scale and technique effect increased and the composition effect decreased the corresponding figures. Thereby, the technique effect was the main driver of increases in renewable energy production. Despite the larger, yet comparatively small share of renewables in Korea’s energy mix, no considerable change of the growth effects can be observed since 2009. Therefore, to reduce the risks for the economy and achieve the political objectives of the green growth strategy throughout the whole country and in a timely manner, a stronger commitment seems to be required.
... The energy consumption rate of Koreans in residential buildings is at a peak when compared to other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. In Korea since 1994, the transport and residential sectors have both consumed over 20-23% of the total [1,12]. The most important factor to consider in residential buildings when determining the building energy efficiency is the number of the household because the more the household size, the more the energy that will be consumed per unit area of the building [13]. ...
Korean old residential apartments built over many decades were constructed without proper energy efficiency measures. This makes the energy performance of existing buildings to be very poor when compared with the energy performance of new buildings. This study presents the use of a 12 years gas consumption data to evaluate the energy performance of an existing residential building in Korea by carrying out Measurement and Verification (M&V) analysis using RETScreen Expert software after building retrofit. From the analysis, a total of 249 Giga Joules (GJ) of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) was consumed at the rate of 0.17 GJ/day on an average from the year 2011 to 2014 with the peak consumption in the year 2013 costing the occupant a sum of $5,401. Also, the net energy savings was 64GJ as of June 2019 after the installation of an Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) with the highest between the year 2016 and 2018. An energy forecast for the year 2020 indicates that 2.71 (tCO2) GHG emissions will be reduced as a result of the energy that will be saved from the 54 Giga Joule (GJ) fuel consumed. Finally, energy efficiency was attained and this reduced the resident doubt on the benefits of energy efficiency measures.
... Energy is the most basic need of the human, and without it nearly all industrial activities will end [1]. The total primary energy demand (TPED) from 2000 to 2017 has increased by about 1.4%. ...
The natural gas entering the liquefaction cycle usually consists of nitrogen, ethane, propane and also heavier hydrocarbons which are economically explainable to be separated from methane, considering that their heating values are higher than methane. In this paper, a hybrid system is developed and analyzed for liquefied natural gas, natural gas liquids and power tri-generation using LNG/NGLs recovery system, absorption–compression combined refrigeration, organic Rankine cycle and solar parabolic trough collectors. This integrated structure produces 54.12 kg s−1 NGLs, 66.52 kg s−1 LNG and 278.5 MW net power output. Specific power consumption, thermal and exergy efficiencies of the hybrid system are 0.3771 kWh kg−1 LNG, 78.38% and 84.47%, respectively. The pinch method is used to extract the heat exchanger network related to the multi-stream heat exchanger of the hybrid system. To simulate the integrated structure, MATLAB programming, HYSYS and TRNSYS software with the weather conditions of Bandar Abbas city in Iran are used. The effect of natural gas composition entering the cycle on system parameters is studied and reported. Results show that with the reduction in methane percentage in natural gas to 55 mol%, specific power consumption increases to 0.6004 kWh kg−1 LNG, and thermal efficiency decreases to 71.61%. The integrated structural behavior at different operating conditions is used to investigate the sensitivity analysis.
... Since energy is one of the vital requirements for humans, without which almost all industrial activities are terminated, hence, achievement to an endless source of energy will be always one of the most important goals of human life [1]. However, energy production through the use of conventional fuels such as fossil fuels can have a negative impact on the environment and global warming. ...
The storage of refrigeration produced in the refrigeration cycle during unnecessary hours and its use during busy hours can be a good way to reduce the cost of energy consumption in the industrial. In this study, a hybrid solar driven refrigeration system using cold thermal energy storage is introduced and investigated. Water-ammonia absorption refrigeration system at a temperature of −23.5 °C is used as refrigeration system. The cycle modified for use in an integrated structure. Solar dish collectors are applied for supplying the required duty in the absorption refrigeration system generator. This integrated process is capable to produce 373.7 kW of refrigeration. Indeed, in this system, a portion of the produced refrigeration is directly used in the refrigerator during the day and another portion is stored in a phase-change material (PCM) system. Moreover, the amount of stored refrigeration in the low-temperature PCM during the night is injected into the refrigerator. In this paper, TRNSYS, HYSYS, and MATLAB software utilized for simulating of the integrated system based on the weather data of the coastal city of Bandar Abbas, Iran. Exergy analyses of the process demonstrate that solar collectors with 77.33% and HX3 with 5.07% have the most exergy destruction rate.
... The LEAP model is employed to explore various scenarios of the energy system development in Taiwan (Yophy et al., 2011), China (Tao et al., 2011), Iran (Amirnekooei et al., 2012), Panama (McPherson andKarney, 2014), Maharashtra, India (Kale and Pohekar, 2014), Pakistan (Perwez et al., 2015), and Africa (Ouedraogo, 2017). LEAP has also been actively applied to study the energy and CO 2 impacts of a power system expansion with a special focus on a particular energy source such as landfill gas in Korea (Shin et al., 2005), nuclear in Korea and Japan (Kim et al., 2011;Takase and Suzuki, 2011) and renewable in Southeast Asia (Kumar, 2016). None of these studies combined the accounting and optimization settings in LEAP for the analysis. ...
Electricity is the backbone of the modern world. Yet, electricity access is beyond the reach of nearly one billion people worldwide. Therefore, electrification is a vital development objective. While the global power sector is expanding to meet the increasing electricity demand, global warming calls for its transformation towards a low-carbon version. Under the Paris Agreement, countries have committed to curbing carbon emissions, with the power sector being one of the primary targets for emissions reduction actions. At the same time, climate change is affecting the global economy, including the power sector. The extreme weather events are among the primary causes of power outages, which will likely intensify under the future climate. Gradual changes in climate variables also threaten the power supply’s reliability. The developing economies are further challenged to address this climate mitigation-adaptation paradox while satisfying their most pressing objective: electrification and rapid growth in energy demand. This dissertation addresses this societal challenge through a holistic consideration of both climate change mitigation and adaptation within the context of the growing Indonesian power sector. The dissertation employs a set of methodological steps, relying primarily on the use of the prominent sectoral electricity software model LEAP. Its water counterpart model WEAP is also used to assess climate change impacts on water resources and hydropower. Furthermore, the dissertation reports the results of Semi-Structured Interviews and Focus Group Discussions conducted with the power sector’s practitioners to investigate the effects of extreme weather events and gradual climate change on the power sector. This dissertation advances the current LEAP modeling practice by sequentially taking into consideration endogenous technological learning and climate change impacts and adaptation into the model simulations of long-term power system expansion. Results show that the implementation of the Indonesian renewable energy targets helps in achieving the country’s CO2 mitigation target, but entails higher total costs of electricity production. However, the fast technological learning of renewable technologies significantly reduces the overall costs. Furthermore, when the projected climate change impacts are integrated into simulations of the power system expansion, the power system adapts by installing extra capacity and producing more energy to balance the climate-driven surge in the electricity demand and to compensate for a reduced power-generating capacity of power plants under adverse impacts of the future climate.
... The main causes of water pipeline leakage include the corrosive nature of the soil, deficient pipe material quality, the temperature and pressure, failure to employ standard pipe laying methods, geological changes, and human damage [6][7][8]. For instance, deterioration caused by the pressure of the soil may lead to uneven pipeline stress bearing, which can result in leakage from ruptures and breakage. ...
The detection of water pipeline leakage is important to ensure that water supply networks can operate safely and conserve water resources. To address the lack of intelligent and the low efficiency of conventional leakage detection methods, this paper designs a leakage detection method based on machine learning and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The system employs wireless sensors installed on pipelines to collect data and utilizes the 4G network to perform remote data transmission. A leakage triggered networking method is proposed to reduce the wireless sensor network’s energy consumption and prolong the system life cycle effectively. To enhance the precision and intelligence of leakage detection, we propose a leakage identification method that employs the intrinsic mode function, approximate entropy, and principal component analysis to construct a signal feature set and that uses a support vector machine (SVM) as a classifier to perform leakage detection. Simulation analysis and experimental results indicate that the proposed leakage identification method can effectively identify the water pipeline leakage and has lower energy consumption than the networking methods used in conventional wireless sensor networks.
... Therefore, introducing a P2P electricity trading system in This procedure is completely different from the general market pricing mechanism. 7 In Korea, coal and nuclear power plants were built in large numbers during the process of achieving rapid industrialization and economic growth, which started in the late 1900s (Kim et al., 2011). In 2018, the share of electricity generation by energy source was 42.4% for coal power and 23.4% for nuclear power (KEEI, 2019). ...
The peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading platform (ETP) is an electricity-sharing system by which individuals can sell surplus electricity or purchase electricity to meet a deficit in a regional power network. South Korea has allowed energy prosumers to engage in electricity trading from 2016 and is seeking ways to vitalize the electricity trading market. This study aims to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) of respondents for the monthly usage of P2P ETP by using the contingent valuation method. Of the 1000 Korean respondents, 639 were willing to pay a fee for using the platform. The estimated WTP is KRW 5958.86 (USD 5.50) per month. Moreover, the estimated WTP is higher in respondents who have more background knowledge of the P2P ETP and who pay higher electricity fees. The estimated WTP is lower than the usage fees of existing ETPs in other countries, which is primarily due to Korea's low electricity prices. Furthermore, the estimation results show that enhancing consumer awareness of P2P trading and introducing market strategies based on electricity usage should be considered by electricity trading companies and regulators to enhance P2P ETP usage.
... The EPC growth found can be attributed to their economic growth and rapid urbanization process in China [43] and India [44]. Large spatiotemporal variations in EPC in the Republic of Korea, might be caused by the rapid industrialization and dramatic structural changes [45]. Due to population growth, urbanization and economic growth, the Middle East region has experienced a significant increase in energy consumption [46]. ...
Industrialization and urbanization have led to a remarkable increase of electric power consumption (EPC) during the past decades. To assess the changing patterns of EPC at the global scale, this study utilized nighttime lights in conjunction with population and built-up datasets to map EPC at 1 km resolution. Firstly, the inter-calibrated nighttime light data were enhanced using the V4.0 Gridded Population Density data and the Global Human Settlement Layer. Secondly, linear models were calibrated to relate EPC to the enhanced nighttime light data; these models were then employed to estimate per-pixel EPC in 2000 and 2013. Finally, the spatiotemporal patterns of EPC between the periods were analyzed at the country, continental, and global scales. The evaluation of the EPC estimation shows a reasonable accuracy at the provincial scale with R² of 0.8429. Over 30% of the human settlements in Asia, Europe, and North America showed apparent EPC growth. At the national scale, moderate and high EPC growth was observed in 45% of the built-up areas in East Asia. The spatial clustering patterns revealed that EPC decreased in Russia and the Western Europe. This study provides fresh insight into the spatial pattern and variations of global electric power consumption.
... Our result is in line with Kim et al (2011) for South Korea since their analysis of recent trends of the country's national and sectoral energy use suggests that securing energy supplies is not really a critical problem that need to be addressed by its future energy policies. ...
Energy insecurity has been a critical challenge facing Asia's economic growth. This study constructs a comprehensive index for energy insecurity as well as examines its trend using a sample of 24 selected Asian countries during the 1990–2014 period. For this purpose, principal component analysis is applied to a series of 12 selected variables. The variables are standardized using different techniques including z-score, min-max and softmax normalization. Three different measures of energy insecurity are created accordingly. The empirical results depict the trend of increasing energy insecurity in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. On the other hand, the trend of fluctuating but recently improving energy security was observed in Hong Kong, Japan, Mongolia, Singapore, South Korea, and United Arab Emirates. Meanwhile, the trend of fluctuating but recently increasing energy insecurity was found in Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, and Tajikistan. These findings are robust to all three measures of energy insecurity.
... Looking at developed countries, Gasparatos and Gadda (2009) find that energy insecurity can threaten long-term sustainable development in Japan. Kim et al. (2011) suggest that energy use is an important source to fuel the rapid economic growth in Korea. Due to the country's heavy dependence on international energy imports, they emphasize the need for Korea to adjust its energy policy in response to the concerns of energy insecurity. ...
Many countries rely on the international energy market as their main energy supplier, thus leading to issues of insecurity. Energy insecurity can potentially hinder economic growth and cause sustainability problems. This paper builds on cross-country panel data and estimates the relationship between energy insecurity and economic growth. We explore the multi-dimensional feature of energy insecurity through energy dependency, renewable energy share, and price effects. Our results show statistically significant negative impacts on growth due to energy insecurity, but the effects are mostly relevant to developing economies. Moreover, we show that the development renewable energy sector can mitigate the negative effects.
... China, by contrast, had a lower oil supply risk in most scenarios, but this risk is projected to increase over time. Kim et al. (2011) discussed key energy policy changes in South Korea. Although its oil share has fallen, South Korea continues to face significant challenges because of international oil market instability, high oil prices and the potential for supply disruptions. ...
East Asian countries, such as China, Japan and South Korea, are major importers in the international oil market. Therefore, oil import security is critical to sustainable economic development in these countries. This paper uses a modified two-stage DEA-like model to investigate the impact of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) on oil import security in the East Asian region over time. Specifically, three dimensional variables were introduced to the model: the OPEC internal dimension, the OPEC and Asian country interaction dimension, and the international external dimension. The empirical results show a substantial difference between China and the other two countries in terms of these dimensions. Although the impact of OPEC on China's oil security has increased over time, its impact on Japan has declined. Political uncertainty in OPEC countries and oil price volatility are the major issues for China, whereas cost is the key area of concern for Japan. South Korea's concerns are less clear. The results of this study lay an important foundation for discussing policy issues involved in regional cooperation, integration and sustainable growth in the East Asian region.
... Smith et al. [13] Created a set of possible scenarios for the energy sector in Colombia and thereby helped to create a better understanding of how the energy system might evolve into the future. Kim et al. [54] Developed scenarios with different levels of nuclear energy utilization, and discussed their effects on the electricity demand and supply situation in the Republic of Korea, in the year 2030. Roinioti et al. [55] Generated scenarios with an emphasis on the electricity generation system and its impact on energy and environment for the Greek energy system. ...
The technology transformation of the power industry is crucial for electricity companies, which need to be prepared for the transition of their traditional business. Using scenario-planning exercises, combined with SWOT and PESTEL analysis, as well as a systems thinking approach, this paper explores potential strategies for electricity companies to grasp the opportunities and offset threats, by focusing on the formulation process for a broad, innovative strategy for the transition in the power business. The paper concludes that the transformation of the Colombian energy industry poses serious challenges to electricity companies when policy and regulation promote the adoption of non-conventional energy sources, at a time when the cost of renewables keep declining; however, with a robust adaptive strategy, companies could better face the transition from current business to new alternatives.
... It has been widely used to project energy demand, supply, and CO 2 emissions considering different scenarios (Heaps, 2013;Lazarus et al., 1995). LEAP has been used to assess the effect of energy policies related to introduction of new technologies or energy sources, energy efficiency measures, and its effects on GHG emissions on national energy systems (Cai et al., 2008;Emodi et al., 2017;He et al., 2010;Huang et al., 2011;Islas et al., 2007;Kim et al., 2011;Kuldna et al., 2015;Zhao et al., 2011). It has also been implemented in the analysis of specific sectors such as transportation (Azam et al., 2016;Hong et al., 2016;Manzini, 2006;Sadri et al., 2014;Shabbir and Ahmad, 2010), industry (Ates, 2015;Wang et al., 2007), households (Davoudpour and Ahadi, 2006), and electricity generation (Bautista, 2012;Cai et al., 2007;Islas et al., 2002;McPherson and Karney, 2014a;Shin et al., 2005). ...
The aim of this study was to analyze the energy demand in a scenario considering the National Policy for Energy Efficiency (PLANEE) of Ecuador. For this purpose, the effects on energy supply and demand by taking into account an economic scenario were studied. The economic scenario considered historical Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The main contribution is this scenario was considered the Development Plan and current information. The data selected included the fall in GDP in 2015 as a result of the crisis caused by the fall in oil prices. The energy scenarios were designed using Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model. Two scenarios were development, business as usual (BaU) without policies and projects. The results show that energy efficiency measures implicate cumulative energy savings that could reach 216,700 kBOE between 2015 and 2035.
Keywords: Energy scenarios, Energy efficiency, LEAP
JEL Classification: Q4
... In the 1980s, Korea's economy was given a further boost by favorable external conditions such as the low energy prices (Harvie and Pahlavani, 2006). The increasingly stronger manufacturing sector is the main driver for the growth of not only Korea's economy but also its energy consumption (Kim et al., 2011). ...
This paper studies how energy security is conceptualized in four resource-poor, advanced island economies: Singapore, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. It is found that the energy security conceptualization of the four economies in effect returns to the very original and conventional one: stable and reliable energy supply. However, these economies are different in the level of stability and reliability demanded. Why are they similar in energy security conceptualization whereas different in the level of stability and reliability demanded? Adopting documentation analysis, comparative study, and the varieties of capitalism theory, we find that the nature of economy constitutes the decisive factor that shapes energy security conceptualization. The coordinated market economies (CMEs) are more concerned about energy supply disruption than the liberalized market economies (LMEs). The paper demonstrates that despite numerous energy security concepts in the literature, resource-poor economies still adopt the original and conventional one in practice. The findings suggest that security of supply is the top measure for resource-poor economies to improve their energy security and creating a joint petroleum and LNG market would be desirable for the four economies in this study.
... As advanced, developed economies, both countries have high energy and electricity demand. Japan, a series of islands, and South Korea, an isolated peninsula, have limited fossil fuel reserves and rely on large amounts of imports to meet domestic energy needs [19,20]. Beyond LNG, both countries are among the largest importers of coal in the world. ...
Due to surging natural gas production, the United States is now a growing exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) to overseas destinations. However, the potential greenhouse gas implications from increased US natural gas remain unclear. Through a hybrid lifecycle energy strategy analysis, we investigate potential greenhouse gas scenarios of US LNG exports to Asia, the largest source of global LNG demand. We find that the climate impacts of US exports to China, Japan, India, and South Korea could vary tremendously. Annual global lifecycle emissions range from −32 to +63 million metric tons CO2e per billion cubic feet (Bcf) per day of exports. Despite this range, emissions are not likely to decrease and may increase significantly due to greater global energy consumption, higher emissions in the US, and methane leakage. However, international climate obligations are a critical uncertainty underlying all emissions estimates. Our results indicate the need for further research into quantifying the climate impacts of LNG exports, and energy exports more generally.
... Attaining a low carbon society requires the formulation and implementation of strategic policies that are sustainable in the long term 155 . ...
This thesis developed a set of the long-term energy scenarios for Nigeria considering the impact of vital factors that may influence its energy policies in its future energy system. The energy scenarios were developed through the application of the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) model. The Nigerian LEAP model was developed to identify the future energy demand and how it could be met using a least-cost combination of technology
options without similar expansion in greenhouse gases. The developed model
incorporated four policy scenarios that differ from one another, and this was
intended to capture the vital factors that may influence the energy policies in
the future.
The factors that were taken as parameters included the GDP, the households, the population and urbanization growth rates, and the growth rates of the energy-intensive sectors. The four scenarios that were developed were the reference (REF), low-carbon moderate (LCM), low-carbon advanced (LCA), and green-optimistic (GO) scenarios. The results of the modeled scenarios showed that the energy demand is expected to grow at an annual growth rate of 3.58% (REF), 3.53% (LCM), 2.95% (LCA), and 2.61% (GO).
The REF scenario energy demand was the highest (with 3,075 PJ by 2040) while the GO scenario was the lowest (2,249.2 PJ). The GHG emission rate was very low for the GO scenario (124.4 MMTCDE) compared to the other scenarios, and this was due to the high level of renewables and the energy efficiency application into the energy mix. The level of energy policies such as various degrees of energy efficiency and fuel/technology switching was increased from the LCM scenario (which had a moderate policy implementation), the advance LCA scenario, and the more aggressive GO scenario. Furthermore, a cost-benefit analysis was carried out to ascertain the cost of implementing some policies and strategies in Nigeria, including energy efficiency and fuel/technology switching. The results showed that it would cost Nigeria USD1.69 billion to implement policies in the LCM scenario, USD23.8 billion in the LCA scenario, and USD41.4 billion in the GO scenario.
With regard to the least-cost electricity generation options for power plants in the different scenarios in this study, it was shown that on-shore wind power and small hydropower are the least-cost electricity generation options overall. For fossil fuel power plants, CCGT was identified as the least-cost electricity generation option as well as the lowest-GHG-emitting power plant besides biomass, which was considered a low-carbon technology. From the results in general, it was observed that low-carbon and renewable technologies will have an important role to play in the realization of low-carbon
development in Nigeria.
To achieve this feat, this thesis further explored some strategies that can ensure low carbon development in Nigeria, with a view of attaining green growth. These strategies include adopting the green growth ideology and coming up with energy policy reforms, long-term energy plans and targets, energy regulations and standards, environmental tax reforms, urban plans, efficient building designs, and measures to improve the efficiency of the country’s energy and transport system. This thesis is significant in that it applied a bottom-up approach for the Nigerian energy model, performed a cost-benefit analysis, presented leastcost electricity generation options, and suggested strategic energy policies.
The findings from this thesis can be used as a guide in the development of
energy policies and sustainable strategies for the attainment of low-carbon
development in the long term in Nigeria.
... The LEAP model is employed to explore various scenarios of the energy system development in Taiwan [36], China [37], Iran [38], Panama [39], Maharashtra, India [40], Pakistan [41], and Africa [42]. LEAP has also been actively applied to study the energy and CO 2 impacts of a power system expansion with a special focus on a particular energy source such as landfill gas in Korea [43], nuclear in Korea and Japan [44,45] and renewable in Southeast Asia [28]. None of these studies combined the accounting and optimization settings in LEAP for the analysis. ...
The power sector in many developing countries face challenges of a fast-rising electricity demand in urban areas and an urgency of improved electricity access in rural areas. In the context of climate change, these development needs are challenged by the vital goal of CO2 mitigation. This paper investigates plausible trade-offs between electrification and CO2 mitigation in a developing country context, taking Indonesia as a case study. Aligned with the 2015 Paris Agreement, the Government of Indonesia has announced its voluntary pledge to reduce 29% of its GHGs emissions against the business as usual scenario by 2030. 11% of this should be attained by the energy sector. We incorporate the Indonesian Paris pledge into the modelling of capacity expansion of the Java-Bali power system, which is the largest power system in Indonesia. The LEAP model is used for the analysis in this study. Firstly, we validate the LEAP model using historical data of the national electricity system. Secondly, we develop and analyse four scenarios of the Java-Bali power system expansion from the base year 2015 through to 2030. These include a reference scenario (REF) to reflect a continuation of the present energy mix (REF), then a shift from coal to natural gas (NGS) (natural gas), followed by an expansion of renewable energy (REN) and, finally, the least-cost option (OPT). The shift to natural gas decreases future CO2 emissions by 38.2 million ton, helping to achieve the CO2 mitigation target committed to. Likewise, an escalation of renewable energy development in the Java-Bali islands cuts the projected CO2 emissions by 38.9 million ton and, thus, assures meeting the target. The least-cost scenario attains the targeted emission reduction, but at 33% and 52% lower additional costs compared to NGS and REN, respectively. The cost-effectiveness of CO2 mitigation scenarios range from 14.9 to 41.8 US$/tCO2e.
... Its versatility for modelling different energy systems supports, in a single model, a wide range of modelling methodologies for both the demand and the supply side, including bottom-up [35], top-down macroeconomic modelling and also hybrid model possibilities [29]. In addition, the modelling framework can be scaled in regional [36], national [37] [38], and city perspectives [39] [40], and can address electricity demand-supply analyses [41] [42], [43], cost-benefit studies [44], emission mitigation assessments [45] [46], and other specific sectorial analyses including e.g. transport [47] [48], or landfill gas [49] in developed and developing countries. ...
... The annual growth rate of the TPES in the ROK is projected to stabilize at around 2% in the coming decade; which in the 1990s was about 14% and decreased to 5% between 2000 to 2010 [53]. ...
The primary objectives of this study were to understand the energy plans and policies of the Republic of Korea (ROK) and outline its development in the energy sector. Both qualitative and quantitative information were gathered and evaluated in the context of the defined objectives. The study has outlined that the primary motivational factor for achieving the current improved energy status of the ROK was to support the rapid industrial growth and socio-economic development of the country. The major steps taken were to manage the country's escalating energy demand and to minimize the greenhouse emissions in energy sector along its progressive economic development. The economic growth of the country had good correlation with the escalating fossil fuel consumption. This is however among the great concerns in the country in today's global agenda of sustainable energy managements. The country has been primarily relying on the imported energy sources, which averaged to 84% (including nuclear generation) of the total primary energy supply (TPES) during the period of 2000–2014. Oil has been the main source of energy supply in the country, followed by coal and natural gas. Penetration of renewable energy technologies was primarily motivated to meet the country's strategic goals, including the downscaling of GHG emission by 37% by 2030 compared to the business-as-usual (BAU) situation. Despite the different initiations in the energy management, renewable energy sources covered only 4.5% of the TPES in 2014. In addition, the country's urgent need now is also towards the management of the available natural resources to support the growing demand of bio-economy. At this particular interest, the country needs to identify the sustainable availability of resources to balance the multi-fold sectors. This demands comprehensive energy-system analysis along with identifying the avenues of the utilization of biomass resources.
This paper analyzes South Korea's energy policy after the Fukushima disaster. The policy is seen from two dimensions, namely internal policies and external policies. The variable used in viewing the policy is through the framework described by Duffield. According to Duffield, internal policy responses can be seen from emergency preparations and reducing dependencies on foreign energy sources. In contrast, external policy response can be seen through policy toward energy-producing and transit countries, also other energy-consuming and importing countries. This research is qualitative with descriptive analytics. The study found that South Korea took several energy policies related to its domestic politics to reduce its dependence on energy imports. At the same time, for the external responses, South Korea intends to diversify its cooperation with the energy-exporting countries and continues to encourage international cooperation among the importing countries.
This paper is examined whether the relationship between economic growth and energy security risk level is symmetric or asymmetric in the case of Turkey between 1980 and 2018. What makes different of this study from the others few studies that examine the effects of energy security on economic growth by considering the 4A of energy security is that it examines the asymmetric impacts of energy security on economic growth by using the NARDL method. Accordingly, the results of the linear ARDL demonstrate that there is no long-term relationship between energy security risk level and economic growth. On the other hand, the results of the non-linear ARDL indicate that there is an asymmetrical relationship between economic growth and energy security risk level both in the long and short-term. Furthermore, according to the NARDL results, a 1% increase in energy security risk level decreases economic growth by approximately 0.60%, while a 1% decrease in energy security risk level increases economic growth by approximately 1.72%. These results demonstrate that economic growth in Turkey is significantly affected by positive and negative changes in the energy security risk level. Therefore, the results reveal the importance of policies to ensure energy security and allow for important policy implications for policymakers.
The 2050 Clean Energy Master Plan, which entails a transition to clean energy by 2050, has been announced for Busan, South Korea. It includes target and market potential supply for solar and wind energy in 2050. As natural-gas-powered fuel cells are considered in the Master Plan, this study examined the extent to which natural gas can be replaced by hydrogen produced in Busan. EnergyPLAN was employed to simulate the balance between supply and demand considering the deployment of electric and hydrogen vehicles. Hydrogen for the fuel cells is postulated to be produced via electrolysis, employing possible surplus electricity and extracted from municipal solid waste. The results indicate that surplus electricity can be expected in both target and market potential supply scenarios under the target demand in 2050. The surplus electricity from target and market is 1.77 and 6.26 TWhe, respectively. With 0.68 TWh-H2 from waste, the total hydrogen production is 1.97 and 5.25 TWh-H2, accounting for 15.2 % and 40.4 % replacement, respectively. Regarding the target supply and BAU demand, the electricity balance is in deficit, necessitating electricity import from neighboring provinces. The CO2 emissions of the target supply and market potential supply are estimated to be 3.97 and 4.11 million tCO2.
After the Fukushima accident, most nations that use nuclear power programmes as their main energy facility reexamined their national energy and electricity plans and policies. Moreover, the accident resulted in huge losses of lives and capital, affecting public perceptions and acceptance of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Understanding the related motivations and hindrances that affect public perceptions is essential to revising these energy plans and policies. On the basis of a survey conducted in South Korea, this study investigates public perceptions of NPPs. Moreover, it explores the effects of four factors, perceived costs, system reliability, awareness, and environmental knowledge, on the perceived benefits, risks, and public attitudes that influence the public’s intention to use NPPs. This study finds that perceived benefits played a key role in determining the public’s intention to use NPPs. Furthermore, their perceived benefits are significantly affected by the four factors listed above. Moreover, both environmental knowledge and perceived costs have notable effects on perceived risks. On the basis of the obtained results, both implications and limitations of the study are presented.
The power generation sector is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions in South Korea. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in this sector is therefore of crucial importance. The government has recently released its core energy policy objectives: elimination of coal-fired power generation, phase-out of nuclear plants, and promotion of renewable energy sources. This energy policy should be consistent with the national climate change response policy. This paper analyzed the optimum power generation structure based on the South Korean government’s energy policy and climate change policy and then analyzed the optimum power generation structure if the greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy targets were different. Seven scenarios with different 2030 greenhouse gas reduction and renewable energy generation targets were investigated. The scenario analysis shows that it is difficult to reduce dependence on coal power generation if the South Korean government’s current energy and climate change policies are maintained. The current greenhouse gas reduction target level is insufficient to be a driving force for energy transition, but dependence on coal power generation can be reduced by applying a deeper level of greenhouse gas reduction (e.g. 50% reduction compared to BAU). To achieve the energy transition planned by the South Korean government, it would be necessary to set a target for greenhouse gas reduction that is deeper than the current plan. The results of this study analyzing the optimal power configuration for 2030 in light of South Korea’s energy and climate change policies are expected to contribute to the South Korean government’s establishment of policies in the future.
The purpose of this study is to develop a reference energy system and forecast the energy consumption for a 30 year period (2013-2043) in Iran and examine the effects of several demand side management strategies. Forecasting of energy consumption for a 30 year period, has been calculated with the means of ANN (Artificial Neural Network) in order to calculate the effect of population and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) on energy consumption. RES (Reference Energy System) for 2043 was presented by the use of energy consumption prediction and LEAP (long-range energy alternative planning) software, and the effect of each proposed scenarios on energy consumption has been studied. Three scenarios are examined in order to manage demand side: improving efficiency of electric motors, utilization of electric vehicles and utilization of electric stoves instead of natural gas fueled stoves. The results show that applying proposed scenarios decreases respectively 23.45, 241.7 and 100.5 million barrel of oil in the last year of the project.
This chapter aims to provide an update of the state of art of existing feedstocks for biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomasses. Lignocellulosic biomass is considered an important bioresource that can be utilized in many forms. In function of the nature of this lignocellulosic biomass, it is possible to make a difference between three feedstock generations. In the first one, the substrate consists mainly of seeds, potato, and grains, and the production process consists in the purification of simple sugars to obtain ethanol. But, the first-generation biofuels have been perceived as unsustainable from both an environmental and an industrial production cost points of view. So, the research has switched to the development of more advanced biofuels. For this reason, the first-generation feedstocks have been replaced in a first time by a second one (mainly agricultural wastes) and in a second time with a third one (algae). This chapter presents a critical analysis of published data on both the applications and potentiality of the bioenergy production from second and third generation of feedstocks.
The Energy and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Target Management System (TMS) is one of South Korea’s major instruments to achieve national energy policy as well as GHG reduction targets. The TMS was introduced in the late 1990s, focusing on energy only and aiming to reduce the level of South Korea’s energy consumption and fossil fuel imports. During the presidency of Lee Myung-bak, the system was reformed and a GHG abatement function was integrated. This paper applies an analytical governance perspective to investigate the main procedural logic of the TMS. Even though South Korea’s GHG policy is closely linked to the Kyoto Protocol, the Energy and GHG TMS does not rely on market-based instruments. In fact, it combines command-and-control components with strong voluntary network-like mechanisms. The analysis indicates that the Korean TMS thus represents a policy alternative to an emissions trading system. In conclusion and in reference to an eventual Kyoto follow-up agreement, the paper recommends a better integration of such not market based, energy consumption and GHG abatement addressing instruments with global climate change politics.
An industry’s relationship of supply and demand with the energy sector can be a critical factor in the stability of its economic performance. Furthermore, the patterns of industry dependence on energy industries can be a major characteristic of entire industrial structure. This research evaluates industries’ impact scores for their overall influence on other industries and vulnerability to supply and demand shocks from the energy sector. The study utilizes a sample of Korea’s industrial input–output tables from 2010 to 2012. Using a chain of complementary methodologies, this study finds that among four clusters, energy, services, and raw materials are key members that can spread energy shocks to other industries. Therefore, governments need to prepare effective energy efficiency policies for these target industries.
As more and more countries adopt the IAEA's Additional Protocol, all kinds of nuclear secrets will come spilling out. Currently under the microscope: South Korea.
Statistics of Electric Power in Korea
- KEPCO
- KEPCO
Yearbook of Energy Statistics, 2009
- KEEI
- KEEI
Long- & Short-Term Load Pattern Analysis of 30 Years
- Korea Power Exchange (KPX)
- Korea Power Exchange (KPX)
Survey on Electricity Consumption Characteristics of Home Appliances
- KPX
- KPX
National Mid-term Target for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
- PCGG
- PCGG
Ministry of Government Legislation (MOLEG)
- Moleg
- Moleg
Energy and Environment in the Korean Economy
- E.S. Shin
- E.S. Shin
WNA Reactor Database: Korea RO (South) Available as: 〈http://www.world-nuclear.org/NuclearDatabase/rdResults.aspx?id=27569〉
- Wna
- Wna
Yearbook of Energy Statistics
- MKE & KEEI
- MKE & KEEI
The 4th Basic Plan of Long-Term Electric Supply and Demand 2008–2022
- Ministry of Knowledge Economy. (MKE)
- Ministry of Knowledge Economy. (MKE)
The 1st Basic National Energy Plan
- PMO
- PMO
Development of Post-Kyoto Climate Policies and Integrated Emission Management Strategies based on Decomposition Analysis of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollutants Emissions
- Ministry of Environment. (ME)
- Ministry of Environment. (ME)
Korea's Perspective on Energy and Economic Cooperation in Northeast and Central Asia Available as: 〈http://www.keei.re.kr/keei/download/seminar
- Lee Ryu
- J.-C Ryu
- S K Lee
- Lee Ryu
- J.-C Ryu
- S K Lee
2008 USDOE Energy Information Administration (USDOE/EIA) Carbon dioxide emissions data files downloaded from 〈http://www.eia.doe.gov/iea/〉
- Usdoe Energy
- Usdoe Administration
- Eia
- Usdoe Energy
- Usdoe Administration
- Eia
The Nuclear Power Sector in the Republic of Korea: Nuclear Materials Management/Fuel Cycle Practices, Plans and Policies. Presentation prepared for the Asian Energy Security Workshop
- J Kang
Kang, J., 2006. The Nuclear Power Sector in the Republic of Korea: Nuclear Materials Management/Fuel Cycle Practices, Plans and Policies. Presentation prepared for the Asian Energy Security Workshop 2006. Available from: /http://www.nautilus.org/energy/2006/beijingworkshop/papers.htmlS.
Energy Demand Forecast and Policy Directions in Korea Presentation prepared for the Asian Energy Security Workshop Available from Five-year green growth plan
- W.-J Chung
Chung, W.-J., 2006. Energy Demand Forecast and Policy Directions in Korea. Presentation prepared for the Asian Energy Security Workshop 2006. Available from: /http://www.nautilus.org/energy/2006/beijingworkshop/papers.htmlS. Green Growth Korea (GGK), 2009a. Five-year green growth plan. Green Growth Korea (GGK), 2009b. Road to Our Future: Green Growth.
Evaluation of Energy Efficiency in Residential & Service Sector. KEEI Research Paper, dated 2008-12-31 Abstract available from www.marketwire.com/press-release/Harvest-Energy-Trust-Agrees-to-C41-Bil lion-Sale-to-Korea-National-Oil-Corporation-TSX-HTE.UN-1063559.htmS
- S K Lee
- S I Lee
Lee, S.K., S.I. Lee, 2008. Evaluation of Energy Efficiency in Residential & Service Sector. KEEI Research Paper, dated 2008-12-31. Abstract available from: /http://www.keei.re.kr/main.nsf/index_en.htmlS. Marketwire, 2009. Harvest Energy Trust Agrees to C$4.1 Billion Sale to Korea National Oil Corporation. Dated October 21, 2009, and available as: /http:// www.marketwire.com/press-release/Harvest-Energy-Trust-Agrees-to-C41-Bil lion-Sale-to-Korea-National-Oil-Corporation-TSX-HTE.UN-1063559.htmS. Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Energy, and the Korea Energy Economics Institute (MOCIE/KEEI), 2006. KEEI Yearbook of Energy Statistics. MOCIE (now the Ministry of Knowledge Economy) and KEEI (pp. 368–369).
The Revised National Energy Balance of Korea. KEEI, 2009a. Yearly Energy Statistics Agreed Frame-work between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Long-& Short-Term Load Pattern Analysis of 30 Years
- J Kang
Kang, J., 2008. Unpublished workbook presenting capacity trends in BAU, Maximum Nuclear, and Minimum Nuclear Scenarios for the ROK. Korea Electric Power Company (KEPCO), 2008a. Power Plant Survey. KEPCO. KEPCO, 2008b. Statistics of Electric Power in Korea. KEPCO. Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI), 2006. The Revised National Energy Balance of Korea. KEEI, 2009a. Yearly Energy Statistics. Selected statistics downloaded from: /http://www.keei.re.kr/main.nsf/index_en.htmlS. KEEI, 2009b. Yearbook of Energy Statistics, 2009. KEEI and Ministry of Knowledge Economy. KEEI, 2010, Korea Energy Review Monthly, May, 2010. KEEI. Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO), 1994, Agreed Frame-work between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Signed in Geneva, Switzerland, October 21, 1994. Available as: /http://www.kedo.org/pdfs/AgreedFramework.pdfS. Korea Power Exchange (KPX), 2008. Long-& Short-Term Load Pattern Analysis of 30 Years. Korea Power Exchange. KPX, 2006. Survey on Electricity Consumption Characteristics of Home Appliances. Korea Power Exchange.