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Abstract
In recent years, global warming has caused the sea level to rise. The river or coastal related disasters such as tsunami, cyclone and flood have also become higher in frequency and stronger in intensity. As one of the counter measures, some of the existing coastal protection structures need to be rehabilitated and new, stronger or taller coastal structures have to be built. How to construct coastal protection structures in a quicker and yet cost-effective way has become a challenge to geotechnical engineers. In this paper, a few recent developments in dike construction and related methods and techniques are presented. A classification to the coastal protection structures is given according to materials used. Three innovative construction methods for coastal protection structures are introduced. These are geotextle mattress (or geomat), semi-circular precast concrete caisson, and suction caisson. The applications of these techniques in dike or breakwater construction are illustrated using case histories. A comparison of the three methods in terms of applicability, advantageous and disadvantageous is also made.
... In the wake of increasing incidents of structure failures at rivers and coastlines, construction of cofferdams has become an important disaster mitigation strategy (see Figures 1(a) and 1(b)) [1]. With the advantages of fast construction, high global stability, and strong adaptability to the environment, geotextile structures have been applied in the construction of dikes, coastal protection, flood control, and land reclamation projects [2]. ...
... e modules of the filled sand are E s � 20 MPa, and the frictional angle of sand is φ � 30 o (W � 18 m; J � 140 kN/m). Other details can be found in reference [1]. Figure 4(a) compares Yan and Chu's results and the predicted results using the numerical modeling method of this study, from which good agreements can be found in terms of the maximum displacements of locations. ...
... e current FE model is further validated with Yan and Chu's centrifuge testing data. A model box of 685 mm × 400 mm × 200 mm was constructed to study the failure mechanism of dike on soft soils [1]. Figure 4(b) compares the displacements between the numerical prediction using the current modeling method and the centrifuge testing results, where good agreement can be found. ...
In this paper, the failure mechanisms of large geotextile mats over soft soil are carried out through finite element analyses. A finite element model is generated and validated against centrifuge testing data and previously published data of numerical simulation. Parametric study is then carried out to investigate the geotextile tension distribution and the arrangement of crashed stone. Based on the parametric study, an optimized design considering the arrangement of rock berm and a special arrangement of large geotextiles was proposed to enhance the performance of the geotextile mats. The findings of this study can provide an engineering guidance for this new technique.
1. Introduction
In the wake of increasing incidents of structure failures at rivers and coastlines, construction of cofferdams has become an important disaster mitigation strategy (see Figures 1(a) and 1(b)) [1]. With the advantages of fast construction, high global stability, and strong adaptability to the environment, geotextile structures have been applied in the construction of dikes, coastal protection, flood control, and land reclamation projects [2].
(a)
... The use of suction caisson foundation for offshore caisson dike or seawall construction has a number of advantages over the existing methods (Chu et al., 2012;Guo et al., 2017). Compared with other traditional foundation types, the suction caisson has proven to be a competitive alternative to offshore or coastal structures. ...
... Secondly, suction caissons require less expensive installation equipment and shorter installation duration. Thirdly, suction caissons can be installed in various soil conditions with minimum seafloor disturbance or without the treatment of soft deposits (Chu et al., 2012). Lastly, suction caissons may be removed or reused elsewhere. ...
... A type of caisson breakwater supported by suction caissons or piles with around 11 m in diameter, was adopted in China (Wang and Zhong, 2008;Chu et al., 2012;, Japan (Shimosako et al., 2002) and Korea (Bang et al., 2005). The suction piles or caissons were precast and penetrated into soft marine deposits under the hydrostatic pressure applied outside and suction inside the piles or caissons. ...
Construction over soft soil is a challenge as the ground can be too soft to work on it. To overcome this, a working platform has to be formed before any soil improvement work can be carried out. One of such methods was proposed by Broms (1987) which uses geotextile and sand berms. In this paper, a modified Broms' method is proposed to use geotextile tubes to confine the sand berms. A new analytical solution is also proposed to calculate the tensile strain and the profile of geotextile under the sand berms/tubes. Design charts for different design conditions are also developed. Parametric studies were conducted to identify the key parameters affecting the design. Finite element analyses (FEA) and a field trial were also carried out to verify the modified Broms' method and the proposed solution. The monitoring data agree reasonably well with the results obtained from proposed solution and FEA. A design procedure for modified Broms' method and Broms’ method is proposed using the analytical solution.
... Studies of geological and geotechnical parameters related to natural hazard susceptibility [152], earthquake damage assessment using remote sensing [153,154], methodologies applied to disaster mitigation and monitoring [10,[155][156][157], geotechnical investigations of earthquakes [158][159][160], post-disaster road reconstruction [27,161,162], slope stability [163][164][165], numerical simulations [166,167], mining activities [168][169][170], soft soils [171,172], landslides [173][174][175], dikes [176], dams [177][178][179], study of the geomechanical parameters of materials [180][181][182], soil liquefaction [183][184][185], seismic microzoning [186][187][188], permafrost hazard [189], damage to geotechnical structures due to tsunamis [12], sediment consolidation [190], soil improvement [191], and investigations in coastal areas [192], floods [193,194], and subsidence [195,196]. ...
... Studies of geological and geotechnical parameters related to natural hazard susceptibility [152], earthquake damage assessment using remote sensing [153,154], methodologies applied to disaster mitigation and monitoring [10,[155][156][157], geotechnical investigations of earthquakes [158][159][160], post-disaster road reconstruction [27,161,162], slope stability [163][164][165], numerical simulations [166,167], mining activities [168][169][170], soft soils [171,172], landslides [173][174][175], dikes [176], dams [177][178][179], study of the geomechanical parameters of materials [180][181][182], soil liquefaction [183][184][185], seismic microzoning [186][187][188], permafrost hazard [189], damage to geotechnical structures due to tsunamis [12], sediment consolidation [190], soil improvement [191], and investigations in coastal areas [192], floods [193,194], and subsidence [195,196]. Within the earth sciences related to disasters and geotechnics, there were publications in 12 different languages. ...
Landslides, earthquakes, and other natural events can change the landscape and generate human and economic losses, affecting transportation and public service infrastructure. In every geotechnical project, the investigation phase plays a fundamental role in reducing the risk of occurrence and mitigating catastrophes. As a result, governments have created entities to study disasters and identify triggering factors that generate huge losses worldwide. This research aims to conduct a systematic review of the relationship between geotechnics and disasters through bibliometric techniques, scientific production evaluation, and case studies analysis to recognize key topics, methods, and thematic development of the research worldwide. The research methodology consisted of three steps: (1) Database analysis, selection, and combination, (2) bibliometric analysis, and (3) systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. The systematic review with bibliometric analysis collected data from 1973 to 2021, with 1299 academic publications indexed in the Scopus and WoS database. These results indicated a growing trend of annual publications on disasters and their relationship with geotechnical studies, highlighting current issues and technological innovation. The main research trends in disaster risk assessment were topics mainly linked to landslides, earthquakes, liquefaction, and inappropriate analysis models with applications of geophysical methods, laboratory tests, remote sensing, and numerical models.
... The Quaternary deposits generally have a high water content with high compressibility, high sensitivity, high viscosity, and low shear strength (Yin et al. 2010;. When structures are constructed in this kind of soft clay deposit, ground modification techniques, such as deep mixing (Horpibulsuk et al. 2011a;Shen et al. 2008;Huang and Han 2009;Abusharar and Han 2011;Du et al. 2012;Jiang et al. 2013), jet grouting (Shen et al. 2013b;2013c;2013d;2013e;Wang et al. 2013;2014), geosynthetic improvement (Horpibulsuk and Niramitkornburee 2010;Horpibulsuk et al. 2011b;Yang and Han 2013), installing prefabricated vertical drains (Chai et al. 2001;Chai and Carter 2009;Shen et al. 2005;Chu et al. 2012), anchoring and soil nailing, are commonly adopted for mitigating ground movement or improving excavation stability (Xu et al. 2008;Yin et al. 2010;Tan and Wang 2013a;. With the increasing shortage of land resources in the eastern coastal region of China, dredged fill engineering has been widely practiced in recent years. ...
... In these dredged fill regions, the embankments need to be built to keep out the seawater. Most of the embankments are constructed on very soft deposits (Chu et al. 2012). The soft deposits are characterized by very high compressibility and low bearing capacity, and provide little support to rapidly constructed high embankments (Ladd 1991;Leroueil et al. 1980). ...
This article presents a case history of the performance of a full-scale test embankment constructed on a marine soft clay deposit improved by prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) in the east of China. For analyzing the subsoil behavior, a 2D FEM model is established, in which the PVD-improved effect is considered by a simplified method of equivalent vertical hydraulic conductivity. The calculated results can predict the settlement behavior well, however, the FEM gives an underestimate for the value of excess pore pressures and it predicts similar values for the dissipation rate of excess pore pressures. The measured undrained shear strength of subsoil, Cu, is compared with the predicted value based on Ladd's empirical equation and the Modified Cam-Clay model (MCC). The shear strength predicted by Ladd's equation agrees well with the measured value, whereas the MCC overestimates the ability to improve subsoil shear strength during consolidation. The undrained shear strength of subsoil, Cu, increased as the construction progressed, and the shear strength incremental ratio, ΔCu/Δp′, decreased slightly with the degree of consolidation, U.
... Geosynthetic tubes have been widely used in breakwaters and beach restoration projects in recent years (Leshchinsky et al., 1996;Shin and Oh, 2007;Lawson, 2008;Cantré and Saathoff, 2011;Yan and Chu, 2010;Chu et al., 2012;Lee and Douglas, 2012). These tubes are made of geosynthetic materials and inflated with water, clay slurry or sand. ...
... Third, local soils can be used as filling materials. If sand is not readily available, silty clay or clay slurry can be used as well (Yan and Chu, 2010;Chu et al., 2012;. Geosynthetic tubes are also used to dewater waste sludge such as digested bio-solids, sewage sludge, dredged materials (Moo-Young and Tucker, 2002), industrial solid wastes (Worley et al., 2008), fly ash (Muthukumaran and Ilamparuthi, 2006) and coal slurry. ...
When permeable geosynthetic tubes are used for dewatering of waste sludge or construction of dikes or embankments, the tubes have to be inflated using sludge or soil slurry several times. After each inflation, the soil slurry is consolidated into solid. Hence from the second inflation onwards, the geosynthetic tube is filled by both slurry and consolidated soil. In this paper, a new analytical method is proposed to provide a solution to the above specific case. Friction between geosynthetic sheet and soil, and friction between geosynthetic tube and subgrade, are considered. Parametric studies are also carried out to compare the design between geosynthetic tubes inflated using pure slurry and that using slurry and consolidated soil to study the key factors affecting the design. The study shows that tensile forces vary along the cross-section of the geosynthetic tube with the minimum value occurring at the center of the base. The effect of friction and lateral earth pressure on the geometry and tensile forces of the geosynthetic tube is insignificant when the height of the consolidated soil in the tube is small, but increases considerably with an increase in the height.
... Geotextile tubes are sustainable, large, permeable fabric containers filled with slurry materials, commonly employed in civil infrastructure projects (Alvarez et al., 2007;Chu et al., 2012;Corbella and Stretch, 2012;Howard et al., 2018;Kelln et al., 2007;Kim et al., 2018;Lee and Douglas, 2012;Restall et al., 2002;Rowe et al., 1984;Saathoff et al., 2007;Shin and Oh, 2007;Yang et al., 2019;Yee et al., 2007Yee et al., , 2012. The common practice of connecting geotextile tubes in series with a 2-3m lap, as shown in Fig. 1, often results in gaps and uneven vertical profiles, leading to potential subsidence. ...
A novel connection configuration for geotextile tubes was proposed, involving the insertion of an auxiliary tube between two main tubes, to ensure proper alignment and leveling when connecting them in a series, thus consolidating individual tubes into a unified structure while maintaining a consistent horizontal level. The novel connection was implemented at a test bed site in the Saemangeum reclaimed area, South Korea, to test exposure to the marine environment including sea waves, sun light exposure and reclamation process. This study presents the observations made upon opening the connection tube after 8 years. The observation shows that the connected geotextile tubes using the proposed auxiliary tube are suitable for use in long-term reclamation projects.
... In subsequent decades, the storage problem relating to fine-grained tailings gradually became the focus of engineering and technical personnel; however, the solutions remain limited [2,7,8]. Therefore, in the context of significant issues relating to tailings storage, geotextile tube technology has been improved and introduced into fine-grained tailings damming [9,10]. That is, a series of problems, such as poor permeability, a high infiltration line, and the low strength of tailings reservoirs, have been solved by filling tailings with geotextile tubes for damming [11,12]. ...
With advancements in mineral processing technology, the disposal of fine-grained tailings has increasingly become a significant challenge. The geotextile tube method, characterized by its use of a permeable fabric and its cost-effectiveness, has gradually been applied in dam construction and other engineering projects involving tailings. This method offers a novel approach to addressing the storage issues of fine-grained tailings and promotes sustainable utilization. In this paper, the fine tailings that remained after the cyclone classification of Ganzhou tungsten ore were taken as the research object. Specifically, this research endeavored to evaluate the effects of various filling heights and concentrations on the geotextile tube-filling and consolidation process. The results revealed that the filling concentration had a significant impact on the filling benefit of the geotextile tubes, while the filling height had a minimal effect. During the consolidation drainage stage, the dry density, internal friction angle, cohesion, and compression modulus of the tailings in the bags increased with an increasing consolidation time and filling concentration. However, the physical and mechanical properties of the tailings in the geotextile tubes decreased with an increased filling height. Ultimately, this research developed a hyperbolic equation that makes it possible to forecast the ultimate settlement value at various filling heights and concentrations, better representing how the settlement of geotextile tubes changes over the consolidation time.
... Blasted rock material represents a significant construction component widely utilized in numerous engineering fields, such as road subgrade construction [1,2], dike construction [3], concrete batching [4], and soil and water conservation [5], among others. In the mining sector, blasted rock also exists in abundance as waste rock [6,7]. ...
Blasted rock material serves a critical role in various engineering applications, yet the phenomenon of segregation-where particle sizes vary significantly along the gradient of a quarry pile-presents challenges for optimizing quarry material storage and handling. This study introduces an advanced image analysis methodology to characterize such segregation of rock fragments. The accurate delineation of detailed rock fragment size distributions was achieved through the analysis of drone-captured imagery, coupled with the application of an enhanced Unet semantic segmentation model integrated with an expansion-based post-processing technique. The quarry slope was stratified into four vertical sections, with the size distribution of each section quantified via ellipsoid shape approximations. Our results disclose pronounced vertical segregation patterns, with finer particles concentrated in the upper slope regions and coarser particles in the lower. Utilizing relative characteristic diameters, we offered insight into the degree of segregation, thereby illustrating the spatial heterogeneity in fragment size more clearly. The techniques outlined in this study deliver a scalable and accurate method for assessing fragment size distribution, with the potential to better inform resource management and operational decisions in quarry management.
... Geotextile tubes have found extensive application in civil engineering projects, encompassing land reclamation (Chu et al., 2012;Kim et al., 2018;Saathoff et al., 2007), shoreline protection (Alvarez et al., 2007;Corbella and Stretch, 2012;Howard et al., 2018;Lee and Douglas, 2012;Restall et al., 2002;Shin and Oh, 2007), embankment stabilization (Kelln et al., 2007;Rowe et al., 1984), dam construction (Yang et al., 2019), environment remediation (Yee et al., 2012) and temporary dry construction platform in bridge construction (Yee et al., 2007). ...
One particular challenge in constructing geotextile tubes is ensuring proper alignment and leveling, especially when connecting them in a series. This study introduces a novel connection configuration to address this challenge by inserting an auxiliary tube between two main tubes. The proposed connection method offers the advantage of consolidating individual geotextile tubes into a unified structure while maintaining a consistent horizontal level. The proposed connection technique was successfully applied both at test site and on dry construction platform for bridge construction. This study is beneficial for practicing engineers as it presents a new and effective method for connecting geotextile tubes, offering valuable insights into its practical application.
... For example, geotextile bags composed of woven geotextiles have been extensively used in dyke filling, flood rescue and other projects. The geotextile bag is usually filled with silt and sand by hydraulic pumping, allowing liquid drainage but retaining most of the solids for consolidation (Muthukumaran and Ilamparuthi 2006;Chu et al. 2012). Plaut and Stephens (2012) demonstrated that the internal soil tension could induce significant tensile strain on the geotextile bag. ...
Woven slit-film geotextiles are often subjected to in-plane tensile loads in engineering applications, which may alter relevant permeability properties. The fractal model of the permeability coefficient in woven geotextiles is extended to predict the permeability coefficient of geotextiles subjected to uniaxial and laterally constrained uniaxial tensile strains. Based on the observation and summary of the variation of the pore size distribution pattern with tensile strain, the pore unit model is introduced. The model is expressed as the functions of the fractal dimension, pore size characteristics, physical parameters and weft strain. A clamping device capable of applying uniaxial tension and laterally constrained uniaxial tension to geotextiles is invented. The validation of the model is verified using the vertical permeability coefficient test and the digital image analysis method on two selected woven geotextile samples. It is shown that the permeability coefficient increased with increasing uniaxial tensile strain. Furthermore, the experimental values tended to change more significantly under laterally constrained uniaxial strain conditions for thinner geotextiles approaching breaking strain and thicker geotextiles. The improved model can accurately predict the values and increasing rate of the permeability coefficient of woven geotextiles subjected to uniaxial and laterally constrained uniaxial tensile strains.
... Steel cylinder structures are widely used in offshore platforms [1][2][3][4][5], offshore wind power [6][7][8][9][10][11], mooring anchors [12][13][14], breakwaters or sea walls [15] and other projects. When designing steel cylinders, in addition to the loads that may be imposed on the steel cylinder structure during normal operation, the stress characteristics of the steel cylinder structure during construction should also be considered. ...
In order to study the effect of wall thickness on the penetration process of steel cylinders, we carried out physical tests and numerical simulations of the penetration process of steel cylinders with different wall thicknesses in sandy soil foundations, focusing on analyzing the penetration force and soil uplift during the penetration process of steel cylinders. The results show that the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach can be used to simulate the penetration process of steel cylinders. During the penetration of steel cylinders with different wall thicknesses, the relationship between the penetration force and penetration depth can be approximated by a quadratic function. The larger the wall thickness is, the larger the plug volume inside the steel cylinder during penetration. The research results can provide support for the design and construction of steel cylinders.
... This method is also known as the protection of bank slope stability construction technology of slurry [21]. Geotextile bags, as a type of building material, are widely used in embankment projects [22][23][24], which can prevent water erosion on the dam and bank slope [25]. In addition, the geotextile bag has a multitude of applications in foundation treatment [26,27]. ...
The friction performance and compression properties of geotextile bags under different degrees of consolidation are researched through the slope sliding test, direct shear test, and unconfined compression test in this study. The geotextile bags are made up of geotextile and tailings sands obtained from a construction site of a prototype tailings dam in Yunnan Province. The slope sliding test is considered as an easy method to study the friction performance of geotextile bags with different degrees of consolidation. Through the test, the friction coefficients between the bags were obtained. Given the geotextile bags can withstand the vertical load in practical engineering, the direct shear test is also proposed and conducted. The ultimate bearing capacity of the geotextile bags with different consolidation degrees is studied in the unconfined compression test. The test reveals that the ultimate bearing capacity of geotextile bags, although featured with different moisture contents before the test, stays the same under the condition of slow loading. Finally, a stability analysis method based on the limit equilibrium theory is developed to simulate the stability of the tailings dam using geotextile bags (TDGB). According to the test results, the TDGB has demonstrated an improved stability compared with the general tailings dam.
... After settlement of the cofferdam, a thin layer of grouted geotextile mattress is covered [ Fig. 1(b)] to reduce the seepage effect. Nowadays, large geotextile mat-reinforced cofferdams have been widely used in coastline regions for the construction of cofferdams because of their excellent adaptability to deformation, fast construction feature, and low cost (Chu et al. 2012;Howard et al. 2018;Oh and Shin 2006;Saathoff et al. 2007). Because of its good suitability for soft soil deposits, large geotextile mats are also used as large flexible structures to maintain the stability of the cofferdam. ...
This paper investigates the failure mechanism of nonuniform large geotextile-reinforced cofferdam under seepage and excavation effects on soft sediments. A numerical model is established and validated with available testing results. Then, parametric studies are carried out to investigate the potential influence factors. This study found that the difference between the upstream and downstream water levels and the excavation depth both have significant influences on the stability of cofferdams, where excavation is the key influence factor affecting the stability of the cofferdam. Numerical results revealed that the safety factor could reduce by about 20% with excavation of about 1.5 m. An empirical equation is proposed for quantitative prediction of the stability of geotextile-reinforced cofferdams. A thorough understanding about the failure mechanisms of cofferdams as well as an empirical formula for predicting the stability is concluded in this study, which could provide engineering guide for flexible foundations reinforced by geotextiles.
... Despite ever-increasing stability through adaptation of the design and building materials, dikes tend to breach when the water level exceeds the design flood level (Werth and Heerten, 2018). Along with the ongoing climate change, extreme flood events may occur with increasing frequency and magnitude (Chu et al., 2012). Under consideration of the development of flood protection from reactive to preventive and adaptive concepts (Werth and Heerten, 2018), resilient designs of flood protection structures are required to meet these future challenges. ...
... This is achievable as the water levels on both sides of the coastal reservoir are almost the same and the net pressure force is very small. Small sandbag is an old technique used to prevent floods, recently large scale sandbags have successfully been used for embankment construction as shown in Fig. 5b (Yang, 2004, Chu et al. 2012. Giant geotubes filled with sands/clay (Fig. 5) has been used to construct the Qingcaosha coastal reservoir in Shanghai. ...
... The consolidated tailings and geotextiles form composite soils with different strengths. In recent years, geotextile tubes have been widely used in dam construction [7], reinforced embankment [8], land reclamation [9], shoreline management [10] and sludge dewatering [11]. The use of geotextile tubes to construct dams can overcome the difficulties in dam construction due to fine tailings. ...
Geotextile tubes are used in dam construction because fine tailings are difficult to use. The shear characteristics of geotextile tubes during dam operation are closely related to those of the materials used to construct the tubes. Pull-out tests can accurately reflect the interfacial shear characteristics between geosynthetics in practice, so pull-out tests were carried out for different interfacial types of polypropylene woven fabrics under dry and wet states. The effects of the type of interface and dry-wet states on the interfacial shear characteristics were investigated, and the impact mechanisms were also discussed. The results indicated that P-type interfaces (the warp yarn on the interface is parallel to the pulling direction) tended to harden. However, PTP-type (the warp yarn on the interface is perpendicular to each other) and T-type (the weft yarn on the interface is parallel to the pulling direction) interfaces softened first and then tended to plateau after reaching peak shear stress, and softening became more obvious at higher normal stresses. The displacement corresponding to peak shear stress (referred to as “peak displacement” in this paper) of interfaces was positively correlated with the normal stress, and the wet state reduced the interfacial peak displacement. For different types of interfaces, the peak displacement of the T-type interface was the largest, followed by PTP-type and P-type. Interfacial shear characteristics conformed to Mohr–Coulomb strength theory and, compared with quasi-cohesion values ranging from 1.334 to 3.606 kPa, the quasi-friction angle significantly contributed to the interfacial shear strength. The quasi-friction angle of the interface was composed of a sliding friction angle and an occlusal friction angle. The shear strength of the interface was more sensitive to the interface types than whether they were in the dry or wet state. For different types of interfaces and dry-wet states, the change in the interfacial shear strength is respectively affected by the occlusal friction angle and the sliding friction angle on the interface.
... RCC Counterfort wall-When height of wall is more than 6-to 8 m Steam and base slab at regular interval tied with counterfort for economy All the types of wall explain above have some disadvantages [14] i.e. require more cross section area, slow speed of construction work, Costly [1], may not suitable in water prone area [3] having weak foundation strata. A gabion wall is gravity wall having advantageous points as easy drainage [13], cheaper, flexible (differential settlement can be tolerate), speedy work, wastage materials can use and having no hydrostatic pressure, huge structure like landfills [12]. Above advantageous point attract the researchers to compare the Gabion wall with conventional retaining wall, to check feasibility and economy. ...
For a particular local condition selection of
inappropriate conventional methods used in the construction
of retaining wall proves not only time consuming but also
costlier due to the transportation of required materials and its
associated cost. Selecting most technically appropriate, safe
and cost-effective system out of the various available types
including rubble masonry gravity wall, RCC cantilever wall,
RCC counterfort wall and gabion retaining wall is a rigorous
task. Present work addresses a comparative technoeconomical
analysis of various conventional retaining walls
with the Gabion wall. While performing the design procedure
the input data including height, backfill, foundation strata and
loading conditions are kept constant for all the four type of
retaining walls. From the design output in the form of section
and steel, it is observed that the retaining wall of Gabion type
proves economical and effective compared to other wall
considered for analysis. The locally available materials are the
key elements which can be used in the construction of gabion
walls makes the project time bound and cost effective.
... Geotextile dewatering is a technique of separating solids and water in a sludge using geotextiles as the filter media. Globally, there is a growing need for technologies that efficiently dewater high-water content sediments dredged from canals, harbors, and lakes to decrease its volume for practical and economical disposal considerations (Leshchinsky et al., 1996;Aydilek and Edil, 2002;Kutay and Aydilek, 2005;Liao and Bhatia, 2005;Shin and Oh, 2007;Lawson, 2008;Yan and Chu, 2010;Cantré and Saathoff, 2011;Chu et al., 2011;Malik and Sysala, 2011;Chu et al., 2012;. The high-water content of the Golden Horn sea-bottom sediments suggests that the use of geotextile tubes can be a viable option for dewatering these materials. ...
In this paper, the findings to understand the effectiveness of laboratory geotube
dewatering tests with additives for the dredged sludge taken from the base of the Golden
Horn, Istanbul are presented. The dredge sludge used in this study has an extremely high water
content. All the tests are performed by using two different cationic and anionic additives
to enhance the dewatering, which provided the efficiency of the effect of types and amounts
of selected additives on dewatering efficiency of Golden Horn dredged sludge. For this research,
a dosage amount of 1.5 kg per ton is used as flocculants solution preparation with distilled
water. Moreover, twelve homogeneous sludge-polymer admixtures are prepared by
adding 0.1, 0.25, and 0.50% polymers (anionic and cationic) by weight of the dredged material
for these tests. The results obtained from the tests on Golden Horn dredged sludge indicate
that the use of flocculants increases the retention capacity of geotubes and more specifically
that the chemical cationic polymers is more appropriate for Golden Horn dredged
sludge rather than the anionic polymers.
... In recent years, because of SLR, some of the existing coastal protection structures need to be rehabilitated and new, stronger or taller coastal structures have to be built (Chu et al. 2012). The use of combinations of conventional techniques is anticipated in geo-technology to reduce climate change-induced disasters, as shown in Table 7. ...
Among the effects of global warming, sea level rise (SLR) and severe typhoons pose the greatest threat to the stability of human settlements along coastlines. Therefore, countermeasures must be developed to mitigate the influences of strong typhoons and persistent SLR for coastal protection. This study assesses climate change impacts on coastal erosion, especially in two projected SLR scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The results show that SLR and severe typhoons lead to the increase of coastal erosion, beach lowering and scour. Moreover, as in projected SLR scenarios, average waves in high tide can cause severe soil erosion at inner slopes and lead to dyke failure by 2060. The paper highlights the need for additional countermeasures to protect the coast of Hai Hau district against SLR and severe typhoons. Among the alternatives available for countering these threats, applying soil stabilization and soil improvement combined with geosynthetics are promising strategies for coastal structures. Hybrid structures can be used with earth reinforcement and soil improvement. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of multiple protective adaptations, including geosynthetics and ecological engineering measures against climate change-induced severe erosion on the coast of Hai Hau district.
... Recently, a new construction method was proposed in hydraulic and coastal engineering. In this method, geocontainers are filled and dumped on an angle-adjustable bevel that is installed on the side of a ship (Chu et al. 2012). This new method is relatively safer and has greater efficiency because several geocontainers can be filled and dumped simultaneously. ...
To determine the drag coefficients of geocontainers dumped from an angle-adjustable bevel installed on the side of a ship, an investigation was conducted. First, the settling equation and formulas for the geocontainer were deduced. Second, a screening experiment was conducted to determine the optimal factor groups with proper settling regularity from a combination of factors, that is, the dimension and filling ratio of the geocontainer, the bevel angle, and the sliding distance. Third, trajectories of the geocontainers were obtained from a regularity experiment under flow conditions with different water depths and flow velocities based on the optimal factor groups. According to the regularity experiment, geocontainers are more likely to rotate in conditions of deep water and high flow velocity, which cause an increase in the horizontal settling distance error. Fourth, a computational model to determine the drag coefficients of the geocontainers was proposed according to results of the experiment. Last, drag coefficients of the optimal factor groups were calculated according to the proposed computational model (CDx = 0.3-4.27; CDz = 0.84-2.53).
... Geotextile dewatering is a technique of separating solids and water in a sludge using geotextiles as the filter media. Globally, there is a growing need for technologies that efficiently dewater high-water content sediments dredged from canals, harbors, and lakes to decrease its volume for practical and economical disposal considerations (Leshchinsky et al. 1996;Aydilek and Edil 2002;Kutay et al. 2005;Kutay and Aydilek 2005;Liao and Bhatia 2005;Shin and Oh 2007;Lawson 2008;Yan and Chu 2010;Cantré and Saathoff 2011;Chu, Guo, and Yan 2011;Malik and Sysala 2011;Chu, Yan, and Li 2012;.The consistent high water content (X-Y%) of the Golden Horn sea-bottom sediments suggest that the use of geotextile tubes can be a viable option for dewatering these materials. ...
In this study, an effective means of dewatering the dredged material obtained from the sea-bottom in Istanbul is investigated through the use of additives and geotextile tubes (also known as geotubes, geotextile containers, and geotextile bags). Rapid dewatering test and geotube dewatering test are laboratory approaches, where the types and amounts of anionic and cationic additives for dewatering efficiency of dredged sludge can quickly and economically be examined. In this study, a best dosage amount of 1.5kg/tonne was used as flocculant solution preparation with distilled water. After this process, twelve homogeneous sludge-polymer admixtures were prepared by adding 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% polymers (anionic and cationic) by weight of the dredged material in rapid dewatering tests and another twelve homogeneous sludge-polymer admixtures were prepared by adding 0.1, 0.25, and 0.50% polymers (anionic and cationic) by weight of the dredged material in geotube dewatering tests. The results indicated that Golden Horn dredged sludge could be successfully dewatered and retained by geotextile tubes. The use of chemical cationic polymers is recommended with Golden Horn dredged sludge rather than the anionic polymers. Results also showed that use of flocculants can significantly increase the retention capacity of geotubes.
... Geotextile dewatering is a technique of separating solids and water in a sludge using geotextiles as the filter media. Globally, there is a growing need for technologies that efficiently dewater high-water content sediments dredged from canals, harbors, and lakes to decrease its volume for practical and economical disposal considerations (Leshchinsky et al. 1996 Dewatering of Golden Horn Dredged Sludge 639 and Aydilek 2005a;Liao and Bhatia 2005;Shin and Oh 2007;Lawson 2008;Yan and Chu 2010;Cantré and Saathoff 2011;Chu, Guo, and Yan 2011;Malik and Sysala 2011;Chu, Yan, and Li 2012;.The consistent high-water content (X-Y%) of the Golden Horn sea-bottom sediments suggests that the use of geotextile tubes can be a viable option for dewatering these materials. Geotextile tubes are efficient for separating and dewatering contaminated high-water content sediments and wastes primarily due to a large contact surface area (Moo-Young, Douglas, and Mo 2002; Muthukumaran and Ilamparuthi 2006;Lawson 2008), and have rapidly emerged as the preferred in-situ method in recent years. ...
... (Alvarez et al., 2007;Chu et al., 2012;Hornsey et al., 2011;Lee & Douglas, 2012;Lee et al., 2010;Oh et al., 2007aOh et al., , 2007bRestall et al., 2002;Saathoff et al., 2007;Sung et al., 2013;Shin & Oh, 2007;Shin et al., 2010). Leshchinsky et al. (1996) (Guo et al., 2011;Leshchinsky et al., 1996;Shin and Oh, 2003a) (Fig. 11 참조). ...
A series of tests were conducted to examine the filled tube shape with respect to the filling module type used and to investigate cone resistance properties of a dredged-soil-filled geotextile tube under water and drained conditions. Results based on the filling observation showed that the distribution of the accumulated fills inside the acrylic cell and vinyl tubes differs with respect to the type of filling modules. A crater formation around the inlet area was found during the test using I-type filling module and a horizontal sediment distribution was found during the test using inverse T-Type filling module. The dredged fill material was obtained from the Saemangeum area. The geotextile tube deformation of each filling stage was almost converged when the tube was fully drained. The cone resistance of the dredged fill in the geotextile tube under drained condition is large and is approximately 2~6 times that of the tube under water condition.
... Geotextile dewatering is a technique of separating solids and water in a sludge using geotextiles as the filter media. Globally, there is a growing need for technologies that efficiently dewater high-water content sediments dredged from canals, harbors, and lakes to decrease its volume for practical and economical disposal considerations (Leshchinsky et al. 1996 Liao and Bhatia 2005;Shin and Oh 2007;Lawson 2008;Yan and Chu 2010;Cantré and Saathoff 2011;Chu, Guo, and Yan 2011;Malik and Sysala 2011;Chu, Yan, and Li 2012;.The consistent high-water content (X-Y%) of the Golden Horn sea-bottom sediments suggests that the use of geotextile tubes can be a viable option for dewatering these materials. ...
In this study, an effective means of dewatering the dredged material obtained from the sea-bottom in Istanbul is investigated through the use of additives and geotextile tubes (also known as geotubes, geotextile containers, and geotextile bags). Rapid dewa-tering test and geotube dewatering test are laboratory approaches, where the types and amounts of anionic and cationic additives for dewatering efficiency of dredged sludge can quickly and economically be examined. In this study, a best dosage amount of 1.5 kg=tonne was used as flocculant solution preparation with distilled water. After this process, twelve homogeneous sludge-polymer admixtures were prepared by adding 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% polymers (anionic and cationic) by weight of the dredged material in rapid dewatering tests and another twelve homogeneous sludge-polymer admixtures were prepared by adding 0.1, 0.25, and 0.50% polymers (anionic and cationic) by weight of the dredged material in geotube dewatering tests. The results indicated that Golden Horn dredged sludge could be successfully dewatered and retained by geotextile tubes. The use of chemical cationic polymers is recommended with Golden Horn dredged sludge rather than the anionic polymers. Results also showed that use of flocculants can significantly increase the retention capacity of geotubes.
... The major advantage of the geomembrane tube method is that it can be quickly inflated using water. Similarly permeable geotextile tubes have also been used for coastal protection (Shin and Oh 2003;Saathoff et al. 2007;Shin and Oh 2007;, breakwater and dyke construction (Leshchinsky et al. 1996;Cantré 2002;Alvarez et al. 2007;Yan and Chu 2010;Cantré and Saathoff 2011;Chu et al. 2012;Lee and Douglas 2012), and waste sludge dewatering (Mori et al. 2002;Kutay and Aydilek 2004;Tyagi 2006;Lawson 2008;Satyamurthy and Bhatia 2009;Guimarães et al. 2014;Khachan et al. 2014;Guo et al. 2015). ...
Geomembrane tubes are sometimes stacked in layers to form higher flood-control dykes or other types of geotechnical structures. In this study, an analytical solution for two-layer stacked geomembrane tubes is proposed and evaluated using large-scale laboratory model tests. The geometries of the three geomembrane tube models are 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 m in width, and 2.0, 3.0 or 4.0 m in length, respectively. The cross-sections of the two-layer geomembrane tubes obtained from the analytical solutions agree well with those obtained from model tests. The tensile forces measured from the model tests are scattered but show a trend similar to that indicated by the analytical solutions. Parametric studies are also carried out to investigate the major factors that influence the design of geomembrane tubes. Several charts are also produced for the design of two-layer impermeable geomembrane tubes resting on a rigid foundation.
... Statistical data show that almost all of the exposed mud coastline and 70% of the sandy coastline in China are subjected to erosion (Sheng and Zhu, 2002;Xu et al., 2009). Geotextiles are often used to protect the coastline from erosion (Bao, 1999;Chu et al., 2012;Du et al., 2009;Fowze et al., 2012;Lee and Douglas, 2012;Yasuhara et al., 2012). ...
... Geotextile tubes have been widely used for various engineering applications, such as breakwaters and beach restoration projects Shin and Oh, 2007;Lawson, 2008;Cantr e and Saathoff, 2011;Yan and Chu, 2010;Chu et al., 2011Chu et al., , 2012Lee and Douglas, 2012). However, the design of geotextile tubes is still not a straight forward task. ...
A simplified method for the design of impermeable geosynthetic tubes inflated using liquid is proposed in this paper. Adopting a computer program for an existing theoretical model, relationships between pumping pressure and geometric parameters for geosynthetic tubes can be established. A set of simplified dimensionless design equations are then derived using the Chapman–Richard curve fitting method. The validity of this simplified method was verified using other established methods and laboratory model tests. The proposed simplified method can thus be used for routine or preliminary design.
A new type of small, dry-filled geotextile tubes is introduced, that, in a stacked formation, can be used as dike cores. Dikes made out of these tubes consist of great potential regarding more resilient flood protection. The geotextile protects the fill from erosion, enabling steeper slopes along with reduced material and less land consumption. The behavior and potential failure mechanisms of such dikes were investigated first by literature research and second by full-scale hydraulic model tests under systematic variation of tube number, number of textile layers, filling ratio, and fill material. The tubes were exposed to the loads of seepage and overflow. Most relevant failure mechanisms were seepage-induced sagging, lateral displacement, and overturning of the upper tube due to overflow. During seepage, the tube height was reduced by up to 22.8 % due to sagging. Overflow led to a lateral displacement of up to 13 cm and, at overflow heights of 23.1 cm and 26.8 cm, to overturning of the upper tube. The present results give new insights into the behavior of innovatively constructed geotextile tubes under hydraulic loads and serve as basis for the development of design rules.
Cette contribution scientifique vise à reconstituer la dynamique du littoral de Rufisque de 2006 à 2022 en vue de faire ressortir la tendance des changements du trait de côte et évaluer les taux d'érosion et d'accumulation. Pour ce faire, une approche méthodologique basée sur le suivi de la dynamique du trait de côte avec le traitement par pas de temps d'images satellitaires par le biais de l'extension DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) d'Arc Gis développée par l'USGS (United States Geological Survey) de l'USGC a été utilisée. À l'issue de ce traitement, les résultats obtenus ont mis en évidence des disparités spatiales qui révèlent des tendances contradictoires. Du secteur Nord-ouest de Mbao, à l'extrémité Sud de la baie de Hann (Diokoul) est caractérisé par un taux de recul de-0,33 m/an. En sus, la section du linéaire à l'étude allant de Cap-Des-Biches à Diokoul est marquée par une accrétion de l'ordre de 0,48 m/an. Dans la baie de Rufisque (Diokoul-Bata), la dynamique est érosive avec un taux de régression de-0,17 m/an. Les facteurs convoqués pour expliquer cette dynamique antagoniste sont la différence de configuration géomorphologique du littoral, l'exposition des différents secteurs face à l'angle d'incidence des vagues, l'artificialisation progressive à travers les ouvrages de protection qui impactent le bilan morphosédimentaire de ce secteur. Mots clés : DSAS, USGC, disparité spatiale, accrétion, antagoniste, angle d'incidence 244 Evolution of the coastline in the urbanized area of Rufisque and Mbao (South-Western Senegal) over the time sequence 2006-2022: between exploitation and protection of the coastline
Abstract:
This scientific contribution aims to reconstruct the behavior or evolutionary dynamics of the coastline of Rufisque in the past from 2006 to 2022 in order to highlight the trend of shoreline changes and assess the rates of erosion and accumulation. To do this, a methodological approach based on monitoring the dynamics of the coastline by processing satellite images in time steps using the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) extension of Arc Gis developed by the USGS (United States Geological Survey) of the USGC was used. At the end of this processing, the results obtained highlight spatial disparities that show contradictory trends. The northwestern sector of Mbao at the end of Hann Bay (Diokoul) is characterized by a recession rate of-0.33m/year. In addition, the section of the line under study from Cap-Des-Biches to Diokoul is marked by an accretion of about 0.48 m/year. In the bay of Rufisque (Diokoul-Bata), the dynamics is erosive with a rate of regression of-0.17m/year. The factors called to explain this antagonistic dynamics are the difference in geomorphological configuration of the coastline, the exposure of different sectors to the angle of incidence of waves, the progressive artificialization through the protection works that impact the morphosedimentary balance of the area.
Woven slit-film geotextiles are often subjected to in-plane tensile loads in engineering applications, which may alter relevant permeability properties. The fractal model of the permeability coefficient in woven geotextiles is extended to predict the permeability coefficient of geotextiles subjected to uniaxial and lateral constrained uniaxial tensile strains. Based on the observation and summary of the variation of the pore size distribution pattern with tensile strain, the pore unit model is introduced. The model is expressed as the functions of the fractal dimension, pore size characteristics, physical parameters, and weft strain. A clamping device capable of applying uniaxial tension and laterally constrained uniaxial tension to geotextiles is invented. The validation of the model is verified using vertical permeability coefficient test and digital image analysis method on two selected woven geotextile samples. It is shown that the permeability coefficient increased with the increasing uniaxial tensile strain. Furthermore, the experimental values tended to change more significantly under laterally constrained uniaxial strain conditions for thinner geotextiles approaching the breaking strain and thicker geotextiles. The improved model can accurately predict the values and increasing rate of the permeability coefficient of woven geotextiles subjected to uniaxial and lateral constrained uniaxial tensile strains.
With rising sea level and demand for more nearshore infrastructures, the current methods for seawall construction may no longer be sustainable. Alternative seawall construction methods need to be developed. When seawall or other coastal defense systems are constructed on soft marine deposits, suction caissons are feasible to be installed into marine clay layer as foundations. Using suction caissons as part of the foundation for seawall might offer a more economical solution when the water depth is relatively deep. A conceptual design and related construction procedure for the seawall constructed on suction caisson foundation is proposed in this paper for a land reclamation project. The design issues for the seawall constructed on soft marine deposits are discussed. An analytical method for analyzing the stability of the seawall on suction caisson foundation is also proposed based on a limit equilibrium method. The proposed analytical method is verified using Plaxis 2D finite element analysis (FEA) which has been verified using model tests of suction caisson in soft clay beforehand. The results from the finite element simulation are consistent with those from the analytical method. The horizontal deflection of seawall is about 1/75 of the seawall height.
This chapter answers questions like what is a definition of coastal reservoir, the difference between land-based- and sea-based reservoirs, as well as the first- and second-generation coastal reservoirs. Basically, all coastal reservoirs are threatened by seawater pollution, and the second-generation coastal reservoir can select the best-quality inflow to store and bypass the unwanted water. Coastal reservoirs can be also used as a flood detention pond to mitigate flood disasters. Compared with other water storages like dams and weirs, coastal reservoirs have the minimum environmental/social impacts. A coastal reservoir can be also used to protect coastal environment by treating the heavily polluted river water, or recycling the ships’ ballast water without discharging the ballast water into the sea. Coastal reservoirs provide an effective solution to food-energy-environment nexus, i.e., coastal agriculture should be developed and coastal reservoirs should be the water sources for irrigation, thus increasing agricultural productivity would not reduce river's environmental flow. Fish farming should be conducted in coastal reservoirs. Coastal reservoirs could be also the green energy sources like solar panels, windmill farms, and the world largest battery-pumped hydroelectric storage, all nuclear power plants should construct coastal reservoirs to recycle its cooling water without releasing a drop of water from the plants into the open sea.
The pullout resistance is a design consideration for suction caisson-supported offshore structures, such as offshore platforms and wind turbines. An analytical method is proposed in this paper to calculate the pullout resistance of a single caisson foundation embedded in clay. Comparisons with laboratory model tests were also made to verify the accuracy of the proposed analytical method. Parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of key factors on the pullout resistance of caisson. This study found the pullout force nonlinearly increases with the increase of caisson diameter squared but linearly increases with the increase of caisson-soil frictions. For caisson wall thickness over height ratio ranging from 0.00125 to 0.00325 and caisson diameter over height ratio ranging from 0.25 to 0.75, the normal stress decreases nonlinearly along with the depth of the caisson skirt wall and is heavily influenced by the skirt wall thickness but slightly influenced by caisson diameter.
This paper presents an innovative concept to transform brackish Ashtamudi Lake into a clean freshwater lake (partially or fully) using advanced geotechnology to construct a dike at appropriate place. This will serve two purposes: to meet water demands of the people and to save tiny islands from the threat of sea level rise. The sea level rise, according to researchers, is of serious concern in the state of Kerala which has a 590 km-long coastline and large expands of backwaters and estuaries and low-lying areas such as filtration ponds. Some tiny islands in Ashtamudi lake like Munroe Thuruthu islands seem to be gradually sinking due to reduced sediment deposits and sea-level rise. Nearby areas are facing frequent and increased tidal flooding throughout the year. The role of proposed project in saving these islands and other low lying areas from tidal flooding and sea level rise are discussed in the paper. Ashtamudi wetland is an estuary filled with brackish water and sewage, which lies in the Kollam district of Kerala. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive feasibility of the concept of conversion of brackish Ashtamudi Lake to a fresh water reservoir by building a barrage at the outlet of lake at the mouth of the Arabian Sea (Neendakara). On one side, it will block freshwater flowing from Kallada River to the lake from being discharged into the sea. On the other side, the barrage will prevent seawater from entering the lake, avoiding the adulteration of the freshwater supply with saltwater. This paper presents three different possible schemes to meet the water demands of Kollam city, Kollam district and entire state of Kerala. The paper also presents the required lengths of dikes for these schemes and suggest different methods of dike construction.
This paper investigates the effect of rockfill berms on the stability of large geotextile mat dikes filled with sand built upon soft clay. Finite element analyses were conducted aiming to provide insight into the design of large geotextile mat dikes by using rockfill berms reinforcement. The FE results were validated against previously published data, with good agreement obtained. A parametrical study was then carried out to explore the failure mechanism, limiting stack height and geotextile tension distribution of the dikes. Based on the FE results, two failure mechanisms, i.e. the so-called global and local failure mechanisms, were observed. A formula was proposed to predict the critical width of the base of the dike to differentiate the two mechanisms. It is found that rockfill berm can increase the limiting stack height and safety factor of the dike, and the shape of rockfill berms has a significant influence on the stability of large geotextile mat dikes. Finally, a general design method was proposed to evaluate the required dike height and factor of safety for the design of the large basal-reinforced geotextile mat dikes, which can provide a guidance for practical application.
The use of geosynthetic-filled systems like bags, mattresses and tubes for slope protection/stabilization works has gained popularity in recent times due to its inherent flexibility and durability. This work evaluates the performance of slope strengthened with grout mattress under seepage condition with the aid of centrifuge modelling. For this, centrifuge tests were performed at 50 gravities using a large beam centrifuge available at IIT Bombay on slope models with and without grout mattress, under steady seepage conditions. The tests were carried out on two model sets: (i) GMS1—unstrengthened slope, (ii) GMS2—grout mattress-strengthened slope without toe drainage, while maintaining a constant slope angle of 45°. The test results showed that the grout mattress-strengthened slope (GMS2) performed better than the unstrengthened slope (GMS1), which registered a catastrophic failure. Thus, grout-filled mattress with proper drainage provisions could be considered as a viable slope stabilization method especially for landfill slopes, ash pond dams and river training works.
In various parts of the Amudarya river, transverse dams are built for channel control and to protect riverbank from scouring. Studies were carried out in CAIRI laboratory to study the hydraulics of flow near structures (dams) on both sides of the channel, specifically spreading patterns of flow overtopping and its erosive capacity. Experiments carried out on 20m x 2m erodible model for discharge values Q = 10.0, 20.0, 30.0 l/sec , contraction degree of n = B/(B-b 0 ) = 0.33, 0.5, 0.67 and with the installation angle with respect to the streambank α = 60°, 90°, 120° gave specific results. Based on theoretical and experimental studies, relationships were obtained, which allow establishing the boundaries for flow division, velocity distribution along the width and length of flow, vortex length, distances between structures, as well as the values for backflow velocities along the streambanks, that can be used to construct velocity field in the dam impact zone. The obtained methods allow to get the full picture of a flow spreading beyond dams at the presence of backflow.
In this paper, a novel Three-Dimensional (3D) prefabricated Hollow Concrete Block (HCB), which can form seawall structures, is numerically investigated. Unlike the traditional gravity-type seawalls, this is a lightweight structure in comparison with the conventional ones, but it possesses advantageous features under complex loading conditions. The load bearing capacity of HCB itself under the wave loading has been examined. The highly complicated soil-structure interaction is taken into account so that the underlying simulation may predict realistic behaviors of seawall structures. The results indicate that this novel seawall model requires fewer concrete materials, but is adequate under sea wave attacks. For instance, stresses induced on seawall blocks are smaller than the allowed stresses of concrete. By adding sand into the HCB components to increase its weight and using supported-piles system, the stability of the seawall structure is enhanced and its settlement is reduced. The results obtained are evaluated using reference studies, from literature, regarding the elastic settlement of foundation. The techniques proposed in this paper, therefore, may provide an important pathway for further studies aiming to achieve optimal and reliable coastal designs taking into account the impacts of climate change.
The performance of steel caisson during and after installation with different penetration velocities in medium dense sand is presented. The applied jacking forces, the amount of formed soil heave and bearing capacity were measured in the model tests. The influence of penetration velocities on jacking forces, soil heave and bearing capacity were also discussed in detail. The results indicated that the jacking forces for caisson in medium dense sands were significantly affected by the penetration velocity. The larger the penetration velocity, the more soil flowed into the caisson cavity during installation. This will lead to larger inner shaft resistance and in turn more jacking forces required for the same penetration depth. The height of soil heave during installation increases with penetration velocity. The m value calculated by the ratio of the volumes of the soil heave to that of the penetrated caisson wall can be used to evaluate the soil heave. The larger the applied velocity, the larger the m value and larger bearing capacity of caisson after installation. The relationship between the m value and penetration velocity can be used to control the soil heave for a steel caisson with a wall thickness to external diameter ratio of 4.2% in medium dense sand by jacking method.
This paper presents an innovative concept to transform brackish Ashtamudi Lake into a clean freshwater lake (partially or fully) using advanced geotechnology to construct a dike at appropriate place. This will serve two purposes: to meet water demands of the people and to save tiny islands from the threat of sea level rise. The sea level rise, according to researchers, is of serious concern in the state of Kerala which has a 590 km-long coastline and large expands of backwaters and estuaries and low-lying areas such as filtration ponds. Some tiny islands in Ashtamudi lake like Munroe Thuruthu islands seem to be gradually sinking due to reduced sediment deposits and sea-level rise. Nearby areas are facing frequent and increased tidal flooding throughout the year. The role of proposed project in saving these islands and other low lying areas from tidal flooding and sea level rise are discussed in the paper. Ashtamudi wetland is an estuary filled with brackish water and sewage, which lies in the Kollam district of Kerala. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive feasibility of the concept of conversion of brackish Ashtamudi Lake to a fresh water reservoir by building a barrage at the outlet of lake at the mouth of the Arabian Sea (Neendakara). On one side, it will block freshwater flowing from Kallada River to the lake from being discharged into the sea. On the other side, the barrage will prevent seawater from entering the lake, avoiding the adulteration of the freshwater supply with saltwater. This paper presents three different possible schemes to meet the water demands of Kollam city, Kollam district and entire state of Kerala. The paper also presents the required lengths of dikes for these schemes and suggest different methods of dike construction.
Besides dams, technologies such as desalination, wastewater recycling and rainwater tanks are being employed in urban water supplies. From the fact that Australian water consumption is only 5–6% of annual run-off – as it is worldwide – the coming shortage is not of water, but of storage. New dam sites are becoming increasingly difficult to find and develop on land surfaces, so a paradigm shift is suggested: water storage may be located in seawater environments. The first generation of coastal storages has been successfully constructed in China, Singapore, Hong Kong and Korea. Their water quality problems have been essentially overcome with the second generation of coastal reservoirs which bypass or select against poor quality floodwaters. At a concept level, coastal reservoir technology is compared with other urban water supply technologies.
Geocontainers have been increasingly used in various estuarine and coastal engineering projects. However, it is difficult to determine the horizontal settling distances of geocontainers when they are dumped into deep water. Three new types of geocontainers were proposed on the basis of a unitary geocontainer. Type-selection and parameter-screening experiments were conducted in a flume to determine the optimal type of geocontainer and its optimal parameter combination. Based on the optimal parameter combination, a regularity experiment was conducted under 25 different water depth and flow velocity conditions to determine the settling mechanism of the optimal type of geocontainer. Last, empirical formulas were proposed for evaluating the drag and lift coefficients, and the horizontal settling trajectories of the optimal type of geocontainer were calculated. The results of these experiments confirm the ternary-type geocontainer as the optimal type of geocontainer, and the standard deviation of the settling distances was smallest when the dimensions were D × B = 16 × 12 cm. The filling ratio φ was 78.54%, the sliding distance L was 5 cm, and the bevel angle α was 40°.
Climate change and global warming have led to severe typhoons and sea level rise (SLR) which may threat the stability of coastal structures. However, countermeasures to enhance coastal protection against SLR and severe typhoons have not appropriately considered. The Hai Hau coast with 33.3 km of sea dikes is located in the Red River delta of Vietnam. Herein, coastal dikes have collapsed twice over the last 30 years, which lead to about 1.5 km of coastline retreat. This paper aims to assess quantitative impacts of SLR on sea dike stability. Change in pore water pressure (PWP) in the dikes was monitored by piezometers. Distribution of PWP at different tide levels was then used to calculate factors of safety (Fs) of inner and outer slopes. Projected SLR until 2100 will reduce Fs of the outer slopes, but sea dikes have no problem with sliding stability. The main threats of SLR to sea dike stability are indirect impacts such as accelerated erosion, scouring, and wave overtopping-induced soil erosion on the inner slopes. Troughs of sea dikes in Hai Hau coast could fail in 6–10 years due to accelerated coastal erosion. A solution of multiple protections to adapt to SLR in Hai Hau coast was proposed which includes conventional structures (i.e. dike, revetment, groins, and mangrove) together with geotubes as submerged breakwaters and vetiver grass.
An experimental study of the formation of the soil heave plug inside a concrete caisson during installation in clay under suction is presented. The soil heave plug, the amount of caisson penetration and the vacuum pressure applied were measured during the model tests. The results show that the soil heave plug can completely fill in the cavity and prevent the caisson from penetrating further. The soil heave plug is affected by the geometry of the caisson. The higher the consolidation stress or the stiffer the soils, the higher is the suction pressure required, and a higher suction will in turn induce a greater soil heave plug. The m value, defined as the ratio of the volume of the soil heave plug to that of the penetrated caisson skirt wall, is adopted to evaluate the soil heave plug. The relationship between the m value and the undrained shear strength of the soil can be used to estimate the amount of soil heave plug and the caisson penetration for a concrete caisson with a wall thickness to external diameter ratio of 5% in normally consolidated clay conditions.
Concrete suction caissons have been successfully used as breakwaters or seawalls in recent years. The relative large wall thickness-to-diameter ratio of a concrete caisson can lead to the formation of a full soil heave plug that may cause difficulties in the installation of concrete caisson in clay. One way to overcome this limitation is to use a tampered tip for the caisson wall. An analytical method is proposed in this article to calculate the minimum suction pressure required to penetrate a caisson and the maximum allowable suction pressure that can be applied to avoid too much soil heave plug during the installation of the suction caisson. Four model tests were conducted in normally consolidated clay to study the installation process of a concrete suction caisson with tampered tip and to verify the proposed analytical method. The height of the soil heave plug in the caisson with a tampered tip is observed to be about half of that in the caisson with a flat tip. 2016
A widely used technique in constructing dikes for land reclamation is to use tubes made of sewn geosynthetic sheets. These tubes are usually filled with slurry comprising soils, such as sand, silt, and clay. The tension stress that develops in geosynthetic tubes during tube filling is the dominant factor considered in constructing safe dikes. Existing design methods are effective for sausage-shaped tube designs; however, they cannot be directly applied in flat tubes, which are commonly used in dike construction. This paper presents a procedure that can determine the relationships among tube size, pumping pressure, unit weight of the slurry, and tension stress in geosynthetic tubes. All these approaches are programmed to enable dike designers to select a suitable geosynthetic design for dike profiles.
A suction caisson is installed by applying suction inside the caisson to create a downward net force to sink the caisson into soil. However, the applied suction pressure will also result in formation of a soil plug. This is particularly the case when the soil is soft and when the caisson wall is thick. In this paper, the results of several model tests carried out using a 1 m in diameter consolidation tank and 205 mm in diameter concrete caisson are reported to study the installation process of a suction caisson in clay. Different caissons and different soil conditions were used. Thus study show that the caisson wall thickness and the properties of clay are two major factors affecting the formation of soil plug which in turn, affects the installation of suction caisson.
Shorelines are subjected to severe erosion because of the action of perennial waves. Although traditional rigid structures have historically been constructed as coastline protection devices, they do not always work effectively, and certain coastal areas such as Shuang-Chun beach in Tainan, Taiwan, continue to experience serious erosion due to damaged and ineffective structures. The necessity of shore protection has been recognized in recent years, and alternative solutions are being sought. In this paper, we present a high-strength-net device that acts as a flexible breakwater to reduce wave energy, induce sediment deposition, and offer a more economic and innovative method for coastline protection. The device is composed of concrete posts, high-strength nets, and triangular gabions filled with stones and covered with recycled vehicle tires. Three high-strength-net breakwaters have been installed at Shuang-Chun beach since 2009 as an experimental field study to investigate both the effect of sediment deposition and the stability of the proposed breakwaters. Results show that these devices have the strength and stability to withstand the impact of severe wave action, and that they act effectively as sediment retainers, thereby preventing coastal erosion.
Soil Filters Australia Pty Ltd has been involved in the manufacture and installation of geotextile containers in a variety of forms since early 1984, this relates to 17 years experience in the field.This paper outlines the historical development of the types of materials used for geotextile containers and the diversity of applications in which these containers are being used. The type of geotextile used for the containers varies depending on installation conditions. This information has been compiled from years of experience. The range of application for these products is extensive and covers areas such as scour protection, groynes, berms, artificial reefs and containment of hazardous materials.The development of this form of coastal protection has developed to such a stage that in many cases it is no longer regarded as an alternative construction method but rather the desired solution. This is not to say that there is not a great deal still to be learnt from this type of protectionInitially the main emphasis was on hydraulically filled geotextile tubes (typically 1.2 m∅) used mainly as groynes to protect beaches. With time this focus has changed to individual containers used in coastline protection and marine structures (reefs).
Geosystems has gained popularity in recent years because of their simplicity in placement and constructability, cost effectiveness and their minimum impact on the environment. An overview is given on application of the existing geosysnthetic systems in hydraulic and coastal engineering.
This paper deals with geosynthetic tubes that are made of several geosynthetic sheets sewn together to form a shell capable of confining pressurized slurry. The slurry is sufficiently fluid so that it is possible to hydraulically fill the tube. After pumping the slurry in, the geosynthetic shell acts as a cheese cloth, allowing seepage of liquid out and retaining the solid particles. The availability of a wide selection of geosynthetics in terms of strength, durability, and permeability enables the use of hydraulically filled tubes in many applications, some of which may be considered critical (e.g., encapsulate contaminated soil). This paper presents an overview of an analysis to calculate both stresses in the geosynthetic and geometry of the tube. It also verifies the correctness and validity of the results obtained from a computer program developed to solve the problem. An instructive parametric study implies that the most critical factor needed to assure successful construction is the pumping pressure; a slight accidental increase in this pressure may result in a very significant stress increase in the encapsulating geosynthetic. Pressure increase beyond a certain level, however, has little influence on the storage capacity of the tube. Guidance in selecting an adequate geosynthetic, including partial safety factors and filtration properties, is also presented. Design aspects associated with required spacing of inlets and head loss of the slurry as it flows through the tube are considered outside the scope of this paper.
This study is concerned with geotextile filtration as an alternative for conventional disposal methods adopted for the disposal of high water content wastes. In this study, 42 dewatering tests using geotextiles of four different opening sizes were conducted on harbour sediment and fly ash to study the individual influence of factors like water content, gradation of solids, and opening size of geotextile on the over all efficiency of dewatering system. These factors contribute to the compatibility between accumulation of solids in geotextile and dewatering. A critical water content was observed for a given sludge and geotextile at which efficiency of filtration system is optimum. This optimum efficiency is almost the same for the sludges tested comprising of mainly silt size fractions with clay sizes less than 10% and geotextiles used, if the AOS of geotextile is ⩽425μm. Based on the observations an equation for the determination of critical water content and criteria for the retention of solids were proposed, which are functions of AOS of geotextile and d15 and d85 sizes of sludge material in suspensions.
The hydraulic stability of geotextile sand containers (GSCs) for dune reinforcement, seawalls, revetments and artificial reefs for shore protection against storm waves has been studied within an ongoing extensive research program at Leichtweiß Institute. Although the effect of the deformation of the sand containers on the hydraulic stability is significant, no stability formula is available to account for this effect and the associated processes which have led to the observed failures. To achieve a better understanding of these processes and to analyze the influence of the deformations on the stability of coastal structures made of GSCs, different types of scale model tests have been performed. Results from a variety of scale model tests on: (i) wave-induced forces on the sand containers, (ii) internal movement of sand in the containers and (iii) underlying processes leading to the deformations and displacement of the containers have clarified many of the hydrodynamic processes involved, showing that indeed the deformations of the geotextile sand containers substantially affect their stability.
Recently, geotextile tube technology has changed from being an alternative construction technique and, in fact, has advanced to become the prime solution of choice. This paper presents the various issues related to the geotextile tube technology and case history of shore protection at Young-Jin beach on the east coast of Korea. A stability analysis by the two-dimensional limit equilibrium theory is highlighted and the hydraulic model test results are described. Based on the results of stability analysis and hydraulic model tests, a double-lined geotextile tube installed with zero-water depth above crest was found to be the most stable and effective for wave absorption than other design plans. Also, the shoreline at Young-Jin beach was extended by about 2.4–7.6m seaward, and seabed sand was gradually accumulated around areas covered by the geotextile tube.
This paper describes the field performance of three geotextile tube case histories contrasted to the results from 12 hanging bag tests (four different geotextiles at each site). The geotextile tubes were used in three different applications: (i) shoreline protection using a sand infill, (ii) dewatering of dredged harbor sediment, and (iii) dewatering of lagooned industrial ash. The “hanging bag test” (or HBT) was used as a comparative assessment method. Each of the site soils were used with four different geotextiles commonly used in geotextile tube fabrication. In all cases, the properties of the geotextiles and the soils are contrasted against the overall performance of the particular geotextile used for the tubes. The field performance of the geotextile tubes was mixed. One site performed well, the second fair, and the third poor. Findings presented in this paper show that the hanging bag test is a reasonable predictor of actual field performance. However, the test results do not correlate well with the opening size characteristics of the fabrics. It is hoped that this work will lead to the development of a standard test method that can be used by engineers to select or approve fabrics for optimal geotextile tube field performance.
The most common temporary flood-fighting technique is the construction of piles of sandbags. A recent alternative is the use of inflated geomembrane tubes (which are also used as cofferdams). One of the problems with these tubes is the possibility of sliding or rolling when they are subjected to water on one side. This can be mitigated by friction underneath an apron attached to the tube and spread along the ground on the headwater side. In this investigation, experiments are conducted on tubes with aprons of varying lengths. Then an analytical model of a simplified version of the system is proposed, involving a rigid foundation and inextensible membrane material. Finally, a numerical analysis using the program FLAC is carried out, including the effects of soil deformations, pore pressures, and bending stiffness of the tube material. The results demonstrate that a geomembrane tube with an apron of sufficient length under the headwater can be an effective flood-fighting device.
This paper presents a case history of the construction of an offshore breakwater on soft clay using prefabricated, semicircular-shaped concrete caissons. The project was located near Shanghai Port, China. The breakwaters were designed as gravity-retaining structures, and used for deepening of the navigation channels along the Yangtze estuary. Some sections of the breakwaters were installed on a thick layer of soft deposit. During the construction, the caissons in one section failed under a heavy storm. The causes of failure were investigated. The design of the breakwater and the soil improvement works are described in this paper. Surcharge preloading and prefabricated vertical drains were adopted to improve the soft soils below the caissons. Some other measures, such as the use of anti-sliding mats for the base of the caissons to increase the base friction, and the use of geotextile with sand-filled geotextile tubes and geotextile and concrete block composites to prevent scour, were also adopted. These measures were proven to be effective in maintaining the stability of the breakwaters against subsequent heavy storms.
This paper discusses design and cost parameters for several geotextile geocontainer projects where geocontainers have been successfully filled with sandy materials and placed in water depths up to 70-ft using split hull bottom dump barges. Two very successful geocontainer projects in the U. S. were the Red Eye Crossing, U.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans, and the Marina Del Rey project, U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles. Two geocontainer projects in New York that were filled with fine grained maintenance dredged material were not as successful. It was determined from this study that the cost of geocontainer structures are about one half to two-thirds the cost of rock structures. It was also determined that with the proper equipment and geotextile fabrics, contaminated dredged material could be contained successfully and economically in geocontainers.
A study on the use of clay slurry filled geotextile mats to construct dikes for land reclamation at Tianjin Port, China, is presented in this paper. The dike so formed was covered by a thin layer of grouted geotextile mattress for protection. Through laboratory tests, a type of low plasticity clay was chosen to be the fill for the mats. A simple method for estimating the required tensile strength for the geotextile mat and the height of the mat was proposed. A preliminary design for the dike was made. Numerical analysis and centrifuge model tests were conducted to verify the design and assess the stability of the dike before construction. A field trial was also carried out in which a 100m long and 4.8m high dike was constructed on soft seabed. The dike has been stable and the settlement has been within the expected limit since the construction was completed in September 2001.
The issue of horizontally lying, soil or slurry-filled geotextile tubes is covered. These tubes are utilised at present in coastal protection, river construction, dewatering of slurries, and in foundation engineering. Existing calculation methods and formulations are reviewed and compared. The method of Plaut and Suherman (1998) was chosen to carry out calculations and it was therefore programmed in Mathcad. Utilizing the finite element method, models were created to get deeper knowledge about the tubes during consolidation and stacking. For the calculations the computer program ABAQUS was used. The models presented here are first approximations, which show tendencies and dependencies between different magnitudes. Diagrams are presented as application tools to simplify the design process. They are based on the dimensionless calculation method of Plaut and Suherman (1998) and describe the most important magnitudes of the tubes during the filling process. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The applicability of geo-tubes in a containment method for dioxin-contaminated sediment was studied. The following results were obtained from laboratory experiments. (1) The concentration of dioxins in the drainage from geo-tubes decreased in the dewatering process. (2) The CE value was defined to evaluate the containment performance of geo-tubes. The CE values were greater than 99.8% when adding the flocculant. Most of the dioxins were successfully trapped in the geo-tube. (3) The dioxins leached from the geo-tube are scarcely observed. From these results, it can be concluded that the geo-tube method is an effective containment system for dioxin-contaminated sediment.
The beaches of the Northern coast of Yucatan in Mexico have been in a permanent erosion process that has dramatically increased in the past 15 years. Changes in the littoral dynamics, mainly due to human action, have generated a coastline regression rate, estimated at 1 m per year and more. Besides, this region is affected by all hurricanes that follow a path through the Gulf of Mexico. Risk of destruction due to extraordinary wave conditions is permanent. Coastline stabilization required a carefully designed project for controlling beach erosion, reducing as much as possible any changes to littoral dynamics that would have negative consequences in the long term. This paper describes the technical solution adopted using geotextile tubes, as low-crested structures, along 4 km of beach. Results up to date, and proposed actions for improving knowledge of this application are also discussed.
Geotextile containers and tubes are used for flood emergency protection in dams and dikes, and also as construction elements for erosion control, bottom scour protection and scour fill artificial reefs, groynes, seawalls, breakwaters and dune reinforcement. New shore protection structures, especially at sandy coasts, are increasingly needed. However, due to the increasing storminess associated with climate changes some of the existing dunes must be protected/reinforced. Hydraulic model investigations were carried out at Leichtweiss-Institute for Hydromechanics and Coastal Engineering (LWI) of the Technical University of Braunschweig, to establish reliable stability formulas for sand containers applied as dune protection/reinforcement subject to storm waves.
High water content (or low solids content) materials consist of marine sediments, industrial, wastewater, and water treatment sludges, and agricultural waste. Geotextile tubes are emerging as a new technology that can dewater high water content material. The goal of this study was to utilize vacuum filtration testing to evaluate the filtration and retention capacity of woven fabrics used for geotextile tubes and to provide design guidance in selecting appropriate geotextiles to increase solids retention while reducing excessive fines migration. A procedure for analysis of vacuum filtration test results is provided. The results of this study revealed that woven geotextiles provided adequate retention of solids. In addition, empirical equations for retention, clogging, and permeability were assessed for applicability to geotextile tube design.
Overview of Geocontainer Projects in the United States Dike Construction Using Geotubes. 1st Year Progress Report
- J Fowler
- E Trainer
Fowler, J., Trainer, E., 1995. Overview of Geocontainer Projects in the United States. http://www.geotecassociates.com/publications.htm. Guo, W., 2009. Dike Construction Using Geotubes. 1st Year Progress Report. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Guo, W., Chu, J., Yan, S.W., 2009. In: Leung, C.F., Chu, J., Shen, R.F. (Eds.), Classifi-cation of Geotubes and Related Analysis Methods, Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories. Research Publishing, pp. 263e274.
Beach restoration with geotextile tubes as submerged breakwaters in Yucatan Reclamation and Ground Improvement Geotextile tubes-analytical design aspects
- I E Alvarez
- R Rubio
- H Ricalde
- e
- M W Bo
- V Choa
Alvarez, I.E., Rubio, R., Ricalde, H., 2007. Beach restoration with geotextile tubes as submerged breakwaters in Yucatan, Mexico. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 25 (4), 233e241. Bo, M.W., Choa, V., 2004. Reclamation and Ground Improvement. Thomson. Cantre, S., 2002. Geotextile tubes-analytical design aspects. Geotextiles and Geo-membranes 20 (5), 305e319.
Geotextile tube assessment using a hanging bag test Geosynthetic tubes for confining pressurized slurry: some design aspects Application of geotextile tube dehydrated soil to form embankments Evaluation of vacuum filtration testing for geotextile tubes
- G R Koerner
- R M Koerner
- e
- D Leshchinsky
- O Leshchinsky
- H I Ling
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- e
- H Miki
- T Yamada
- I Takahashi
- H Shinsha
- M Kushima
Koerner, G.R., Koerner, R.M., 2006. Geotextile tube assessment using a hanging bag test. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24 (2), 129e137. Leshchinsky, D., Leshchinsky, O., Ling, H.I., Gilbert, A., 1996. Geosynthetic tubes for confining pressurized slurry: some design aspects. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 122 (8), 682e690. Miki, H., Yamada, T., Takahashi, I., Shinsha, H., Kushima, M., 1996. Application of geotextile tube dehydrated soil to form embankments. In: Proceedings 2nd International Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, Osaka, 5e8 Nov., pp 385e390. Moo-Young, H.K., Tucker, W.R., 2002. Evaluation of vacuum filtration testing for geotextile tubes. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 20 (3), 191e212.
Construction processes, State-ofthe-art report
- J Chu
- S Varaksin
- U Klotz
- P Menge
Chu, J., Varaksin, S. Klotz, U., Menge, P., 2009. Construction processes, State-ofthe-art report. In: Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Soil
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Alexandria, Egypt, 5e9 Oct, vol. 4,
pp 3006e3135.
Laboratory studies on geotextile filters as used in geotextile tube dewatering Geosynthetics and Geosystems in Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering Effect of deformations on the hydraulic stability of coastal structures made of geotextile sand containers
- A E Muthukumaran
- K Ilamparuthi
Muthukumaran, A.E., Ilamparuthi, K., 2006. Laboratory studies on geotextile filters as used in geotextile tube dewatering. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 24 (4), 210e219. Pilarczyk, K.W., 2000. Geosynthetics and Geosystems in Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering. Balkema A. A, Rotterdam. Recio, J., Oumeraci, H., 2007. Effect of deformations on the hydraulic stability of coastal structures made of geotextile sand containers. Geotextiles and Geo-membranes 25 (4), 278e292.
Ground improvement in disaster mitigation and rehabili-tation works, Invited Special Lecture
- J Chu
- S W Yan
Chu, J., Yan, S. W., 2007. Ground improvement in disaster mitigation and rehabili-tation works, Invited Special Lecture. In: Proceedings 16th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, 8e11 May, Kuala Lumpur, pp 163e170.
All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2011.01.008 Geotextiles and Geomembranes xxx (2011) 1e8 Please cite this article in press as Innovative methods for dike construction e An overview Beach restoration with geotextile tubes as submerged breakwaters in Yucatan
- J Chu
0266-1144/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2011.01.008 Geotextiles and Geomembranes xxx (2011) 1e8 Please cite this article in press as: Chu, J., et al., Innovative methods for dike construction e An overview, Geotextiles and Geomembranes (2011), doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2011.01.008 References Alvarez, I.E., Rubio, R., Ricalde, H., 2007. Beach restoration with geotextile tubes as submerged breakwaters in Yucatan, Mexico. Geotextiles and Geomembranes 25 (4), 233e241. Bo, M.W., Choa, V., 2004. Reclamation and Ground Improvement. Thomson. Cantre, S., 2002. Geotextile tubes-analytical design aspects. Geotextiles and Geo-membranes 20 (5), 305e319.
Reclamation and Ground Improvement
- M W Bo
- V Choa
Bo, M.W., Choa, V., 2004. Reclamation and Ground Improvement. Thomson.
Ground improvement in disaster mitigation and rehabilitation works
- J Chu
- S W Yan
Chu, J., Yan, S. W., 2007. Ground improvement in disaster mitigation and rehabilitation works, Invited Special Lecture. In: Proceedings 16th Southeast Asian
Geotechnical Conference, 8e11 May, Kuala Lumpur, pp 163e170.
Dike Construction Using Geotubes
- W Guo
Guo, W., 2009. Dike Construction Using Geotubes. 1st Year Progress Report.
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
Classification of Geotubes and Related Analysis Methods, Ground Improvement Technologies and Case Histories
- W Guo
- J Chu
- S W Yan
Guo, W., Chu, J., Yan, S.W., 2009. In: Leung, C.F., Chu, J., Shen, R.F. (Eds.), Classification of Geotubes and Related Analysis Methods, Ground Improvement
Technologies and Case Histories. Research Publishing, pp. 263e274.
Application of geotextile tube dehydrated soil to form embankments
- H Miki
- T Yamada
- I Takahashi
- H Shinsha
- M Kushima
Miki, H., Yamada, T., Takahashi, I., Shinsha, H., Kushima, M., 1996. Application of
geotextile tube dehydrated soil to form embankments. In: Proceedings
2nd International Conference on Environmental Geotechnics, Osaka, 5e8 Nov.,
pp 385e390.
Storm surge barrier Ramspol
- N H Rovekamp
Rovekamp, N.H., 1999. Storm surge barrier Ramspol, Baustatik-Baupraxis 7, CRC Press
(available from: http://www.dmc.nl/publications/infra/storm-surge-barrier-ramspol/
item161).
Costal Stabilization e Innovative Concepts
- R Silvester
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Silvester, R., Hsu, J.R.C., 1993. Costal Stabilization e Innovative Concepts. Prentice-Hall Inc.
Construction of offshore breakwater on soft clay using prefabricated caissons. Geotechnical Engineering
- S W Yan
- J Chu
- Q J Fan
- Y Yan
Yan, S.W., Chu, J., Fan, Q.J., Yan, Y., 2009. Construction of offshore breakwater on soft
clay using prefabricated caissons. Geotechnical Engineering, Proceedings of ICE
162, London, GE1, pp. 3e12.