ChapterPDF Available

Examining the Spatial Distribution of Urban Indicators in São Paulo, Brazil: Do Spatial Effects Matter?

January 2009

In book: Community Quality-of-Life Indicators: Best Cases III, edited by M. Joseph Sirgy, Rhonda Phillips, & Don R. Rahtz (pp.102-124)
Chapter: 5
Publisher: Springer

Authors:

Iowa State University

In this chapter, we use two urban indicators to examine intra-urban inequalities in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil: the Human Development Index (HDI), from the United Nations Development Program, and the Economic Concentration Index (ECI), proposed in this study. Using district-level data, we apply Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) methods that account for spatial effects, that is, spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial autocorrelation occurs when value similarity and locational similarity coincide. Spatial heterogeneity exists when structural changes related to location are detected in the data set, and spatial regimes may be present. We show that spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity are detected in the spatial distribution of HDI and ECI in São Paulo Municipality, and therefore intra-urban inequalities exist with respect to both urban indicators. The development level varies substantially across districts, and center and periphery are the most obvious spatial regimes characterizing this variation. The ESDA methods described in this study can be adopted by planners to examine different variables, leading to more reliable results based on statistical tests and revealing, more precisely, locations that require more/less attention.

Moran Scatter Plots for HDI and ECI, 2000

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Figures - uploaded by Monica A. Haddad

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Content uploaded by Monica A. Haddad

Content may be subject to copyright.

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













M. Joseph Sirgy, Rhonda Phillips and Don Rahtz (eds.), Community Quality-of-Live Indicators: Best Practices III, 102-124.

Abstract

In this chapter, we use two urban indicators to examine intra-urban inequalities in the munici-

pality of São Paulo, Brazil: the Human Development Index (HDI), from the United Nations

Development Program, and the Economic Concentration Index (ECI), proposed in this study.

Using district-level data, we apply Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) methods that

account for spatial effects, that is, spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial

autocorrelation occurs when value similarity and locational similarity coincide. Spatial het-

erogeneity exists when structural changes related to location are detected in the data set, and

spatial regimes may be present. We show that spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity

are detected in the spatial distribution of HDI and ECI in São Paulo Municipality, and therefore

intra-urban inequalities exist with respect to both urban indicators. The development level var-

ies substantially across districts, and center and periphery are the most obvious spatial regimes

characterizing this variation. The ESDA methods described in this study can be adopted by

planners to examine different variables, leading to more reliable results based on statistical

tests and revealing, more precisely, locations that require more/less attention.

103

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



  

 

 



 

 

 



































































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



  

 

 



 

 

 















EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

104

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







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







































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



























MÔNICA HADDAD

105

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













































































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EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

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











































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









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















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











MÔNICA HADDAD

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









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



































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



























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

























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

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

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



































































































































EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

110

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









































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



















 



















 













































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



























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















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















                  

         

         

     

MÔNICA HADDAD

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















         

         

     

EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

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





































































MÔNICA HADDAD

113

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

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



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













FIGURE 5.3: Moran Scatter Plots for HDI and ECI, 2000

EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

114

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

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







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

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





























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

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

MÔNICA HADDAD

115

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





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

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



EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

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









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



















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

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

    

      

     

      

     

 

 

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 

 

 

     

     

    

     

    

    





     

    





MÔNICA HADDAD

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











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























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







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

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

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

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



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

EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

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































































 

 

 

 























































































MÔNICA HADDAD

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

















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

EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

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

















































































































































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









MÔNICA HADDAD

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



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







EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

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













































































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

















































































EXAMINING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URBAN INDICATORS IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

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

















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MÔNICA HADDAD

The effect of intra-urban mobility flows on the spatial heterogeneity of social media activity: investigating the response to rainfall events

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

Although it is acknowledged that urban inequalities can lead to biases in the production of social media data, there is a lack of studies which make an assessment of the effects of intra-urban movements in real-world urban analytics applications, based on social media. This study investigates the spatial heterogeneity of social media with regard to the regular intra-urban movements of residents by means of a case study of rainfall-related Twitter activity in São Paulo, Brazil. We apply a spatial autoregressive model that uses population and income as covariates and intra-urban mobility flows as spatial weights to explain the spatial distribution of the social response to rainfall events in Twitter vis-à-vis rainfall radar data. Results show high spatial heterogeneity in the response of social media to rainfall events, which is linked to intra-urban inequalities. Our model performance (R2 = 0.80) provides evidence that urban mobility flows and socio-economic indicators are significant factors to explain the spatial heterogeneity of thematic spatiotemporal patterns extracted from social media. Therefore, urban analytics research and practice should consider not only the influence of socio-economic profile of neighborhoods but also the spatial interaction introduced by intra-urban mobility flows to account for spatial heterogeneity when using social media data.

Disparidades municipales en desarrollo humano en Oaxaca: Evidencia desde un enfoque espacial

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2016

Victor Gerónimo

El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar la dimensión espacial de las desigualdades intermunicipales del estado de Oaxaca, México, mediante el uso de las técnicas de análisis exploratorio de datos espaciales. A través del estadístico I de Moran global y los indicadores locales de asociación espacial (LISA) se encontró evidencia de autocorrelación espacial significativa así como de heterogeneidad espacial en la distribución municipal del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) para los años 2000 y 2010. Los resultados sugieren que existen patrones espaciales definidos de desarrollo humano, esto es, la presencia de un esquema de polarización, reflejando que los agrupamientos municipales de alto IDH tienden a concentrar las oportunidades de desarrollo humano; en cambio, los agrupamientos municipales de bajo IDH pueden ser interpretados como trampas espaciales al permanecer rezagados durante el periodo analizado.

The Association between Material Deprivation and Avoidable Mortality in Lisbon, Portugal

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2020

There is considerable evidence pointing to the existence of a socioeconomic gradient in mortality, which tends to be steeper in urban areas. Similar to other European cities, Lisbon is far from homogeneous since considerable geographical inequalities exist between the more advantaged and the more deprived neighborhoods. The main goals of this study are to describe the geographical pattern of premature deaths (before 65 years old), avoidable deaths (preventable and amenable to healthcare) and cause-specific mortality (HIV/AIDS and suicide) in Lisbon, at the lower administrative level (civil parish, in Portuguese: Freguesia), and analyze the statistical association between mortality risk and deprivation, before (1999-2003) and during the economic crisis (2008-2012).Smoothed Standardized Mortality Ratios (sSMR) and Relative Risk (RR) with 95% credible intervals were calculated to identify the association between mortality and deprivation. The analysis of the geographical distribution of cause-specific mortality reveals that civil parishes with high sSMR in the first period continued to present higher mortality rates in the second. Moreover, a significant statistical association was found between all the causes of death and deprivation, except suicide. These findings contribute to understanding how social conditions influence health outcomes and can offer insights about potential policy directions for local government.

ESDA (Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) of Vegetation Cover in Urban Areas—Recognition of Vulnerabilities for the Management of Resources in Urban Green Infrastructure

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2020

From the mapping of urban vegetation cover by high-resolution orthoimages, using IR band and NDVI classification (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), added to three-dimensional representation obtained by LiDAR capture (Light Detection and Ranging), the volumetric values of vegetal cover are obtained as a base to construct spatial analysis in the district of Pampulha, in Belo Horizonte, investigating the role it plays in the neighborhood. The article aims to analyze the relationship between vegetation cover, income distribution and population density, as a support to urban environmental quality management. It applies Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) to identify the presence of clusters and patterns of spatial distribution and to examine spatial autocorrelation. The results confirm the concentration of vegetation cover in areas of high income and lower population density but the main contribution of the study is the use of a method to analyze the spatial behavior of this distribution. Calculating Moran global index and local index (LISA), these spatial combinations are mainly used to identify transformation pressures, which may result in the definition of priorities for public actions and the construction of proposals for parameterization of vegetation cover to support plans related to green infrastructure in urban areas.

Science Stand

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2019

This article presents the theoretical and methodological aspects of the activist science and technology education practices of a Brazilian outreach initiative known as Science Stand. This learn-by-doing program is designed to connect science and technology to current global socio-ecological issues – such as animal rights, gender (in)equality, and climate change – through interactive activities created and performed by university students in public spaces located in marginalized communities in the Greater São Paulo Area (Brazil). In addition, we introduce several testimonies from project volunteers that support our argument concerning the role of science activism in advocating gender equity in science, fostering hope in the possibility of socio-ecological change, and promoting the democratization of science through widespread knowledge dissemination.

JASTE10-1_Activist Topologies

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2019

This special issue on topologies of activism was intended to re-centre justice education and activism as central themes of JASTE by inviting a diversity of views from the wider community.

Science Stand: A Brazilian Activist Science & Technology Outreach Initiative

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2019

This article presents the theoretical and methodological aspects of the activist science and technology education practices of a Brazilian outreach initiative known as Science Stand. This learn-by-doing program is designed to connect science and technology to current global socio-ecological issues-such as animal rights, gender (in)equality, and climate change-through interactive activities created and performed by university students in public spaces located in marginalized communities in the Greater São Paulo Area (Brazil). In addition, we introduce several testimonies from project volunteers that support our argument concerning the role of science activism in advocating gender equity in science, fostering hope in the possibility of socio-ecological change, and promoting the democratization of science through widespread knowledge dissemination.

Equitable Distribution of Open Space: Using Spatial Analysis to Evaluate Urban Parks in Curitiba, Brazil

Presentation

Full-text available

Jul 2013

Data Analysis

Chapter

Aug 2022

M. Joseph Sirgy

In this chapter the reader will learn how to answer the following questions:

Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais: Suporte aos estudos urbanos com enfase nos padrões de distribuição

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2016

Monica A. Haddad

ANÁLISE ESPACIAL DE ESTRUTURAS INTRA-URBANAS: O CASO DE SÃO PAULO

Thesis

Full-text available

Aug 2002

Frederico Roman Ramos

ANÁLISE ESPACIAL DE ESTRUTURAS INTRA-URBANAS: O CASO DE SÃO PAULO

Combating Urban Inequalities: Challenges for Managing Cities in the Developing World

Book

Nov 2000

Edmundo Werna

Human Development and Regional Inequalities: A Spatial Econometrics Analysis Across Brazilian Municipalities

Presentation

Nov 2003

Monica A. Haddad

Studies in Operational Regional Science

Book

Jan 1988

Luc Anselin

1: Introduction.- 2: The Scope of Spatial Econometrics.- 3: The Formal Expression of Spatial Effects.- 4: A Typology of Spatial Econometric Models.- 5: Spatial Stochastic Processes: Terminology and General Properties.- 6: The Maximum Likelihood Approach to Spatial Process Models.- 7: Alternative Approaches to Inference in Spatial Process Models.- 8: Spatial Dependence in Regression Error Terms.- 9: Spatial Heterogeneity.- 10: Models in Space and Time.- 11: Problem Areas in Estimation and Testing for Spatial Process Models.- 12: Operational Issues and Empirical Applications.- 13: Model Validation and Specification Tests in Spatial Econometric Models.- 14: Model Selection in Spatial Econometric Models.- 15: Conclusions.- References.

Local indicator of spatial association-LISA

Article

Jan 1995

Luc Anselin

The Moran Scatterplot as an ESDA Tool to Assess Local Instability in Spatial Association

Article

Jan 1996

Luc Anselin

The Scope of Spatial Econometrics

Chapter

Jan 1988

Luc Anselin

In this first chapter in Part I, I outline the scope of the book in more detail, and describe the meaning of some important terms in an informal manner.

An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis of European Regional Disparities, 1980-1995

Article

Jan 2003

European integration has stimulated numerous studies of regional economic convergence within the European Union in recent macroeconomic and regional science literature (e.g. Abraham and Von Rompuy 1995; Armstrong 1995a; Neven and Gouyette 1995; Martin 2001). Most of the time, the empirical methods that have been used are identical to the methods employed in international studies. However, spatial effects, particularly spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity, must be taken into account when analyzing the convergence process at regional scale. There are number of factors — trade between regions, technology, knowledge diffusion and more generally regional spillovers — that lead to geographically dependent regions. Because of spatial interactions between regions, geographical location is important in accounting for the economic performances of regions. Yet for all its importance, the role of spatial effects in convergence processes has only been recently examined using the appropriate spatial statistic and econometric methods (Armstrong 1995b; Fingleton 1999; López-Bazo et al. 1999, for European regions; Rey and Montouri 1999; Rey 2001, for US states).

Structural covariates of US County Homicide Rates: Incorporating Spatial Effects

Article

Aug 2001
CRIMINOLOGY

Spatial analysis is statistically and substantively important for macrolevel criminological inquiry. Using county-level data for the decennial years in the 1960 to 1990 time period, we reexamine the impact of conventional structural covariates on homicide rates and explicitly model spatial effects. Important findings are: (1) homicide is strongly clustered in space; (2) this clustering cannot be completely explained by common measures of the structural similarity of neighboring counties; (3) noteworthy regional differences are observed in the effects of structural covariates on homicide rates; and (4) evidence consistent with a diffusion process for homicide is observed in the South throughout the 1960-1990 period.

Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models

Article

Apr 1989

Examining the Spatial Distribution of Urban Indicators in São Paulo, Brazil: Do Spatial Effects Matter?

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