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Investigaciones arqueológicas de alta montaña en el Sur Del Perú
Abstract
We started our research in high mountains in Southern Perú by 1980 together with Dr. Johan Reinhard. We have concurrently performed fieldwork and have gathered literature relevant to our research. Then, we have a lot of information about the Inca Santuaries in high mountains. Our Research is mainly about Ampato, Pichu Pichu, Calcha, Sara Sara, Hualca Hualca, Huarancante, Misti, coropuna and other volcanoes. So far, we have recovered and are keeping eight human bodies from: Ampato volcano (4 bodies), Pichu Pichu (3 bodies), and Sara Sara (1 body). As a result, of our research we now have a better understanding and conceptual framework about human sacrifices and offerings that were carried out by Inca as worship to the mountains (Apus). Our research work confirms many data written in early chronicles of Spaniards. Sanctuaries that were investigated by us in Pichu Pichu and Ampato, confirmed that Inca performed their offerings on those mountains trying to appease the Apus after the volcanic eruptions in Misti (about 1440 AD _ 1450 A.D.), and Sabancaya volcanoes (about 1466 A.D.). Our preliminary results obtained after hard multidisciplinary team work open new avenues for research since the variety of materials collected is enormous. Material available for research includes: DNA, pollen, microorganisms, chemicals, Cat Scan views etc. © 2007 Universidad de Tarapacá Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Administrativas y Económicas Departamento de Antropología.
... Para el caso de estudio veremos el tema de los sacrificios humanos realizados en los santuarios de altura, en el sur del Perú, en la región de Arequipa, estas investigaciones fueron llevadas a cabo y conducidas por Johan Reinhard y arqueólogos de la Universidad Católica Santa María de Arequipa. En las cuales participaron los arqueólogos José Chávez (2001) y María Ceruti (2013) quienes publicaron artículos sobre el tema, de los cuales nos basamos para el presente trabajo. A continuación, se procederá a presentar una descripción de los sacrificios humanos hallados en los santuarios de altura en la cima de las montañas de la región de Arequipa. ...
... Respecto a la ofrenda ofrecida al Apu Ampato, esta consistió en el sacrificio de la conocida Juanita, una niña de entre 12 y 14 años de edad, que es descrita por Chávez (2001) como una mensajera real y divina. Se pudo determinar que Juanita falleció de un certero golpe de macana que le produjo un traumatismo encéfalo craneal que la llevó a la muerte. ...
... Junto a Juanita, como acompañantes, en la montaña del Ampato a 5800 metros de altitud, fueron sacrificados un niño y dos niñas de 8 y 12 años de edad, asociados a una serie de ofrendas muy valoradas por los incas. Por ejemplo, Spondylus, estatuillas de oro y plata, finos textiles, etc. (Chávez, 2001). ...
Según Pearson (2008), el sacrificio humano puede ser considerado como el último intercambio recíproco o como la sumisión de los vivos a lo sobrenatural, que se expresa mediante el regalo o tributo que se les entrega a los dioses, que consiste en entregar lo más preciado para el ser humano, que sería la vida humana. Sin embargo, como señala Pearson (2008) el concepto de sacrificio humano es difícil de definir o identificar, precisamente porque puede haber una delgada línea que lo separa o distingue de la ejecución o exterminio de rivales o prisioneros de guerra o del autosacrificio altruista. Como indica Pearson, generalmente el sacrificio humano está dirigido a entidades sobrenaturales y es llevado a cabo bajo los auspicios de especialistas en rituales. Lo señalado por Pearson se ve plasmado en los sacrificios realizados por los incas en los santuarios de altura, en volcanes de la región de Arequipa como el Misti, Picchu Picchu, Chachani, Ampato, Sara Sara.
... In Peru, particularly, numerous studies have demonstrated correlations between climatic events and the emergence or demise of archaeological settlements (Binford et al., 1997;Chepstow-Lusty et al., 2003, 2009Christol et al., 2017;Sandweiss, 2003;Sandweiss et al., 2009Sandweiss et al., , 1996. Volcanoes and sudden eruptions have also had a great impact on the worldview and organization of the pre-Columbian cultures (Bouysse-Cassagne, 2006;Bouysse-Cassagne and Bouysse, 1984;Chávez Chávez, 2001;Reinhard, 1983). Few academic investigations, however, seem to have focused on the impact of earthquake activity, and almost exclusively in the Mesoamerican world (Garduño Monroy et al., 2020;Garduño-Monroy, 2016). ...
... Not only was Paukarcancha (Pa in Fig.3), an important ceremonial and pilgrimage site displaying Inca material, built on the top of Pachatusan (Bauer, 1998, p. 94;Silva Gonzales and Loza García, 2007), but the Picol summit (Pi in Fig.3) and the Sinqa waka located on the southern flank of the Sinqa Mountain (Si in Fig.3) were also significant places of offerings. We suggest that just as ceremonial sites in the southern part of the Inca Empire are associated with volcanoes (Chávez Chávez, 2001;Reinhard, 1983), the sacred dimension of some Inca shrines of the Cusco Basin are related to this tectonic landform resulting from active faults. ...
A colonial chronicle written by the indigenous Peruvian author Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamaygua ([1613?]) relates a legend of the sudden appearance of a huge animal-kilometres in length and approximately 4 m in width-and described as the Andean snake-like deity amaru. Pachacuti Yamqui alleged that this fantastic event occurred on the day that the sovereign Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui's eldest son was born around 1440 CE, and was named "Amaru". We suggest that the underlying event was an earthquake, and that the propagation of the surface rupture across the landscape resembled a sudden appearance of a snake-like being wriggling over the mountains and leaving an undulating surface trace. The concordance between the snake's route and the layout of a major fault complex above Cusco, as well as several ethnographic testimonies, support this hypothesis. Although little is known about pre-1532 CE seismicity, the current tectonic settings of the Cusco area point to seismic awareness of the Incas (ca. 1300-1532 CE). Independent results from architectural and paleoseismological fields in the Cusco area corroborate a significant impact of large earthquakes on local societies. In Peru, without pre-Hispanic written sources, the oral folklore and traditions preserved in Spanish chronicles offer a relevant, but still un-derexploited resource for identifying paleo-extreme events. Combining multidisciplinary geomorphic observations , archaeological evidence and historical sources, we revisit this legendary episode and its possible implications.
... El estado de conservación del cuerpo permitió practicarle diversos estudios que determinaron una edad de 14 años, mientras que la muerte fue ocasionada por un golpe con un objeto contundente al lado derecho de su cabeza. Estos datos permiten confrontar las informaciones consignadas por los cronistas, quienes sostienen que estos niños eran embriagados, enterrados vivos, ahogados, golpeados en la cabeza o estrangulados con un lazo (Molina, [2010] (Reinhard, 1996;Conklin, 1996;Chávez, 2001), aún permanecen algunas incógnitas en torno a esta joven y a los otros infantes sacrificados en el Ampato. Al parecer esta joven estuvo sola en una plataforma a 6300 m s. n. m., mientras dos niñas y un niño de entre 6 y 7 años fueron encontrados a 5800 m s. n. m. (Socha et al., 2021: 6-8). ...
El presente artículo tiene por objetivo el análisis comparativo y funcional del collar que acompaña la vestimenta de la Doncella del Llullaillaco y los colgantes en miniatura que pendían de los dos tupus metálicos que cierran el acsu de la Doncella del Ampato. El acercamiento multidisciplinario permite establecer la importancia de las prácticas rituales vinculadas a dichos elementos y su relación dentro de los ámbitos de poder político y social que envolvieron a dichas Capacochas. Se destaca, además, que la materialidad con la cual fueron elaborados estos objetos podría estar relacionada con la sacralización de su portadora, su protección y estatus social.
... También fue usada en la realización de los conocidos tupus, característicos de la vestimenta de las mujeres de la élite. Las jóvenes doncellas sacrificadas en capacochas, tales como las del Ampato o del Sara Sara, llevaban ese tipo de elementos metálicos en su vestuario (Chávez 2001).⁴ La cercanía entre la capacocha del cerro Esmeralda -realizada cerca de un asentamiento minero-y el mundo femenino se hace aún más evidente si pensamos que la palabra quechua Ccoya, con la que se designaba a la mujer y esposa principal del Inca o a la princesa heredera (González Holguín 1952[1608: 73), también se empleaba para nombrar la mina de plata. ...
El presente artículo pone en discusión el significado prehispánico de la huaca o mina de Huantajaya en relación con la capacocha de cerro Esmeralda, sacrificio humano inca de dos doncellas, un tema poco relevado desde la perspectiva etnohistórica. El sitio, ubicado en la región de Tarapacá (Chile), permite hipotetizar acerca de la existencia de una relación de culto entre dioses masculinos, asociados a los temblores, y deidades femeninas, vinculadas al significado prehispánico de la plata y el agua. Asimismo, a partir del estudio de Jorge Checura (1977), se enfatiza en el análisis arqueológico y etnohistórico de piezas y emblemas de poder presentes en el ajuar de las doncellas sacrificadas, consistentes en brazaletes, tres posibles llautu (cordeles de lana masculinos utilizados en la cabeza) y ornamentos plumarios; lo que posibilita acercarnos tangencialmente al ámbito socio-identitario de las jóvenes, así como a la simbología de esta capacocha.
... Se trata de una montaña emblemática por la cantidad y calidad de ofrendas que se hallaron en 1995 en contextos de capacochas (Reinhard 1996;Chávez 2001), de allí se extrajeron cuatro cuerpos en diferentes alturas y además "un camino construido en ichu y paja que va desde la base a la cumbre…" (Escudero Valer 1995:3). Reinhard relata que, ascendiendo por el filo Norte hacia una cumbre inferior del Ampato, le llamó la atención la cantidad de paja (ichu), como también cerámica inca, madera, textiles, sogas e incluso sandalias de cuero (Reinhard 1996). ...
Estudio sistemático de caminos ceremoniales en los Apus (montañas sagradas) del Tawantinsuyu, con especial énfasis en el volcán Llullaillaco (6.739 m) y el Nevado de Chañi (5.896 m). Se realiza una propuesta metodológica para su estudio y se brindan indicadores arqueológicos para su localización. Se dan a conocer más de medio centenar de montañas con presencia de caminos ceremoniales.
... One of these types of human sacrifices was the Capacocha rituals described by several chroniclers of the Andean region (Molina 1943(Molina [1575, Guamán Poma 1980Poma [1615, Cobo 1990 [1653], Betanzos 1996Betanzos [1557, Sarmiento de Gamboa, 2007[1572). Their ethnohistorical accounts correlate with archaeological records (Mostny, 1957;Reinhard, 1999Reinhard, , 2005Chávez, 2001;Ceruti, 2003a, b;Cummins, 2004;Bray et al., 2005;Bray, 2009). These human sacrifices were performed in commemoration of historical events in the life of the Inca emperor or in response to natural catastrophes, whereas the provinces of the Tawantinsuyu were socially and politically linked to the Cusco capital through this practice of human sacrifice (Cobo, 1990;Ceruti, 2003b;Reinhard and Ceruti, 2010;Andrushko et al., 2011). ...
In this paper we examine five offerings from a funeral context found at Cerro Esmeralda, an Inca burial ground in the Iquique coast of northern Chile. We focus on the identification of utilized plants, and investigate the consumption of chicha during this mortuary ritual. We brushed and scraped aríbalo vessels and chuspa bags with sterile lab tools and collected and analyzed micro-samples for starch and phytoliths. We identified Zea mays starch, Cucurbita sp./ Lagenaria sp., Phaseolus sp., and a few grains of Mani-hot starch. The identified phytoliths that were present include festucodeae, dicotyledons, and graminoids. These results and this context suggest the consumption of high-quality chicha in the Inca regional funeral setting. Several possible interpretive scenarios are suggested, including the use of various types of plants to optimize the maize fermenting process; ritualistic consumption of chicha to feast with the dead (comer con el muerto); ancient anthropogenic contamination of the vessels due to different types of daily uses; and, finally, as social and ritual activities associated with all these possible scenarios.
... Es posible que la primera percepción de los fenómenos glaciares viniera de las propias culturas andinas que se asentaron en la Cordillera hace más de 8000 años (Salaverry Llosa 2006) a juzgar por los enterramientos y santuarios incaicos posteriores descubiertos en los nevados (Chávez 2001). Este mismo autor cita junto al nevado Coropuna la infraestructura de riego más alta del mundo (5600 m), tal vez relacionada con el cultivo de la papa amarga ("shiri-pappa": Solanum x ajanhuiri, S. x juzepczukii, S. x curtilobum) (Popenoe et al. 1989), siendo ésta la actividad agrícola realizada a mayor altitud en el esquema de uso de los pisos ecológicos de las comunidades pre-hispánicas (Murra 2009). ...
The Andean Cordillera is the second highest mountain range in the world after the Himalayas and therefore, one of the places where the cryogenic manifestations are more prominent. Tropical Andean glaciers usually present an ice-cap form, and various geomorphological forms rock glaciers, block streams, morainic deposits, cryoplanation surfaces (sometimes mixed with volcanic pumices) with polygon soils, and solifluction terraces can be distinguished in the surroundings. The study was carried out in the main glacial zones of Peru: Cordillera Blanca, Cordillera Central, Department of Puno (Allincapac and Yuracjasa), Department of Arequipa (Coropuna, Huarancante, Ampato and Imata plains), and Department of Tacna near the Tutupaca volcano. Above 4000 m (oro- and cryorotropical bioclimatic belts) we documented 152 plots using the Braun-Blanquet method, adding 287 releves from other authors from Peru, and also from Venezuela to southern Argentina and Chile. To interpret the variability, geographical distribution and vertical continuum of the associations, the concepts of basal community (BC), derived community (DC), altitudinal form and geographic race were used. Field and bibliographic tables were synthesized, and arranged using two dendrograms as a result of applying the Sorensen index to compare glacial vegetation between Peru and other regions of South America. Rock glaciers support a rupicolous vegetation dominated by Valeriana nivalis, and Saxifraga magellanica on the more humid rocks. Block streams contain specific plant communities with Xenophyllum species (X. ciliolatum, X. dactylophyllum, X. decorum, X. digitatum and X. poposum), but Chaetanthera is also very important in these biotopes across the Andes. Cryoplanation surfaces, with more stable and deep soils, present a greater diversity of plants, such as Anthochloa lepidula, Dielsiochloa floribunda, Lachemilla frigida, Mniodes coarctata, Nototriche obcuneata, N. pedicularifolia or N. turritella. On solifluction terraces and flood surfaces, communities with Festuca rigescens and Trkhophorum rigidum can be distinguished respectively. Deep clayey soils, support small pasturages of Deyeuxia minima and Aciachne pulvinata sometimes grazed, while the cushion vegetation caused by snowbreak streams is represented by Deyeuxia ovata and Werneria aretioides. From a syntaxonomical point of view, 32 Peruvian plant communities were recognized. Rock communities are the Senecio bolivarianus community mono-specific plant community on humid rocks distributed form Huancayo to Cusco, the Asplenio triphylli-Melpomenetum moniliformis ass. nova a rupiculous association installed on granitic rocks of the Cordillera Blanca, the Senecio algens community associated with the basal part of the rocks of the humid puna, and the Senecioni culcitioidis-Valerianetum nivalis a characteristic rock community usually present on andesites and basalts from Lima to Cordillera El Barroso (Tacna) [this association includes the subassociation saxifragetosum magellanicae, found on semi-permanent humid rocks, the geographic race with Draba cryptantha (Cordillera Central), the geographic race with Draba brackenridgei (near Cotahuasi Canyon, Arequipa), the geographic race with Draba cuzcoensis (near Colca Canyon, Arequipa), and the thermic ahitudinal form with Woodsia montevidensis (Callalli, Arequipa)]. The Xenophyllo-Englerocharion peruvianae alliance is represented by the following communities: Xenophyllo ciliolati-Plettkeetum cryptanthae a humid puna association present on block streams and morainic deposits with superficial stones from the Cordillera Blanca to Allincapac (Puno) [this association includes an altitudinal form with Anticona glareophila, from the limits of the vegetation of the Cordillera Central, a variant of semi-fixed blocks with Xenophyllum digitatum, a variant of mobile blocks with Xenophyllum ciliolatum, a derived community (DC) with Chaetanthera cochlearzfolia from Central Peru, found on clayey places that will evolve to the polygon soils colonized by the Stangeo rhizanthae-Weberbaueretum rosulantis association, and a DC with Valeriana globularis and Anthochloa lepidula on the same environments from southern Peru], and the Foci gymnanthaCerastium peruvianum community, documented on volcanic conglomerates from Callalli (Arequipa). Nototricho obcuneatae-Xenophylletum poposi installed on semi-fixed blocks of the altiplano of Peru and Bolivia in drysubhumid climate (its variability presents the sub-associations valerianetosum nivalis as a rupiculous aspect, and mniodetosum coarctatae on lightly sloping polygon soils), Nototricho-Mniodetum coarctatae ass. nova cryorotropical vegetation on flat polygon soils enriched with the volcanic pumices of the altiplano, and the Belloo piptolepis-Dissanthelietum calycini that indicates wetter soils without volcanic pumices in the altiplano belong to the Nototrichion obcuneatae alliance. The Deyeuxion minimae alliance indicates deeper and more humid soils, where we can differentiate five associations: Nototricho pinnatae-Lachemilletum frigidae present on the rock cornices and polygon soils coming from intrusive geologic materials of the Cordillera Blanca, Pycnophyllo mollis-Festucetum rigescentis very typical on solifluction terraces of the humid puna of Peruand Bolivia, Deyeuxio minimae-Trichophoretum rigidae on flooded surfaces of the humid Peruvian Andes, Azorello diapensioidis-Deyeuxietum minimae on humid, deep and clayey cryogenic soils, sometimes with very little superficial stones [this association includes an altitudinal form with Deyeuxia rigida, an ahitudinal form with Pycnophyllum molle, a variant on incipient solifluction terraces with Dissanthelium macusaniense, and another variant on deep and humid soils with Werneria nubigena], and Gnaphalio badii-Aciachnetum pulvinatae grazed vegetation in the orotropical belt. Finally, Deyeuxio ovatae-Wernerietum aretioidis ass. nova is a cushion association belonging to the Plantagini-Distichietea class occurring between 4800 and 5000 m a.s.l. To study the relationships between plant communities and some selected climatic parameters (T, M, m, It, P, Pm and Hm see abbreviations of the Table 6), we have made a biplot from a Principal Component Analyses for each plant community group (rock communities, Xenophyllo-Englerocharion, Nototrichion obcuneatae, and Deyeuxion minimae and other syntaxa. Plant communities placed at high altitude or in dry puna (Oruro-Arequiperia biogeographic province) are linked with the smaller values of the lowest mean temperature of the coldest month (m), while those placed in the humid puna (Ancashino-Paceria biogeographic province) are linked with the highest values of the highest mean temperature of the coldest month (M). Finally, the syntaxa Empetro rubrum-Balecetea gummiferae, Hamadryo kingii-Oreopolion glacialis, Leucherio hahnii-Nassauvietum juniperinae and Empetro rubrum-Oreopoletum glacialis, described earlier from Southern Patagonia, are typified.
... La aclaración de esta cuestión se debe particularmente a los trabajos de Johan Reinhard quien se dedicó a partir de 1980 a la investigación de plataformas ceremoniales y santuarios de los incas en alta montaña (véase por ejemploReinhard, 1992; 2002). El hallazgo espectacular de una niña momificada en el volcán de Ampato (Perú) en 1995, y de otros cuerpos ofrendados mostró claramente que sí había sacrificios humanos en el imperio de los incas(Chávez, 2001; Hagen & Morris, 1998: 218-219). Para una detallada contextualización histórica y sociocultural de una Capacocha, en base al hallazgo de un niño ofrecido en el cerro Aconcagua (Argentina), véase el artículo de MargaritaGentile (1996). ...
The aim of this article is to study the function of political rituals in the Inca state through the analysis of the Capacocha ritual cycle. The public ceremonies of the Inca state religion created a scene where political relations between the sovereign and his subordinates (i.e. the relations between the Inca state and the peoples that had been conquered and incorporated into the Inca realm) were being negotiated, thus contributing to the consolidation of power that Cuzco exercised upon the Andean peoples. Furthermore, the Inca rituals paid special attention to the establishment of relations with the local elites, mainly with the curacas, and to the reaffirmation of the ties that united the Andean peoples with the Inca state. The article will focus on this relation between state power and local authorities in the Inca realm.
La zona arqueológica Las Shicras se ubica a 12 kilómetros al interior de la ciudad de Huaral (región Lima), en una estratégica zona donde se desarrolla una larga secuencia ocupacional prehispánica desde el Periodo Arcaico Final hasta el Horizonte Tardío. El sitio Las Shicras está compuesto por dos montículos monumentales unidos por un espacio central, correspondientes al Periodo Arcaico Final (2850-1900 a. C.), posteriormente remodelados y ocupados por la sociedad Chancay (1400-1520 d. C.).Durante las temporadas de excavación 2011-2013 se recuperaron ocho individuos enterrados en el relleno constructivo de la remodelación chancay tardío del Montículo Sur (Sector A). Asimismo, otros 10 individuos fueron encontrados en la parte inferior de los edificios monumentales (Sector C), correspondiente a unidades residenciales-administrativas chancay-inca.Los análisis contextual y osteológico indican al menos dos eventos de muerte violenta en Las Shicras: a) entierro de 10 personas colocadas dentro de la construcción de nueva arquitectura (Sector A); b) entierro de un par de mujeres ofrendadas a edificios residenciales abandonados (Sector C). Se descarta un patrón que indique que la violencia fuera dirigida a un determinado grupo, puesto que se documentan individuos de distintas edades y de ambos sexos; sin embargo, la mayoría de las víctimas son femeninas (adultas y una adolescente), con predominio de daño en el área facial. Aunque la hipótesis principal es que ambos grupos fueron víctimas de sacrificios, no se excluye otro tipo de violencia para el caso del Sector A, al no presentar este grupo de individuos un patrón de cohorte ni lesional consistente, y no todos fueron enterrados inmediatamente transcurrida su muerte. Por tanto, estas personas pudieron ser víctimas de ataques armados contra una población indefensa, muertas en un lugar distinto y (re)enterradas en Las Shicras.
En prospecciones efectuadas en Salinas Grandes (La Poma, provincia de Salta) se localizó en superficie un ornamento metálico incaico (tupu) asociado a fragmentos cerámicos. En este trabajo se relacionarán esos hallazgos con una momia que fue encontrada en la zona, sobre la que se desconoce el lugar exacto de su descubrimiento. Otros investigadores asociaron esta momia con un sacrificio incaico. Aquí se pro-pone, sobre la base de un conjunto de trabajos realizados, el lugar preciso de dicho descubrimiento. De acuerdo con hipótesis previas, las que otorgan a ciertos tipos de ofrendas una correspondencia directa al género-edad de los niños sacrificados por los incas en ocasión del ritual de la capacocha, evalúo la posibilidad de la existencia de otro cuerpo sacrificado (una niña) en el lugar que no fuera dado a conocer.
Abstract Recent archaeological surveys of Salinas Grandes (La Poma, Salta) have located a metallic Inca ornament (a tupu) found with ceramic fragments. In this paper, we tie these findings to a mummy that was discovered in the area, but whose exact place of the discovery has remained unknown. Other researchers have associated this mummy with an Inca sacrifice. Here, we propose a precise original location for the mummy, one based on our investigations. In accordance with previous hypotheses that have drawn direct relationships between certain types of offerings and the age and gender of the children sacrificed during the capacocha rituals, we will explore the possibility of a different sacrificed body, a girl, in the same place, that has not been reported. Palabras clave Arqueología Salinas Grandes Tupu Capacocha Key words Archaeology Salinas Grandes Tupu Capacocha 154 ISSN 0329-8256 (impresa) / ISSN 2362-2482 (en línea) Estudios sociales del noa /16 (2016) [153-178]
Paisaje y cosmología en las rutas del Inca
Treść: Istotne znaczenie dla ustanowienia i funkcjonowania obszarów chronionych ma ich otoczenie gospodarcze i klimat społeczny. Na północ od Kanionu Colca i Doliny Wulkanów działają kopalnie rud złota i srebra należące do przedsięibiorstw Buenaventura i Hochschild, napędzające rozwój gospodarczy regionu i spełniające wymagania ochrony środowiska. Tereny koncesji górniczych zajmują ponad 1500 km2. Przedstawiono zarys budowy geologicznej złóż oraz historię, bieącą produkcję, perspektywy i zaangażowanie tych kopalń na rzecz rozwoju zrównoważonego. Istnieje szansa wykorzystania infrastruktury pogórniczej dla potrzeb projektowanego Parku Narodowego Kanion Colca i Dolina Wulkanów. Tunele projektu irygacyjnego Majes nie kolidują z ochroną przyrody, a zbiornik zaporowy Angostura poprawi walory turystyczne. Linia energetyczna Socabaya-Mantaro wpłynęła negatywnie na krajobraz, a projektowana droga Ayo-Huambo może mieć ujemne skutki. Utworzenie parku wzmocni ubogi system obszarów chronionych w regionie Arequipy.
Słowa kluczowe: kopalnie złota i srebra, ocena wpływu na środowisko, Peru, Kanion Colca, Dolina Wulkanów
Abstract: Economic and social environment of protected areas have crucial importance to their establishing and performance. Several gold and silver mines currently operated by Buenaventura and Hochschild to the north of Rio Colca Canyon and the Valley of the Volcanoes stimulate regional development and fulfill environmental standards. Mining leases cover more than 1500 km2. Geological structure of ore deposits is given along with history, production activity, perspectives and sustainable management input of the mines. Mining camps may be adapted for housing of future visitors of National Park Colca Canyon and Valley of the Volcanoes. Water tunnels of Majes Project are not conflicting with nature protection and future Angostura dam and artificial lake shall enhance touristic assets. Socabaya-Mantaro power line negatively affects landscape and planned road Ayo-Huambo poses some doubts. Creation of geopark shall strengthen poor system of protected areas in Arequipa region.
Este ajuar funerario es resguardado en el Museo Regional de Iquique desde el año de su descubrimiento en 1976, año en que este sitio arqueológico fue accidentalmente destruido con dinamita por la instalación de antenas en su cumbre. Hoy, se presenta a la comunidad una propuesta que condensa los resultados de la investigación y los trabajos de conservación desarrollados entre los años 2011 y 2012. De esta manera, esperamos contribuir a la valoración y conocimiento de este legado cultural que atestigua un capítulo fundamental en la historia de Tarapacá.
FOREWORD
This issue is exclusively devoted to the results of the Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru (PSEP) which is organized under the auspices of Rector AGH – The University of Science and Technology in Kraków. The monography presenting an initial report contains panorama of special papers of individual persons and teams.
The works are aimed at laying foundations for future national park in Peru, recognition of its natural and cultural resources: geology, landscape, living nature as well as ethnic and historical heritage, which should be protected and adequately provided for tourists.
PSEP enriches Polish exploration of the Andes and scientific output in Peru which were described in papers of Paradowska (1985), Dembicz & Smolana (1993) and Paulo (2007). Among geographical discoveries first place should be given to Cracow Student Paddler Expedition CANOANDES (Majcherczyk et al. 1981) who pioneered in flowing down Rio Colca Canyon, measuring its dimensions, proclaiming worldwide that it is the deepest canyon of our planet and in effect made it popular target of visits. Being proud of these achievements we feel responsible for protection of outstanding environmental amenities and stimulation of sustainable development of the region, eliminating depreciatory side effects.
In 2003 A. Gałaś and A. Paulo, staff of the Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection AGH, performed a reconnaissance in the Valley of the Volcanoes (Gałaś & Paulo 2005), visited Canyon Colca, two Buenaventura gold mines, and established scientific relations with Universidad Nacional San Agustin in Arequipa (UNSA) and Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) in Lima.
In 2004 at the same Faculty two projects were opened: research of Andahua volcanic group (A. Gałaś, A. Paulo, M. Wasilewski) and definition of geotouristic values in Canyon Colca region (M. Krzak, A. Kukuła-Góral, S. Bębenek). In 2005 M. Wasilewski alone has continued exploration for obsidiane sources for prehistoric tools found in the area.
In 2006 the circle of investigators was enlarged embracing 15 scientists from 7 centres, their scope of interests included geology, botany, culture and medicine. The team and its field activities are overwieved in this issue in paper of M. Głogowska & J. Krupa. Following papers present: infrastructure and economic development of the study area (A. Paulo & A. Gałaś), idea of nature protection (A. Paulo & A. Gałaś), geological outline (A. Paulo), geomorphology (T. Kalicki & J. Kukulak), tectonic activity (J. Żaba & Z. Małolepszy), recent volcanism (A. Gałaś), touristic values (B. Radwanek-Bąk, and M. Krzak in 2005), mineral medicine (M. Wasilewski), traditional medicine (Z. Ryn), and pioneering plants in the area (B. Cykowska & A. Flakus, K. Sobiech & M. Węgrzyn).
Year 2007 was foreseen for preliminary reporting and planning next stage of field studies. For 2008 the Spanish edition of this issue in the Boletin de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima is intended as well as broadened geological, geomorphological and biological studies in new sectors of Colca Canyon and its envelope, and establishing closer cooperation with relevant institutions and individuals of Peru. This shall effect in presenting preliminary project of the Canyon Colca and Valley of Volcanoes National Park.
A warm welcome given to PSEP team by INGEMMET and Arequipa and provincial authorities, as well as logistic support by CM Buenaventura is greatly acknowledged. We owe much to personal engagement of late Dr. S. Dunin-Borkowski, professor and tutor of generations of Peruvian geologists, Dr. M. Ziółkowski, professor of Arequipa and Warsaw universities, kind-hearted Arequipa citiziens Felix and Luisa Malaga and many others. Financial support of parental institutions, “Geosphere” Society, Polish-American Travelers Club and Friends of Kraków Society in New Jork facilitated organization of the expedition.
One of the most momentous of Inca state ceremonies was known as the capacocha. Through the sacrifice of both precious objects and select children, the capacocha served to link the capital of Cuzco to its far-flung hinterlands and the empire itself to the deities that sanctioned it. While ethnohistoric sources offer some insight into the capacocha ritual, the information is sketchy. The present study furthers our understanding of the capacocha ritual through the use of archaeological data. The compositional analysis of a sample of ceramic vessels recovered from several different capacocha burial sites around the Inca empire was conducted using instrumental neutron activation. These data are compared to results of paste analysis performed on Inca pottery from Cuzco and other parts of the empire. The results of this comparative study offer insights into the origins, movement, and connections of the children who were sacrificed in this key state ceremony. These data, in turn, help us more clearly understand the role of this important state ritual as it figured in strategies of imperial Inca statecraft.
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