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The History of Vegetarianism in Hungary

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Abstract

The paper deals with the history of Hungarian vegetarianism and its three main periods. The three periods are formed by sociological and historical events. Thematically the periods are bound to personalities, publications, events, periodicals, and social communities. In the introduction the basic definitions, health and economical approaches are reviewed.
A magyarországi vegetárizmus története

ABSZTRAKT

!"#
 
 $%
&' !
  () 
&&&%& 
% &% &&&%*&%&
+%&& &(
(')&
BEVEZETÉS, MEGHATÁROZÁS
 ,--+. / $
$$ %
0' ,0 / '
vegán:
lakto-vegetárius:

ovo-lakto vegetárius:
$% ,+
,% !félvegetáriusok
1'+!2& "#%
 3%egészségtudatos
 %4-56-7-,vegyes táplálkozás
,%, 
&,
 1 $2
1 +2!#
184995849992
.$"$0/ !0  !
! !:, !
""  !
0;0#%'"
"&. &%
$$ 
149972
A VEGETÁRIZMUS EGÉSZSÉGI HATÁSAI
 # /
  , &%"""
1<4994849952"#"%
&;
$,'
%:1<.+21Dwyer 1988, 84995
Pomerleau 20022
=!&#
1>(>49972!
&"**/ ,&
-% %
$1Dwyer 1988, ?@@6WHO 20022A
 $"!&
1B#?@@C8499D2
 /#"$13&E 499?
Dwyer 19882'
 !"#!$
!
% &" !'
( !)*+,$-# #
#
! !
#$
3F149952 ,#
$ "
GAZDASÁGI HÁTTÉR
 , #
#$"$
$,("$& 
0#
 , ,?@@C-
499?G!#".$
=?@@D-4994##15?9!H3I-?7H3I-2.
!1849952 &!
 $" &%
&#8 
- &
TUDOMÁNYOS ÉRDEKLŐDÉS
?@79- %
&?7?@@9-CD&J
 , 
#.?@D9-C9- /
#!
 / &!1I
?@@@2
 ,  ?@69-
$; 1 
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-
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#"#$.,L&!M
 3K79-#)N %
#H3=-!%
 #O%
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$$&H- 
(?99N
 $18(
& !2
?@@9- +1)499?
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A VEGETÁRIZMUS NEMZETKÖZI ELŐFORDULÁSA NYUGATON
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&%G$ .$
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#  &!?Q-1?@4!24994-#
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-A"1N%*%
N%4994849952
A VEGETÁRIZMUS MAGYARORSZÁGI ELŐFORDULÁSA
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%%$#.&
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A VEGETÁRIUS TÁPLÁLKOZÁS NEMZETKÖZI TÖRTÉNETÉBŐL
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A VEGETÁRIUS TÁPLÁLKOZÁS HAZAI TÖRTÉNETE
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?@@9-LM
$;!!
@9-$##18
49952
8G8*1?@P@2 !
!!&";>,&"?@P@-8
?C99-"!# ! 

W.E3X3W3W1?PP5-?@7?2
?PP5-#8A18
A.$8A.28A.& !$
?@??-> "
Reform#;8A.$#
&.$?@7?-$
?@6P-"#J1)
)V499?Y?@P72
ÉTTERMEK
"#Reform#A,?C#;#> 3
$"&57-5C#Thalysia#S!&
1>42#8A.$#
Z3S18,?C2
!1N!49962
SAJTÓKIADVÁNYOK
8A. !Természetes életmód>&1
"L&M>&>&&2 ?@?4-?@4D-3
?@?4-#Mazdaznan182&"; 1[;&"2
#-!B&A?@54-?@5P-
Életreform&";3.\ !
#;1Y?@P7
?@642
>,#8$#;#
,;Új élet!E!
>?@4@-?@59#
KÖNYVEK
]]"#!
>&>1?PC4-?@7?^2&$&!$,;
>&& &
;#&!  # 
!- &#>&%0
 #0,
#14999Y49942$#&"$
1(((2'
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2
$!
"# 
 "!!!3U?@49-
"#3 "#8'
8 1> R!?@4D2&";
I>&U0#0!#
8?@?9-& &!
!#>&/
!   &!"!#
,& &! $1 2
"_&!##
  &!!;"$
8?@49-?@6C-8A./#$$
 ,Természetes élet könyvtára&";#N
!$1(((Y?@P72'
3#4 &# $""
22&
$
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3$ &!%?@49-N!
1NR!2#
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! &! !2#

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 &!!1(((2'
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5""
6"
"
EMBERI KÖZÖSSÉGEK
8LM!#`R*
L,$$ !M3!!;#
,#.$1Y?@P7
R?@572
U?@9?-; &&!;%%
! "?@49-;
! "!'N3'&E-&
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,$#*!"
 ;-;$,##[$-
8#$&$&
#1N4997Y
?@P72
."!LM&
! !!#
3*!
# #
?@59-LM?@57-46&@9
#!  8%
 1Y?@P7T&49942
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**,8&$
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 18A.2?@7?-$$
$1Y?@P72
8=3YI*3W3W1?@P9-?@@92
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 R1?@P72Y 1Y
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!  $Y
!!# &
!;; #0
$#)>&I3.!!
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  !# &%
1Y?@P5Y?@PD*8V?@@72
Y &!! #"#;,'
""
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4#
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3"/"
7"!
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 N&& !
!
Y0S!a$#0 "#8
![.$1?@@C2
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$%
 ## "I--
,!E#> -8
#3&1`3&
?@@@2   "#
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8 

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;& ; 
3!
 !!"!.!#&
&  
'!>.
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!$"!% ##"
1?@P@-2"#
9)1&0
$.! !
 .!
L%M !+ 
>X>"#!! " 
!"!1?@P@2&";;#3 $$#
$'
4"!:;$
5""<
4/"
SZERVEZETEK, MOZGALMAK
?@P9-&&LM.#L&!M
'-! 1&2$
%$
YS! "#?@PCJPP-8!
[.$&$ ;?@@5!
Életerő&"; $$!%$
#"#&"
)R8I*3W3W
.!#;
 &!8,
,$#
$$ !! 
#! 1O2 "#
"$$ 
$"!&!#&
 "
TERMÉSZETGYÓGYÁSZ SZERVEZETEK
,#$!#!
81##
#2
15"05 (
15"5
15"="
5">"5
5", #"9 %?@+AAB'
?@@D- %-
 &# /&!.
A ,D-1A?@@D2
_% Magyar Természetgyógyászok és Életreformerek Pártja ?@@6-
;"$ %&?@@5!
I&
VEGETÁRIUS SZERVEZETEK
8A 
 ;8;$'?@@7-4996&";,
.- "1?@@4-2! 
% , b?@@7!4999-
A)"&";,4999-A_& 
4997-@!A$
 !!
AU>1# 'JJ(2
 "1?@@P-!2$;N>%4995-!
$$%! %
"/1 +V49952
3 %!
! ! &!%
c  ! 1 
R!,)"2- &
 %#$
A VEGETÁRIZMUS A KÖZNEVELÉSBEN
.-3 " ! &
 %!,#
%"$/"!
#!-1 +V4995
# 'JJ(((28 3:-$
%-d;3:
  %]*$#
,%>
1(((:2
KÖNYVEK
N#!& 
 &!'
C() D&5   "
 "!
EF &G$
 /5!!/5!!&6
 #
1!:
3>&1 
(6 /6$H&5
!& 
;% %!. ##H"
#,,$#
PERIODIKÁK
.- "#!*
?@@7-4999#
Vegetáriánus&";"AU>
3.- "Vegetáriánus paradicsom&";
"" 4999-#AU>

8A?@@D-?@@C## Vegetárius&";
.,- !!

_># Vegetáriánus,?@@@-4997#.
%&; $
<W #
0
,18=49972
*#!%!(+
>%
 !!!&!
TUDOMÁNYOS CIKKEK
!"&
8$#&&%
#,"$S$38!
?@@6-%!#
L!MLM$& !
1?@@@-2>%;
+ , "4999-
!! !&
"1I&>?@@@28
% &!!!$#&
  
6 $7& #"##/
$
GG"&8 )$$&*IJ !$
67C6 1"
$#$$!" !"

1 #0&($#$&/
 /#
C#! 6&8 ##/$
5#
,#5&  #"
3> 
""$&*IJ+IJ
ÖSSZEJÖVETELEK
[#YA!
1T%2?@@C!>  AU>
A>%"T%
!?9999!  &!
1# 'JJJ2
SZEMÉLYISÉGEK
.- "%$ &"A
U>SY%1!2N&
"#"#YA!
T&*,# &
&T& 
'
4
)(
"&0
1!:

5#/" 
"
8%>S#!!
 ! &>S  
&% :$$ %
N! '
42&! ;
, K&9 $ 
)#!3&C$
<W "!
A,1?@@@-499723,/
YAT%
HONLAPOK
 &
-
!&LLHHH!
!&LLHHH !
!&LLHHH!
ÜZLETEK, ÉTTERMEK
$
 -,%
[#&> 
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 1499@2
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!%0,!
- "/
1Y?@P73499?2
)+&!-+!+" 
T&!
,,1499P)49952.
&!#$
&, #1?@@@2
% #,
%0$
8%$ 
' 0$ 
IRODALOM
 +%%1499523)> 
<S1?@@@2'3:_%&8'T-A<%&<%
*%_U N(f
%_<1?@@42'$
& > 
$-S$3!&
!!;Népegészségügy?@@6
C71?2'6C
>(3.>NI (2005): Blood Pressure Levels Drop in Response to
Vegetarian Diet. Nutrition ReviewsD51?2'?-P
>&>1?@4P2'*-**8
>&>1?@452'[;8%8
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>&>1?@462'8)%T
>&>1?@472'!  &8T
>&R149952'3,!_&
>1?@@72'U0!_&
8
>1?@P@2'U!"^0TYE&.12
>1?@P@2' !"!O8
>3149992'<.a&'I .&R
AU>?P6C# 'JJ(((
>&U1?@4^2'!!12
>&U1?@6^2'.!> 
N!
>&U1?@4^2'!! > N!
>&U1?@4^2' !, > N!
>&U1?@^^2'!> N!
>#I'>W'EEET_ BKEE
N%U &N(f499P
<3_.33UB149942'_%&I%&&%'B
Journal of the American Dietetic Association?941P2'??67-??77
<>81?@P@2'[$$>!80_E -
!> 
I&149942'"&!Családorvosi fórum49945142'
5P-6?
IgB149942'<!_&
IE<E3FS1?@@@2'_'&S
<&N%. American Journal of Clinical NutritionC91 2'D553063
I&>.1?@@@2'(G%%&&
Nutrition Research?@1?42'?C6?-?C6P
Dwyer J.T. (1988): Health Aspects of Vegetarian Diets. American Journal of
Clinical Nutrition 48 (3): 712-738.
._1?@P42'88&
T&*1?@@C2'!'[%> >
!
T&*1?@@?2'>$.> >!
T&*1?@@62'U :g> 
T&*49992'8^'A&  
N&
T&*1?@@72',> 
T&*149992'& -!
! > 
TI8_8S88&R149952'I%
& %%&&Appetite6?1?2'5?-6?
T&S149942'3U[!A3
T&1?@@?2' &&8
_&+!.> 
US1?@@62'Vegetarianism. A History.S_T<
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I))1?@6^2'8
A.$> 
)81499?2'_'3S121499?2'AN%<R<_>&
R1$2
)S149952'!)#!NN..$> 
)*%AH1499?2# 'JJ(((
))A3&%1499?2# 'JJ(((
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I&-&%&Appetite
64152'4D7-4C4
)8SS#S149952'N(&' & 
European Journal of Social Psychology55172'D5@-D7C
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8*1?@P@2'!!!38*I%&
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NW149952'E$%Y "> 
N%*%N%149942'&N%Rapport?C1?2'?-?4
N3I38R&8I>RB1?@@C2'&0
+&-  %8Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent
Medicine?7?1P2'P55-P5P
6"7%+AAP'&Lelőhely) 8!
Y1?@PC2'!"!"> 8!
Y1?@PC2' %> !
Y1?@P72'>!!"!> 8!\_
A
Y1?@PP2'U$&,> _
Y1?@@?2'*$8U!%&> 
!
Y1?@P62'R!-!> 8!\
_A
Y121?@P72'S!> 8
Y149942'>&&-&-$*'A,6162'
C
Y1?@P52'„Fűbe-fába az orvosság!”: békés megyei népi orvoslás>&
>&
Oláh A. (1986): „Újhold, új király!” – a magyar népi orvoslás életrajza. Gondolat,
Budapest
YAW1?@P72'Reformkonyha8!> 
_A1?@@C2'8,^.- "8S!> 
Pomerleau J., McKee M., Lobstein T., Knai C. (2002): The burden of disease
attributable to nutrition in Europe. Public Health Nutrition 6 (5): 453-461.
RS1499?2'TR%')(fI<) 3fEYB
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RY149942' /! !
 '?ij &D142'46-54
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RY149952'Mérlegen a vegetáriánizmusY ">
R*WU149962' !) &D1?2'4C-5?
RSI_149992'Új életforma!> 
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American Journal of Clinical NutritionCP152'7943-79C3
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H&6P152'@D-?95
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 &< 49996@1D2'?6
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Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. WHO, Geneva
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Chapter
The clear negative impact on the environment and human health shows that the current food systems are not sustainable, and future generations may experience issues like food scarcity, malnutrition, etc., on a scale far larger than what is currently the case. Plant-based alternatives have been proposed as a solution to these issues as a consequence of several on-the-ground experiments and research studies, including life cycle evaluations, that have revealed the benefits of plant-based diets and the environmental harm that animal agriculture produces. It is now known that a vegan or plant-based diet, which was created to protect animal rights and welfare, has favourable health consequences, like a decreased risk of acquiring chronic illnesses like obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. The findings suggest that switching to a plant-based diet can increase environmental sustainability while simultaneously promoting better health outcomes. A few items, such as plant-based milk, cream, and meat are currently common place on the market but are only available to those from higher socioeconomic classes. In order to replace an existing trend or habit, something new must be offered; in this case, offering organoleptic and nutritious plant-based alternatives to people will encourage them to become vegans, not only for the sake of the environment but also for their health. This chapter focuses on the establishment of sustainable food systems and how they affect our health. Since everything has benefits and drawbacks as well as varying opinions among individuals, the difficulties of this change in diet are also highlighted.
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Feeding is a basic need for all individuals relevant for their health and well-being. The adoption of vegetarian diets is justified not only in health and well-being arguments, namely considering some harmful effects of omnivorous diets on health, but also in arguments related to the environment and life ideology. The main objectives of this narrative review work focus on three interconnected and very actual topics: (1) to focus on the potential of plant-based diets in the prevention of chronic diseases and human well-being; (2) to frame plant-based diets as diets with recognized involvement in social, economic and environmental sustainability; and (3) to highlight the main alternative food products to foods of animal origin and the challenges facing the food industry. From the consulted literature, 68 scientific articles were analyzed, allowing to conclude that adopting a plant-based diet has played an important role in the prevention of chronic disease, well-being, and environmental sustainability.
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Recent studies of vegetarian diets and their effects on morbidity and mortality are reviewed. Vegetarian diets are heterogeneous as are their effects on nutritional status, health, and longevity. Mortality rates are similar or lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians. Risks of dietary deficiency disease are increased on vegan but not on all vegetarian diets. Evidence for decreased risks for certain chronic degenerative diseases varies. Both vegetarian dietary and lifestyle practices are involved. Data are strong that vegetarians are at lesser risk for obesity, atonic constipation, lung cancer, and alcoholism. Evidence is good that risks for hypertension, coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, and gallstones are lower. Data are only fair to poor that risks of breast cancer, diverticular disease of the colon, colonic cancer, calcium kidney stones, osteoporosis, dental erosion, and dental caries are lower among vegetarians. Reduced risks for chronic degenerative diseases can also be achieved by manipulations of omnivorous diets and lifestyles.
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Registered Dietitians' (RD) knowledge and attitudes about the safety, adequacy and health benefits of vegetarian diets were estimated. A questionnaire was developed with demographic, knowledge, and attitude questions and was completed by 182 RDs from Washington, Nebraska and Vermont. The results showed that RDs in Vermont had significantly higher attitude scores regarding vegetarian diets than RDs in Nebraska (63% vs. 52% of questions answered correctly, respectively) and that RDs in Washington had significantly higher knowledge scores concerning vegetarian diets than RDs in Nebraska (73% vs. 67% of questions answered correctly, respectively). A significantly higher percentage of the RDs from Vermont, 52%, reported having followed some type of vegetarian diet compared to only 28% of the RDs from Washington or 12% of the RDs from Nebraska. Results also showed that RDs who had followed vegetarian diets at the time of the study or at some time in the past had significantly higher overall knowledge and attitude scores when compared with those RDs who had never followed vegetarian diets. There was a significant positive correlation between overall knowledge and overall attitude score for individual subjects. This suggests that increasing the knowledge base of RDs concerning vegetarian diets may lead them to consider meatless diets in a more positive light. In addition, average overall knowledge and attitude scores suggested that RDs are not up to date with current research in the field of vegetarian nutrition.
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Interest in vegetarian diets is growing due to health and animal welfare concerns. This study examined the experiences of individuals who adopted vegetarian diets as adolescents or adults. Nineteen self-identified adult vegetarians, recruited from a vegetarian group in one city using snowball sampling, participated in qualitative interviews. The majority of respondents were well-educated, middle-class adults of European-American backgrounds, although they varied in age and sex as well as type and duration of vegetarian diet. The constant comparative method was used for analysis of these qualitative data. A process model describing the adoption of vegetarian diets was developed. Two types of vegetarians, health and ethical, were identified based on respondents’ major reasons for adopting a vegetarian diet. Health vegetarians were motivated by a perceived threat of disease and the potential health benefits associated with vegetarian diets. Ethical vegetarians were motivated by moral considerations and viewed a vegetarian diet as a way to align dietary behaviors with beliefs and values about animal welfare. Adoption of a vegetarian diet was influenced by the receipt of information about the health and ethical impacts of vegetarian diets, physical aversions to animal-derived food, and life transitions. These findings can assist nutrition educators in developing strategies to work with clients adopting vegetarian diets and expand understanding of food choice behavior.
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This study compared vegetarian and non-vegetarian teenage English girls' attitudes towards meat. A convenience sample of 15 vegetarian (mean age 17.2 years) and 15 non-vegetarian (mean age 17.3 years) girls was recruited from a teenage health clinic. Attitudes towards meat were assessed in a single, tape-recorded, semi-structured interview. Eight themes of the cultural meaning of meat were identified; five were common to both groups: Animal (66% of vegetarians, 33% of non-vegetarians); Taste/Texture/Smell (66%, 60%); Flesh and Blood (86%, 26%); Colour (33%, 20%); Miscellaneous (60%, 46%). The theme Eating Well was unique to the non-vegetarian group (40%). The themes Life/Death and Health-related were unique to the vegetarian group (66 and 20%, respectively). The vegetarians generally abhorred killing animals for food, meat's sensory characteristics and ingesting blood. A meat-free diet was not particularly associated with health in either group. The non-vegetarians tended to characterize meat positively, both liking meat's sensory characteristics and associating meat with luxury and special occasions. We speculate on possible reasons for the current popularity of vegetarianism in teenage girls.
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We examine the notion of impostors within groups, defined in this paper as people who make public claims to an identity while disguising their failure to fulfil key criteria for group membership. In Experiment 1, vegetarians showed heightened levels of negative affect toward vegetarians who ate meat occasionally compared to an authentic vegetarian. In contrast, non-vegetarians saw the impostor to be marginally more likeable than the authentic vegetarian. In Experiments 2 and 3, participants evaluated only a vegetarian who ate meat. Evaluations of the target were influenced by group attachment, such that participants who identified strongly as vegetarians downgraded the target more strongly and experienced more negative affect than did moderate identifiers and non-vegetarians. Participants were also sensitive to the size of the gulf between the target's claims for identity and their behaviour. Thus, targets who made public claims to being a vegetarian but ate meat were evaluated more negatively than were people who kept their claims for identity private (Experiment 2). Similarly, targets who tried to keep their deviant behaviour secret were evaluated more negatively than were people who openly admitted their deviant behaviour (Experiment 3). The reasons why impostors might threaten the integrity of group identities are discussed. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
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To compare a population-based sample of vegetarian and nonvegetarian adolescents regarding food intake patterns, disordered eating, and a range of other non-food-related health-compromising and health-promoting behaviors. A cross-sectional school-based survey. Public schools within nonurban areas of Minnesota. Adolescents (n = 107) aged 12 to 20 years who reported on the Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey that they follow a vegetarian diet and a comparison group of nonvegetarian youth (n = 214) matched for sex, age, and ethnicity. The percentage of self-identified vegetarians in the study population was relatively low (0.6%); most of the vegetarians were female (81%). Food intake patterns, disordered eating (frequent dieting, binge eating, self-induced vomiting, and laxative use), health-compromising behaviors (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use and suicide attempts), and health-promoting behaviors (seat belt use, physical activity, and brushing teeth regularly). Vegetarian adolescents were twice as likely to consume fruits and vegetables (P < .001), one third as likely to consume sweets (P < .001), and one fourth as likely to eat salty snack foods (P < .001) more than once a day compared with nonvegetarians. Vegetarians were almost twice as likely to report frequent dieting (P < .001), 4 times as likely to report intentional vomiting (P < .001), and 8 times as likely to report laxative use (P < .001) than nonvegetarians. Overall, associations with other health-compromising and health-promoting behaviors were not apparent. A vegetarian diet may be beneficial because of increased fruit and vegetable consumption and decreased consumption of foods high in fat, salt, and sugar. However, adolescents following a vegetarian diet need to be screened for adequate food intake and potential disordered eating behaviors.
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This study was designed to investigate factors influencing the maintenance of a vegetarian diet. An interpretivist approach and qualitative research methods were used in the study design. Nineteen vegetarians from a metropolitan area in Western New York State were purposefully recruited using snowball sampling to participate in in-depth interviews. Respondents varied in age, gender and type and duration of vegetarian diet, although the sample was predominantly middle-aged, middle-class and female and had ties to community groups. Interview transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method of qualitative data analysis. The maintenance of vegetarian diets was supported by personal factors, social networks and environmental resources. Personal factors included: internal beliefs, skills and habits and physical feedback. Social networks included: organized vegetarian groups as well as animal rights, environmental, or health groups supporting vegetarianism and vegetarian friends. Environmental resources, such as the availability of new vegetarian foods in supermarkets and restaurants, facilitated maintenance of vegetarian diets. Respondents perceived that society viewed vegetarianism as increasingly "mainstream," although diet-centred family conflicts were still common. These findings can assist dietitians in developing strategies for working with vegetarian clients by providing better understanding of personal, social and environmental supports for vegetarians' dietary behaviours.