1. Frank Pierce, La poesía épica del Siglo de Oro (Madrid: Gredos, 1968) deals mainly with the serious epic poems. His catalogue of poems (pp. 329-62) is incomplete as far as the burlesque epic is concerned, and the pages devoted in the text to the burlesque material are scanty. The fábulas and romances burlescos have fared better. See José María de Cossío, Fábulas mitológicas en España (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1952), Chs. 19, 25, 26. This study is largely due to my participation in a seminar for college professors held at Duke University during the summer of 1976. Thanks are due to the National Endowment for the Humanities for making the seminar possible and to the members of the seminar for their helpful suggestions.
2. For some adequate and concise definitions, see John D. Jump, Burlesque (London: Methuen, 1972), pp. 1-2. Cf. Gilbert Highet, The Anatomy of Satire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972), pp. 103-7.
3. Perhaps one distinction could be made by adopting the term of comedia de disparates for the burlesque play, as Gerónimo Cáncer uses it in the closing words of his La muerte de Baldovinos (Teatro Antiguo Borrás, V. 13, No. 3). He points out that it is a «comedia de disparates,» but «su deseo no ha sido disparatado» (p. 23). However, the cultivators of the sub-genre invariably refer to their work as «comedia burlesca» under the title of the play, to indicate that their intention is burlesque.
4. Text references are to the edition by Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch, Comedias de Don Pedro Calderón de la Barca, BAE, XII, 489-506.
5. See Carlotte Stern, «Juan del Encina's Carnival Eclogues and the Spanish Drama of the Renaissance,» Renaissance Drama, 8, (1965), pp. 181-95. For Encina's other Carnival plays, see Rosalie Gimeno's edition of Juan del Encina, Obras dramáticas I (Cancionero de 1496) (Madrid: Editorial Istmo, 1975).
6. Comedias de Don Pedro Calderón de la Barca, BAE, VII, p. xvii.
7. Ibid., p. xviii. While it is true that one wouldn't readily attribute a play like C&P to Calderón, it is also true that the coarse humoristic vein of the teatro chico was not alien to him. As Calderón himself put it in his mojiganga La muerte, . . . es disparatar adredeTal vez gala del ingenio. (BAE, IV, p. 648)
8. BAE, XII, 473-88
9. Ibid., 627-56.
10. The term «methatheatre» was fiarst adopted for the Spanish comedia by Bruce W. Wardropper. It has created some controversy. For bibliographical references and the latest thoughts on the matter, see Frank P. Casa, «Some remarks on Professor O'Connor's article 'Is the Spanish Comedia a Metatheatre?,» Bulletin of the Comediantes, 28 (1976), 27-31. See also Stephen Lipmann, «'Metatheater' and the Criticism of the Comedia,» MLN, 91 (March, 1976), 231-46.
11. Julio Caro Baroja, in his excellent study El Carnaval (Madrid: Taurus, 1965) writes: «La 'carnalidad' implica . . . no sólo realizar actos opuestos al espíritu cristiano, sino también actos irracionales o, mejor, si se quiere, locos.» (p. 48)
12. G. B. Milner, «Homo Ridens: Toward a Semiotic Theory of Humour and Laughter,» Semiotica, 5 (1972), 1-30. See, esp. pp. 24-5. The two types of humor that Milner describes agree with Caro Baroja's appraisal of the Carnival: «El descoyuntamiento del orden físico iba unido al descomedimiento en el orden social» (p. 47).
13. For other examples, see p. 499, when Pastel and Tabaco decide to stay and fight the giant, while their masters flee; Pastel gives the mentís to his master (p. 502), but Céfalo ignores it.
14. Cf. Caro Baroja, pp. 118 ff., and Helen F. Grant, «The world upside-down» in Spanish Literature of the Golden Age, ed. R. O. Jones (London: Tamesis, 1973), pp. 113ff. A similar situation existed in England. See C. L. Barber, Shakespeare's Festive Comedy: A Study of Dramatic Form and Its Relation to Social Custom (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959). For an account of what went on in the court during Carnival, see J. E. Varey, «La...