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Le verlan ou le langage du miroir
... In addition, verlan speakers are different, depending on each french city. Méla (1991) expressed her observation that in general, verlan speakers are mostly males, since some girls see verlan as being too harsh and indecent. often, Lefkotwitz (1991) inferred that the best utterers of verlan is the worst students that fight against the school and social rules. ...
... That is where it all started, to get out from their neighbourhood, they want to try their luck by signing up their dwarf friend, Karim to a Dwarf Boxing Championship in Pattaya for its handsome reward. As for the sex of the speakers, 95% of the cast in the film are males since overall, more males speak verlan due to the reason that some girls think verlan is more suitable or boys because it is harsh (Méla, 1991). ...
This research is carried out to study the sociolinguistics aspect of verlan in the film pattaya, directed by franck gastambide in 2016. The study will also examine the lexical aspect of the verlan used in the film. The research will combine qualitative and the simple quantitative method of data analysis. The qualitative part will be on the analysis of the corpus of the dialog which contains verlan, while the quantitative part will be elaborated to observe the lexical group of which verlan is mostly spoken. The result from this study shows that there is a strong attachment between verlan and the people in the french suburbs and the main reason of its popular use is because the efforts of its speakers to assert a sense of belongingness in the french society. Apart from that, in linguistic point of view, bi-syllables verlan is by far the most common verlan found in this film. It is also found that, lexical-wise, the adjective group of verlan is the most frequently repeated throughout the film. It is hoped from this study that the research on sociolinguistics aspect of the verlan will be expanded, in order to understand the french street language and the french youth culture.
... Mots Palabras Words -6/2005 http://www.ledonline.it/mpw/ 13 6 The cryptic character of slang reminds of French verlan, which is a non-standard language formed mainly by syllabic inversion, hence the name verlan (< Fr. l'envers). As Méla (1991) states, verlan is predominantly spoken by college students, and related to specific semantic areas, such as drug (e.g. cigarette ¡ [garetsi] 'cigarette'), sex (e.g. ...
... partouze ¡ [tuzpar] 'bunch'), but also to ordinary terms, such as métro ¡ tromé ('underground'), poubelle ¡ bellepou ('dustbin'). Méla (1991), who suggests the main patterns for the formation of verlan, stresses its use both in clandestine activities, as a secret code, and in peer groups like students, as a marker of belonging and alliance. c gaining currency over Britain, it is used in the exactly opposite sense of 'to be a disaster'. ...
... commando > [ ]). Certains, comme par exemple Mela (1991), se résignent à enregistrer cet état de fait en proposant autant de règles qu'il y a de types d'interversion. A ma connaissance, la seule tentative sérieuse visant à rendre compte des divers cas de figure par un mode de cryptage unique est celle de N. Lefkowitz et S. Weinberger, qui supposent que la mise en verlan consiste en l'interversion des deux constituants du noeud branchant le plus élevé dans la structure prosodique du mot (cf. ...
... Certains auteurs citent quelques formes codées de quatre syllabes. Lefkowitz (1991: 89) Paul (1985) et chez Mela (1991). Mais l'une et l'autre émettent de fortes réserves sur l'authenticité de ce codage. ...
On considère généralement que le codage d'un mot en verlan consiste en l'interversion des constituants de ce mot. En fait, cette approche courante laisse inexpliquées un grand nombre de particularités qui accompagnent régulièrement ce que le sens commun analyse comme une simple interversion. On oppose ici à cette approche une approche prosodique dans laquelle la mise en verlan consiste en l'association de la mélodie du mot originel à un schème nouveau dont la constitution obéit à la fois à des contraintes de poids et à des contraintes structurelles.
... Italiano y polaco particularmente, lenguas de varios estudiantes Erasmus que hay en el grupo.6El verlan es una forma de argot en francés que consiste en invertir las sílabas de una palabra, "lengua espejo" llamada porMela (1991). Este argot es utilizado mayoritariamente por las generaciones más jóvenes. ...
Es artículo presenta una experiencia de aprendizaje de la lengua y cultura francesas utilizando las redes sociales en contexto universitario. Se destaca su potencial como herramienta educativa complementaria. Los resultados muestran que estas actividades mejoran la motivación, el compromiso y las competencias lingüísticas y culturales del estudiantado, concluyendo que las redes sociales pueden ser espacios auténticos de aprendizaje.
... Tout d'abord, une dissidence intralinguistique: celle des jeunes des périphéries urbaines (plus particulièrement de la région parisienne), la plupart nés dans des familles d'immigrés (d'origine maghrébine bien souvent), et qui sont en train de maltraiter avec virtuosité et systématicité les normes du français (phonétiques, grammaticales mais surtout lexématiques...), en particulier avec l'utilisation de procédés argotiques anciens ou plus récents: le verlan en premier lieu (Bachmann & Basier, 1984;Méla, 1991;Boyer, coord., 1997 ...
To begin with, we shall describe the french unilingual, also seen as a sociolinguistic ideology, in its varieties, especially since the french Revolution: an ideology based on few representations that are both inner and outer linguistic. Then, we shall observe the attitude of the unilingual in the collective epilinguistic field of experiment. One discourse in particular is being analyzed: it is the debate on the Internet about the signature by France of the european charter on regional or minor languages. As such it is a testimony of the permanency of a dominant linguistic market in which the unilingual goes on fighting any important sociolinguistic change upon the territory of the national language.
... En diachronie, on ne peut donc pas exclure une influence de l'écrit sur leur déviance par rapport à la règle générale de la LE. Certaines formes du verlan relevées par Méla (1991) (ex : le cul > le luc ou le con > le noc) présentent d'ailleurs la caractéristique d'intégrer la consonne finale, non prononcée, de la forme d'origine. Pour expliquer ces formes, on doit faire intervenir la forme graphique du mot d'origine. ...
La liaison et l’élision en français sont deux phénomènes phonologiques largement décrits en phonologie, et, plus largement, par les grammairiens, les sociolinguistes, les chercheurs en acquisition, etc. Ces phénomènes peuvent être traités simultanément puisque tous deux correspondent à une modification phonologique à la frontière entre deux mots en raison des propriétés des mots en question et de leur relation syntaxique. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons de présenter quelques cas particuliers de non liaison ou de non élision connus pour certains, et peu ou pas abordés dans la littérature, pour d’autres. Citons par exemple l’absence possible d’élision devant les lettres (ex : le L majuscule ) ou devant les chiffres (ex : un onze de France ), devant certaines couleurs (ex : le ’orange de ta veste ), devant des noms propres (ex : le Onfray d’aujourd’hui ), et devant des sigles ( le FMI ). La phonologie ne traite pas ces derniers cas. En faisant appel à des traitements sémantico-syntaxiques, nous proposons que la présence d’une position syntaxique vide entre les deux mots ( la [couleur] orange de ta veste ) bloque la réalisation de la liaison ou de l’élision. L’absence de la liaison ou de l’élision au lieu d’être vue comme une exception inexplicable à un phénomène attendu, ne serait que la manifestation en phonologie d’une barrière syntaxique séparant des éléments linéairement contigus. Cette hypothèse largement illustrée dans l’article permet de faire se rejoindre phonologie et syntaxe.
... Verlan wurde von Jugendlichen aus den banlieues erfunden(Basier und Bachmann 1984).,Beur' wird seit den 1980er Jahren von Nachfahren nordafrikanischer Einwanderer als Selbstbezeichnung gebraucht(Méla 1991(Méla , 1997. ...
In der raumbezogenen wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wurden in den vergangenen Jahren zahlreiche Ausdrücke zur Befassung mit den Hybridisierungstendenzen von Stadt und Land(schaft ) entwickelt: ‚Suburbium‘, ‚Urban Spawl‘, ‚Zwischenstadt‘ (Sieverts 1997), ‚Exopolis‘ (Soja 1995), ‚Stadtland‘ (Holzner 1996), ‚Stadtlandschaft ‘ (z. B. bei Hofmeister und Kühne 2016), ‚Stadtlandhybrid‘ (Kühne 2012; vgl. Kropp 2015; Hofmeister und Kühne 2016; Kühne 2016).
... En revanche, à aucun moment les consonnes ne sont isolées des voyelles : par exemple, pour laisse tomber se dira laisse béton, en référence à une chanson célèbre de Renaud. On dira aussi [ziva] pour vas-y !, [zikmy] pour musique ou encore [garɛtsi] pour cigarette (Méla 1991). C'est là l'exemple typique, s'il n'en fallait qu'un, pour illustrer la différence dans l'organisation lexicale entre les langues afro-asiatiques et les langues de type indo-européen. ...
Cet article présente des arguments empiriques et théoriques en faveur de la racine consonantique en amazighe. D’abord, nous montrons dans deux variétés de langages secrets que les locuteurs sont capables d’isoler dans les mots-source tachelhit des consonnes exclusivement radicales et les transforment ensuite par diverses opérations morphologiques incluant l’affixation, la gémination et la réduplication. Ensuite, nous examinons deux processus phonologiques productifs, à savoir la dissimilation de labialité des préfixes du réciproque et du nom d’agent et l’harmonie d’antériorité du préfixe causatif. Ces processus sont conditionnés par la nature des consonnes de la racine, à l’exclusion de tout autre matériel vocalique ou affixal.
... Verlan wurde von Jugendlichen aus den banlieues erfunden(Basier und Bachmann 1984).,Beur' wird seit den 1980er Jahren von Nachfahren nordafrikanischer Einwanderer als Selbstbezeichnung gebraucht(Méla 1991(Méla , 1997. ...
Die Zahl wissenschaftlicher Analysen zum Thema Los Angeles in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten ist groß. Schließlich gilt L.A. „als urbanes Zentrum wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Modernisierung auf der einen Seite und als chaotischer und grausamer Moloch, charakterisiert durch Armut, Kriminalität und Fragmentierung“ auf der anderen Seite. Dabei hat sich der ‚Stadtlandhybride‘ (Schwentker 2006, S. 15) von Los Angeles zu einem „Prototyp[en] und das [dem] Symbol einer automobilen Gesellschaft“ (Bratzel 1995, S. 11) entwickelt, kaum eine andere Agglomeration hat sich derart an die Logiken des automobilen Verkehrs angepasst. Die vielfach untersuchten Postmodernisierungsprozesse in der Agglomeration von Los Angeles entwickelten sich in Ko-Evolution mit der Ausprägung der spezifischen Verkehrsinfrastruktur, die auch Gegenstand unterschiedlicher Untersuchungen war. Das die Hauptlast des physischen Verkehrs tragende Freewaysystem erhält eine hohe symbolische Prägekraft.
... Verlan wurde von Jugendlichen aus den banlieues erfunden(Basier und Bachmann 1984).,Beur' wird seit den 1980er Jahren von Nachfahren nordafrikanischer Einwanderer als Selbstbezeichnung gebraucht(Méla 1991(Méla , 1997. ...
Das „landschaftliche Auge“ wird mehr und mehr irritiert. Was wir zu sehen glauben, sehen wir tatsächlich immer weniger. Was uns noch vor kurzer Zeit „Landschaft“ gewesen war, existiert schon mehr in unseren Vorstellungen als noch im physischen Raum. Die materiale Gestalt mitteleuropäischer Gegenden sieht anders aus: Kleinräumig strukturierte, durch Hügel, Wälder, Felder, Seen, kleinere Ansiedlungen menschlicher Behausungen heterogen gestaltete Landschaften werden durch- und gebrochen: Bergbaugebiete und Abraumhalden, Industrie- und Gewerbegebiete, Windanlagen und mit Photovoltaik-Anlagen gepflastertes „Grünland“ lassen die „freie“ Landschaft unfrei erscheinen.
... Verlan (from envers 'backwards'): bizarre_.,. zarbi 'strange' (Mela 1991(Mela , 1997Azra and Cheneau 1994). ...
The aim of the work is to obtain empirical material based on English-language borrowings for further description of the argotic vocabulary of modern French youth. The research has been carried out on the basis of the “Glossary of French Rap Verlan” by V. M. Debov. The author considers the structure of the argotographic publication, which presents dictionary entries provided with a sociolinguistic commentary and numerous examples of verlanized lexemes in a contextual environment, indicating the frequency of their use. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of an algorithm for selecting argotisms formed with the help of verlanization of English-language borrowings. The coding mechanisms of verlan-formation are described. The paper also deals with the assimilating variants of Anglicisms in the French language. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of an algorithm for selecting non-conventional lexemes incorporated in the works by rap artists. An analysis of the “Glossary of French Rap Verlan” by V. M. Debov in order to obtain verlanized argotisms based on English-language borrowings has not been previously carried out. The work is the first attempt to classify the convergent models of verlanized Anglicisms recorded in the publication and to describe the dominant semantic field with the examples of its constituent lexemes. As a result, the extracted lexical units are included in a specialized glossary that can serve as the basis for a comprehensive study of English-language borrowings in the speech of modern French youth.
Just like tomorrow (Kiffe kiffe demain), a novel written by the French author Faize Guene, was published in 2004. Shortly after its publication, the novel was translated into twenty foreign languages. The Croatian translation appeared in 2006. Kiffe kiffe demain describes a year in the life of a teenage girl of Moroccan origin, living in one of the suburbs in northern Paris. The novel is written mostly in slang. The aim of this paper is to analyse the lexical, grammatical and syntactic specifics of the language in which the novel was written, to determine the difficulties that the translator encountered in translating them, and to analyze the Croatian translation of the novel Kiffe kiffe demain. The analysis is based on close reading and comparative analysis of the original text and its translation, taking into account the linguistic, stylistic, textual, and cultural issues relevant to the translation. Comparative analysis of the original and the translation, apart from their philological, lexical, formal-stylistic, and poetic features, also encompasses the cultural aspect with reference to contemporary translation theories.
This article examines early attestations of verlan and related backward slangs in French in the nineteenth century. Its main contribution is the edition and analysis of the only known text, a letter, written with features of verlan before the twentieth century. This largely predates other attested forms of verlan . The principles underlying this early form of verlan are shown to be different from contemporary verlan , as is much other early evidence, though all forms have the syllable as their basic unit. The letter is evidence that backward slangs can originate in the education system as much as in the underworld of thieves.
The stigmatization of the North African immigration literature and the refusal of its literary and aesthetic character are attributable not only to its theme, too close to the autobiography and even to the documentary or to the sociological testimony, but also to the language of writing, so far from the true literary language. Tamed by the “intrangers” writers, the “langue grise” - language of the street, of the “toxi-cités” - becomes the object of the game of those who speak and transform it into a literary language. It will carry the imprints of two defining spaces whose writers and characters, respectively, claim - the suburbs, through the argot or slang, and the land of origins, through borrowings from Arabic. It is therefore an “identi-language” giving information on the area of production of a literature, on the crossing of standards of literary language, on its exceptional status in the French literary field. We base our study of this peripheral literary language on the novel Kiffer race of Habiba Mahany (2008).
The polysemiotic nature of subtitled films, whereby textual information (the subtitles) is combined with other audiovisual cues (the pictures and the soundtrack of the film) makes them very vulnerable as a form of translation, as well as a peculiar one: a consequence of the process of subtitling is that both the original (or source text) and the translation (target text) are presented simultaneously to viewers. The possibility of clashes between source and target texts is therefore very great, and incoherencies produced by the juxtaposition of visual referents from the source-language cultural sphere alongside textual referents originating from the target language are often commented upon by translation specialists. Whilst it is widely admitted that the use of cultural substitution – that is when a cultural reference in the source-text is replaced by another one in the target language – in subtitles should be resorted to with extreme caution, a coherent and consistent approach is also absolutely paramount in order to maintain viewers’ suspension of disbelief throughout the film. Looking at a corpus of films from the 1990s portraying predominantly African American characters, this paper analyses the ways in which the dialogues have been subtitled into French. While in most films subtitles display a tendency to neutralise the non-standard features of the original, some also reveal a great level of inventiveness and creativity: the juxtaposition in the subtitled films of features that are culturally-bound (whether to the source or to the target culture) produces a hybrid. Whilst the use of non-standard features from the target language in the subtitles can be justified by connotations they have in common with African American Vernacular English, the use of such features is not unproblematic and raises important issues.
Die französischen banlieues sind nicht nur als Raumkategorie oder ‚Landschaftsausschnitt‘ von Belang, sie unterlagen und unterliegen gravierenden Wandlungsprozessen, sie sind höchst vielfältig und werden mit unterschiedlichsten Deutungsmustern versehen. Mit den banlieues werden allerdings in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung häufig in erster Linie die ‚cités des H.L.M.‘, die Sozialwohnungskomplexe mit hoher Arbeitslosigkeit, hohem Ausländeranteil, Kriminalität und Ausschreitungen von Jugendlichen verknüpft, also ‚extreme Stadtlandschaften‘ mit spezifischen Zuschreibungen. Der Artikel beleuchtet nach einer Einordnung in die sozialkonstruktivistische Perspektive die Begriffsgeschichte von ‚banlieue/s‘, historische Entwicklungslinien und heutige Deutungsmuster. Der Artikel schließt mit einer Einordnung der banlieues als ‚Stadtlandhybride‘ und einem Vergleich zum deutschen Konzept der Zwischenstadt und der US-amerikanischen Suburbia als Kontrastfolien.
This paper aims at providing a linguistic overview of Rendók, an Arabic-based secret language developed by the urban youth of Northern and Central Sudan. Generally speaking, Rendók does not represent a coherent linguistic entity; it rather constitutes a large set of encrypting strategies that vary a great deal in accord to the sociolinguistic background of its speakers. Nonetheless, in the last twenty years a " standard " Rendók has gradually developed by resorting to metathesis and other formalized morphophonemic procedures. The present study is focused on this heretofore un-described countrywide variety of Rendók as spoken in Khartoum and in Kadugli (Southern Kordofan State). The first part of the paper deals with the socio-historical circumstances that led to the development and diffusion of Rendók in urban Sudan. A detailed morphophonemic description of enccrypting procedures follows. Besides and beyond, the morphological analysis delves into the relation between Rendók and Sudanese Arabic morphology with reference to both the formation of new lexemes and to the productive integration of borrowings. In the last part of the paper, the semantic aspects of Rendók (polysemy, homonymy, metaphors, metonymy) are analyzed. In this regard, it is noted that, in the most recent forms of Rendók, semantic abstraction surpasses morphological encoding as en encrypting strategy.
Messaoud Benyoucef's controversial play Le Nom du père and rap as a hybrid art form that has been (re)-appropriated by disenfranchised minorities from all corners of the planet. Exploited and ignored by those at the top of the social ladder, rappers express their anxiety concerning the present situation of inequality in contemporary consumer society. The rending melodies or portraits of human anguish created by rappers give testament to the fact that the interconnected processes of urbanization and globalization have not benefited everyone. In Le Nom du père, Benyoucef appears to suggest that the sometimes paradoxical artistic tool of rap could help the stigmatized Harkis to overcome their oppression and to integrate themselves into French and Algerian society.
Style vernaculaire de français majoritairement parlé par les jeunes au Cameroun, dans des situations de communication informelles, le camfranglais se caractérise par l’insertion de mots étrangers issus de l’anglais, du pidgin-english et, dans une moindre mesure, d’autres langues camerounaises, ainsi que de mots français ayant subi un changement morphologique et/ou sémantique. Si les usages oraux de ce code ont bien été décrits, sa forte présence sur Internet nous a incitée à en étudier les formes et les fonctions dans un corpus d’écrit ordinaire, constitué d’extraits de forums et de blogs. Nous analysons donc les caractéristiques lexicales, morphosyntaxiques et graphiques de ce code, ses fonctions pragmatiques en interaction, ainsi que les valeurs symboliques et les fonctions sociales qui lui sont associées dans les représentations des scripteurs.
Sociolinguistics and Discourse analysis: ways of speaking, ways of doing
This paper proposes to confront Discourse analysis with Sociolinguistics, two disciplines that appeared in the 1960s and whose theories frequently overlapped in when studying language activity. By examining the ways researchers operate, the authors bring to light both the factors that make them unique and the elements they share. They also show how the two disciplines are presently part of a common intellectual horizon, characterised, among others, by an interest for the medium, the computerized treatment of corpora, verbal interactions and interdisciplinarity.
Bernard Seux: Neighbourhood slang : What is its place in pupils' language at Chambon-Feugerolles Junior High School ?
In a Junior High School in the outskirts of St Etienne, teenagers use their neighbourhood vernacular with their peers. The majority of the teachers are unaware that this « slang parlance » is used. The lexis collected is mostly composed of a lexical base common to different « youth parlances » in France but also of their own relatively short-lived inventions. Moreover, one notes that words or expressions are borrowed and circulated in informal networks of urban developments and neighbourhoods. In their comments on their way of speaking and on the pleasure they have in playing with words, most of the speakers questioned seemed to show skills that their teachers often think they lack.
Henri Boyer: The status of the -os suffix French.
This article looks at the -os suffixation which has come into French via traditional slang with adjectives (« tranquillos » — cool, « nullos » — no good), but not only adjectives (« matos » — equipment). If word creation was very modest in the past, in the 1980's this instrument of lexical « recycling » was reactivated — perhaps because of its Hispanic origins and because influenced by current trends — before in its turn becoming a victim of a certain degree of erosion and considered old-fashioned by the young users of French.
Vivienne Méla : Verlan 2000.
Based on the analysis of a corpus collected over a ten year period, this article presents a small number of rules which will account for coding in « verlan » of monosyllabic and polysyllabic words as well as two syllabe words. The analysis shows the evolution in the application of the rules which has resulted in the complexification of the encoding process, the existence of stylistic variants and an alteration of the phonological and morphological structure of the coded words. An evolution can also be noted on the level of the basic vocabulary which, by incorporating words of origins other than French, has made verlan a true reflection of the marginalized multiracial youth culture, a form of argot which can still function as a secret language.
Sous des appellations qui ont evolue entre les annees 80 et la decennie 90 on peut observer l'irresistible promotion d'une certaine parlure sociogenerationnelle a teneur argotique, promotion a laquelle ont contribue non seulement la presse ecrite, mais egalement des specialistes de la langue francaise, sans nul doute en phase avec la surmediatisation de la “crise des banlieues”. Sur la base d'un nombre limite de marqueurs en voie de stereotypage, consideres ici comme variables de type neologique, on a voulu apprecier l'impact de la parlure en question sur une population jeune specifique : plusieurs groupes d'etudiant (e) s en premier cycle de lettres et sciences humaines, geographiquement diversifies, au travers de deux vagues d'enquetes (entre 1994 et 1998). Les resultats montrent l'importance non negligeable de la diffusion des variables en question dans la population visee par les enquetes, en tout premier lieu la verlanisation, reconnue semble-t-il comme l'embleme par excellence de ce “francais des jeunes”, largement d'origine peripherique.
Les jeux de langage, en tant que manifestations de la langue, peuvent constructivement participer à la réflexion linguistique. Ce sont non seulement des instruments de validation d'hypothèses émises sur la langue source, mais aussi des outils permettant de mettre à jour des phénomènes phonologiques non visibles en dehors des manipulations qu'ils occasionnent.
Ainsi, l'étude phonologique que nous avons menée sur le verlan nous a conduits à appuyer certaines hypothèses phonologiques sur le français, concernant en particulier la constituance syllabique, et à attirer l'attention sur d'autres aspects plus originaux.
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