No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Antioxidative Activities of Torreya nucifera Seed Extracts
Abstract
This study was investigated to analyze the contents of flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, and inhibitory activities of tyrosinase and antioxidation to measure physiological effect of reflux water extraction (WE), reflux ethanol extraction (EE) and hot water extract under high pressure (HWE) of Torreya nucifera seed. HWE yields the highest contents of flavonoid compounds (176.34 mg/g) and polyphenol compounds (112.95 mg/g). The tyrosinase inhibitory rates were 5.62~28.71% at 2.0 mg/mL and HWE showed the highest inhibition rate. The nitrite scavenging abilities of all extracts were over 90% at pH 1.2 and 3.0 at the concentration of 2.0 mg/mL. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities of HWE was the highest value of 33.58%. The electron donating abilities (EDA) were 66.46~89.72% and HWE was the highest when the extracts were tested at 0.1 mg/mL. The EDA of all extracts were decreased with an increment of the extracts concentrations. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory rate of HWE was the highest value of 89.29% at the concentration of 2.0 mg/mL and the WE and HWE were over 75% rate of xanthine oxidase inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL.
... T. nucifera is an evergreen tree that grows in Korea and Japan, and its seeds, leaves, and stems have long been used as edible products and herbal medicines in Korea. Some previous reports demonstrated the pharmacological activity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of T. nucifera [4, [19][20][21]. However, the effect of T. nucifera on Acanthamoeba has not been reported, although it has traditionally been used as anthelmintic for extermination of parasitic worms in Japan [22]. ...
As the number of contact lens users increases, contact lens induced corneal infection is becoming more common. Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a type of those which is caused by Acanthamoeba species, and may cause severe ocular inflammation and visual loss. We evaluated whether Torreya nucifera (T. nucifera) extract has an anti-amoebic effect and studied its mechanism of action on Acanthamoeba lugdunensis (A. lugdunensis). Cell viability was tested using the alamarBlue™ method, and the cell death mechanism was confirmed using the Tali® Apoptosis Kit. The SYTOX® Green assay was performed to check the plasma membrane permeability. The JC-1 dye was used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential. A CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Assay was used to measure the adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) level. Morphological changes in the mitochondria were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cystic changes and a decrease in cell viability after treatment with T. nucifera were observed. Both apoptotic and necrotic cells were found in the Tali® Apoptosis assay. There was no significant difference in plasma membrane permeability between the control and T. nucifera treated groups. The collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced ATP level in A. lugdunensis was confirmed in the groups treated with T. nucifera. Structural damage to the mitochondria was observed on TEM in the groups treated with T. nucifera. T. nucifera showed an anti-amoebic effect on A. lugdunensis, by inducing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, it could be a future therapeutic agent for AK.
... . 또한, 비자에 서 추출한 기름은 식용하며, 머릿기름이나 연료로도 사용되어 왔다 (Endo et al. 2006). 또, 비자나무 종 자, 잎, 줄기에서 추출한 성분들의 생리활성 효과 (Jeon et al. 2009), 정유의 피부 항염증 효과 (Yoon et al. 2009), dehydroabietinol의 고지혈증 및 동맥 경화 예방 및 치료제 가능성 (Im et al. 1980 2) Data are expressed as the mean ± SD of triplicate determinations. abcd Values with different superscripts within the same row indicate significant differences at p<0.05. ...
This study investigates antimicrobial effects of food-borne pathogens and the antioxidant activity of Torreya nucifera extract. The growth of food-borne pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans was inhibited by the extract. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was highest for Staphylococcus aureus among seven gram-positive bacteria and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa among six gram-negative bacteria. The extract exhibited slightly lower DPPH radical-scavenging activity, but its ABTS radical-scavenging activity was higher than that of {\alpha}-tocopherol. The results demonstrate the extract's antimicrobial effects on food-borne pathogens as well as potent antioxidant capacity and suggest that Torreya nucifera may be used as a natural antibacterial agent and an effective antioxidant in food.
... 노간주나무 열수 추 출물의 경우 1,000 μg/ml에서 49.4%, 노간주나무 에탄올 추출 물의 경우 1,000 μg/ml에서 80.0%로 노간주나무 에탄올 추출 물의 저해효과가 더 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 An 등[1]의 진달래꽃 추출물의 1,000 μg/ml에서 열수 추출물과 에탄올 추출물이 각각 24%, 48%의 효과가 나타났으며, Jeon 등[11]의 비자 추출물의 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 1,000 μ g/ml의 농도에서 21.32%(물 추출물), 3.38%(에탄올 추출물), 4.09%(열수 추출물)의 효과가 나타났으며, Choi 등[5]의 치자, 행인, 지실에서 36%, 33%, 15%의 저해효과를 나타낸다는 결 과와, 싸리 추출물이 1,000 μg/ml의 농도에서 6.17∼27.61%라 는 Lee 등[16] 과 당귀, 토사자, 숙지황 등이 40% 미만의 tyrosinase 저해율을 나타낸다는 결과와 비교하여 노간주나무 추출물의 tyrosinase 저해효과가 우수함을 확인할 수 있었다. ...
Human skin is constantly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, polluted air, and chemical products. UV rays, in particular, will affect the skin in a variety of ways, including causing wrinkles, fine lines, rough skin, and xeroderma, thereby resulting in skin aging. This study aimed to investigate the whitening effects of Juniperus rigida Sieb., which is a cedar tree that is found throughout the world. The whitening efficacy that was measured by tyrosinase inhibition revealed 49.4% efficacy in water extract and 80.0% efficacy in ethanol extract. Among the B16F10 black cells, the effect of the ethanol extract was higher than the effect of the water extract in the restrain creation of melanin pigment, tyrosinase, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2). Thus, the results of these studies demonstrated that the ethanol extract had greater efficacy than the water extract and Juniperus rigida Sieb. Ethanol extracts could be utilized as materials for functional cosmetics, such as whitening products.
... 약용식물의 질환 예방 및 치료효능에는 이들의 항산화력도 기인하는 것으로 최근 연구에 보고되어 있다 [4,5]. 산화적 스트 레스는 암, 아테롬성 동맥경화증, 당뇨병, 간경변 등과 같은 다양한 질환과 연관되어 있기 때문에 동서양을 막론하고 항산 화력을 지닌 약용식물은 질환치료제 및 건강증진제로 관심이 높아지고 있다 [19,25,28] (Fig. 3A-D). ...
This study was conducted to investigate traditional medicinal plants (TMP) 1 and 2, two different multi-herbal mixtures consisting of 24 herbs. Regarding the contents of flavonoid compounds, the ethanol extract (EE) of TMP2 yielded the highest content of flavonoid compounds (40.981 mg/g), followed by EE of TMP1 (28.23 mg/g), hot water extract of TMP2 (WE, 10.046 mg/g), and WE of TMP1 (6.59 mg/g). Antioxidant activities of EE and WE of TMP1 and TMP2 were measured based on DPPH radical scavenging activity. At 1 mg/ml, the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was shown in EE of TMP2 (96%), followed by EE of TMP1 (94%). Nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was reduced to 82, 77, 86, and 47% by addition of of EE and WE of TMP1 and TMP2, respectively. These results were not due to the cytotoxicity of the extracts. NO synthesis was increased by 2.3, 3.6, 3.0, and 1.8 fold by addition of of EE and WE of TMP1 and TMP2, respectively. These results show that medicinal plants play a significant role in antioxidative activity and activation of the immune system in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and different mixtures of the medicinal plants showed different effects.
... At pH 6.2, the activity was drastically decreased in all solvent extracts and the water and chloroform extracts were practically devoid of activity. Similar results were obtained by Jeon et al. (19) who found that the nitrite scavenging activity of water and ethanol extracts of Torreya nucifera were over 90% at pH 1.2 and 3.0, and were low at a pH of 6.0. Kwon and Park (20) also found that the nitrite scavenging abilities of water and ethanol extract of omija were the highest at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH. ...
This study was carried out to investigate the biological activities of star anise extracts obtained from four different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol and chloroform) by measuring total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitrite scavenging activity and antimicrobial activity. The methanol extract showed the highest extraction yield, followed by ethanol, water and chloroform. The properties of the extracting solvents significantly affected the total polyphenol content. Methanol extracts contained more total polyphenols than any other extracts. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in methanol extract. The hydroxyl radical and nitrite scavenging activity were highest in methanol and ethanol extracts. In antimicrobial activity, water extract showed stronger activities than methanol and ethanol extract against Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis, and no inhibitory effects on Gram negative bacteria were found in all extracts at the concentration used.
This study was aimed to investigate the contents of flavonoids and the biological activity of fermented beverage of medical plants, DeulBit (DB). 50 g of Cassia semen (Cassia tora L.), 50 g of Omija (Schisandra chinensis Baillon.), 50 g of Gugija (Lycium chinense Mill), 50g of Menthae herba, 75 g of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne, 25 g of Dioscorea batatas, 5 g of Lindera obtusiloba Blume, 150 g of Polygonatum odoratum, 25 g of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, 25 g of Acanthopanacis cortex, 100 g of green tea (Camellia sinensis), and 100 g of Laminaria japonica was fermented with sucrose (50.0{\sim}60.0^{\circ}Brix.) and 0.5% of deep sea water in 10 L of distilled water for six months at room temperature. Total flavonoids contents of DB was calculated to 3.4?0.5\;?g/g and antioxidative activity of DB was measured by using DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging and SOD-like activity of DB was 96% and 29% at 100% of DB, respectively. In addition, DB indicated about 88% and 66% of the xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities at 1% and 10% of DB, respectively and showed fibrinolytic activity. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was increased to 15 times by addition of DB. In addition, NO productions of the macrophages RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were reduced to 40.4% by addition of DB. These results suggested that DB is significant role for antioxidative and fibrinolytic activity, and have the strong xanthine oxidase and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities.
The purpose of this study was to research the whitening effects of the extract from Angelica gigas Nakai, which is one of the most widely used herbal medicines in Asia. For whitening effects, the tyrosinase inhibition effect of the A. gigas Nakai extract was shown to be greater than 70% at 1,000 concentration. The result of measuring the cell toxicity effect of the extract from A. gigas Nakai on melanoma cells showed 99% toxicity at 500 concentration. The microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), and tyrosinase mRNA expression inhibitory effect by reverse transcription-PCR of the extract from A. gigas Nakai were decreased by 85.7%, 123.9%, 68.8%, and 208%, respectively, at 50 concentration. All these findings could verify that extract from A. gigas Nakai could have an effect on whitening. Moreover, extract from A. gigas Nakai has great potential as a cosmetic ingredient.
In this study, the immuno-enhancing activity of seed extracts were studied on the macrophage cell lines. We examined the effect of nine seed extracts on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells and selected four highly-effective seed candidates (Fagopyrum esculentum, Taraxacum platycarpum, Impatiens balsamina, Helianthus annuus) for further immune-related studies. The effects of the four seed extracts on the production of immune-related cytokines in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line and proliferation of Molt-4 as a T cell line were investigated. The secretion of NO from the RAW 264.7 cells was increased up to 39 by adding the seed extracts (25 ) compared to the control. Also, the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) was also increased up to 32 times by adding the seed extracts (25 ). Secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was also increased and induced the proliferation of T cells compared to the control. In conclusion, these results suggest that four seed extracts provide beneficial immuno-enhancing effects for human health.
Antioxidant activities of water extracts of 20 medicinal plants (1 mg/mL) on peroxidation of linolic acid were evaluated by thiocyanate method, among which 11 showed strong antioxidant activity (> 70%). Higher hydroxy radical scavenging activity (> 60%) were shown in Corner officinalis, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, and Epimedium koreanum than the other plants. Epimedium koreanum than the other plants extract showed highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (42%). Total polyphenol contents ranged from . Direct correlation between the antioxidant activity and polyphenol content (r=0.8) was established through simple regression analysis. for selected four plant extracts, showing highest polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities, were significantly higher than positive control. Total antioxidant activity of vitamin c was significantly lower than those of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Epimedium koreanum, and Erythrina variegata. Superoxide radical scavenging activity of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus was similar to BHA. Results suggest water extracts of some medicinal plants could be potential candidates for natural antioxidants.
The aerobic oxidation of xanthine by rat liver supernatant was greatly stimulated by the addition of methylene blue or of
NAD+: the latter was reduced during the reaction. Storage of the supernatant at -20° brought about an enhancement of the xanthine
oxidation rate measured without addition of cofactors. A similar "activation" was caused by prior incubation at 37° of the
unfractionated liver homogenate, or of the supernatant separated after sonic disruption of the homogenate. The same effect
was obtained by treatment with solvents, or by prior incubation at 37° of the supernatant in the presence of proteolytic enzymes
or under anaerobic conditions. The presence of xanthine accelerated the effect of proteolytic enzymes and of anaerobiosis.
Only the changes caused by anaerobiosis could be reversed by incubating the supernatant in air before the assay.
The reaction rate was apparently unaffected by these treatments if activity of the enzyme was measured in the presence of
methylene blue or of NAD+. The latter, however, was not reduced during the oxidation of xanthine by "activated" supernatants stored at -20° if the
reaction was run in the presence of oxygen. If the reaction was in anaerobiosis, uric acid and a corresponding amount of NADH
were formed by fresh, supernatant, and by supernatants activated at -20° or by prior incubation in anaerobiosis, but not by
supernatant activated by trypsin.
The hypothesis is formulated that most of the xanthine oxidase of rat liver supernatant is a dehydrogenase (Type D), and may
be converted (activated) into an oxidase (Type O).
Effects of microwave and conventional cooking methods were studied on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of pepper, squash, green beans, peas, leek, broccoli and spinach. Total phenolics content of fresh vegetables ranged from 183.2 to 1344.7 mg/100 g (as gallic acid equivalent) on dry weight basis. Total antioxidant activity ranged from 12.2% to 78.2%. With the exception of spinach, cooking affected total phenolics content significantly (p < 0.05). The effect of various cooking methods on total phenolics was significant (p < 0.05) only for pepper, peas and broccoli. After cooking, total antioxidant activity increased or remained unchanged depending on the type of vegetable but not type of cooking.
We have tested tyrosinase inhibitory activity on the methanol extracts of 23 species marine algae and 23 species traditional medicinal plant. Among them, four medicinal plants, Ephedra sinica, Atractylodes japonica, Pinnelia ternata, and Citrus aurantium, showed strong inhibition potency over 90% at concentration of 0.33 mg/mL. Also, two marine algae. Enteromorpha compressa and Sargassum singgildianum showed mild inhibition potency over 50% at concentration of 0.33 mg/mL.
Fifty-four natural plants from Jeju Island, Korea were extractesd by 70% methanol. The extracts containing the highest total phenolic contents (TPC) (>250mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry sample) were obtained from Ostrya japonica, Geranium thunbergeii, Malus siebildii, Ardisia japaoneca, and Agrumonia pilosa. DPPH inhobotion activity was greatest in Tyrosinase inhibition anhibition activities of more than 85% were obtained from the extracs of Persicaria filiformis, Rhus javanica, Alnus furma, and Myrica rubra. On the other hand, the P. filiformis and M. rubra extracts each showed more than 90% XOD inhibition activity. The five natural plants with the highest biological activities were also extracted by pressurized liquid (PLE, 100% methanol, 13.6 MPa, 40°C). The DPPH and turosinase activities were almost the same in both the 70% methanol and PLE extracts. The DPPH and tyrosinase inhibition activites were almost the same in both the 70% methanol and PLE extracts. The IC 50 for tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities in PLE wrer 802 and 88 ppm in A. Japonica, and 959 and 66 pm in M. rubra, respectively.
The degradation of nitrite and the inhibition towards formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines by melanoidins, produced from the glucose-glycine system were investigated at various conditions. The degradation of nitrite was highest at pH 1.2 (29%), when the ratio of melanoidins to nitrite was 1: 3. The inhibition towards formation of nitrosamines by melanoidins had the same tendency as the degradation of nitrite, the inhibition also being highest at pH 1.2 (99%). In addition, melanoidins after nitrite treatment exhibited a little higher mutagenicity and much stronger desmutagenicity than those of the original melanoidins. The change of the structure of melanoidins after treating with nitrite was also investigated by HPLC and CP-MAS NMR.
Studies on the physico-chemical properties of acetone-solubles from Torreya nucifera seeds, the composition, and chemical structure of desmethylsterol from the lipids are summarized as follows; 1. The acetone-soluble lipids and moisture content of Torreya nucifera seeds amounted to 46.6% and 9.3%, respectively. 2. The unsaponifiable content, iodine value, and saponification value of the lipids were 0.3%, 122 and 189.3, respectively. 3. The desmethylsterols comprised three components, whose Rrts (1.5% OV-17 to -sitosterol) corresponded to 1.09 (trace), 1.16 (trace) and 1.33 (98%). 4. From IR, mass and NMR spectrometric features, the prominent desemethylsterol appears to be 24(?)-ethylcholesta-5-en-3-ol.
This study was conducted to examine the total phenol content, the electron donating ability, and the tyrosinase inhibition activity of pear cut branch extracts. Extracts were made by heated and distilled water, and 70% ethanol. Total phenol content of that extracted with heated and distilled water was 137 mgL-1, and that with ethanol was 1,900 mgL-1. Electron donating abilities of pear cut branch extracts with synthetic antioxidant at the concentration of 500 and 1,000 mgL-1 were 44.8% and 66.7%. However, those extracts by heated and distilled water, and ethanol at the concentration of 500 mgL-1 were 88.6% and 91.4%, and that at 1,000 mgL-1 were 91.7% and 97.7%. Tyrosinase inhibition activity of pear cut branch extracts treated with 1.0% (w/v) was 92.0%, compared with that epicatechin 9.0%, and kojic acid 89.4%.
This study investigated the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of nutmeg (water, ethanol extract and essential oil). The total phenol contents of water, ethanol extract and essential oil were 3.4%, 16.9%, and 3.2%, respectively. Hydrogen donating abilities of water, ethanol extract and essential oil at 1,000 ppm were 4.9%, 41.8% and 6.8%, respectively. The antioxidative activities in linoleic acid substrates were in the order of BHT > ethanol > extract > -tocopherol > essential oil > water extract. The antioxidative activities in linoleic acid emulsion substrates were in the order of BHT > water extract > essential oil > ethanol extract > -tocopherol. In antimicrobial activity, ethanol extract showed growth inhibition effect against Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enteritidis, and the essential oil showed growth inhibition effect against Micrococcus luteus. However, no antimicrobial activity of water extract was observed. The nitrite-scavenging abilities of water, ethanol extract and essential oil at 1,000 ppm were 4.5%, 28.8% and 98.8%, respectively, and the ACE inhibitory activities were 0.2%, 11.0% and 10.0%, respectively.
Elaeagnus multiflora, generally referred to as the cherry silverberry, is a plant. Elaeagnus multiflora fruit, leaves, and roots have been traditionally utilized in China as a treatment for cough, diarrhea, itch, and foul sores, and even cancer. More importantly, it is being investigated as a food that is capable of reducing the incidence of cancer, and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers. Considering the dearth of information regarding the medicinal properties of Elaeagnus multiflora, we assessed the antioxidative and cytotoxic effects of Elaeagnus multiflora by examining its scavenging effects on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, its inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation, and its inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation in HeLa cells, MCF-7 cells, and SNU-638 cells via MTT assay. Ethanol extracts of Elaeagnus multiflora flesh and seed inhibited DPPH radical production(, ) and lipid peroxidation (, , respectively). The Elaeagnus multiflora seed is believed to exert a possible antioxidative effects against the DPPH radical. The ethanol extracts of Elaeagnus multiflora flesh and seed exerted the cytotoxic effects on Hela cells (, ), MCF-7 cells(, ), and SNU-638 cells(, ) used in this study. This result suggests that Elaeagnus multiflora seeds in contrast to its flesh, is believed to exert a possible anticancer effect. Elaeagnus multiflora seeds are considered to be a the candidate for preventative and dietetic treatment as an anticancer functional food.
This study was carried out to determine the functional works and basic ingredients of Sagoonja-Tang on white pan bread. The -experimental groups consisted of 6% mixtures of five(Ed- confirm the number) kinds powders, : B1 for Sagoonja-Tang powder, B2 for Panax ginseng, B3 for Poria cocos, Koidz, B4 for Atractylodes macrocephala, and B5 for Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. The volume of white pan bread somewhat decreased after adding the ingredients, and the volume differences in order from highest to lowest, were white pan bread control>B2>B3>B4>B1>B5. For white pan bread, pH of control, B3, and B5 decreased on the 2nd day during storage, but increased on the 4th and 7th days. In the texture analyses of white pan bread, B4 and B5 showed a higher degree of hardness than that of control, while B2, and B3 were the lowest. In sensory test, the overall acceptability of regular white pan bread in order from highest to lowest was control>B3>B2>B1 B5>B4.
This study was performed to evaluate the Quality characteristics of the beverage with Gastrodia elate Blume extract. In the sensory evaluation of Gastrodia elata Blume beverage, score of color, flavor, taste, and overall acceptability were the best for a mixing ratio of extract 50%, oligosaccharide 10%, citric acid 0.02%, apple juice 7%, and distilled water 32.98%. Brix and pH of Gastrodia elate Blume beverage were 16.97 and 4.27 Free sugars of Gastrodia elata Blume beverage were composed glucose (3417.72 mg/100g), fructose (2215.68 mg/100g), and sucrose (1615.68 mg/100g). Organic acids of Gastrodia elata Blume beverage were composed malic (472.60 mg/100g), citric (290.27 mg/100g), succinic (276.63 mg/100g), and fumaric acids (1.73 mg/100g).
The seeds of Torreya nucifera, which were shown to contain high level of oil, were characterized to evaluate their possible utilization as oil source. Oil was extracted by compression from the seeds and its physico-chemical properties and, total fatty acid composition were determined. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Proximate components of the seeds were shown to be: moisture, 12.3% ; crude protein, 9.46%; crude fat, 54.29 %; fiber, 5.28 %; ash, 2.13%. 2. Physico-chemical characteristics of the seed oil were determined as follows: specific gravity 0.92, refractive index 1.470, iodine value 127, saponification value 182.2, acid value 9.5, ester value 172.7. 3. The major fatty acids of the total lipids were linoleic (46.77%), oleic (31.68%) and palmitic acid (6.92%).
Three coniferous essential oils were extracted from Abies koreana, Cryptomeria japonica, and Torreya nucifera by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of each oil was analyzed by GCMS, and their antimicrobial activities were tested against two bacteria and one yeast strains. Fortyseven compounds were identified from A. koreana oil, 39 from C. japonica, and 59 from T. nucifera. Main components of the essential oils were limonene (23.5%), bornyl acetate (17.9%), (11.1%), and camphene (10.2%) in A. koreana, kaurene (26.3%), (19.0%), elemol (6.9%), and sabinene (5.1%) in C. japonica, limonene (13.5%), (10.5%), (10.2%), and (7.7%) in T. nucifera. Among the three coniferous trees tested, the essential oils of A. koreana exhibited higher and broader antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms than those of C. japonica and T. nucifera.
Extracts of 40 species of Chinese medicinal herb from 32 different botanical families were screened for contact, fumigant and feeding-deterrent activities against the two stored-grain insects Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum. Thirty Chinese medicinal herbs exhibited insecticidal or feeding-deterrent activities against the two species of insects. Extracts of Artemisia argyi, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Evodia rutaecarpa, Litsea cubeba, Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis, Polygonum aviculare, Rhododendron molle, Sophora flavescens, Stemona sessilifolia, Tripterygium wilfordii, and Torreya grandis were most active.
METHODS for measuring antioxidants and appraising antioxidant activity appear to be of two general types. If the chemical nature of the antioxidant is known, one may strive for a test specific for the compound or group of interest; for example, the nitroprusside test for sulphydryl groups. Alternatively one may observe the inhibition of some natural oxidative process such as the β-oxidation of fats, as a function of the added antioxidant.
Thirty-one wine samples differing in their origin of production and vintages were analyzed for total phenolic content, total and free sulfur dioxide contents, and superoxide radical scavenging potentials. The polyphenol content of red wine ranged from 735.9 to 2858 ppm, and that of white wine was in the range 259.4−720.5 ppm. Total sufur dioxide content ranged from 21.9 to 270.7 ppm, and had no correlation to the color of the wine. Superoxide radical scavenging activity values ranged from 39.3 to 215.9 units/mL for the white wine, and those of red varieties were 5−10 times higher. No correlation was observed between the free and total sulfur dioxide contents in the different wine samples tested and their superoxide radical scavenging activity values. A direct correlation between the color of the wine (r = 0.7517), its phenolic content (r = 0.9908), and the ability of the wine constituents to scavenge superoxide radical was, however, established by a simple regression analysis. Keywords: Wine; phenolics; radical scavenger; varietal difference
Phenols are known to modify the nitrosation of amines, as catalysts or inhibitors, depending on their structure, reaction conditions, pH, and nitrite concentration. In the present work, the roles of catechol (CA), 4-hydroxychavicol (HC), eugenol (EU), and methyleugenol (MEU) on the nitrosation of model amines, viz. pyrrolidine (PYR), piperidine (PIP), and morpholine (MOR), were studied. The modifying effects of these phenolics were compared to that of ascorbic acid (AA). It was observed that HC and CA were excellent inhibitors of the nitrosation reaction while EU was less effective. MEU was a poor inhibitor.
Influence of the osmosis time on the stability of processed cherries (“Vittoria”, “Durone Nero I” and “Starking” cultivars) was studied.
The cherries were osmo-dehydrated for two, four, six hours, vacuum packed, pasteurized and then analyzed for ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose and maltose content by HPLC, for pH, total titrimetric acidity, dry matter, color and for organoleptic characteristics, during the process and up to six months of storage.
The dehydration of the fruit and the exchange with the osmotic syrup took place chiefly during the first two hours of the process. No substantial differences were noted though, in the cherries, processed at different time, both for chemical and organoleptic characteristics. Color data showed the importance of the variety in order to obtain good products. Thus it was concluded that a two hours’osmodehydration process is suitable to achieve very acceptable products.
Osmotic dehydration kinetics of carrot cubes in sodium chloride solution having concentrations 5%, 10% and 15% (w/v), solution temperature 35, 45 and 55 °C, sample to solution ratio (STSR) 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6 were studied up to 240 min duration. During the experimentation, effect of solution temperature and process duration was significant and that of solution concentration and STSR were non-significant on water loss. Among the different models applied (Penetration model, Magee Model, and Azuara model), Azuara model best fitted to the experimental data for water loss and solute gain during osmotic dehydration. Effective diffusivities of water and solute were calculated by using the analytical solution of Fick’s unsteady state law of diffusion by iterative technique with a computer program. For the above conditions, the effective diffusivity of water was found to be in the range between 2.6323 × 10−9 and 6.2397 × 10−9 m2/s and that of solute between 3.1522 × 10−9 and 4.6400 × 10−9 m2/s.
The effects of processing line location, holding temperature prior to retorting (82.7, 87.8, and 93.3°C) and retort temperature (118.3, 121.1, and 123.9°C) on chemical composition and color of strained carrots was evaluated. Hunter L, chroma and hue values, and glucose and fructose levels decreased as strained carrots were transferred from batch to holding tanks. Strained carrots held in batch tanks at 93.3°C had less total soluble phenolics, glucose and fructose than those held at 87.8°C and 82.2°C. Carrots retorted at 123.9°C had lower Hunter L and chroma values, and greater levels of total soluble phenolics than those retorted at 118.3 and 121.1°C.
Encapsulation with various dextrose equivalent (DE) hydrolyzed starches affected stability of α- and β-carotene in spray-dried carrot powders. Degradation of α- and β-carotene during storage of the powders at temperatures ranging from 37 to 65°C followed first-order kinetics and both degraded at the same rate. Hydrolyzed starch of 36.5DE was superior to 4, 15, and 25DE in improving retention of the carotenes. Carotenes encapsulated with 36.5DE hydrolyzed starch had a predicted half-life of 450 days at 21°C compared to 2 days for carrot juice spray dried alone. Increasing the proportion of carrier decreased the carotene degradation rate and similarly decreased surface carotene. Air was critical in carotene stability, but exposure of encapsulated carrot powders to light did not accelerate degradation.
Propolis is extensively used in Argentine folk medicine. Alcoholic extracts of propolis from different regions of Argentina were prepared. The extracts were analysed for the determination of total flavonoid content (from 13.3 to 42.6 mg/g of propolis) by using the aluminum nitrate method, UV spectrophotometry and thin layer chromatography. All of them contained high total flavonoid content. It was also observed that all samples of ethanolic extracts of propolis showed free radical-scavenging activity in terms of scavenging of the radical DPPH but the highest activities were found for samples from Tucumán and Santiago del Estero. In all cases with 20 μg/ml of soluble principles, the percentage of DPPH degradation was different (Banda Oeste: 67.5%; Verónica: 45%; Forres: 35%; Saenz Peña: 20% and Juan José Castelli: 55%). These results may justify their use as a source of natural antioxidants.
The effect of heat treatment on the changes in the overall antioxidant activity and polyphenolic compounds of Shiitake extract was investigated. Raw Shiitake was heated at 100 and 121 °C for 15 or 30 min using an autoclave. After heat treatment, the free and bound polyphenolics and flavonoids in the mushroom extracts were analyzed. 2,2-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities were measured to evaluate antioxidant activity of the extracts. The polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities in the extracts increased as heating temperature and time increased. For example, the free polyphenolic content in the extract heated at 121 °C for 30 min was increased by 1.9-fold compared to that in the extract from the raw sample. The ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were increased by 2.0-fold and 2.2-fold compared to the raw sample, respectively. There was a good correlation between total polyphenolic contents and AEAC (p < 0.001). Results showed that heat treatment significantly enhanced the overall antioxidant activities of Shiitake mushroom.
Amidophosphoribosy Ltransferase (EC 2.4.2.14PhosphoribosylpyrophosphateGlutaminePurine RibonucleotidesEnzyme Abnormalities and Purine Overproduction in ManReferencesDiscussionReferences
Butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene are used extensively as food antioxidants. It is estimated that man
consumes ca. 0.1 mg/kg body wt daily of these antioxidants. At levels 500 times this level (50 mg/kg/day), both butylated
hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene appear to be free of any obviously injurious effects. However, at larger doses
(500 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene result in certain pathological, enzyme, and lipid
alterations in both rodents and monkeys, and butylated hydroxytoluene, in some cases, has been reported to have certain teratogenic
and carcinogenic effects upon rodents. These alterations appear to differ markedly between rodents and monkeys, apparently
as a result of differences which exist in the metabolism and excretion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene
by these two species. However, in both animal species, the alterations appear to be physiological responses which are reversible
upon removal of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from the diet. Long term chronic ingestion of butylated
hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene may be beneficial in sparing vitamin E and in modifying the acute toxicity of
a number of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals.
Oxygen-derived free radicals (superoxide and hydroxyl) and related species (hydrogen peroxide and hypohalous acids) have well-defined roles in the inflammatory process. Their actions include the killing of microorganisms as well as participation in cell-to-cell communication among phagocytes via the activation of a superoxide-dependent chemoattractant. The active oxygen species also have roles in postischemic injury brought about by the conversion during ischemia of the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.204) to the radical-producing xanthine oxidase (EC 1.1.3.22). Although the enzymes responsible for producing superoxide in inflammation and ischemia are quite distinct, and are triggered by very different events, there are points of interplay in the two mechanisms whereby an ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury would lead to inflammation, and conversely whereby inflammation could lead to impairment of the circulation and hence to ischemic injury.
Aroxyl radicals of fifteen structurally distinct flavonoids were generated by attack of azide radicals (N3.) on the parent compounds dissolved in aqueous solution at pH 11.5. Generation rate constants were all found to be very high (2.4-8.8 x 10(9) dm3mol-1 s-1), whereas the decay rates differed considerably, ranging from 10(5) to 10(8) dm3mol-1 s-1. In most cases the spectral characteristics of the transient aroxyl radicals relate to structural features of the parent compounds and according to spectral similarities they can be classed in three distinct groups (with only two exceptions). Although the data do not conclusively prove that the biological function of flavonoids might be the scavenging of radicals, the very high rate constants of formation and the relative stability of some of the aroxyl radicals, are in support of such a hypothesis.
Caffeic acid and ferulic acid, which are naturally occurring phenols present in a wide variety of plants, were examined for
their ability to react with nitrite in vitro and to inhibit nitrosamine formation in vivo. Their activities were compared with other phenols (butylated hydroxyanisole and Trolox) and with a non-phenolic polyhydroxylated
compound, glycerol guaiacolate. In simulated gastric fluid, caffeic acid and ferulic add reacted rapidly and completely with
an equimolar quantity of sodium nitrite. In rats receiving aminopyrine and nitrite, caffeic acid and ferulic acid blocked
the elevation of serum N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) levels and the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels associated
with hepatotoxicity. Neither phenol had any effect on serum levels of NDMA in rats treated with NDMA. In both the in vitro (reaction with nitrite) and in vivo (inhibition of hepatotoxicity) systems, caffeic acid was more effective than ferulic acid. Butylated hydroxyanisole and Trolox
were partially effective, and glycerol guaiacolate was inactive. The results of this study suggest that dietary caffeic add
and ferulic add may play a role in the body's defense against carcinogenesis by inhibiting the formation of N-nitroso compounds.
This review briefly discusses how free radicals are formed and the possible participation of free radicals in disease. The review describes the basic radical reactions and the types of products that are formed from the free-radical reactions of cellular constituents. In many cases, in vivo free-radical oxidation can be detected by measuring products that were derived from radical reactions. Since aerobic organisms generate oxygen-containing free radicals during oxygen metabolism, they carry chemicals and enzymes that reduce the threat posed by these radicals. The more common sources of in vivo free radicals are described in the article as well as the methods used by cells to protect themselves from free-radical damage. Generation of free radicals in vivo also may be the result of exposure to certain chemical agents present in the environment. Many of these agents cause pathologic changes to the exposed tissues and organs by initiating free-radical reactions.
The properties of 22 synthetic peptides containing histidine, which were designed on the basis of the antioxidative peptide (Leu-Leu-Pro-His-His) derived from proteolytic digests of a soybean protein, were examined with regard to their antioxidative activity against the peroxidation of linoleic acid and the scavenging effects on active oxygen and free radical species. The antioxidative activities of these peptides in an emulsion oxidation system using 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride as a radical initiator correlated well within an aqueous system. Although the histidine-containing peptides had a quenching activity on singlet oxygen, they did not show antioxidative activity in an 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)-induced oxidation system or scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and superoxide. The metal-ion chelating activities and the hydrophobicities of these peptides showed no direct correlation with their antioxidative activities. Leu-Leu-Pro-His-His was modified with a hydroxyl radical in an aqueous ethanol system during the peroxidation of linoleic acid.
Soybean samples were treated with gamma-radiation doses between 0.5 and 5 kGy for achieving insect disinfestation and microbial decontamination. Nutritional quality of soybeans with respect to antioxidant isoflavone content was tested in radiation-treated and untreated samples. Changes in major isoflavones such as genistein, diadzein, glycetein, and their glycosides were monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography. Interestingly, a decrease in content of glycosidic conjugates and an increase in aglycons were noted with increasing radiation dose. Antioxidant potential measured as percent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity showed an increasing trend with dose, indicating that radiation processing as a method of food preservation has a positive nutritional implication.
We investigated effects of Japanese torreya (Torreya nucifera) seed oil containing non-methylene-interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acid of all-cis-5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (sciadonic acid) on rat lipid metabolism.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the experimental diets based on AIN-93 containing 10% corn, soybean, or torreya oil for 4 wk. Blood and tissues were recovered from each rat, and concentrations of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and phospholipid in plasma and liver were determined by enzymatic assays. Moreover, fatty acid composition was analyzed for triacylglycerol, cholesterol ester, and phospholipid isolated from plasma and liver lipids by gas liquid chromatography.
Plasma triacylglycerol level in rats fed torreya oil was lower than that in rats fed corn or soybean oil, although there were no significant differences in plasma cholesterol and phospholipid levels in all rats. Liver triacylglycerol level was also lower in rats fed torreya oil, whereas liver cholesterol and phospholipid levers were same for all rats. omega-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 22:6 (omega-3) were lower in plasma and liver lipids of torreya and corn oil groups, whereas omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as 22:4 (omega-6) and 22:5 (omega-6) were higher. Considerable amounts of sciadonic acid were detected in cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid in plasma and liver of rats fed torreya oil.
These observations suggest that torreya seed oil can modify lipid metabolism, resulting in lower triacylglycerol levels in plasma and liver of rats.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the antioxidative and antiinflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of seeds of Torreya grandis (EST). Exposure of human dermal fibroblasts to the extract at 50 and 250 microg/ml showed significant protective effect against hydrogen peroxide (300 microM). EST not only protected cell survival from H(2)O(2)-induced toxicity, but also inhibited the H(2)O(2)-induced LDH release significantly. It was also found that EST at 100 and 1000 microg/ml showed scavenging activities of radicals and reactive oxygen species with 29.8% and 100.0% of inhibition against DPPH radical and 41.2% and 98.4% against superoxide radicals in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. Topically applied EST dose-dependently inhibited arachidonic acid (AA)- and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema in mice.
Inhibition by ALOE extracts of L-dopa oxidation by mushroom-tyrosinase was examined. 2''- O-Feruloylaloesin and aloesin at concentrations of 0.4 microM showed inhibition of 27 and 30%, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the concentration of L-dopa in the absence and presence of 2''- O-feruloylaloesin, 0.4 and 0.8 microM, showed that this compound inhibits mushroom-tyrosinase noncompetitively. The K (i) value obtained was 8.5 x 10 (-5) M. 2''- O-Feruloylaloesin and aloesin contents were analyzed by a reversed-phase HPLC, and their seasonal variations were observed.
Studies on the sterol components of Torreya nut of Korea
- B S Chung
- Y S Ko
Chung BS, Ko YS. 1978. Studies on the sterol components
of Torreya nut of Korea. Yakhak Hoeji 22: 87-90.
Biology of disease; free radicals and tissue injury
- Ba Freeman
- Jd Grapo
Korean folk medicine
- S J Lee
Lee SJ. 1966. Korean folk medicine. Seoul National Univ,
Seoul, Korea. p 6.