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Distribution and migration of houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis undulata ) in China: Distribution and migration of houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis undulata ) in China
Abstract
The distribution and migration of houbara bustard in China was studied by range in-vestigation and tracking through PTT satellite transmitter from 1997 to 2004. The houbara bustard occurs in the Junggar Basin, north part of Tacheng Basin and valley of Ulungur river in northern Xinjiang, southern part of Turpan Basin and Barkol in eastern Xinjiang. In Inner Mongolia, the hou-bara bustard occurs in Urathouqi, Alxahouqi and Ejinaqi. In Gansu province, the houbara bustard occurs in Wuwei, Minqin and Shandan. The whole range is not contiguous area. Houbara bastard started migration from Junggar Basin in northern Xinjiang, Turpan Basin and Barkol in eastern Xin-jiang, Wuwei in western Gansu Province and Bayan Nur in western Inner Mongolia in the middle of September. Flying to the west and northwest, via Junggar Basin and area between Bole and Habahe in northern Xinjiang, entered Kazakhstan, they turned toward southwest, passed Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, arrived in Arabia Bay of southern Iran or flied over Afghanistan, arrived in southern Pakistan for wintering. The whole migration usually took 35 ± 13 days covering a distance of 4 800-7 000 km. In the next year, houbara went back to the breeding grounds in China through the same routes at the beginning of March. However, it took the birds 64 ± 17 days to finish the spring migra-tion. They arrived in breeding site between middle of April and late May. The sub-adults arrived later and did not breed.
... Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) is a desert and semi-desert dwelling member of the Otididae, classified as vulnerable by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources) because of rapid change in its population owing largely to unsustainable hunting as well as habitat degradation in the recent decades (IUCN, 2012;Dawn, 2020;Latif, 2020). Its habitat distribution ranges from arid and semi-arid areas of Middle East to Central Asia, and few species of it migrates to Pakistan every year between November and December from Mongolia, Siberia and Central Asian republics for wintering (Gao et al., 2009). Several species of the bird become highly vulnerable due to factors like habitat degradation, habitat loss, fragmentation and unchecked hunting in the area (Tourenq et al., 2005;Gao et al, 2009;Latif, 2020). ...
... Its habitat distribution ranges from arid and semi-arid areas of Middle East to Central Asia, and few species of it migrates to Pakistan every year between November and December from Mongolia, Siberia and Central Asian republics for wintering (Gao et al., 2009). Several species of the bird become highly vulnerable due to factors like habitat degradation, habitat loss, fragmentation and unchecked hunting in the area (Tourenq et al., 2005;Gao et al, 2009;Latif, 2020). ...
In the present study, the habitat of Houbara Bustard was evaluated in Lal Suhanra National Park (LSNP) of Cholistan desert, Pakistan using remote sensing data of LANDSAT-5 and MODIS hyper-temporal vegetation index data of 2000-2012 period. Trend analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index was performed using seasonal Mann-Kendall test to understand the distribution and projected status of the habitat. Over 76% area of the LSNP comprising of sand dunes, sandy/open shrubs, sandy (barren) and open shrubs was identified as the most suitable habitat for Houbara. Majority of the LSNP area exhibited stable trend in land cover/vegetation activity, e.g. about 7% land cover indicated progressive and 4% regressive trend, while 89% land cover exhibited stability (significant at p<0.05) in the LSNP. The progressive trending was likely because of increase in rainfall, while the regressive trending was due to increase in sunlight. The <1% regressive trend observed in classes like sand dunes, sandy/open shrubs, sandy (barren) and open shrubs points toward sustainability of the habitat in the LSNP. The MODIS based VI and time series proved useful in inferring trends in the vegetation activity in this region. Seasonal changes in the habitat of Houbara need regular monitoring and an in-depth research in context of future changes in climate and land use. A participatory approach based on concerted efforts would be effective in conserving this precious bird and its habitat on long-term basis in the region in future.
... The Asian Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii (hereafter Houbara) is a globally threatened (IUCN status 'Vulnerable') bird inhabiting desert and semi-desert areas from the Nile River in Egypt to the Gobi desert in Mongolia (Gao et al. 2009. Listed on Annex I of CITES species Annex II of CMS (Convention on Migratory Species), the Houbara is declining in much of its range and many of its breeding populations are in danger of extinction . ...
... Listed on Annex I of CITES species Annex II of CMS (Convention on Migratory Species), the Houbara is declining in much of its range and many of its breeding populations are in danger of extinction . It is faced by threats such as hunting and trapping by falconers and human-induced habitat degradation in much of its range (Goriup 1997, Yang et al. 2003, Mansouri 2006, Gao et al. 2009). The main driver of population declines of the species is hunting throughout its wintering range (Tourenq et al. 2005, BirdLife International 2014. ...
We developed a habitat suitability model for wintering populations of the Asian Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis macqueenii in Iran and determined environmental variables affecting its occurrence. Our results indicate that various patches in central, western and eastern Iran provide the most suitable habitats for the Houbara. Annual precipitation, slope and distance to croplands were the most important variables for predicting Houbara occurrence. We also determined the effects future climate changes on the distribution of the Houbara in Iran. Results showed that suitable habitats for the wintering Houbara will increase in Iran, but will also considerably shift under future climatic conditions. The distribution maps that we present for the present and future climatic conditions can have important implications for the conservation and management of Houbara populations in Iran.
... Asian Houbara ranks among the most valuable game species in the Middle East. Currently, this species has been faced with the threat of extinction ) mainly because of habitat degradation resulted from anthropogenic expansion of land use activities, large-scale uncontrolled hunting in the migratory flyways, falconry hunting in Arabian countries and egg collecting during the breeding seasons (Gao et al. 2009, Allinson 2014, Burnside et al. 2015, Shafaeipour 2015. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has included Asian Houbara as 'Vulnerable' under Criterion A4acd. ...
Asian Houbara Chlamydotis macqueenii is a vulnerable flagship species specific to steppe, desert and semi-desert habitats of the Middle East and Central Asia. Iran provides a critical corridor in the middle of Asian Houbara’s migratory route and also hosts a relatively large proportion of wintering and breeding populations. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution and habitat suitability of both wintering and breeding populations of Asian Houbara in Iran and evaluate the effectiveness of the existing protected area network for long-term protection of the species. For this purpose, 644 occurrence points for wintering and 216 points for breeding birds were collected from 17 Iranian provinces during 2015 to 2017. We then used a consensus species distribution modelling (SDM) approach using 11 uncorrelated environmental variables to explore the distribution of Asian Houbara habitats. Results showed that climatic and topographic variations have the most significant influence on the regional-scale distribution of Asian Houbara. Of the suitable habitats recognised for the wintering and breeding populations, 40.6% and 29.6% respectively overlapped with the extent of the protected network. A high level of spatial niche similarity (78%) was observed between wintering and breeding populations. The central, eastern and south-central Iranian semi-arid regions and desert landscapes hosted the majority of both wintering and breeding houbara occurrences. Results of this study could be used for adopting direct management planning and raising the protection level of important no-hunting areas.
... Une récente révision taxonomique (Tobias et al. 2010) basée sur des divergences génétiques notamment au niveau du codage du cytochrome c (Broders et al. 2003;D'Aloia 2001;Pitra et al. 2002Pitra et al. , 2004, des différences comportementales notamment au niveau de la parade des mâles ) et morphologiques, et de distribution des populations (Cramp & Simmons 1980), a mené à la reconnaissance de deux espèces congénériques: l'outarde houbara asiatique et l'outarde houbara nord-africaine ( Figure 1). (Combreau et al. 2011;Gao et al. 2009;Goriup 1997;Judas et al. 2006 (Carrascal et al. 2006(Carrascal et al. , 2008. ...
Dans un contexte de sélection sexuelle, les systèmes de communication permettant l’attraction et la stimulation du partenaire sexuel et la compétition entre individus du même sexe sont indispensables. Ceci est particulièrement vrai chez les espèces à système d’appariement polygyne de type lek, où les mâles rassemblés dans l’espace sont en compétition pour l’accès aux femelles. Chez notre sujet d’étude, l’outarde houbara nord-africaine les males réalisent des parades incluant des démonstrations visuelles et des vocalisations appelées booms, sur des sites espacés les uns des autres par des distances importantes dans un système qualifié de lek explosé. Notre objectif était d’étudier les systèmes de codage-décodage des informations exprimées durant la parade des mâles chez cette espèce. Nous avons démontré l’existence d’un codage de l’identité individuelle porté par des paramètres visuels et des paramètres acoustiques des vocalisations. Des associations significatives entre des paramètres des booms et des caractéristiques physiques et comportementales des mâles susceptibles de refléter leur qualité, ont également été mises en évidence. Ainsi, les mâles qui produisent les booms les plus graves avaient les masses les plus importantes et paradaient le plus intensément. Lorsque des interactions agonistiques étaient simulées expérimentalement en diffusant des leurres acoustiques, les mâles avaient des réponses comportementales différentes en fonction de la fréquence des booms diffusés. Ainsi le niveau fréquentiel des booms des autres mâles est effectivement perçu et décodé par les individus en compétition. Par ailleurs, plusieurs paramètres des booms sont génétiquement déterminés et héritables, et pourraient porter une information sur l’apparentement entre individus.Certains paramètres sont également liés à la consanguinité des individus. Nous avons montré également que les booms sont particulièrement bien adaptés à la communication à grande distance. En effet, les booms sont de très basse fréquence, se propagent à des distances supérieures à 640 m, et les paramètres supportant le codage-décodage de l’information sont résistants à la propagation et produits de manière redondante. Enfin, les signaux acoustiques et des signaux visuels et semblent agir en synergie (multimodalité) ce qui pourraient améliorer l’efficacité de la communication à grande distance. Ainsi notre étude a démontré que des informations complexes sont transmises durant la parade des mâles au travers de signaux acoustiques et visuels au sein d’un réseau de communication à grande distance.
Although research activities on tracking the migration routes of birds are increasing all over the world, this kind of research is very limited in Iran. To promote this activity, this papers aims to review all available information on the migration routes of birds in Iran derived from radio-tracking techniques. To concentrate more on bird groups, we have focused on waterbirds and raptors, and exclude information on the Asian Houbara Bustard. Five species of waterbirds and seven species of raptors have been tracked entering or crossing Iran.
Abstract It has been suggested that birds migrate faster in spring than in autumn because of competition for arrival order at breeding grounds and environmental factors such as increased daylight. Investigating spring and autumn migration performances is important for understanding ecological and evolutionary constraints in the timing and speed of migration. We compiled measurements from tracking studies and found a consistent predominance of cases showing higher speeds and shorter durations during spring compared to autumn, in terms of flight speeds (airspeed, ground speed, daily travel speed), stopover duration, and total speed and duration of migration. Seasonal differences in flight speeds were generally smaller than those in stopover durations and total speed/duration of migration, indicating that rates of foraging and fuel deposition were more important than flight speed in accounting for differences in overall migration performance. Still, the seasonal differences in flight speeds provide important support for time selection in spring migration.
Following introductions in 1993 and 1994, a population of 35 houbara bustards was established in the Mahazat as-Sayd protected area, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. First breeding was recorded in spring 1995 following a period of heavy rainfall. Two clutches of one and two eggs, respectively, and one brood of three 2-week-old chicks were located. All eggs were infertile, possibly due to a low density of breeding males or inexperience of the females. One nest was abandoned and the single infertile egg in the other nest was exchanged with a fertile one. The breeding females were aged 25 months, 24 months, and 12 months (the fertile one) at egg-laying. The fertile nest was constructed on the border of the home range of the breeding male whereas other nests were constructed outside of the range of any potential breeding male. The adult male likely to be the father of one brood was never observed with ‘its’ family. Once the chicks were older than 30 days, satellite mature and immature males were occasionally observed with broods. Chicks flew at 38–42 days of age but stayed with the mother until at least 3·5 months of age.
The breeding habitat selection by houbara bustards in Mori, Xinjiang, China during the breeding seasons from April to June
1998–2000 was studied. Most of habitats chosen for breeding were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high bushy patches.
The nesting females clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The number of herb
species was significantly smaller at nest sites than at randomly selected sites. Only the distance to the closest fox den
contributed the most to discrimination between successful and predated nests. The average distance to the closest fox den
was significantly longer at successful nests than at depredated nests. Vegetative density, plant species richness, topography
and distance to the closest fox den are possibly the most important factors that determined the nest sites selection of houbara
bustard. The displaying males clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation
density and number of plant species at display sites was significantly lower than that at randomly selected sites. The average
distance to the closest bushy patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites. Plant species richness,
vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the bushy patches are possibly the most important factors for the display
sites selection of houbara bustard
Le déclin de l’Outarde Houbara sur l’ensemble de son aire de distribution nécessite la mise en place de programmes de sauvegarde de cette espèce. Ceci a rendu indispensable l’étude détaillée du comportement de cet oiseau, jusqu’alors pratiquement inconnu. Nous présentons ici un éthogramme des adultes de la sous-espèce macqueenii (C. undulata macqueenii). Quatre vingt comportements sont représentés et décrits. Ces comportements ont été regroupés en huit catégories : Comportements de repos, de confort, locomoteur, d’alimentation, sociaux, sexuels, d’incubation et de soins aux jeunes, ainsi que quelques comportements à finalité non évidente.
Une attention particulière est prêtée aux parades sexuelles des mâles, dont l’aspect et le déroulement semble indiquer une différence vis à vis de celles des mâles des deux autres sous-espèces (C. undulata undulata and C. undulata fuertaventurae).
We studied the migration patterns of nine Houbara Bustards (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii) from two breeding areas in the Republic of Kazakhstan by tracking via satellite during two consecutive seasons. All the birds from the Taukum desert (east Kazakhstan) migrated southwest towards the Kyzylkum desert and then south-southeast towards Iran, south Afghanistan, and north Baluchistan. All the birds from the Buzachi peninsula (west Kazakhstan) migrated south towards Turkmenistan and Iran and then west towards south Iraq. Houbara followed similar migration routes in 1995 and 1996. All birds bypassed natural obstacles such as seas and mountains. The total distance covered by Houbara during their outward migration ranged from 1,600 to 2,320 km. We observed important interindividual variation in migration timing, duration, and patterns. Migration duration ranged from 14-73 days. Travel rate between the breeding grounds and the wintering grounds was 24 to 151 km day-1, with up to 323 km covered in one day.
Display-site selection by houbara bustards was studied in Mori, Xinjiang, China during the breeding seasons from April to June 2000. Most of the habitats chosen for displaying were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high shrub patches. The displaying males clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant species at display sites were significantly lower from that at randomly selected sites. The average distance to the closest shrub patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites. Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the shrub patches are possibly the most important factors that determined the display-sites selection of houbara bustard.
Display-site selection by houbara bustards was studied in Mori, Xinjiang, China during the breeding seasons from April to June 2000. Most of the habitats chosen for displaying were short sub-shrubby and open areas close to high shrub patches. The displaying males clearly prefer low covered areas and avoid densely covered and high vegetation sites. The vegetation density and number of plant species at display sites were significantly lower from that at randomly selected sites. The average distance to the closest shrub patch was significantly shorter at display sites than at random sites. Plant species richness, vegetative density, vegetative cover and distance to the shrub patches are possibly the most important factors that determined the display-sites selection of houbara bustard.
Range sizes and movements of 29 houbara bustards (Chlamydotis[undulata]macqueenii) introduced in the fenced 2244 km2Mahazat as-Sayd Protected Area in south-central Saudi Arabia were studied in 1994 and 1995. Birds dispersed in all directions from a 4·0 km2release enclosure and cumulatively utilized an area of 3018 km2, mostly within the reserve. Home ranges of birds monitored for 8–24 months varied from 116 to 977 km2. All birds had distinct core areas of activity, ranging from 13 to 128 km2in size, within their home ranges. Differences in home range between individual birds were not related to sex. Estimates of home range size were positively correlated with the length of time that birds were monitored (i.e. free-ranging in the reserve). Sizes of seasonal home ranges varied substantially. Mean home range estimates for spring 1994 and spring 1995 were 123±103 km2and 242±166 km2, respectively; outside these periods, mean seasonal range estimates were ⩽50 km2. Movements of houbara increased following rainfall, apparently due to the effect of rain on the distribution of food. Average home range size decreased when food availability was reduced and patchy. Breeding birds and females with clutches utilized smaller areas during the spring and summer than non-breeders.
The Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata is prominent in avian conservation because of its high value as the traditional quarry of falconers in Arabia and western Asia; such hunting has often been blamed for severely reducing population levels especially in Arabia, Pakistan and Morocco. This paper reviews current knowledge of the world status of the Houbara Bustard in each of the 31 range states where it has occurred within the last 10 years. On the basis of the evidence available, the overall population is estimated to be between 49,000 and 62,000 birds, made up of 700–750 birds in the Canary Islands, around 10,000 in Africa, and the remainder in the Middle East and Asia (especially Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan). Numbers have apparently declined greatly during this century because of agricultural intensification and other land use changes, often exacerbated by hunting and trapping. Evaluation of the population status and trends against the current Red List criteria of IUCN indicate that the Canary Islands subspecies C. u. fuertaventurae is Vulnerable, while the subspecies C. u. undulata and C. u. macqueenii (as well as the whole species population) could probably also qualify for listing as Vulnerable but it is more appropriate to consider them “Near threatened” for the time being.
The ecology of the Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis [undulata] macqueenii is poorly known and populations are declining due to hunting and habitat loss. As wintering populations in Abu Dhabi may be limited by habitat and food, we studied the diet using calibrated faecal analysis. Prey were categorized into 16 groups and fed to captive birds under controlled conditions. We calculated the recovery rates of prey following digestion and identified consistent fragments for each group. Wild Houbara Bustard faeces were collected and examined for key fragments, and initial prey intake was calibrated. Plant remains were identified and their contribution was estimated. Fewer than 28% faeces contained >50% plant material by volume and only 12% contained 95% or more. Numerically, the most important prey were: ants (64%), large nocturnal tenebrionids (14.5%), small climbing tenebrionids (12%) and diurnal tenebrionids. However, the Tenebrionidae contributed 97% of the animal biomass. The relative proportions of prey in the diet were similar to relative abundance as assessed by pitfall trapping. Estimates of the energetic value of the prey suggested that on average Houbara Bustards must consume around 670 desert invertebrates/day to meet energy needs. The effort required to catch these prey may vary at least ten-fold seasonally. On average plants could provide a further 6.4–14% energy but more work is needed on this. Whether Houbara Bustards wintering in Abu Dhabi are prey-limited depends on prey densities and renewal rates which remain unknown.
The houbara Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii, is an endangered resident species in the semi-desert and desert parts of Israel. Despite legal protection, considerable increase in plant food and low predation pressure on adults, the population size in the Northwestern Negev seems to have been constant since the late 1970s, and disturbance to nesting is proposed as the main hazard to the population.Breeding success of the densest houbara population was studied: during 1982–1985 sixteen nests were found, and of the 45 eggs recorded, 33% were lost due to predation, and 12% were unfertilised or contained dead embryos. The probability of an egg hatching and the chick surviving to a few hours old was 0·34, and to near-adult-size 0·10. Assuming that females breed from the age of 24 months, a life time of 9 14 years would just suffice to support zero growth rate of the population.Movement of herds of small livestock in the nesting area is the cause of the low nesting success. Protection of the houbara incubation area as a sanctuary during the breeding season would enable the birds to improve breeding success.
In order to define the features that determine habitat suitability for the houbara (Chlamydotis undulata macqueenii), a study of habitat use was carried out in Baynunah, United Arab Emirates, during the winter of 1993/94. This study was made by following the houbara and their tracks. The results showed no difference between the tracks, the sidelines and the control lines with respect to the plant species, phenology, substrate and topography, but a higher density of shrubs and higher grass cover were recorded along the track. Furthermore, the behaviour of the birds varied depending on the combination of plant cover, substrate and topography.
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