No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
Differences in the Composition of Colostrum and Milk in Eutherians Reflect Differences in Immunoglobulin Transfer
Abstract
Colostrum is a special type of milk produced in eutherian mammals during the end of pregnancy and during the 1st few days after birth. It supplies passive immunity to the offspring. The composition of colostrum and mature milk is compared in this study. In species with prenatal passive immunization (humans, baboons, and rabbits), immunoglobulin transfer via colostrum is of little importance and the difference in relative protein concentration between colostrum and mature milk can be small. In ungulates, on the other hand, colostrum has to supply the offspring postnatally with passive immunity and colostrum is relatively rich in immunoglobulin. Large differences between relative protein concentration in colostrum and milk can be observed in ungulates. Compositions of colostrum and milk thus reflect differences in immunoglobulin transfer.
... The developmental strategy indirectly determines whether the offspring actively influences the suckling/nursing process or is exclusively dependent on maternal help. The type of placenta determines the degree of transplacental transport of molecules/ nutrients and thus the importance of colostrum for the newborn [102]. However, as we shall see, the developmental strategy and the type of placenta are closely linked in evolutionary terms. ...
... This is possible by consuming colostrum, the first product of the mammary glands, the composition of which differs considerably from mature milk in ungulates (the lower the prenatal immunoglobulin transfer, the greater the difference between colostrum and milk). In ungulates, colostrum contains significantly more proteins, including immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM), less carbohydrates (lactose), while the fat content is either similar (cattle, pig) or higher (sheep, goat) [102]. As in other mammals, colostrum is also a first source of energy, contributing to thermoregulation, that is homeothermy [3,106,107] and to the onset of intestinal development in newborns [107]. ...
... Colostrum provides an exclusive source of maternal immunoglobulins, which serves to establish initial (passive) immune protection for newborn ungulates [2,3,11,12,108]. Besides opossums, ungulates are the only known mammals with an exclusive postnatal mother-offspring immunoglobulin transfer [2], which means that large amounts of immunoglobulins must be available to the newborns postnatally [102] (in pigs, e.g. at least 200 g of colostrum in the first 24 h [109]). ...
In order to survive, ungulate young obtain their mother's colostrum and milk through a variety of suckling strategies. Here, these strategies and the factors that influence them are reviewed and interpreted primarily from the perspective of the young. Suckling strategies are determined by a variety of factors, some of which play a role even before birth. Neonatal suckling behaviour depends first on the type of placenta and the developmental stage of the young at birth. Ungulates have an epitheliochorial placenta in which transplacental transport of immunoglobulins is impeded. Therefore, they are born in a hypo-/agammaglobulinemic state hence, timely intake of sufficient colostrum is a life-or-death situation and an unsuccessful suckling strategy is likely to result in death. Precociality enables the newborn ungulate to actively participate in the suckling process immediately after birth, which is critically important. After the prenatally defined physiological needs are satisfied, young suckling strategy is influenced by other factors. Continuous milk production requires constant use and stimulation of the mammary gland. Brain lateralization has also been found to play a role in suckling behaviour. Finally, competition between siblings or peers in the social group also influences young suckling strategies. Sibling competition particularly affects polytocous ungulates and leads to suckling order, for example. Similarly, interactions within the social group create the conditions for the emergence of specific strategies, including allosuckling, strategy of suckling a non-filial mother. The young suckling strategies in ungulates basically represent an evolutionary intertwining of offspring selfishness and selection that maximises inclusive fitness.
*https://www.cabi.org/cabireviews/review/20220234087*
... Comparative models can also shed light on causality and mechanisms underlying lactational programming. Specific constituents of milk, including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, are common to the primary mammalian lineages (Langer 2009;Oftedal 2012). Genomic studies indicate that there are several conserved milk proteins and other elements of the lactome in monotreme, marsupial and eutherian mammals (Lefèvre, Sharp, and Nicholas 2010). ...
... In biology, the comparative method facilitates organization of information and recognition of unique and conserved patterns in nature (Martinez 2018). Milk composition varies significantly among mammalian species, and studies designed to compare milk composition are complicated by the fact that milk composition differentially changes throughout lactation (Langer 2009;Oftedal 2012;Park 2009;Park and Haenlein 2006;Sharp et al. 2017). Sharp and colleagues (2014) observed that efforts to define the functions of milk bioactives, and to identify functional components of milk that affect lactocrine programming of organ development, can benefit from the use of comparative mammalian models that display extreme adaptations to lactation. ...
... In contrast to the situation in eutherian mammals (including humans), the majority of development in marsupial young occurs postnatally and is supported exclusively by milk bioactives (Nicholas et al. 2019;Sharp et al. 2014;Sharp et al. 2017). Further, in contrast to eutherian milk, which remains relatively unchanged in composition throughout lactation (Langer 2009), milk composition in both marsupial and monotreme mammals changes systematically throughout lactation. This provides a natural model system for identification of unique and conserved roles of milk bioactives in lactocrine programming of organ development, including the central nervous system. ...
Human milk is a highly complex liquid food tailor-made to match an infant's needs. Beyond documented positive effects of breastfeeding on infant and maternal health, there is increasing evidence that milk constituents also impact child neurodevelopment. Non-nutrient milk bioactives would contribute to the (long-term) development of child cognition and behavior, a process termed 'Lactocrine Programming'. In this review we discuss the current state of the field on human milk composition and its links with child cognitive and behavioral development. To promote state-of-the-art methodologies and designs that facilitate data pooling and meta-analytic endeavors, we present detailed recommendations and best practices for future studies. Finally, we determine important scientific gaps that need to be filled to advance the field, and discuss innovative directions for future research. Unveiling the mechanisms underlying the links between human milk and child cognition and behavior will deepen our understanding of the broad functions of this complex liquid food, as well as provide necessary information for designing future interventions.
... Mammary secretions change dramatically from colostrum ('first milk') to mature, main-phase milk during the immediate post-partum period. Broadly, colostrum tends to be more protein-rich and lipid-poor than later milk, and is particularly rich in immunoglobulins and innate anti-microbial factors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The change to mature milk represents a switch to more energy-rich nutrition in which sugars and fats may predominate [1,2]. ...
... Broadly, colostrum tends to be more protein-rich and lipid-poor than later milk, and is particularly rich in immunoglobulins and innate anti-microbial factors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The change to mature milk represents a switch to more energy-rich nutrition in which sugars and fats may predominate [1,2]. ...
... doi: bioRxiv preprint dependence -and hence the duration of the colostrum phase of lactation -also varies among species. The difference is largely a function of the type of placenta involved, where, for instance, species with epitheliochorial placentae cannot transfer immunoglobulins from maternal to foetal circulations (as in ungulates), and in whom colostrum is thereby essential to survival of neonates [2]. At the other extreme are species with haemochorial placentae (e.g. ...
Among the large eutherian (placental) mammals, ursids (bears) give birth to the most altricial neonates with the lowest neonatal:maternal body mass ratios. This is particularly exemplified by giant pandas in whom the transition from colostrum to main-phase lactation is unusually prolonged. To examine whether there is compensation for the provision of developmentally important nutrients that other species groups may provide in utero, we examined colostrum and milk lipids from birth until the transition was complete. Lipids known to be developmental signals or their precursors, and those that are fundamental to nervous system construction, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and phosphatidylserines containing DHA, appear early and then fall dramatically in concentration to a baseline at about 20 days. This also applies to other signalling lipids such as lysophosphatidylserines. The dynamics of lysophosphatidic acid and eicosanoids display a similar pattern, albeit less clearly and with differences between mothers. Triglycerides occur at relatively low levels initially and then increase in concentration with time post-partum until a plateau is reached at about 30 days or later. These patterns indicate an early provision of signalling lipids and their precursors, and lipids crucial to brain, retinal and central nervous system construction, followed by a changeover to lipids for energy metabolism. Thus, in giant pandas, and possibly among ursids in general, lactation is adapted to provisioning a highly altricial neonate to a degree that approximates to an extension of gestation.
... Milk is the sole source of nutrition and passive immune protection for neonatal mammals. Milk changes dramatically in composition in the immediate postpartum period from colostrum to mature phase milk that, in eutherians ('placental mammals'), then changes little until weaning ( [1,2]). That initial transition may take about 48 hours (as in cattle, sheep, camel; [3,4]), or it can extend to 30-40 days (as in at least one species of bear; [5]). ...
... The composition of colostrum varies among species, particularly in the concentration of immunoglobulins (antibodies) that are a sample of those in circulation in the mother. The class of immunoglobulin that predominates in colostrum is a function of the type of placenta possessed by a given species ( [2]). ...
... Lactose is the principal energy component of the milk of many species of land mammal (e.g. cow, sheep, horse, dog, camel, human), but is either at very low levels or absent in marine mammals [2,18]. Lactose is found at very low levels in phocids, but is absent in the milks of otariids and odobenids [2,18]. ...
True seals have the shortest lactation periods of any group of placental mammal. Most are capital breeders that undergo short, intense lactations, during which they fast while transferring substantial proportions of their body reserves to their pups, which they then abruptly desert. Milk was collected from Atlantic grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ) periodically from birth until near desertion. Milk protein profiles matured within 24 hours or less, indicating the most rapid transition from colostrum to mature phase lactation yet observed. There was an unexpected persistence of immunoglobulin G almost until weaning, potentially indicating prolonged trans-intestinal transfer of IgG. Among components of innate immune protection were found fucosyllactose and siallylactose that are thought to impede colonisation by pathogens and encourage an appropriate gut microbiome. These oligosaccharides decreased from early lactation to almost undetectable levels by weaning. Taurine levels were initially high, then fell, possibly indicative of taurine dependency in seals, and progressive depletion of maternal reserves. Metabolites that could signal changes in the mother’s metabolism of fats, such as nicotinamide and derivatives, rose from virtual absence, and acetylcarnitines fell. It is therefore possible that indicators of maternal metabolic strain exist that signal the imminence of desertion.
... Ungulates produce colostrum that is rich in proteins, which contribute to the formation of enzymes and antibodies [14]. ...
... The commercial milk contained 15% fat, 3.76% protein, 0.7% ash, and 0.14% sugar, indicating that it was also low in fat colostrum of ungulates is rich in immunoglobulin, which serves as passive immunity to offspring [14]. In prenatal cetaceans, a previous study has suggested that only a small amount of immunoglobulin is transferred from the epitheliochorial placenta [14]. ...
... The commercial milk contained 15% fat, 3.76% protein, 0.7% ash, and 0.14% sugar, indicating that it was also low in fat colostrum of ungulates is rich in immunoglobulin, which serves as passive immunity to offspring [14]. In prenatal cetaceans, a previous study has suggested that only a small amount of immunoglobulin is transferred from the epitheliochorial placenta [14]. Although we were unable to analyze a detailed protein profile, the colostrum of the harbor porpoise was rich in protein. ...
The harbor porpoise is a marine mammal rarely seen in aquariums. The ecology of this species is not well known, and captive breeding is difficult without essential information such as milk composition, amount consumed and frequency nursed per day, and lactation period. At the Otaru Aquarium in Japan, several deliveries of harbor porpoise offspring have occurred, but the calves have not survived. In the present study, we analyzed the colostrum of a harbor porpoise and attempted to hand-rear a calf using artificial milk after the mother denied nursing. The crude fat and crude protein contents of the colostrum were relatively high compared to values for other odontocetes. The present information will be helpful for future efforts to hand-rear harbor porpoises.
... Colostrum is the first milk secreted by the mammary glands of mammals in the first 3-4 days after giving birth, before it gradually transforms into mature milk. Colostrum of ungulates, especially bovine colostrum (BC), has high homology with humans and, compared to other animal species, it is richer in biologically active molecules which are essential for specific functions [1][2][3]. BC plays an essential role in maintaining a good health status and promoting the growth of the newborn given that it is rich in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, it contains components that provide protection against pathogens (immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase), boost the maturation of the immune system (colostrinin, cytokines, lactoferrin, β-lactoglobuline, α-lactalbumin, and glycomacropeptide), and balance the intestinal microbiota (oligosaccharides, gangliosides and nucleosides). ...
... A suitable candidate as adjuvant or alternative therapy is the colostrum [4,7,23,25]. Colostrum supplies a large number of biologically active compounds in a highly concentrated low-volume to ensure the growth and the protection of the neonate as well as favors the development and the maturation of several tissues and organs including the immune system and the gastrointestinal tract [1,3,5]. As previously reported, BC is from 100-fold to 1000-fold more potent than human colostrum given that it contains higher concentrations of some specific bioactive substances [1,2]. ...
... Colostrum supplies a large number of biologically active compounds in a highly concentrated low-volume to ensure the growth and the protection of the neonate as well as favors the development and the maturation of several tissues and organs including the immune system and the gastrointestinal tract [1,3,5]. As previously reported, BC is from 100-fold to 1000-fold more potent than human colostrum given that it contains higher concentrations of some specific bioactive substances [1,2]. Furthermore, these compounds preserve their biological activity as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract leading to a beneficial effect on the intestinal functions [6,29]. ...
This study investigated the effects of a short-term administration of bovine colostrum (BC) in a TNBS model of induced colitis. Colitis was induced by TNBS treatment after seven days of BC (BC group, n = 12) or saline (control group, n = 12) administration in mice. Clinical signs, histopathological characteristics, expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and microbial composition were assessed. BC was well tolerated and did not induce any histological damage or clinical symptoms. After TNBS treatment, the BC group showed a reduction in body weight (BW) loss compared to Control (p < 0.05). Moreover, expression levels of TLR4 (p < 0.01), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β; p < 0.001), Interleukin-8 (IL-8; p < 0.001), and Interleukin-10 (IL-10; p < 0.001) were lower in mice administered with BC. Finally, Escherichia coli were higher (p < 0.05), while Enterococci (p < 0.001), Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.001), and Bifidobacterium spp. (p < 0.05) were lower in Control than BC group. This study confirms that pre-treatment with BC modulates the expression of genes and the count of microbes involved in the etiopathogenesis of colitis.
... Immunoglobulins are Yshaped proteins produced by a specific type of white blood cells, and are able to recognize and bind to particular fragments of pathogens such as bacteria, and can thereby aid in their destruction (4). Bovine colostrum contains high levels of immunoglobulins to provide passive immunity to the bovine offspring (5). The structure of immunoglobulins shows large similarities between species (4) and may therefore also be active in species other than bovine, such as cats and dogs. ...
... Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of bovine colostrum on gut health, immune system functioning, and microbial composition in both young and adult animals of different species (4,5,10). Further research has to be performed on the specific bioactive components and their overall effect on both a cellular as well as an individual level. ...
... Colostrum and milk play a key role in survival and growth of the neonate, providing essential nutrients and antibodies [1]. Langer et al. [2] investigated differences in composition of colostrum and mature milk in several eutherian species and found that in some species colostrum contains higher concentrations of proteins than mature milk, and in other species the fluids have similar composition. These differences are likely due to speciesspecific strategies for immunoglobulin transfer, i.e. prenatal transfer via placenta or yolk sac versus postnatal transfer via colostrum [2]. ...
... Langer et al. [2] investigated differences in composition of colostrum and mature milk in several eutherian species and found that in some species colostrum contains higher concentrations of proteins than mature milk, and in other species the fluids have similar composition. These differences are likely due to speciesspecific strategies for immunoglobulin transfer, i.e. prenatal transfer via placenta or yolk sac versus postnatal transfer via colostrum [2]. The critical importance of colostrum and milk for the newborn piglet has been well-documented [1,3]. ...
Background
Porcine milk is a complex fluid, containing a myriad of immunological, biochemical, and cellular components, made to satisfy the nutritional requirements of the neonate. Whole milk contains many different cell types, including mammary epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, as well nanoparticles, such as milk exosomes. To-date, only a limited number of livestock transcriptomic studies have reported sequencing of milk. Moreover, those studies focused only on sequencing somatic cells as a proxy for the mammary gland with the goal of investigating differences in the lactation process. Recent studies have indicated that RNA originating from multiple cell types present in milk can withstand harsh environments, such as the digestive system, and transmit regulatory molecules from maternal to neonate. Transcriptomic profiling of porcine whole milk, which is reflective of the combined cell populations, could help elucidate these mechanisms. To this end, total RNA from colostrum and mature milk samples were sequenced from 65 sows at differing parities. A stringent bioinformatic pipeline was used to identify and characterize 70,841 transcripts.
Results
The 70,841 identified transcripts included 42,733 previously annotated transcripts and 28,108 novel transcripts. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using a generalized linear model coupled with the Lancaster method for P -value aggregation across transcripts. In total, 1667 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified for the milk type main effect, and 33 DEG were identified for the milk type x parity interaction. Several gene ontology (GO) terms related to immune response were significant for the milk type main effect, supporting the well-known fact that immunoglobulins and immune cells are transferred to the neonate via colostrum.
Conclusions
This is the first study to perform global transcriptome analysis from whole milk samples in sows from different parities. Our results provide important information and insight into synthesis of milk proteins and innate immunity and potential targets for future improvement of swine lactation and piglet development.
... Milks are a critical source of nutrition and passive immune protection for mammalian neonates. Milks of eutherian ("placental") mammals change dramatically in composition during the immediate post-partum period and then usually resolve into stable, "mature" phases (Langer, 2009). The nature of these changes reflects the type of placenta that a species exhibits and the developmental stage of offspring at birth (Langer, 2008(Langer, , 2009Wooding and Burton, 2008). ...
... Milks of eutherian ("placental") mammals change dramatically in composition during the immediate post-partum period and then usually resolve into stable, "mature" phases (Langer, 2009). The nature of these changes reflects the type of placenta that a species exhibits and the developmental stage of offspring at birth (Langer, 2008(Langer, , 2009Wooding and Burton, 2008). Eutherian neonates vary from altricial (relatively undeveloped, may be blind, deaf, hairless, immobile, and unable to thermoregulate) to precocious (welldeveloped, mobile, sense organs fully functional, fully haired) (Schulz and Bowen, 2004). ...
Mothers of the Atlantic grey seal, Halichoerus grypus , lactate for about 20 days, during which they do not feed and may have no access to water. Following weaning, they depart to sea leaving their pups unattended and unfed for up to another 40 days. We are interested in how this lactation strategy supports the pups’ rapid growth and development while also preparing them for their long fast before independently going to sea. We report a broad spectrum metabolomic analysis of whole milks of these seals that reveals continuous changes in key metabolites from birth to weaning. Certain components exhibit abbreviated appearances at the onset of lactation, followed by continuous rises or falls in others until weaning. Riboflavin/Vitamin B2, hormone-related sterol sulfates, lactose, and complex oligosaccharides all appear in milk briefly after birth then disappear. Lipids associated with cellular signaling and brain development occur at highest levels shortly after birth, then diminish. In contrast, other lipids and Vitamin B6/pyridoxine steadily increase as weaning approaches. Overall, these findings may indicate an early transition from carbohydrate to fat-based energy metabolism and establishment of gut microbiomes in pups, followed by provisioning for post-weaning development and fasting.
... One of the potential options may be bovine colostrum (BC)-that is, milk produced by female mammals for the first 3 d after parturition, which later changes into mature milk (16). Several investigations confirmed that BC constituents may influence the clinical course of GI, such as IBD (17). ...
... Colostrum thus contributes to the development of the immune system in infants as well as facilitates growth, maturation, and repair processes in distinct tissues. Consequently, BC has significantly higher amounts of growth-promoting factors compared with mature milk (16,18,20). ...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic relapsing disorders whose etiology has not been fully explained. Therefore, available therapeutic approaches for IBD patients are still insufficient.
Current treatment strategies are targeted to immune system dysfunctions, often associated with alternations in the microbiota, which contribute to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. Therapeutics include anti-inflammatory drugs such as aminosalicylates and corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, antibiotics, and biological agents such as infliximab and vedolizumab. Auxiliary therapies involve a balanced and personalized diet, healthy lifestyle, avoiding stress, as well as dietary supplements.
In this review, we discuss the use of bovine colostrum (BC) as a therapeutic agent, including its advantages and contraindications. We summarize our knowledge on well-researched BC constituents and their effects on the gastrointestinal tract as evidenced in in vitro and in vivo studies.
... Although the exact driver of the age effect is unknown, we hypothesized that this age group was likely most vulnerable due to the combined effect of losing maternal protective immunity while the immune system is still developing (Powell et al. 2018). Early in lactation, milk is rich in antibodies, allowing the mother to passively immunize her offspring (Langer 2009). Although the protein content of bottlenose dolphin milk has been shown to slightly increase over the first 30 months of lactation (West et al. 2007), this protective immunity likely drops off between 6 and 9 months of age due to the energetic burden on the mother (Langer 2009;Van Bressem et al. 2009), even though calves nurse for an average of 4 years in Shark Bay Karniski et al. 2018). ...
... Early in lactation, milk is rich in antibodies, allowing the mother to passively immunize her offspring (Langer 2009). Although the protein content of bottlenose dolphin milk has been shown to slightly increase over the first 30 months of lactation (West et al. 2007), this protective immunity likely drops off between 6 and 9 months of age due to the energetic burden on the mother (Langer 2009;Van Bressem et al. 2009), even though calves nurse for an average of 4 years in Shark Bay Karniski et al. 2018). Passive protective immunity from nursing might be one reason calves show signs of TSD in year 2 but rarely year 1 (maternal immunity) or later than year 2 (acquired immunity ;Powell et al. 2018). ...
Social behavior is an important driver of infection dynamics, though identifying the social interactions that foster infectious disease transmission is challenging. Here we examine how social behavior impacts disease transmission in Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) using an easily identifiable skin disease and social network data. We analyzed tattoo skin disease (TSD) lesions based on photographs collected as part of a 34-year longitudinal study in relation to the sociality of T. aduncus using three metrics (degree, time spent socializing, and time in groups) and network structure, using the k-test. We show that calves with TSD in the second year of life associated more with TSD-positive individuals in the first year of life compared with calves that did not have TSD. Additionally, the network k-test showed that the social network links are epidemiologically relevant for transmission. However, degree, time spent in groups, and time spent socializing were not significantly different between infected and uninfected groups. Our findings indicate that association with infected individuals is predictive of an individual's risk for TSD and that the social association network can serve as a proxy for studying the epidemiology of skin diseases in bottlenose dolphins.
Lay Summary: Social behavior is an important factor in disease spread, yet wildlife epidemiological studies often lack data either on the disease or the social network. Using social network and disease data from a 34-year longitudinal study, we found that association with symptomatic individuals increased the risk of later contracting the disease. This study shows that associating with symptomatic individuals proved to be a better predictor of disease than rates of social interaction overall.
... In mammals, colostrum is generally richer in protein than lipids and carbohydrates, compared with mature milk (Langer, 2009). While the variations between colostrum and mature milk, in terms of nutrient content, have been extensively studied in numerous species (Langer, 2009), knowledge is limited on the transition time from colostrum to mature milk. ...
... In mammals, colostrum is generally richer in protein than lipids and carbohydrates, compared with mature milk (Langer, 2009). While the variations between colostrum and mature milk, in terms of nutrient content, have been extensively studied in numerous species (Langer, 2009), knowledge is limited on the transition time from colostrum to mature milk. However, it seems that animals that give birth to precocious neonates (such as ruminants and equidae) are characterised by short colostral periods (Griffiths et al., 2015). ...
The physico-chemical characteristics and somatic cell count of donkey mammary secretion during the first ten days after foaling were analysed. During this period, a decreasing trend was observed for protein, dry matter and ash levels. The lowest values for lactose and pH were detected in the first hours (4.01 g 100 mL⁻¹ of milk and 6.69 pH units), while the fat showed a peak (3.42 g 100 mL⁻¹ of milk) at 6 h. The highest urea level was at 6 and 12 h (56.18 and 51.55 mg dL⁻¹). Mineral levels changed during the experimental period, except for calcium, zinc and iron. Mean diameter of the fat globules and classes of fatty acids did not show significant differences; however, the n6/n3 ratio was influenced by day of lactation. In conclusion, the colostrum phase in donkeys lasts about 12–24 h, after which the secretion can be considered as transitional milk.
... Moreover it can also beneficial for adults too(Larson et al, 1980) (Lilius and Marlina, 2001). Colostrum consist of five classes namely Igs, IgG,IgD,IgE, IgM which plays role in defence mechanism by protecting body against bacteria, virus, parasites and fungi (Mehraet al, 2006).The concentration of levels of the Igs decreases by following days of parturition (Langer et al, 2009). Yet, it is possible to increase the level of concentration of Igs which will produce hyperimmune colostrum, by giving specific vaccination methods of cows during pregnancy so that it can be used against pathogenic agents(Sponselleret al, 2015). ...
Colostrum is a milk secreted by mammals during parturition which contains more lactalbumin and lactoprotein. and it differs from the milk secreted later. It is a source of antibodies that confer passive immunity to the newborn, also known as "foremilk". Colostrum is also richer in growth factors than the subsequent mature milk produced later. The main function of the Colostrum is to provide immunity and strengthen the natural defense system and enhance growth and repair of several tissues and balance and maintain intestinal microbiota. Colostrum is of two types-Bovine colostrum and Human colostrum. The bovine colostrum can be obtained in huge quantity which has similar effects and properties of human colostrum. Bovine colostrum is also use to treat gastrointestinal disorders and respiratory tract infections and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the encouraging results, further studies and research is required to confirm whether the effects are good and what dose and treatment can be given. In future it will be great and useful treatment for diseases and control of diseases in a natural way with lesser or no side effects. On the other hand Human colostrum is source of antibodies for the newborns and provide them with immunity and is also being used as key element for treating diseases in similar ways as the bovine colostrum.This paper focuses on the benefits and composition of the first milk i.e. clostrum.
... In species with prenatal passive transfer of immunity, which is related to the placental type, like humans and rabbits, the transfer of antibodies via colostrum is of little importance, resulting in a small diYerence in protein concentration between colostrum and milk. In species with postnatal passive transfer of immunity, like Artiodactyla, the colostrum contains a high concentration of protein in the form of antibodies, whereas protein levels are much lower in regular milk (Bigler et al., 2022;Furukawa et al., 2014;Langer, 2009 (Iverson et al., 1993;Iverson and Oftedal, 1995). ...
... In this regard, bovine colostrum (BC) is an extremely interesting by-product containing multiple biologically active substances (Langer, 2009). In particular, BC is known to be a nutrient-rich liquid secreted by female mammals after giving birth that contains macro-and micronutrients, immunomodulators, growth factors, and other bioactive molecules (Stelwagen et al., 2009). ...
... Among these nutraceuticals, bovine colostrum (BC) has been shown to have a preventive and therapeutic effect on gastrointestinal diseases such as IBD, both in different animal species including humans [11][12][13][14]. Specifically, colostrum is the first secretum of the mammary glands after giving birth, and its main function consists in the supply of passive immunity from the mother to the offspring, especially in species with greater complexity of the placental barrier [15]. BC has high similarities with human colostrum and, compared with the colostrum from other ungulates, it is rich in more than 90 biologically active molecules with specific functions and properties [16]. ...
Rabbits, pivotal in the EU as livestock, pets, and experimental animals, face bacterial infection challenges, prompting a quest for alternatives to curb antibiotic resistance. Bovine colostrum (BC), rich in immunoregulatory compounds, antimicrobial peptides, and growth factors, is explored for disease treatment and prevention. This study assesses BC diet supplementation effects on rabbit intestines, examining gene expression. Thirty female New Zealand White rabbits at weaning (35 days) were divided into three experimental groups: control (commercial feed), 2.5% BC, and 5% BC. The diets were administered until slaughtering (81 days). BC-upregulated genes in the jejunum included IL-8, TGF-β, and CTNN-β1 at 5% BC, while PLVAP at 2.5% BC. Antioxidant-related genes (SOD1, GSR) were downregulated in the cecum and colon with 2.5% BC. BC 5% promoted IL-8 in the jejunum, fostering inflammation and immune cell migration. It also induced genes regulating inflammatory responses (TGF-β) and gastrointestinal permeability (CTNN-β1). BC 5% enhanced antioxidant activity in the cecum and colon, but no significant impact on anti-myxo antibody production was observed. These results suggest that BC has significant effects on the rabbit gastrointestinal tract’s inflammatory and antioxidant response, but further research is required to fully understand its histological and physiological impact.
... 29,30 The specific antibodies formed in the mother's blood serum will be transferred into the colostrum and milk immediately after the mother gives birth as a natural passive immunity for her offspring against infection. 31,32 Based on the above description, this study was conducted with the aim of detecting the presence of antibodies, namely anti-Streptococcus mutans immunoglobulin G in goat serum due to injection of Streptococcus mutans antigens originating from caries patients in Banda Aceh City and has been identified in pregnant goats using the Antigen Gel Precipitation (AGTP) method and the serological method, namely Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) as well as testing the specificity and ability of the specific IgG to react with other serotypes of S. mutans. ...
Background : Mother goats produce immunoglobulin G (IgG) as a specific antibody in serum, which is then transferred into milk as natural immunity for their children. Based on this, IgG from goat milk has the potential to replace the role of igg from mammalian blood in preventing caries. The goal of this study was to see if goat milk could be used to produce specific antibodies against Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans ) as a candidate antibody for caries immunotherapy.
Methods : In this study, pregnant goats were divided into two groups: control and treatment. The treatment group received an injection of S. mutans and then received the second injection, which was the administration of antigen added Freud adjuvant complete (booster 1) subcutaneously, and the third injection, which was the administration of antigen added Freud adjuvant complete (booster 1), and antigen added Freud adjuvant incomplete (booster 2). Blood serum was analyzed qualitatively using the Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT) method to determine antibody formation. Furthermore, colostrum and goat milk were analyzed using the Sandwich ELISA method to determine the formation of anti-S mutans IgG in colostrum and goat milk.
Results : Pregnant goats that had been given booster 1 and 2 with a dose of antigen + Freud Adjuvant 1.5:0.5 produced anti- S. mutans antibody titers. Normal levels of IgG in goat colostrum range from 40-60 mg/ml while in milk 0.6-7.5 mg/ml and there is a decrease in the concentration of IgG anti- S. mutans in each week.
Conclusions : Colostrum and goat milk produced contain IgG-anti S. mutans antibodies that can be used to prevent dental caries.
... Proteins are involved in the production of enzymatic antioxidants, immunoglobulins, and other structural and functional biomolecules, hence, cannot be replaced with any other molecule (Langer, 2009). Protein transportation in colostrum or milk is mainly based on the nutrition intake and additional supplementation to mother throughout the pregnancy. ...
This study was aimed to explore whether vitamin E (Vit-E) and selenium (Se) injections improve colostrum quality in goats. Twenty-four, healthy pregnant Beetal goats were randomly allocated into control (n = 12) and treated (n = 12) groups respectively. The injectable form of Vit-E 2.5 mg/kg BW and Se 2.2 mg/kg BW was administered fortnightly, while normal saline (0.9% NaCl) was used and served as a control group. Colostrum samples were collected immediately after parturition and subjected to biochemical analysis. Colostrum enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and total soluble proteins were investigated using a spectrophotometer. Antioxidants with enzymatic activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) and ascorbic acid remained significantly higher in treated animals (P <0.05) in contrast to the control group. The Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total soluble proteins (TSP) levels were noted higher (P<0.05), however; the level of MDA existed significantly lesser in the treated group (P <0.05) in comparison with the control group. Overall, results showed that parental exposure to antioxidants (Vit-E and Se) improved antioxidant status in colostrum and upgrade its quality.
... Among the natural substances which can be supplemented to the feed, bovine colostrum (BC) has recently drawn the attention of the scientific community. Colostrum is the secretion produced by the mammary glands immediately after delivery [20], which is commonly treated as a by-product of the dairy industry. The main functions of BC, besides providing essential nutritional components for the newborns' growth, are to boost the natural defence system, regulate the immune response, equilibrate the intestinal microbiota, and improve various tissues' growth and repair [21,22]. ...
BC is a nutraceutical that can modulate intestinal microbiota. This study investigates the effects of BC diet supplementation on luminal and mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, caecum, and colon of rabbits. Twenty-one New Zealand White female rabbits were divided into three experimental groups (n = 7) receiving a commercial feed (CTRL group) and the same diet supplemented with 2.5% and 5% BC (2.5% BC and 5% BC groups, respectively), from 35 (weaning) to 90 days of age (slaughtering). At slaughter, the digestive tract was removed from each animal, then both content and mucosa-associated microbiota of jejunum, caecum, and colon were collected and analysed by Next Generation 16SrRNA Gene Sequencing. Significant differences were found in the microbial composition of the three groups (i.e., beta-diversity: p < 0.01), especially in the caecum and colon of the 2.5% BC group. The relative abundance analysis showed that the families most affected by the BC administration were Clostridia UCG-014, Barnesiellaceae, and Eggerthellaceae. A trend was also found for Lachnospiraceae, Akkermansiaceae, and Bacteroidaceae. A functional prediction has revealed several altered pathways in BC groups, with particular reference to amino acids and lactose metabolism. Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio decreased in caecum luminal samples of the 2.5% BC group. These findings suggest that BC supplementation could positively affect the intestinal microbiota. However, further research is needed to establish the optimal administration dose.
... In this context, colostrum can be considered an excellent nutraceutical. Colostrum is a nutrient-rich fluid secreted by female mammals [10], and it plays an important role as an immune booster in postnatal health [11]. Specifically, bovine colostrum (BC) is the early milk produced in the first 4 days of lactation [12]. ...
Bovine colostrum (BC) is rich in nutrients, antimicrobial, and antioxidant factors; for these reasons, it has been used as supplement in animal nutrition. However, its possible effects on meat quality have not been studied yet. Thirty-nine New Zealand White rabbits (n = 13/group) were assigned to three groups and fed until slaughter with a commercial standard diet, control group (C), and C supplemented with 2.5% and 5% (w/w) of BC (BC-2.5 and BC-5 groups, respectively). After slaughtering, the effect of dietary supplementation on microbiological and chemical characteristics of the rabbit loins was evaluated at 48 h postmortem (D0) and after 3 (D3) and 8 (D8) days of refrigerated storage. Results showed no difference in the microbiological parameters. In the supplemented groups, TBARS and TVBN values were lower and higher than in the C group, respectively (p < 0.01), and their fatty-acid profile was increased in SFA and decreased in MUFA (p < 0.05). In conclusion, research must continue to examine in depth the possible effects of BC byproduct reuse in animal nutrition on meat quality (e.g., antioxidant power, and physical and sensory characteristics).
... Pored hranljivih materija kao što su proteini, hemijski sastav kolostruma uključuje masti, laktozu, minerale, vitamine, faktore rasta, hormone, imunoglobuline kao i antiinflamatorne faktore (Playford i sar., 2000). Kolostrum je bitan faktor za preživljavanje novorođenčadi, koja su u prvim danima nakon porođaja u velikom riziku, zbog potencijalnog prisustva patogenih bakterija (Langer, 2009 Ostali kazeini 3 3 ...
Autochthonous breeds of domestic animals represent a unique genetic heritage
and many of them are in vulnerable status. Commercial breeds that dominate
at industrial production can`t fully meet the expectations and demands of
consumers. A number of consumers want products produced in the traditional
way from autochthonous breeds. This paper highlights the importance of autochthonous breeds, their number and population trend, as well as methods of
conservation. Also, activities for the conservation of animal genetic resources
in the Republic of Serbia are in accordance with EU regulations and the Global
Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration of
the Food and Agriculture Organization.
... Pored hranljivih materija kao što su proteini, hemijski sastav kolostruma uključuje masti, laktozu, minerale, vitamine, faktore rasta, hormone, imunoglobuline kao i antiinflamatorne faktore (Playford i sar., 2000). Kolostrum je bitan faktor za preživljavanje novorođenčadi, koja su u prvim danima nakon porođaja u velikom riziku, zbog potencijalnog prisustva patogenih bakterija (Langer, 2009 Ostali kazeini 3 3 ...
Genetic reserves of domestic animals include certain species, breeds, strains and
lines that are kept in the form of a minimal number of animals, doses of sperm
cells, eggs or embryos in accordance with legal regulations. The population of
indigenous equidae in our country is still difficult to estimate because a significant number of animals, that are being bred, are not marked and registered
in the registry books. The reasons for the endangerment of the original races
are different, and they arise from changes in the human environment and its
requirements. Assessing the endangerment of certain breeds and populations
of domestic animals is one of the important elements of planning and managing
the process of conservation of genetic resources. One of the primary tasks
in the implementation of programs for the conservation of indigenous species
and breeds of equidae is to try to take advantage of their economic benefits and
to move them from non-competitive or weakly competitive to competitive, as
well as to promote and valorize products produced by traditional technology
which can, as such, fetch a higher price at the market.
... Neonates of most mammal groups, exemplified by humans, cattle, pigs, camels, dogs, and cats, exhibit concentrations of maternal immunoglobulins in their blood equivalent to or even greater than their mothers by birth, or within a matter of hours thereafter, despite acquiring maternal immunoglobulins by different mechanisms (Brambell, 1970;Simister, 2003;Roopenian and Akilesh, 2007;Langer, 2008;Wooding and Burton, 2008;Langer, 2009;Westrom et al., 2020). The true, phocid, seals are exceptions to this, in that neonates exhibit levels of immunoglobulin that are a fraction of adult levels, even after taking colostrum (Ross et al., 1994;King et al., 1998;Hall et al., 2003;Ferreira et al., 2005). ...
Mammalian mothers usually provide their offspring with large quantities of immunoglobulins (antibodies) for circulation in blood, either trans-placentally before birth, via colostrum briefly thereafter, or, less commonly, from milk. Neonates of true, phocid seals, however, are peculiarly impoverished in serum immunoglobulins, the levels of which slowly increase but do not reach adult levels by the time of weaning. We investigated whether grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) neonates compensate through an elevation or rapid maturation in levels of serum innate immune factors, namely acute phase and complement proteins. Instead, their sera contained remarkably low levels of acute phase proteins (including C-reactive protein, haptoglobin, hemopexin, ceruloplasmin, orosomucoid), compared to their mothers, that barely increased to adult levels by weaning. For complement, there was a strong demarcation between the early activation and amplification cascade components (present at normal adult levels in pups) and the late lytic membrane attack complex and regulatory proteins (consistently at low relative levels). Phocid neonates therefore differ dramatically from land Carnivorans, such as dogs and cats, in early life immune protection. That neonatal phocids survive this apparent vulnerability to infections between birth and weaning prompts questions as to what other mechanisms protect them, and the adaptive value of their seeming vulnerability.
... Absorption becomes impossible between 16 and 36 h of life. During normal development, absorption of undigested proteins occurs until the concentration of the trypsin inhibitors of colostrum decreases and protein digestion begins, namely toward 24-36 h of life in the cat [36]. Rapid ingestion is necessary not only due to the reduction in immunoglobulin concentration in mammary secretions, but also because of the decrease in its intestinal absorption. ...
The present review aims toward a better understanding of the nutrition of newborn puppies and kittens. The post-natal period is very sensitive in dogs and cats, as in other animal species. During the first two weeks of life, puppies and kittens are at high risk of dehydration, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia, as well as infectious diseases as they start to acquire the physiological functions of the adult. Neonatal hepatic glycogen storage is low, and newborns depend on colostrum intake to survive. Colostrum provides immunoglobulins and other important substances such as lipids and carbohydrates. Immunoglobulins are central to the immunological link that occurs when the mother transfers passive immunity. The mechanism of transfer varies among mammalian species, but in this review, we focused our attention on dogs and cats. Furthermore, there are components of colostrum which, although their presence is not absolutely necessary, play an important role in nutrition. These components have received considerable interest because of their presumed safety and potential nutritional and therapeutic effects both in humans and animals; however, unfortunately, there are few recent studies in companion animals. Here, we have gathered the published articles that describe studies involving different species of animals, emphasizing companion animals. In particular, the purpose of this narrative of the nutritional and functional proprieties of queens’ and bitches’ colostrum.
... Similar results were found in the colostrum and milk of many breeds such as SA [17], SA crossbred (Sannen x Beetal goat and Alpine x Beetal goats) [20], Murciano-Granadina goats [2] and Majorera goats [34,35]. Large differences in protein concentration between colostrum and milk reflect the immunoglobulin, which is important for passive immunity especially in ungulates [36]. Higher lactose in milk may contribute to higher milk yield since it is responsible for 50% of the osmotic pressure of milk, while its synthesis draws water into Golgi vesicles [37]. ...
The present study aims to investigate the composition including concentrations of IGF-1, IgG and Vit A in colostrum and their effects by litter size and goat parity in 3 groups of goats; Black Bengal (BB), Saanen (SA) and their crossbred (BBSA). Thirty-eight goats were used (23 BB, 7 BBSA and 8 SA). The composition (fat, protein, lactose and total solid; TS) in colostrum (Day 0; D0) and milk (Day 4; D4 and Day 7; D7) were measured. The IGF-1, IgG concentrations were analysed in some samples collected at D0, D4 and D7 while Vit A was analysed only in colostrum. The results showed that colostrum components were similar among experimental groups. However, the colostral IGF-1 concentration of BBSA (983.0 ± 163.6 ng/mL) was higher than that of BB (340.7 ± 85.5 ng/mL, p < 0.01) and SA (417.1 ± 93.9 ng/mL, p < 0.01). The colostral IgG concentration of BB (8.2 ± 0.9 mg/mL) was lower than that of BBSA (12.9 ± 1.7 mg/mL, p < 0.05) and SA (12.9 ± 1.0 mg/mL, p < 0.01). Colostral Vit A concentration in BBSA (787.2 ± 152.6 µg/100 gm) was higher than that in BB (388.9 ± 84.3 µg/100 gm, p < 0.05) but was not different from SA (522.8 ± 96.9 µg/100 gm). Colostrum from all groups contained higher protein and TS but was lower in lactose concentration than milk. The IGF-1 and IgG concentrations in colostrum were much higher than in milk both D4 and D7 (p < 0.001). Additionally, litter size had no effects on colostrum contents but colostrum from goats with a higher parity number had higher IgG concentration. It is concluded that colostrum from BBSA may be superior when fed to BB newborn goats in terms of higher IGF-1, IgG and Vit A contents. Moreover, colostrum from goats with a high parity number contained more IgG content.
... Transfer of immunity from mother to offspring is species dependent (Larson, 1992;Langer, 2009;Pentsuk and van der Laan, 2009;Hurley and Theil, 2011;Butler et al., 2015). In some species, like human and rabbit, mothers pass significant amounts of immunoglobulin, mostly IgG, in utero before birth and the colostral antibody is mostly IgA. ...
The two lipocalins, β-lactoglobulin (βLg) and glycodelin (Gd), are possibly the most closely related members of the large and widely distributed lipocalin family, yet their functions appear to be substantially different. Indeed, the function of β-lactoglobulin, a major component of ruminant milk, is still unclear although neonatal nutrition is clearly important. On the other hand, glycodelin has several specific functions in reproduction conferred through distinct, tissue specific glycosylation of the polypeptide backbone. It is also associated with some cancer outcomes. The glycodelin gene, PAEP, reflecting one of its names, progestagen-associated endometrial protein, is expressed in many though not all primates, but the name has now also been adopted for the β-lactoglobulin gene (HGNC, www.genenames.org). After a general overview of the two proteins in the context of the lipocalin family, this review considers the properties of each in the light of their physiological functional significance, supplementing earlier reviews to include studies from the past decade. While the biological function of glycodelin is reasonably well defined, that of β-lactoglobulin remains elusive.
... Milk and colostrum composition vary greatly among animal species, as reported by a previous review of the literature [66]. Components of milk and colostrum include proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and cells. ...
The present review aims to summarize the main features of mammary gland anatomy, and the physiology of lactation and colostrum/milk in the most commonly used animal species for regulatory toxicity. The final goal is the selection of a preferred animal species to be enrolled in studies investigating the potential transfer of drugs and exogenous molecules through milk, within the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) funded project ConcePTION. Reference data regarding humans were also collected and analyzed in order to highlight critical similarities and differences with the studied species. Additional practical considerations were also taken into account, such as ethical consideration regarding the chosen species which affects the group size, financial implications and technical feasibility of lactation trials (e.g., ease of sampling, volume of sampling, husbandry requirements and scientific recognition). In conclusion, the present analysis of the literature confirms the complexity of the decisional process behind the choice of an animal model for in vivo trials. For some of the evaluated species, data were either poor or missing, highlighting the necessity to generate more physiological background studies for species that are routinely used in laboratory settings. Overall, when taking into consideration ethical factors, feasible group size, milk volume and ease of milk collection, and physiological similarities with humans, minipigs seem to represent the most appropriate choice.
... Although several authors agreed that mice produce a lacteal fluid named colostrum at least during the first 24 hours postpartum (e.g., Green, 1983;Yoneda et al., 2001), there is no operational definition based on compositional or organoleptic criteria. In general, colostrum is defined as the mammary fluid secreted during the last days of pregnancy and in the first few hours/days (depending on species) following birth (Langer, 2009). It affords hydration, energy and essential nutrients (i.e., proteins, fats, lactose, essential fatty acids and amino acids) for initial neonatal survival. ...
La naissance est l'une des étapes les plus délicates à laquelle les nouveau-nés mammifères doivent faire face. Le nouveau-né doit opérer des changements physiologiques et comportementaux pour s'adapter à l'environnement aérien, et l'un des premiers défis est d'ingérer du colostrum et du lait. Il est surprenant que la nature des stimuli et les mécanismes impliqués dans le déclenchement de la tétée soient encore mal connus, alors que la survie du nouveau-né est conditionnée par le succès de la première tétée. Par conséquent, cette étude a pour but de comprendre comment un nouveau-né immature et inexpérimenté réussit à s'orienter vers une tétine, à la saisir et à la téter de façon efficace? Cette question générale est posée chez la souris en focalisant sur : i) la nature des substrats chimiques utilisés par les souriceaux pour atteindre les tétines maternelles ; ii) la variation de la puissance attractive de ces substrats au cours du développement ; et iii) l'implication des effets de l'expérience dans l'établissement des réponses adaptatives précoces. Premièrement, nos résultats mettent en lumière que les odeurs mammaires de femelles allaitantes induisent plus d'approches et de saisies de la tétine chez les souriceaux que celles émanant de femelles non allaitantes. Deuxièmement, les odeurs de liquide amniotique et de lait déclenchent la première saisie orale de la tétine chez des souriceaux à la naissance, alors que les odeurs de salives maternelle et infantile n'induisent ce comportement qu'après une brève expérience de tétée. Troisièmement, les souriceaux âgés de 0, 2 et 6 jours postnatals (P), ayant eu une expérience de tétée, affichent une attraction sélective envers des odeurs de laits collectés en début de lactation plutôt qu'en fin de lactation, alors que les souriceaux plus âgés P15 ne montrent aucune réponse sélective envers ces odeurs. En résumé, certains substrats biologiques présents sur les tétines de femelles allaitantes sont immédiatement attractifs après la naissance, tandis que d'autres ont besoin d'être appris pour être réactogènes. Par conséquent, la réponse initiale de recherche de la tétine chez le souriceau est contrôlée par des processus d'apprentissage postnatal. A ce stade, l'implication de l'apprentissage prénatal et de processus prédisposés n'a pu être prouvée, bien qu'elle ne soit pas exclue. Ces résultats montrent des capacités d'apprentissage sophistiquées chez le souriceau nouveau-né.
... After the serial dilution, 0.5 ml of the serially diluted samples each were inoculated into freshly prepared de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar medium and incubated for 72 h at 37 °C in anaerobic jars containing gaspack (AnaeroGen, Oxoid, UK) (oxygen level <1%, CO2 level between 9 and 13%). After the incubation period, colonies were randomly picked from the plates and subcultured three times on fresh MRS agar plates (Martin et al., 2005;Langer, 2009). ...
This research work assessed the antibacterial properties of probiotic bacterial which was isolated from breast milk. The breast milk has a distinct amalgamation of minerals, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and various vitamins that endorse the proper development, growth and immunity of the children. That's the reason behind it's consideration to be a comprehensive and inclusive food for new born babies. Furthermore, it is also abundant in various bioactive compounds which encourage the maturation of the immune system over and above develop body's defense against infections. This research used a standard methodology to isolate the bacterial. In the midst of these bioactive agents, probiotic bacteria were properly isolated from human milk in this research work by means of selective MRS media. Five Lactobacillus spp. were isolated from every one of the three breast milk samples and two Enterococcus species, were observed as potential probiotics, and identified using morphological and biochemical tests which includes L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. casei, L. fermentum, L. acidophilus, En. faecalis and En. faecium. The isolated bacteria were facultative anaerobic, catalase negative, gram positive and non-endospore forming. Sugar fermentation arrangements of equally isolated bacteria also significantly different. The adding up of breast milk probiotics to children formulas possibly will be an innovative substitute to mimic some of the purposeful consequences of human milk in children who are not breastfed.
... The available data clearly indicate significant differences between the chemical composition of the rabbit colostrum and mature milk. According to Langer [44], though, no such differences in protein should be observed in rabbit. He supports this hypothesis with the fact that rabbits belong to the group of mammals with prenatal passive immunization, and the immunoglobulins are not passed postnatally with the colostrum. ...
The level of production and the physiochemical traits of rabbit milk affect the growth and the mortality of bunnies during lactation. The goal of the study was to analyze the effect of litter size and day of lactation on the quality traits of rabbit milk, milk production, and associative traits. The study was conducted on 32 Hycole does and their litters. The rabbit milk pH ranged from 6.61 to 7.46. The colostrum was characterized by the highest content of total solids (31.54 and 31.80 g kg−1) and fat content (15.73 and 15.9 g kg−1). The milk from the beginning of the lactation was characterized by the highest level of somatic cell count (SCC) (523.67 and 536.57 103 mL−1), which gradually decreased to reach the lowest level on days 17 and 21 of lactation. The daily milk production was greater for does nursing 10 kits per litter compared to those nursing eight kits per litter (p < 0.001). The peak of milk production occurred on day 17 postpartum. To conclude, the litter size has a clear effect on milk production as well as litter weight and litter weight gains. It is also important to note that the day of lactation affected the physiochemical traits of rabbit milk.
... Bovine colostrum has a higher protein content than standard milk (13.0% vs. 3.3%) and it is designed to impart growth and immunological benefits to the calf in its first days of life [20]. Immunological benefits have also been demonstrated in adults with consumption leading to a reduction of damage to the gastrointestinal tract that is induced by high doses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [21,22]. ...
Food-health claims are an important method of translating nutrition research to consumers. Whey and colostrum are thought to exert health benefits to adults, but it is unclear what measurable, objective health benefits they impart. This review aimed to identify the objective health benefits of bovine whey or colostrum-based beverages to healthy adults aged ≥35 years to substantiate a food-health claim. Seven databases were systematically searched. Eligible articles were RCTs that involved healthy adults aged ≥35 years, consuming whey or colostrum in beverage form and measuring objective health markers. Quality assessment and data extraction was conducted in duplicate. The searches identified 9943 papers and 16 were included in this review; 13 studies, reported across 15 papers, related to whey, one study to colostrum. The outcomes identified were body composition, bone mineral density, biochemical markers, such as blood glucose and lipids, and muscle strength and synthesis. Heterogeneous outcomes, high risk of bias and inconsistent findings resulted in inconclusive evidence to substantiate a food-health claim. Clearer reporting and consensus on a minimum set of objective measures would allow for more robust recommendations regarding food-health claims. Protecting consumers from misleading health claims will require collaboration between regulators, researchers, and the food industry.
... aureus CECT 86T) (Figure 1). Ibhanesebhor and co-worker [22] have reported the presence of antibacterial activity of human colostrums against S. aureus and coliform organisms, where has been explained by the presence of the high immunoglobulin's (Igs) in the colostrums [23]. Moreover, Also,Abd El-Salam and Al Rubayyi have suggested that the breast milk excreted a important bactericidal substances against such pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and S. aureus) [24]. ...
Lactic bacteria form a important group for human health due to their production of some antimicrobial substances, which are capable to inhibit the proliferation of wide rang pathogenic bacteria. Recently, the used isolated, selected lactic acid bacterial strains from diverse ecosystems in food bio-preservation were considerably augmented the duration of bio-preservation. The main aim of the present work was the isolation and the screening of large range of lactic acid bacteria from Algerian human milk and the characterization of the molecules responsible for antimicrobial activity. The primary screening indicated the isolation 13 lactic acid bacterial strains from Algerian human breast milk, where the identification has been achieved by the study of phonotypical, physiological and biochemical characteristics. On others hand, the evaluation of the antagonistic activity of the isolated, selected lactic acid bacteria against some pathogenic bacteria strains such as Staphylococcus aureus UT 602, S. aureus CECT 86T, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 43300, E. coli ATCC 25922 has been achieved by the using agar well diffusion method and the study of the E. coli ATCC 25922 bacterial growth in the absence and in the presence of the supernatant of the cultivated selected lactic acid bacteria (LbC3). Furthermore, the identification of the bacteriocin producing selected lactic acid bacteria (LbC3) by the using of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated their belonging to the genus Lactobacillus brevis. The obtained results indicated that the highest amount of bacteriocin was yielded at 30°C and pH-value of 6. Hence, the study of bacterial growth of E. coli ATCC 25922 in the absence and in the presence of the supernatant L. brevis (LbC3) indicated a considerable biomass reduction accompanied with unbalanced growth after adding of the supernatant. The isolated, selected Abbouni B, et al. Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2017, 9 [6]: 253-263 ______________________________________________________________________________ 244 Scholar Research Library antagonistic L. brevis has manifested high level of resistance toward to vancomycin, tobramycine, nalidixique acid, nitroxolin and oxacilin and sensible against penicillin, pristinamycin, chloramphenicol.
... The quality and quantity of colostrum produced by the-immunised sows were important to ensure a rapid initial boost to the growth rate of neonates. Protein concentration of colostrum samples collected were consistent with previous reports of Yang et al. (2008) (160 mg/mL) and Langer (2009) (180 mg/mL). ...
The poor antigenicity of peptide antigens demands the selection of effective adjuvants to induce humoral immunity. The peptides obestatin and ghrelin from the pro-hormone pre-proghrelin were initially identified as antagonistic in regulating feeding behaviour, with obestatin being suppressive. The efficacy of two adjuvant systems, DEAE with the oil polysorbate emulsion of BP85:Span80 and the surfactant-oil system Montanide (ISA 50v) were therefore assessed with an obestatin-ovalbumin conjugate injected into late pregnant sows. This enabled the supply of antibodies directed against obestatin to newborn piglets through colostrum with the objective of promoting ghrelin secretion and therefore increasing feeding behaviour. Pregnant Landrace × Large White sows (n = 28) were immunised with 0.5 mg obestatin-ovalbumin in 2 mL DEAE:BP85:Span80 (DEAE; n = 14) or with 2 mL Montanide (ISA 50v: n = 14) as adjuvants at days 91 and 105 of gestation. After farrowing, piglets remained with their mothers during the lactation period and were weighed after weaning at Day 28. Antibody titres (unitless) in colostrum were assessed by ELISA as 5543 ± 2388 and 3139 ± 1151 for the DEAE and Montanide adjuvants respectively. These were associated with total IgG of 67.7 ± 3 and 82.3 ± 4.8 mg/mL respectively (P = 0.018). Piglet plasma titres were 5100 ± 1576 and 5762 ± 1688 for DEAE and Montanide respectively at Day 5 postpartum. These titres were still detectable through to Day 28 (titres of 1213 ± 389 and 665 ± 203 respectively (P = 0.176). However, sow colostral antibody titres were not related to piglet antibody concentrations on D5 (r = –0.225, P = 0.341). Sow plasma antibody titres were not related to titres at Day 28 in piglets across treatments (r = 0.198, P = 0.402). The concentration of ghrelin in colostrum was 672 ± 78 and 666 ± 39 pg/mL for the DEAE and Montanide groups, respectively, leading to piglet plasma concentrations on Day 5 of 1105 ± 164 and 530 ± 84 pg/mL (P = 0.002). Animals grew from birthweights of 1.7 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.1 (P = 0.993) to 7.7 ± 1.2 and 7.8 ± 1.0 kg (P = 0.295) at weaning, representing growth rates of 200.5 ± 52.9 and 225.5 ± 53.4 g/day (P = 0.181). There was a significant negative correlation between piglet D28 antibody titre and growth rate to weaning with the Montanide adjuvant (r = 0.116, P = 0.035) but not for the DEAE (r = –0.118, P = 0.411). Although both adjuvants were capable of generating high antibody titres, the DEAE dextran was likely to be the most effective adjuvant to induce a humoral immune response to develop further with a commercial vaccine.
... In addition, the interval between calving and time of first milking does not negatively affect colostrum quality, at least up to 12 h after calving (Morin et al., 2010;Conneely et al., 2013;Gross et al., 2017). However, as stated above, the closure of the blood-milk barrier in cows and of the intestinal barrier in calves shortly after parturition necessitates a timely and sufficient supply of colostrum that is essential for neonatal calf immunity because direct transfer over the maternal placenta is not possible in ungulate species (Langer, 2009;. Calves that could acquire a high status of passive immunization via colostrum were shown to suffer less from diarrhea and pneumonia and to have a greater BW gain, positively affecting their further development (Furman-Fratczak et al., 2011;Raboisson et al., 2016). ...
Milk production of dairy cows increased markedly during recent decades and continues to increase further. The evolutionarily conserved direction of nutrients to the mammary gland immediately after calving provided the basis for successful selective breeding toward higher performance. Considerable variation in adaptive responses toward energy and nutrient shortages exists; however, this variation in adaptability recently gained interest for identifying more metabolically robust dairy cows. Metabolic challenges during periods of high milk production considerably affect the immune system, reproductive performance, and product quality as well as animal welfare. Moreover, growing consumer concerns need to be taken into consideration because the public perception of industrialized dairy cow farming, the high dependency on feed sources suitable for human nutrition, and the apparently abundant use of antibiotics may affect the sales of dairy products. Breeding for high yield continues, but the metabolic challenges increasingly come close to the adaptational limits of meeting the mammary gland's requirements. The aim of the present review is to elucidate metabolic challenges and adaptational limitations at different functional stages of the mammary gland in dairy cows. From the challenges and adaptational limitations, we derive perspectives for sustainable milk production. Based on previous research, we highlight the importance of metabolic plasticity in adaptation mechanisms at different functional stages of the mammary gland. Metabolic adaptation and plasticity change among developing, nonlactating, remodeling, and lactational stages of the mammary gland. A higher metabolic plasticity in early-lactating dairy cows could be indicative of resilience, and a high performance level without an extraordinary occurrence of health disorders can be achieved.
... Fortuitously, nature has provided a unique lacteal secretion called colostrum (first milk), that forefends the newborn after parturition against environmental hazards. The composition of colostrum & milk differs widely in different species (Langer 2009;Coroian et al. 2013). Colostrum has lower energy content, lactose, lipids, glucose, urea, soluble vitamins and nucleotides than mature milk; however, it has a greater composition of proteins, glycoconjugates, non-categorical immune components. ...
Nutritional and functional properties of dietary proteins are attributed to physiologically active peptides encrypted within them. In the present study, we focused on whey proteins from buffalo colostrum and analyzed the effect of peptides derived from peptic-digestion on DNP-induced oxidative stress on blood components. Peptides with multifunctional properties were predicted through the BIOPEP database. Free and transglutaminase-interlinked peptides were tested for their efficacy as antioxidants. Free peptides were found to be proficient quenchers compared to interlinked peptides. The hydrolysate (IC50-481 µg) and its permeate (< 3 kDa; IC50–505 µg) were effective in bringing elevated levels of ROS, H2O2 & catalase back to normal levels. Additionally, it also replenished the depleted levels of blood GSH and moderately restored lysosomal enzyme activities. The lead peptide-YVHPFHL sequence with the key terminal HL domain (IC50 339 ± 2 µM) obtained from permeate further substantiated the antioxidative potency of colostrum peptides. Hence, we propose that whey-based peptides can be leveraged for the production of functional foods to treat diverse physiological anomalies.
... In addition to valuable nutritional components, the composition of colostrum includes growth (growth factors such as epidermal, insulin-like, etc., and growth hormone), immune (lactoferrin and immunoglobulins), and anti-inflammatory factors, with roles in reparation of damaged cells, regulation of the immune response, or in reducing inflammatory disorders [8][9][10]. Within the first days after birth, both human and mammal newborns face a potentially harmful environment, due to microbial threat [11]. In this context, the outstanding colostrum capacity for postnatal transport of immunoglobulins from mother to newborn can be mentioned [12]. ...
Colostrum is a natural product, issued by both mammals and humans in the first week of lactation. Among different species, donkey colostrum is considered to have, in addition to a valuable composition in nutrients and immune factors, an outstanding similitude with human colostrum. In this context, and taking into account the scarcity of available data concerning the interaction between climate factors and colostrum quality, a trial was conducted aiming to identify the possible influence of environmental factors on donkey colostrum nutritional traits. A stock of 175 jennies from 7 farms located in Cluj and Sălaj Counties was analyzed over a 7-day postpartum period. During the experimental period, the daily temperature, humidity, and wind velocity data were collected. Strong positive correlations are reported between the studied colostrum nutritional traits (fat, protein and lactose). Testing the impact of some environmental parameters upon nutritional content of donkey colostrum indicated three factors that have an influence on the nutritional quality of donkey milk colostrum, labelled as: colostrum nutritional traits, environmental air traits and some colostrum nutritional traits, and climatic traits and some colostrum nutritional traits.
... Some researchers (Islam et al. 2006) reported the presence of plasma cells in human colostrum and determined that these cells produced IgM and IgA. However, it is difficult to adapt these results to ruminants because, in addition to differences among species in terms of colostrum composition, pre-birth immunoglobulin transfer to offspring is quite hard (Langer, 2009;Moreno et al. 2012b). ...
Objective: In the study, the changes in the immunoglobulin levels of the Saanen goats fed with colostrum were determined during the three days after birth.Material and Methods: The animal material of the research consists of 11 goats and 11 of their kids. Colostrum samples were taken from the goats in three repetitions (at birth, at 24th and 48th hours after birth). Changes in IgA, IgM, and IgG levels were examined individually in 33 (11 x 3) colostrum samples taken at birth and 24th and 48th hours after birth. Results: IgA, IgM and IgG levels at birth and 24 and 48 hours after birth for Saanen goats were 0.11-1.98-1.88 mg/ml, 0.28-0.95-14.01 mg/ml and 0.25-0.96-13.53 mg/ml, respectively. The IgA, IgM, IgG levels of kids at birth, 24, and 48 hours after birth were 0.76-1.11-19.22 mg/ml, 0.58-1.02-18.42 mg/ml and 0.53-1.24-21.60 mg/ml, respectively. The effect of birth type and gender and parity on IgA, IgM, and IgG levels were not significant, while the effect of the time-dependent change was linearly and quadratically significant (P <0.01). Conclusion: In the colostrum secreted in the postpartum period in goats, it is necessary for the immune substances to be taken as soon as possible since the rate of passage of the immune substances transferred through the intestinal epithelium by this way decreases in time.
... Beside valuable nutritional components, in colostrum composition are included growth (growth factors as epidermal, insulin like, etc., and growth hormone), immune (lactoferrin and immunoglobulins), and anti-inflammatory factors, with role in reparation of damaged cells, regulation of the immune response, or in reducing inflammatory disorders [7][8][9]. During the first days from birth, both human and mammal newborns must face a potential harmful environment, due to microbial threat [10]. In this context, we may mention the outstanding colostrum capacity of immunoglobulins postnatal transport, from mother to newborn [11]. ...
Colostrum is a natural product, issued by both mammals and humans in first week of lactation. Among different species, donkey colostrum is considered as having, besides a valuable composition in nutrients and immune factors, an outstanding similitude with human colostrum. In this context, and taking into account the scarcity of available data concerning the interaction between climate factors and colostrum quality, a trial was conducted aiming to identify the possible influence of environmental factors on donkey colostrum nutritional traits. A stock of 16 jennies from 2 farms located in the County of Cluj, during a 7 days postpartum period was analyzed. During experimental period the daily temperature, humidity, and wind velocity data were collected. Strong positive correlations may be reported between fat and lactose, and fat and protein respectively, while moderate to strong correlation is emphasized between lactose and protein content of donkey colostrum. Testing the influence of environmental temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity influence upon nutritional content of donkey colostrum, results the neglectable influence of the wind velocity, the negative influence of the heat stress upon all studied colostrum components, and complex influence of relative humidity, which has positive influence on fat and lactose increase when it increases, while its increase has negative influence on protein content of donkey colostrum.
... NOTES higher in the premature milk than in the mature milk (paired t-test, t 5 4.01, df 5 3, P < 0.05); Ig lambda chain V-I region BL2, Ig lambda chain V-III region LOI-like protein, and lysozyme were exclusively observed in the premature milk (Table 2). In ungulates, which are phylogenetically close to cetaceans (Messenger andMcGuire 1998, Gatesy andO'Leary 2001), an abundance of defense-related proteins occurs consistently in milk until a few days postpartum, after which the transfer of these proteins would be blocked by the intestinal wall (Bush and Staley 1980, Messenger and McGuire 1998, P acha 2000, Gatesy and O'Leary 2001, Rooke and Bland 2002, Langer 2009, Yang et al. 2015, Zhang et al. 2015. The high levels of defense-related proteins in the premature milk of the finless porpoise imply that transfer of these proteins might also predominantly occur in the first days after birth. ...
A large number of disease-modifying immunotherapies are available for the treatment of people with multiple sclerosis. Many disease-modifying immunotherapies show scarce or no safety data in pregnancy and breastfeeding and are labeled as being contraindicated during these periods in the Swiss summary of product characteristics. Some disease-modifying immunotherapies also have restrictions for male patients. Hence, family planning should always be considered in treatment decisions. If clinically necessary, the continuation of immunotherapy during pregnancy can be considered for some substances. In these situations, the “Good Off-Label Use Practice”, careful consideration of the benefit–risk profile, and interprofessional cooperation between the treating neurologist, obstetrician–gynecologist, and pharmacist/pharmacologist, ideally with the involvement of experienced centers, is necessary. Here, we present an update on disease-modifying immunotherapies in multiple sclerosis with a focus on family planning, pregnancy, and breastfeeding and provide consensus recommendations of the Medico-Scientific Advisory Board of the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society, the Swiss Neurological Society, and the Swiss Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (represented by the Academy of Fetomaternal Medicine). These unified national recommendations are necessary, as guidelines from other countries differ and because of separate approval/reimbursement situations in Switzerland.
In this review, the composition, characteristics, and management of dairy buffalo calves were examined and compared with bovines. The neonatal period is critical for buffalo calves and is characterized by a high mortality rate (more than 40%). The early intake of high-quality colostrum (IgG > 50 mg/mL) is the one way to improve the immune system of calves (serum IgG > 10 mg/mL after 12 h), thus increasing their chances of survival. Mainly in intensive farms, the availability of high-quality colostrum is necessary; thus, good quality colostrum is often stored to provide newborn calves which cannot be fed by their mothers. Also, the manipulation of the immunological status of animals through vaccination has been depicted since the quality of colostrum tended to be influenced by vaccination against pathogens. Buffalo breeding is constantly expanding in Italy, mainly thanks to the Mozzarella cheese production that represents the excellence of the “Made in Italy” and is exported worldwide. Indeed, high calf mortality rates directly affect the profitability of the business. For these reasons, the aim of this review was to examine specific research on buffalo colostrum that, compared with other species, are scarce. Improving the knowledge of buffalo colostrum, in terms of characteristics and management, is critical to guarantee buffalo newborns’ health in order to reduce their mortality rate. Importantly, considering the knowledge on cattle valid also for buffalo is a widespread, and often erroneous, habit in several fields, including colostrum feeding. Therefore, the two species were compared in this review.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, kolostrum ve olgun süt bileşimindeki farklılıkların belirlenmesi ve maternal faktörlerin anne sütü makro besin ögeleri ile ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bireyler ve Yöntem: Kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışmaya, postpartum birinci günde bebeklerini beslemeye başlamış 50 gönüllü kadın katılmıştır. Demografik özellikler, doğum şekli, gebelik başlangıcındaki vücut ağırlığı ve gebelik dönemindeki vücut ağırlık kazanımına ilişkin bilgiler anket formu ile yüz yüze elde edilmiştir. Annelerden doğum sonrası hastanede kaldıkları ilk 72 saatlik süre içerisinde kolostrum, yenidoğanın birinci ay ilk sağlık kontrolü için hastaneye geldiklerinde olgun süt örnekleri alınmıştır. Anne sütü makro besin ögesi içeriği, bir orta kızılötesi transmisyon spektrometresi ile ölçülmüştür. Bulgular: Yaş ortalamaları 28.21±5.61 yıl olan kadınların %32.0’si çalışmaktadır. Kolostrum ve olgun sütün enerji, karbonhidrat ve protein değerlerinin benzer (p>0.05), kolostrumun yağ içeriğinin, olgun süte kıyasla yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir (p=0.045). Kolostrumun protein değeri ile gebelik sonrası beden kütle indeksi (BKİ) değeri arasında pozitif yönde ilişki (OR=1.619, p=0.039) bulunurken, maternal faktörlerin olgun sütün makro besin ögelerine etkisi bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Sonuç: Kolostrum ile olgun sütün yağ miktarının farklı olduğu, maternal faktörlerden sadece BKİ’nin kolostrumun bileşimini etkilediği belirlenmiştir.
Human milk contains an abundant class of compounds composed of short carbohydrate chains that are generally not digestible to the infant. Recently developed methods in advanced chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry have been employed to profile human milk oligosaccharides revealing the breadth of the structures and their variations during lactation and between mothers. Human milk oligosaccharides have many functional attributes, but chief among them is their role as prebiotics, enriching specific bacteria through their interactions with the structure-specific carbohydrate-oriented genes.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the number of lactations and litter size on the chemical composition, immunoglobulins, and cytokines of goat colostrum. The experiment was conducted at the Animal Research Base, Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, from February to March 2021. After delivery, 48 colostrum samples were obtained every 24 h by manual milking from both udders. The contents of colostrum proteins, IgA, and IgM increased markedly up to 48 h postpartum, reaching 250 and 1250 μg/mL, respectively (p < 0.01 compared with 0 h). However, the total Ig and IgG contents dropped quickly at 48 h postpartum to around 4.5 and 6 mg/mL, respectively, and continued to do so until 96 h postpartum (p < 0.01). As for litter size, the colostrum DM, fat, total Ig, IgG, INF-γ, and IL-2 of twin-birth goats were higher than those of single-birth goats at 0 h postpartum. Moreover, the colostrum of multiparous goats contained higher total Ig, IgA, IgG, and INF-γ concentrations than that of primiparous goats at 0 h postpartum (p < 0.01). However, the colostrum INF-α and IL-5 contents of multiparous goats were lower than those of primiparous goats at 0 h postpartum (p < 0.05). Available information indicates that colostrum secretion takes place until 48 h postpartum and that the effect of litter size and lactation number on colostrum quality is observed at 0 h postpartum.
Background
The expression of genes and their regulation during lactation in swine is not well-understood. In order to gain a better understanding of genes and pathways involved in sow lactation, total RNA from colostrum and mature milk samples were sequenced from 65 sows across four parities. A stringent bioinformatic pipeline was used to identify and characterize 44,234 transcripts. ResultsThe 44,234 identified transcripts included 41,875 previously annotated transcripts and 2,359 novel transcripts. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted using a generalized linear model coupled with the Lancaster method for P -value aggregation across transcripts. In total, 1,900 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified for the milk type main effect, and 373 DEG were identified for the milk type x parity interaction. Several gene ontology (GO) terms related to immune response were significant for the milk type main effect, supporting the widely-accepted hypothesis that immunoglobulins and immune cells are transferred to the neonate via colostrum.Conclusions
This is the first study to perform global transcriptome analysis from whole milk samples in sows from multiple parities. Our results provide important information and insight into synthesis of milk proteins and innate immunity and potential targets for future improvement of swine lactation and piglet development.
Parabens, broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservatives widely used in various consumer products and food, are suspected to be linked with several adverse health effects in humans, especially newborn babies, infants, and young children. While human exposure to parabens has been frequently reported by measuring the concentration of parabens in urine, similar measurements in breast milk have rarely been made. To determine paraben concentrations in breast milk and possible sources of exposure, four major parabens, including methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP) were measured in breast milk samples collected from 260 lactating women in South Korea. Demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors associated with the presence of parabens in breast milk were determined. EP concentrations were detected at the highest levels in breast milk samples, followed by MP, PP, and BP. Pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, use of basic skin care products, use of cosmetics, canned beverage, and type of milk consumption were associated with higher frequencies of paraben detection. In addition, type of milk, parity, and drinking status were significantly associated with the concentration of EP. Multiple regression analyses showed that colostrum and transitional milk samples had higher levels of EP than mature milk samples. The estimated daily intake of parabens in infants via breastfeeding appears to be negligible when compared to the acceptable daily intake values set forth by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); however, considering the vulnerability of breastfed infants and ubiquitous sources of exposure from daily use of household and personal toiletries, efforts to identify sources and mitigate exposure are warranted.
BACKGROUND
Xinong Saanen goat milk is a raw material for goat milk‐based infant formula production. This study aims to analyze digestion properties of Xinong Saanen goat colostrum and mature milk by simulating infant gastrointestinal digestion. Zeta potential, particles size, protein profile and peptides composition of these two kinds of milk during the digestion process were studied.
RESULTS
Zeta‐potential values of the digested colostrum were lower than those of mature milk through the whole digestion. Absolute zeta potential of colostrum duodenal digestion samples showed a decrease from 16.63 ± 2.08 to 11.80 ± 2.03 mV while that of mature milk decreased sharply and then increased (P < 0.05). Colostrum had a larger particle size than mature milk and both milks showed decreased particle size with increasing digestion time but an increase for the last 30 min. Colostrum showed more high molecular weight (MW) proteins which cannot be hydrolyzed completely compared with mature milk. Digested peptides (< 10 kDa) were characterized using liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The casein‐derived peptides identified in digested colostrum and mature milk accounted for 76.67% and 59.53%, respectively. β‐Casein was the most abundant in colostrum while that in mature milk was αs1‐casein. Enterotoxin‐binding glycoprotein PP20K, butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) and perilipin (PLIN) were only detected in digested mature milk.
CONCLUSION
Differences in digestion properties between goat colostrum and mature milk were mainly shown in duodenal digestion phase. Data may provide useful information about utilization of goat milk for infant formula formulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The objective of this study was to determine the major nutrient composition of Indian rhinoceros milk ( Rhinoceros unicornis) over the first 13 mo of an 18-mo lactation period and to compare the results to those of previous studies on rhinoceros, African elephant ( Loxodonta africana), and horse milk ( Equus ferus caballus). The following parameters were measured: dry matter (DM), crude ash (ASH), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE; calculated), lactose, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), fatty acids (FAs), and gross energy (GE). DM, ASH, CP, and EE were determined with a proximate analysis, lactose with infrared spectroscopy and an enzymatic method, minerals with an autoanalyzer, FA with gas chromatography, and GE with bomb calorimetry. Milk samples were collected from two Indian rhinoceros cows from Zoo Basel. Rhino A gave birth to her third calf on 10 September 2012; three samples were collected and analyzed (colostrum, milk 1 wk and 2 wk postpartum). Rhino B gave birth to her eighth calf on 05 October 2013; samples were collected and 15 were chosen for the analyses (from colostrum to 13 mo postpartum). The composition of rhino B's colostrum was 13.8% DM (wet-weight basis), 4.8% ASH, 61.8% CP, 0.7% EE, 32.6% NFE, 26.7% lactose, 0.59% Ca, 0.54% P, 0.2% Mg (DM basis), and 20.3 MJ GE/kg DM. Rhino B's sample collected 13 mo postpartum averaged 8.0% DM (wet-weight basis), 3.6% ASH, 16.3% CP, 1.8% EE, 78.3% NFE, 84.7% lactose, 0.54% Ca, 0.48% P, 0.09% Mg (on DM basis), and 17.43 MJ GE/kg DM. The main FAs in rhino B's and rhino A's samples were C10 : 0, C12 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1n9c, and C18 : 2n6c. Milk of the Indian rhinoceros is low in fat and protein but high in lactose, which is comparable to the milk composition of other rhinoceros species and horses, but not African elephants.
Concomitant with the evolution of numerous aquatic adaptations, extant cetaceans have developed a cranial vascular system that is very different from those of terrestrial mammals. Terrestrial mammals rely on the internal carotid, external carotid, and vertebral arteries for blood supply to the brain. In extant cetaceans, however, these cranial vessels are either lost or extremely reduced early in ontogeny (such as the internal carotid and its branch the stapedial artery), or ramify along part of their course into anastomotic networks of small arteries (such as the vertebral artery and branches of the external carotid). These networks of arteries, and their morphologically similar complexes of veins, are termed retia mirabile, “wonderful nets.” In contrast to the typical ungulate cranial circulation in which a few large arteries make up the main supply channels to the brain, the cetacean cranial circulation is characterized by a series of the retia mirabile. The cranial vascular patterns of cetaceans (Boenninghaus, 1904; Slijper, 1936; Walmsley, 1938; Vogl and Fisher, 1981a) are so different from those of terrestrial eutherian mammals (Sisson, 1921; Miller et al., 1964; Bugge, 1974; Gray, 1974; Hunt, 1974; Presley, 1979; MacPhee, 1981; Wible, 1987) that they have attracted the attention of morphologists since the first half of the nineteenth century (Breschet, 1836; Stannius, 1841).
The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, magnesium, protein, carbohydrate and fat were analyzed in cats' milk during the course of lactation. Cats' milk is different from most species in that the concentrations of iron, copper, zinc and manganese are lower during the first 2 days of lactation than on days 3-7. After the initial rise in the concentration of these elements, the concentration of iron decreased from 5.9 micrograms/ml to 3.0 micrograms/ml, with most of the decrease occurring between days 8 and 21. Copper concentration declined from 1.6 micrograms/ml to 0.8 microgram/ml, with most of the change occurring between days 8 and 28. Concentration of manganese increased during lactation, from 0.14 microgram/ml of 0.39 microgram/ml. Calcium concentration increased rapidly during the first 3 weeks from 550 micrograms/ml to 1500 micrograms/ml, with little change thereafter. The magnesium concentration (congruent to 100 micrograms/ml) and zinc concentration (congruent 6 micrograms/ml) were not affected by stage of lactation. Protein increased during lactation from 4% to 7%, and fat from 3% to 5%, whereas carbohydrate concentration (congruent 4%) did not change significantly. These data demonstrate that the nutrient intake of the kitten changes markedly during the early neonatal period and that these changes should be taken into account in evaluating studies of suckling cats.
The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium and magnesium, as well as protein, carbohydrate and fat, were analyzed in rat milk during the course of lactation in rats fed a purified diet. As serial milking has been demonstrated to affect milk composition (1), lactating rats were milked only once at various times from days 0 to 28 after parturition. Concentration of iron decreased rapidly from 9 to 5 micrograms/ml during the 1st week of lactation and changed little thereafter. Similarly, copper concentration decreased considerably in early lactation, from 9 to 2 micrograms/ml, but then remained constant. Zinc concentration did not decrease during the 1st week of lactation, but dropped from 14 micrograms/ml in the 2nd week of lactation to 8-10 micrograms/ml in mature milk. Manganese was unique as its concentration decreased during the early days of lactation, from 0.3 to 0.1 microgram/ml, with a subsequent rise in late lactation back to 0.3 microgram/ml. Calcium and magnesium concentrations increased somewhat in early lactation and decreased slightly in later lactation, but the changes were fairly small as compared to the trace elements. Developmental patterns for protein, carbohydrate and fat were not very pronounced, although protein and carbohydrate increased somewhat in early lactation and later decreased. These data demonstrate that the nutrient intake of the suckling changes markedly during the early neonatal period. These changes should be taken into account in evaluating data on the trace element composition of tissues of suckling rats.
Mammary secretions from two bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus L.) females carrying near-term fetuses were analyzed for dry matter, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy content. Protein values ranged from 75.9% to 97.3% of dry matter. Fat ranged from 0.6% to 9.1% of dry matter. A protein corresponding to beta-lactoglobulin on gel filtration chromatography was the predominant whey protein. Neutralizing antibodies to nine caliciviruses were detected in one sample. Composition of these two samples differs from previous reports for cetacean milk, perhaps due to the stage of lactation.
The purpose of this study was to clarify whether cats have a colostral and milk phase of lactation differentiated by concentrations of immunoglobulins, and whether colostrum ingestion by newborn kittens is essential for optimal transfer of passive immunity. Milk from specific pathogen-free queens was analyzed for IgG and IgA concentrations from parturition through 6 weeks of lactation. Serum IgG and IgA concentrations from birth through 8 weeks of age were determined for colostrum-fed kittens, colostrum-deprived kittens that were fed a milk replacer, and colostrum-deprived kittens that were fostered onto queens in the milk phase of lactation. The total IgG and IgA concentrations in milk were significantly higher on the day of parturition than on day 7 of lactation, indicating cats do have a colostral phase of lactation. The predominant immunoglobulin in both colostrum and milk was IgG. The serum IgG concentrations in colostrum-deprived kittens fostered on queens in the milk phase of lactation were similar to colostrum-deprived kittens fed a milk replacer, and the concentrations were significantly lower than in colostrum-fed kittens for the first 4 weeks of life. The serum IgA concentrations in both colostrum-deprived groups were significantly lower than colostrum-fed kittens on day 2 after parturition, but were similar thereafter. Colostrum-deprived kittens fostered onto queens in the milk phase of lactation had failure of passive transfer of maternal antibodies. Protective concentrations of immunoglobulins can be restored in kittens with failure of passive transfer of immunity by parenteral administration of adult cat serum, but not by fostering on queens in mid-lactation.
Alle lebend-gebärenden, d.h. nicht-eierlegenden Wirbeltiere entwickeln als Austauschorgan zwischen Mutter und Embryo Fruchthüllen, die unabhängig von Herkunft und Struktur als Placenta bezeichnet werden. Der große vergleichende Placenta-Forscher Harland W. Mossman definierte die Placenta im Jahre 1937 als Apposition oder Fusion fetaler Membranen mit der Uterusmucosa zum Zwecke eines physiologischen Austausches. Schon die Allgemeinheit dieser Definition weist auf die große embryologische, strukturelle und auch funktionelle Variationsbreite dieses Organes hin. Es gibt kein anderes Organ, das so große Speciesunterschiede aufweist wie die Placenta. Äußere Form und innere Ausgestaltung können so stark variieren, daß bei makroskopischer und lichtmikroskopischer Betrachtung der Placenten verschiedener Species der Nichtfachmann vielfach kaum auf die Idee käme, vergleichbare Organe vor sich zu haben.
Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology, Third Edition is a succinct, yet comprehensive text devoted to the systematics, evolution, morphology, ecology, physiology, and behavior of marine mammals. Earlier editions of this valuable work are considered required reading for all marine biologists concerned with marine mammals, and this text continues that tradition of excellence with updated citations and an expansion of nearly every chapter that includes full color photographs and distribution maps. • Comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the biology of all marine mammals • Provides a phylogenetic framework that integrates phylogeny with behavior and ecology • Features chapter summaries, further readings, an appendix, glossary and an extensive bibliography • Exciting new color photographs and additional distribution maps.
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) form one of the most dramatically derived group of mammals and modern representatives are easily recognized by the telescoping of the skull, posterior movement of the narial openings, isolation of the earbones, shortening of the neck, loss of external hind limbs, reduction of the pelvic girdle, and addition of vertebrae (e.g., Barnes, 1984). These skeletal character states are among the most conspicuous features within a suite of transformations that cetaceans experienced in basically all of their biological systems during their adaptation to the aquatic environment.
Composition of collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) milk was described for samples obtained from a group of four captive females maintained on a high quality diet and four wild-caught females inhabiting semiarid rangelands in southern Texas. The gross composition of peccary and porcine milks are fairly similar, with some differences in mineral composition. Results suggest that bottle formulations developed for domestic swine piglets would provide adequate nutrition for hand-rearing nursling peccaries.
Active immunity to Brucella abortus was induced in adult female rabbits. They were mated a week after the last injection of antigen and were killed and the yolk-sac contents of the embryos tested for agglutinins 81/2 days after copulation. Specific agglutinins were found to be present in the yolk-sac contents in all cases. The titre varied significantly from embryo to embryo in the same litter, and was in some as high as that in the maternal serum at the time of killing. Passive immunity to Br. abortus was imparted to female rabbits 7 to 9 days pregnant by intravenous injection of immune serum of high titre. The rabbits were killed and the yolk-sac fluid of the embryos tested for agglutinins 10 to 17 hr. after injection. Specific agglutinins were present in most of the embryos from five of the six rabbits injected before 8 days postcoitum. All the embryos in the sixth rabbit were regressing. Specific agglutinins were not found in any of the embryos from two rabbits injected after 9 days post-coitum, by which time the yolk-sac fluid has ceased to increase in volume. Positive results were obtained both when rabbit and bovine immune sera were used. Active immunity to Br. abortus was induced in pregnant rabbits by injections beginning after the 15th day post-coitum. The serum of the newborn young, removed from their immune mothers before they had suckled, was tested and specific agglutinins were found to be present with a titre corresponding to that of the maternal serum. It was concluded that agglutinins, whether actively or passively acquired, pass freely from the maternal circulation into the yolk-sacs of 7- and 8-day rabbit embryos. This constitutes a delicate test of the passage of protein without alteration through the yolk-sac wall. The yolk-sac wall does not appear to be selective, since it is at least as permeable to foreign proteins as it is to those of maternal origin. Agglutinins pass from the maternal circulation into the embryo after the disappearance of the bilaminar wall of the yolk-sac also, either by way of the yolk-sac splanchnopleur or the allantochorionic placenta or both. The bearing of these results on current theories of placental permeability are discussed.
MACROMOLECULAR exchange across the foeto–maternal interface in the pregnant mammal is in some species confined to the placenta, whereas in others such as the rabbit, rat and mouse, the yolk sac is also involved1. Whatever the route, it is well established that whereas most proteins are broken down during their passage into the foetus, a small proportion of certain immunoglobulins is transferred to the foetal circulation intact. This has important implications not only for the transmission of passive immunity but also for the access of potentially deleterious maternal antibody directed against foetal antigens.
INTRODUCTIONMAMMALS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOMEVOLUTION OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRYCOMPOSITION AND SECRETION OF MILK OF MINOR SPECIESUNIQUENESS OF THIS BOOK ON MILK OF NON-BOVINE MAMMALS
INTRODUCTIONCAUSES OF ALLERGIC RESPONSESFOUR TYPES OF ALLERGIC REACTIONSILLUSTRATIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOD SENSITIVITIES AND ALLERGIESSYMPTOMS OF FOOD ALLERGY IN GENERALINCIDENCES OF MILK AND FOOD ALLERGIESMECHANISMS OF PATHOGENESIS OF FOOD ALLERGYCLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF COW MILK ALLERGYHYPOALLERGENICITY OF GOAT MILKTHERAPEUTIC AND NUTRITIONAL ADVANTAGES OF GOAT MILK
INTRODUCTIONANATOMY OF PORCINE MAMMARY GLANDSSECRETION OF MILK FROM MAMMARY GLANDSFACTORS AFFECTING THE YIELD OF SOW MILKCOMPOSITION OF SOW MILKDIETARY MANIPULATION OF SOW MILK COMPOSITIONUTILIZATION OF SOW MILK AS A MODEL FOR HUMAN NUTRITION AND HEALTH RESEARCH
INTRODUCTIONGENERAL ASPECTS OF COMPOSITION OF OTHER MINOR SPECIES' MILKSCOMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF MILK PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITIONS OF OTHER MINOR SPECIESMILK YIELD OF MINOR SPECIES MAMMALSCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MILKS OF OTHER MINOR SPECIESPRODUCTS OF OTHER MINOR SPECIES' MILKS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
INTRODUCTIONMILK PRODUCTIONMILK COMPOSITIONPROCESSING TECHNOLOGY AND TYPES OF YAK MILK PRODUCTSOTHER RECENT STUDIES ON YAK MILK AND GENETICS
Bei einer 39jhrigen Frau wurde ein Paraprotein vom Typ G ohne weitere Anzeichen fr ein Paraprotein gefunden. Unmittelbar nach der Geburt eines klinisch gesunden Kindes lie sich in Blutproben von Mutter, Nabelschnur und Neugeborenem immunelektrophoretisch dasselbe Paraprotein nachweisen. Damit konnte der Nachweis erbracht werden, da das Paraprotein diaplacentar bertragen wurde. Unsere Befunde weisen darauf hin, da die selektive Durchlssigkeit der Placenta fr Immunglobuline vom Type G mglicherweise von strukturellen Besonderheiten der H-Kette abhngig ist.Paraproteinemia type G (9S) has been found in a 39 year old woman without evidence of multiple myeloma. Immediately after the birth of a clinically healthy child, immunelectrophoresis of blood samples from mother, umbilical cord vein and the newborn revealed the same paraprotein in all three samples. Thus ist has been demonstrated that the paraprotein had been transmitted through the placenta. Our findings suggest that the selective permeability of the placenta for immunoglobulins of the type G may depend on structural peculiarities of the H-chain.
To examine the relationships between passive acquisition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) by piglets from colostrum and concentrations of plasma IgG at weaning, IgG concentrations in the blood plasma of piglets naturally suckling the sow were measured in the first week of life and at 28 days of age in three experiments. In two experiments the quantities of specific antibodies (anti-Newcastle disease virus, NDV) transferred from the sow to the piglet in colostrum were also quantified. The concentrations of IgG in piglet plasma at 28 days of age were significantly and positively related to concentrations in plasma at 2 and 7 days of age. NDV–IgG in piglet plasma declined more rapidly than total IgG between 7 and 28 days of age, but not between 2 and 7 days of age. In one experiment, concentrations of IgG in piglet plasma at 28 and 35 days of age were related to the diet the sow received during pregnancy, with diets including marine oil giving higher values. Estimates were made of the total amount (rather than concentration) of IgG in piglet plasma at different ages and these showed that amounts of IgG increased between 7 and 28 days of age, but not between 2 and 7 days; a similar conclusion was made from the dilution of NDV IgG in piglet plasma. Therefore, these estimates suggested that naturally suckling piglets begin synthesising IgG from 7 days of age and that the amounts of IgG synthesised are positively correlated with the amounts of IgG absorbed from colostrum.
Mikrofiche-Ausg.: Egelsbach ; Frankfurt (Main) ; Washington : Hänsel-Hohenhausen, 1997. 4 Mikrofiches. Zugl.: Witten, Herdecke, PrivatUniversiẗat, Diss., 1997.
Immunoglobulins in mammary secretion are derived from blood serum or are made locally by cells of the lymphocyte-plasma cell series situated close to the glandular epithelium. The major immunoglobulin in colostrum and milk of ruminants, IgG1, is derived from the blood and is transferred into secretion selectively relative to IgG2, probably by a mechanism requiring specific receptor sites on the basal of intercellular membrane of the glandular epithelium. Acute inflammation causes suppression of selective transfer of IgG1, but there is a marked increase in the transfer of proteins, such as IgG2 and serum albumin, which enter secretion nonselectively. Infusion of antigen into the mammary gland of ruminants some weeks before parturition induces a persisting local production of antibody, most of which is associated with IgA and IgM. IgA cells in the mammary gland probably originate in the intestine, and prior antigenic stimulation of the gut may be required for maximal IgA antibody responses in the gland. Local immunization with staphylococcal vaccines gives a measurable degree of protection against staphylococcal challenge. Systemic immunization with viable staphylococci leading to subcutaneous abscess formation elicits significant protection to subsequent mammary challenge which is attributable, at least in part, to specific antibody of the IgG2 class cytophilic to polymorphs.
Direct evidence for the existence of Fc receptors on the surface of first trimester and term human placental cells has been obtained by the use of an antibody-coated red cell (EA) rosette assay. The modification of a Ficoll density gradient separation procedure for placental cell population in conjunction with dye uptake experiments, cytocentrifuge preparations and cytological analysis has enabled an identification of the rosette-forming cells in the mature placenta as predominantly, if not entirely, syncytiotrophoblastic. The significance of these findings, together with those demonstrating the presence of cell-surface Fc receptors on the chorionic membrane, are considered in relation to the transmission of immunoglobulin from mother to foetus and to the protection of the foetus as an intra-uterine allograft.
The route of IgM transport to the rabbit fetus was investigated by comparing its localization with that of IgG in the yolk sac splanchnopleure and uterine tissues using direct immunofluorescence and immunodiffusion analysis. IgM was first detected in fetal serum at 20 days of gestation but was present in uterine fluid at 18 days, the earliest stage tissues and fluids were examined. IgM was co-localized with IgG in the yolk sac endoderm basement membrane and in the vascular mesenchyme of the yolk sac splanchnopleure providing evidence of its transport to fetal blood; it was also present in vesicles in the yolk sac endoderm. IgM could not be detected in uterine fluid of nonpregnant uterine horns of rabbits unilaterally pregnant. Human IgM injected into the maternal circulation was readily transported to the uterine fluid and across the yolk sac splanchnopleure to fetal blood indicating that IgM secreting plasma cells, found to be present in the uterine stroma, contributed little towards IgM in the uterine fluid. Degenerating paraplacental decidual tissue, a feature of rabbit pregnancy, is suggested to be a major route for maternal immunoglobulin transport to the uterine fluid.
Cases of gastrointestinal smooth muscle tumor seen at M. D. Anderson Hospital and followed for a minimum of 10 years are presented. The tumors were classified as high-grade leiomyosarcoma (41 cases), low-grade leiomyosarcoma (13 cases), and leiomyoma (2 cases). All of the leiomyosarcomas originated in the stomach (21 cases), small intestine (29 cases), or rectum (4 cases) and appeared to have arisen from the muscularis propria. Leiomyosarcomas were considered high-grade when the maximal mitotic rate in ten consecutive high-power fields was ten or more and low-grade when this rate was lower (actual maximal rates in the low-grade group varied from 1-5/10 high-power fields). All patients with high-grade leiomyosarcoma died of tumor after intervals ranging from 5 to 90 months (median, 25 months). All but two with low-grade leiomyosarcoma also died of tumor, but frequently after much longer intervals (range, 42-221 months; median, 98 months; survival difference P = 0.002). Intervals to recurrence and metastasis were correspondingly longer in the low-grade group (up to 188 months). The two leiomyomas were small (less than 2 cm), had no mitotic figures, and were less cellular than any of the leiomyosarcomas. However, they both occurred in locations in which no leiomyosarcomas were seen (muscularis propria of the esophagus and muscularis mucosae of the rectum); therefore, the problem of distinguishing leiomyomas from leiomyosarcomas in sites where the latter did arise could not be resolved, particularly in view of the fact that fatal low-grade leiomyosarcomas had diameters as small as 1 cm and maximal mitotic rates as low as one per ten high-power fields. "Leiomyoblastoma" was not found to be an entity; it is recommended that this term be dropped.
The characterization of natural baboon milk was undertaken to pro vide information on the dietary requirements of infant and lactating female baboons (Papio anubis, P. cynocephalus and P. papio). The gross composition of the mature milk (days 36 to 279) was as follows: (in grams per 100 ml) total solids, 14.4; lipids, 5.0; crude protein, 1.6; lactose, 7.3; and ash, 0.26. The specific gravity and pH were 1.027 and 7.18, respectively. The mammary secretion obtained during the first 5 days of lactation was richer in crude protein and poorer in carbohydrates than the mature milk, but the lipid and ash concentrations were not appreciably different. Variations in those components with each other, with length of lactation and with milk yield were also determined; as lactation progressed, the only significant change in composition was the increase in lipid concentration. Adequate lactation is of critical impor tance to the maintenance of any mam malian species. The quantity and compo sition of the milk not only determine all
Immunoelectron microscopy of IgG molecules in human mature placenta has shown that IgG bound to microvillar surfaces and the inner wall of endocytotic vesicles of syncytiotrophoblasts. The endocytotic vesicles, containing both bound and unbound IgG molecules, tended to fuse with each other or with other cellular organelles, particularly with lysosomes. The phagolysosomes were more abundant in the basal regions of the cells. Apparently some IgG molecules were not digested by lysosomal enzymes. Vesicles with residual IgG were found to fuse with the basal and basolateral cell membrane and to discharge their contents into the extracellular space by exocytosis. It is suggested that IgG molecules were transported through the trophoblastic basement membrane and the interstitial space by diffusion to the endothelial basement membrane. The IgG molecules then migrated into the fetal vascular lumen via endothelial gaps and interendothelial spaces.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the preferred term for mesenchymal tumors specific for the gastrointestinal tract (60% in stomach, 30% small intestine, 10% elsewhere). GISTs include most tumors previously designated as leiomyoma, cellular leiomyoma, leiomyoblastoma, and leiomyosarcoma. However, in the esophagus, leiomyoma is the most common mesenchymal tumor. GISTs are composed of spindle (70%) or epithelioid (30%) cells, and 10%-30% are malignant showing intra-abdominal spread or liver metastases. They are immunohistochemically positive for c-kit (CD117), CD34, and sometimes for actin but are almost always negative for desmin and S100-protein. The malignant GISTs especially show activating mutations in the c-kit gene. GISTs and gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors (GANT) overlap. The cell of origin is not fully understood, but resemblance to the interstitial cells of Cajal, expression of some smooth muscle markers, and occurrence outside of the GI-tract suggest origin from multipotential cells that can differentiate into Cajal and smooth muscle cells.
In dogs, passive immunity is conferred to fetuses and neonates by the transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G through the placenta during the last trimester of pregnancy and via the mammary gland after parturition, respectively. However, morphological evidence of transplacental transport is still lacking. The aim of the present study was to localize maternal immunoglobulin G in the labyrinthine zone and in the haemophagous zone of the canine placenta by means of immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry. In the labyrinthine zone, immunoglobulin G was detected in all the layers of the materno-fetal barrier including the fetal capillaries. Immunoreactivity was particularly prominent in maternal basement membrane material as well as in the syncytiotrophoblast. However, this evidence of transplacental transport of immunoglobulin G originated from a limited number of unevenly distributed maternal vessels only. In the cytotrophoblast of the haemophagous zone, immunoglobulin G was localized to phagolysosomes at various stages but was never detected within fetal vessels. The results indicate that maternal immunoglobulin G is degraded in cytotrophoblast cells of the hemophagous zone and, therefore, that transplacental transport is restricted to a subpopulation of maternal vessels in the labyrinthine zone.
The comparison between fetal and maternal levels of immunoglobulins indicate that the human placenta during pregnancy develops a specific transport mechanism for IgG in the maternal to fetal direction. There are differences for the four subclasses, with preferential transfer of IgG(1) while the slowest transfer is seen for IgG(2). Under in vitro perfusion conditions of human term placenta IgG, when compared to other proteins, showed a significantly higher transfer rate of its subclasses from the maternal to the fetal side, indicating a specific transport mechanism. There is a preferential transfer rate, highest for IgG(1) and lowest for IgG(2), similar to those observed under in vivo conditions. The similarity in transfer of anti-TT-IgG and tetanus antigen, which was observed under in vivo and in vitro conditions, may suggest the transport as antibody-antigen complex.
The route by which maternal gamma -globulin reaches the circulation of 19-and 20-day-old foetal rats has been investigated by surgical experiments on the foetuses in situ and by the use of antibodies as marked globulin. Antibodies from immune rat serum injected into the uterine lumen entered the exocoelomic and amniotic fluids of the foetus by way of the yolk-sac splanchnopleur and amnion. Antibodies from immune rat serum administered by mouth to the foetus were absorbed rapidly in the gut and appeared in the circulation. Antibodies also were absorbed by, and entered into the circulation of, the inverted yolk-sac splanchnopleur from immune rat serum to which it was exposed. They still reached the foetal circulation when entry by both these routes was precluded by keeping the mouth closed and removing the yolk-sac splanchnopleur. In these circumstances antibodies probably were absorbed from cavities in the entodermal sinuses of Duval and must have been transported by the allantoic circulation, but the possibility of passage from the maternal circulation directly across the placenta could not be excluded.
Many of the receptors for the Fc domain of immunoglobulins in cattle, sheep, pigs and horses have been cloned and characterized recently. This review summarises recent developments and relates them to the current understanding of the primary structure, cellular specificity and binding properties of Fc receptors (FcRs). Although there is an obvious overall similarity to their human and mouse counterparts, some Fc receptors in domestic animals are unusual, perhaps most notably the bovine Fcgamma2R, which although related to other mammalian FcgammaRs, belongs to a novel gene family and the porcine FcgammaRIIIA, which associates with a molecule that contains significant homology to the cathelin family of antimicrobial proteins. Accumulating data suggest the possibility of a different role for the FcRn in ruminants, which may secrete IgG onto the mucosal surfaces, rather than absorbing it, as was suggested by mouse studies. These differences may be linked to the diversity of immunoglobulin classes in different mammalian species, and may contribute to different immune functions. The observations made so far emphasize the importance of elucidating and analyzing the roles of these molecules within the immune system of each host animal, rather than inferring roles from conclusions made in human and mouse studies. A better understanding of Fc receptor expression on immune effector cells should help in developing new immunization protocols, while knowledge of the Fc receptors involved in immunoglobulin transport, especially in the mammary gland, may help to develop new products which could be used not only for veterinary purposes but perhaps also for human therapy.