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Effects of Silicon on Tolerance to Water Deficit and Heat Stress in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.), Monitored by Electrolyte Leakage

DOI:10.1626/pps.1.96
Authors:
Sakae Agarie at Kyushu University
Sakae Agarie
Naomi Hanaoka
Naomi Hanaoka
Naomi Hanaoka
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Osamu Ueno
Osamu Ueno
Osamu Ueno
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Akira Miyazaki
Akira Miyazaki
Akira Miyazaki
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Abstract

To evaluate the positive effects of silicon on the stress tolerance of rice plants, we measured the electrolyte leakage (El) from leaf tissue caused by desiccation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and by high temperature to estimate the integrity of cell membranes. The El caused by 30% and 40% solutions of PEG decreased with the increase in the level of Si in leaves. In leaves of plants grown with 100 ppm SiO2, the level of polysaccharides in cell walls, which is one of the factors related to tolerance to desiccation, was 1.6-fold higher than that in leaves of plants grown without Si. Ultrastructural observations of leaves revealed that polymerized Si accumulated in the walls of epidermal cells but not in those of the mesophyll cells, which are probably the main sites of El. These findings suggested that silicon in rice leaves is involved in the water relations of cells, such as mechanical properties and water permeability and plays a role in preventing El through the synthesis and functions of cell walls. The El caused by high temperature (42.5°C) was also lower in the leaves grown with Si than in the leaves grown without Si, suggesting the involvement of silicon in the thermal stability of lipids in cell membranes. These results suggested that silicon prevents the structural and functional deterioration of cell membranes when rice plants are exposed to environmental stress.
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The Crop Science Society of Japan
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The Crop Science Society of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Crop Science Society of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Crop Science Society of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Crop Science Society of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Crop Science Society of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Crop Science Society of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
The Crop Science Society of Japan
NII-Electronic Library Service
... Moreover, it strengthens the leaf cortex wax layer and increases stomatal conductance, which can be beneficial under heat stress (Hu et al., 2020). While, polymerized silicon can strengthen the epidermal cell wall, stabilising the lipid layers of epidermal cells and preserving membrane function can be accomplished by increasing plant silicon absorption during environmental stress (Agarie et al., 1998). The application of silicate to plant roots may help alleviate the biotoxicity of antibiotics present in the soil, thereby reducing root damage and limiting antibiotic absorption (Lv et al., 2021). ...
The use of potassium silicate and fulvic acid to mitigate the effects of heat stress in tomato plants
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2023
In the summer season, the heat poses a challenge to open-field tomato production, leading to decreased yields. As a result, we conducted a study to examine the impact of various foliar spray compositions on enhancing nutrient absorption and increasing fruit yield in tomato plants. The experiment consisted of two factors: Hybrids [Nirouz (TH99806) and 023] as the main factor, while the sub-main factor was potassium silicate (P3: 3 mL L-1) or/and fulvic acid (F2: 2 mL L-1), and CK (H2O) as a control. The plants were sprayed three times, the first time was after 30 days from transplanting the seedlings, the second time was after 20 days from the first time, and the third time was after 20 days from the second time. As a result, P3 generated the highest yield in plants compared with the other treatments. Also, Foliar spraying with P3+F2 increased the leaf content of chlorophyll a, carotene and TSS. Thus, P3 and P3+F2 stimulated the plant nutrient uptake, which improved the marketable yield. So, we recommend foliar spraying with potassium silicate at a rate of 3 mL per liter of water to avoid heat stress on tomato plants.
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... The absorbed silica will accumulate on the surface of the epidermal cell wall in the form of a silica gel layer, thickening and strengthening it [21]. The deposition of Si in the outer walls of epidermal cells on both surfaces of leaves has been reported to reduce water loss by lowering transpiration and preserve normal growth under drought stress in rice [9]. Si can lower transpiration by 30% in rice [64,65]. ...
Influence of Chemical, Organic, and Biological Silicon Fertilization on Physiological Studies of Egyptian Japonica Green Super Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2023
Rice plants are known to be silicon (Si) accumulators, hence farmers often use specific commercial chemical fertilizers to meet the nutrient needs of plants. Farmers commonly use fertilizers that are expensive and produce immediate effects, yet they contaminate the soil, water, and air. We should reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by combining a part of them with alternative organic and biological sources of Si, such as rice husk and Bacillus mucilaginosus (Si-solubilizing bacteria). Furthermore, it rationalizes chemical fertilizer consumption, reduces environmental pollution, and improves nutrient use efficiency to achieve rationalization of consumption with economic benefits in spending and rationalization of consumption of chemicals polluting the environment. In two successive growth seasons, 2021 and 2022, a field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of chemical, organic, and biological silicon fertilization in physiological studies of Egyptian Japonica green super rice. A randomized complete block design was used, with four replications, and the following treatments were used: T1, recommended dose of silica gel (SG; chemical Si); T2, recommended dose of rice husk (RH; organic Si); T3, recommended dose of Si-solubilizing bacteria (SSB; Bacillus mucilaginosus; biological Si); T4, ½ SG + ½ RH; T5, ½ SG + ½ SSB; T6, ½ RH + ½ SSB; T7, 1/3 SG + 1/3 RH + 1/3 SSB; T8, zero chemical, organic, and biological Si (control). The results showed that the application of silica gel as a chemical Si fertilizer, rice husk as an organic Si fertilizer, and Bacillus mucilaginosus as a Si-solubilizing bacteria or biological Si fertilizer source resulted in significantly higher yields of grain (10.71 and 10.53) t ha−1 and straw (12.66 and 12.37) t ha−1 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Following that, silica gel, when combined with Si-solubilizing bacteria, led to increases in grain yield output of 10.32 and 10.39 t ha−1 and straw yield of 12.16 and 12.05 t ha−1 in 2021 and 2022, respectively. In addition, yield attributes, chlorophyll content in leaves, flag leaf area, flag leaf weight, chlorophyll in flag leaf, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), and silicon uptake in grain and straw were determined as follows: The application of silica gel as a chemical Si fertilizer, rice husk as an organic Si fertilizer, and Bacillus mucilaginosus as a Si-solubilizing bacteria or biological Si fertilizer source had a substantial impact on all examined characteristics. According to the optimal treatment, one part of the three parts of Si fertilization utilized just chemical Si fertilizer and the other two parts organic and biological Si. So we can minimize chemical fertilizer use and reduce soil pollution. The findings of this study will be valuable for future research, such as the usage of alternative organic and biological sources of Si in rice.
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... A decrease in growth parameters is a consequence of a reduced leaf area, photosynthetic rate and the deviation of energy destined for growth to activate and maintain metabolic activities associated with adapting to drought (Munns et al., 2002). Applied nSiO2 at the higher concentrations (100 mg L -1 ) had a positive effect on the growth of shoots in vitro due to involvement in the water relations of cells (Agarie et al., 1998), increased chlorophyll level (Kalteh et al., 2018) and thickening of the cell walls (Mahmoud et al., 2020). It is suggested that maintaining membrane stability index at a healthy status enhances osmotic adjustments and metabolic activities under conditions of drought stress (Slabbert and Kru ger, 2014) as in our findings explants treated with 100 mg L -1 nSiO2 under normal conditions had the lowest EL and the strongest cell membrane. ...
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... Electrolyte leakage is an indirect measurement of membrane stability, and it has been documented that electrolyte leakage increases during both heat stress and salt stress (Agari et al. 1998;Dionisio-Sese and Tobita 1998;Liu and Huang 2000;Verslues et al. 2006). Roots from each plant were rinsed with distilled, deionized water three times (5 mL of water each time) and then soaked in 10 mL of distilled, deionized water for 1 h. ...
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Creeping Bentgrass during Heat, Salt, and Combined Stress
Article
Full-text available
  • Apr 2023
Creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) is a turfgrass species that is widely used on golf courses throughout the United States. In field settings, plants are often subjected to more than one stress at a time, and studying stresses independently is likely insufficient. Stresses, such as heat stress and salt stress, can affect plant hormone levels and, in turn, plant hormone levels can affect how well the plant tolerates stress. The objectives of the experiments were to determine if the levels of heat stress and salt stress used would be detrimental to creeping bentgrass health, and if applying plant growth regulators could improve plant health during stress. During the first experiment, creeping bentgrass was transplanted to hydroponics systems in two different growth chambers. One chamber was set to have day and night temperatures of 35 °C and 30 °C (heat stress), respectively, and the other had day and night temperatures of 25 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Within each chamber, one block received a 50 mM NaCl treatment (salt stress) and the other did not (control). The stress treatments were applied for 14 days. Results of the first experiment indicated that the treatments were sufficient to negatively affect creeping bentgrass growth and health as indicated by fresh shoot and root weights, tillering, electrolyte leakage, and total chlorophyll content (TCC). There were significant interactions of temperature × salt level detected for shoot and root weights and electrolyte leakage. Plants that were exposed to both heat stress and salt stress were more negatively affected than plants exposed to either heat stress or salt stress alone for all metrics except for tillering. The presence of salt reduced tillering regardless of the temperature regimen. During the second experiment, plants were treated the same, but the plant growth regulator (PGR) treatments were also applied. The PGR treatments consisted of two different gibberellic acid (GA) synthesis inhibitor products, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, two different rates of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), an ethylene synthesis suppressor, and plants that were not treated with the PGR. In addition to the measurements of plant health and growth, dry shoot and root weights were measured. For the TCC, there was a two-way interaction between temperature × PGR treatment. For electrolyte leakage, there was a three-way interaction between temperature × salt level × PGR treatment. Combined heat stress and salt stress negatively affected all plants regardless of PGR treatment, but there were differences between PGR treatments. Plants treated with AVG exhibited improved health and growth compared with the other PGR treatments. These plants had the highest shoot and root masses. Plants treated with GA synthesis inhibitors had the lowest shoot and root masses as well as the lowest TCC when subjected to stress.
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... Biostimulants scavenge free radicals and prevent damage during thermal stress. Accumulation of Si in the cell wall provides mechanical support and reduces electrolyte leakage under high temperature implying the contribution of silicon in thermal stability of cell membrane lipids [46]. Reduced membrane selectivity and increased lipid peroxidation lead to enhanced electrolyte leakage under heat stress [47]. ...
Orthosilicic acid and Seaweed Extract Alleviate the Deteriorative Effects of High Temperature Stress in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2023
Multiple environmental stresses like water and high temperature stress negatively impact agricultural productivity. Biostimulants such as orthosilicic acid and seaweed extracts act as stress mitigators and can contribute to climate smart agriculture as they influence and promote plant growth and yields during environmental stresses. Oilseed Brassica is an important crop, performance and productivity of which is often limited by extreme temperatures and drought. Oilseed brassicas can address the global problems of nutritional insecurity and hidden hunger. The impact of biostimulants on Brassica stress physiology and metabolism is a less explored but important area of research. The present study investigated the impact of silicon and seaweeds in alleviating the negative effects of high temperatures in Brassica. Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses in Brassica genotype RH-749 treated with orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract under optimal growing conditions and high temperature stress (timely sown and late sown conditions) were investigated in a field trial. Enhancement in plant growth and yield characteristics associated with an increased photosynthetic rate and, chlorophyll content; and a decreased membrane injury percentage and MDA content, regulated FRSA and cooler canopy temperature occurred with foliar application of orthosilicic acid (2 ml/L and 3 ml/L), and seaweed extract (3 ml/L and 5 ml/L) in timely sown and late sown Brassica. The present study established the efficacy of orthosilicic acid and seaweed extract in mitigating adverse effects of temperature stress. This will contribute in improving agricultural resilience to future climate adversities for developing a sustainable global cropping system.
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Biochemical Role of Some Nanoparticles in the Production of Active Constituents in Stevia Rebaudiana L. Callus
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2015
The use of modern techniques in the field of nanotechnology is one of the important recent trends for improving active constituents production in the field of tissue culture, for using on a commercial scale. Therefore, in this study we examined the effect of three types of nanoparticles (FeNPS, CuNPS and SiNPS) at different concentrations on the production of active constituents in Stevia rebaudiana L. callus. In light of the obtained results, treatment with nanoparticles had a positive effect on dry weights at all concentrations. GSH level changes in stevia callus represent a good indicator of response to treatment with nanoparticles. A slight decrease occurred in the GSH content when stevia callus treated with FeNPS and CuNPS at most concentrations. While, it was increased after treatment with all concentrations of SiNPS (except 8 ppm). With respect to antioxidant enzymes, it noticed a slight effect on enzymes activity when stevia callus treated with FeNPS and CuNPS. While, there was a clear positive effect when using SiNPS, where a new band for SOD appeared at 0.5 ppm as well as a clear increase in bands intensity at the other concentrations. Also, SiNPS had effective influence on CAT activity, especially at high concentrations. FeNPS and CuNPS had inhibitory effect on active constitute production in stevia callus with the exception of 2 and 8 ppm FeNPS and 8 ppm CuNPS, which recorded the highest values of stevioside content. While, the low concentrations of SiNPS affected positively on stevioside content, the maximum value was recorded when SiNPS applied at rate of 2 ppm. The effect of nanoparticles on minerals content in stevia callus depends on the nanoparticles type and the concentrations used, but in general, SiNPS had a negative effect on the accumulation of some minerals such as Si and Cu. The researchers in this study recommended activating the application of nanotechnology in the agricultural field for the production of active constituents in stevia callus, because of their medical and industrial importance. The study confirms the effectiveness of SiNPS (in some low concentrations), FeNPS and CuNPS (in some high concentrations) for the production of active constituents and associated with antioxidants (enzymatic and non enzymatic). Also, this study draws attention for the need to complete the work on these nanoparticles with new concentrations and new particle sizes.
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Mnogotere vloge silicija izboljšajo uspevanje rastlin
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2019
Prispevek na podlagi širokega pregleda literature obravnava vlogo silicija pri rastlinah, od same pojavnosti silicija v tleh preko mehanizmov privzema in prenosa, do nalaganja in deleža silicija v rastlinah. Članek nadalje zajema evolucijski vidik pojavnosti silicija pri rastlinah ter izpostavlja njegove ključne vloge pri uspevanju rastlin in blaženju negativnih učinkov številnih stresnih dejavnikov ter njegovo uporabnost v kmetijstvu.
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Silicate solubilizing and plant growth promoting bacteria interact with biogenic silica to impart heat stress tolerance in rice by modulating physiology and gene expression
Article
Full-text available
  • Jul 2023
Heat stress caused due to increasing warming climate has become a severe threat to global food production including rice. Silicon plays a major role in improving growth and productivity of rice by aiding in alleviating heat stress in rice. Soil silicon is only sparingly available to the crops can be made available by silicate solubilizing and plant-growth-promoting bacteria that possess the capacity to solubilize insoluble silicates can increase the availability of soluble silicates in the soil. In addition, plant growth promoting bacteria are known to enhance the tolerance to abiotic stresses of plants, by affecting the biochemical and physiological characteristics of plants. The present study is intended to understand the role of beneficial bacteria viz. Rhizobium sp. IIRR N1 a silicate solublizer and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus , a plant growth promoting bacteria and their interaction with insoluble silicate sources on morpho-physiological and molecular attributes of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings after exposure to heat stress in a controlled hydroponic system. Joint inoculation of silicates and both the bacteria increased silicon content in rice tissue, root and shoot biomass, significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities (viz. superoxidase dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) compared to other treatments with sole application of either silicon or bacteria. The physiological traits (viz. chlorophyll content, relative water content) were also found to be significantly enhanced in presence of silicates and both the bacteria after exposure to heat stress conditions. Expression profiling of shoot and root tissues of rice seedlings revealed that seedlings grown in the presence of silicates and both the bacteria exhibited higher expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs viz., OsHsp90 , OsHsp100 and 60 kDa chaperonin ), hormone-related genes ( OsIAA6 ) and silicon transporters ( OsLsi1 and OsLsi2 ) as compared to seedlings treated with either silicates or with the bacteria alone. The results thus reveal the interactive effect of combined application of silicates along with bacteria Rhizobium sp. IIRR N1, G. diazotrophicus inoculation not only led to augmented silicon uptake by rice seedlings but also influenced the plant biomass and elicited higher expression of HSPs, hormone-related and silicon transporter genes leading to improved tolerance of seedling to heat stress.
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Morpho-physiological Basis of Finger Millet to Withstand Climatic Extremes: A Special Reference to Drought
Chapter
  • Apr 2023
Drought is the major abiotic stress in semi-arid regions that limits the yield of rainfed crops. In the scenario of changing climate, finger millet is better suited for frequent drought episodes when compared to the traditional food crops like rice, wheat, and maize. Finger millet has climate resilience, superior grain quality, and fodder quality. There is a need to improve the productivity, since the productivity has stagnated in the last decade. Further improvement is possible through involving the physiological traits in breeding programs for drought adaptation. In this respect, this chapter provides updated information about the importance of finger millet, drought adaptation traits/mechanisms, and ways to enhance the grain yield of finger millet under moisture stress/rainfed conditions, especially at the whole plant level. Besides, this chapter will be a reference for finger millet research on drought adaptation.KeywordsFinger milletDroughtStress adaptive traitsMilletsPhysiological breeding
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أثر إضافة مركبات السيليكون على نمو وإنتاجية الذرة الصفراء تحت مستويات مختلفة من الملوحة والري
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2023
أجريت تجربة أصص في كلية الهندسة الزراعية –جامعة حلب . كان الهدف منها التحقق من تأثير مركبات السيليكون في نمو وإنتاجية الذرة الصفراء في أربع ترب متباينة الملوحة و عند مستويات مختلفة من الري بينت نتائج تجربة الأصص، أن ملوحة التربة أثرت بشكل سلبي في الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والجذري ووزن الحبوب لنبات الذرة الصفراء، حيث ينخفض متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والجذري ووزن الحبوب لنبات الذرة الصفراء بحوالي 4.26 و 1.64 و 5.81 غ/نبات على التوالي، بزيادة ملوحة التربة 1 مليموز/سم. لكن إضافة السيليكون في التربة ساعدت نباتات الذرة الصفراء في تحمل إجهاد الملوحة. كما بينت النتائج أن تركيز مركبات السيليكون المضاف أثر بشكل إيجابي في متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والجذري ووزن الحبوب لنبات الذرة الصفراء، حيث يزداد متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والجذري ووزن الحبوب لنبات الذرة الصفراء بحوالي 0.25 و 0.10 و 0.23 غ/نبات على التوالي، بزيادة تركيز السيليكون المضاف 1 ملغ Si/كغ تربة. كذلك بينت النتائج أن مستوى الري من السعة الحقلية أثر بشكل سلبي في متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والجذري ووزن الحبوب لنبات الذرة الصفراء، حيث ينخفض متوسط الوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري والجذري ووزن الحبوب لنبات الذرة الصفراء بحوالي 2.12 و 0.74 و 2.64 غ/نبات على التوالي، بانخفاض مستوى الري 10 % من السعة الحقلية. لكن إضافة مركبات السيليكون في التربة ساعدت نباتات الذرة الصفراء في تحمل إجهاد الجفاف، حيث أن إضافة السيليكون بتركيز 12.5 ملغ/كغ تربة، زادت من وزن الحبوب في النبات بحوالي 16.94 و 19.64 %، بينما إضافة السيليكون بتركيز 25 ملغ/كغ تربة، زادت من وزن الحبوب بحوالي 31.22 و 37.65 % عند إضافة 75 و 50 % من السعة الحقلية على التوالي.
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The Effects of Silicon on Cucumber Plants Grown in Recirculating Nutrient Solution
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 1986
Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) cv. Corona were grown in recirculating nutrient solution containing either 10 mg l-1 SiO2 (low Si) which was the level present in the water supply or given an additional 100 mg l-1 SiO2 (high Si). Silicate was depleted from the solution when cucumbers were grown, but accumulated when tomatoes were grown. Major effects on cucumber leaves of added Si were: increased rigidity of the mature leaves which had a rougher texture and were held more horizontally; they were darker green and senescence was delayed. The mature high Si leaves acquired characteristics of leaves grown in a higher light intensity, i.e. they had shorter petioles and an increased fresh weight per unit area, dry weight per unit area, chlorophyll content, RuBPcarboxylase activity and soluble protein (all expressed per unit area of interveinal laminar tissue). Addition of Si did not affect the final leaf area of the mature leaves but root fresh weight and dry weight were increased. A pronounced effect of Si addition was the increased resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea. Despite regular applications of fungicide, outbreaks of the fungal disease occurred on most of the mature leaves on the low Si plants, while the high Si plants remained almost completely free of symptoms. The addition of Si could be beneficial to cucumbers grown in areas where the local water supply is low in this element, especially when grown in recirculating solution or in a medium low in Si, e.g. peat.
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Physiological Roles of Silicon in Photosynthesis and Dry Matter Production in Rice Plants I. Effects of silicon and shading treatments
Article
Full-text available
To investigate the combined effects of silicon application and light intensity on growth characteristics, dry matter production, photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate, three cultivars (cv. Nipponbare, Koshihikari, Suweon 258) were water cultured, using solutions of +Si (silicon application) and -Si (no-application) under two different light conditions (no shade and shade). Silicon application promoted growth and dry matter production in the three cultivars. The greatest effect was found in a japonica-type cultivar, Koshihikari, grown under the shade condition. Silicon application prevented overtranspiration and increased water use efficiency in leaves. This was effective in curbing photosynthetic depression and chlorophyll destruction in aged leaves. The maintenance of photosynthetic activity was regarded as one of the main reasons for the dry matter production increase by silicon application.
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Physiological studies on the effects of silicic acid upon rice plants IX. Effects of silicic acid on the growth of rice plant under high and low temperature of culture solution
Article
  • Jan 1969
The growth of rice plants grown under high temperature “35-36°C” (H), low temperature “21±1°C” (L) and control “31±1°C”(C) of cultur solution supplied with (S) and without (N) silicic acid were compared with each other. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The growth of rice plants of N was inferior to that of S, and under the high temperature the dry weight of rice plants of N was especially small. 2. The amount of silicic acid adsorbed by the rice plants of SL was smaller than that of SH, and that of SC was larger than those of SL and SH. 3. The amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed by the rice plant of NH, especially the amounts of these elements in panicle were comparatively smaller. The amounts of nitrogen and potassium absorbed by the rice plants of LN were smaller than those of CN, but the amount of phosphorus absorbed by the former was larger than that of absorbed by the letter. The accumulated amounts of these three elements in the panicle of rice plants of N were respectively smaller than those of S. The contents of total sugar in the rice plants of NH and SH were smaller than those of C, but those of L were lager than those of C. The contents of starch in rice plant of S were lager than those of N in three treatments. The difference (ratio) of starch content between S and N was especially lager in H. 4. The growth of rice plant raised without silicic acid under the high temperature of cultur solution was considerably poor. As to treatment L, the growth amounts of S and N were a little smaller than that of control, respectively. Under the high temperatur of culture solution the growth of rice plant was poor, but the growth of rice plant grown under the low temperature was only a little poorer than that of control. It was recognized from the above mentioned facts that silicic acid ameliolates the growth retardation of rice plant grown under the high or low temperature.
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Histochemistry of silicon in rice plant: III. The Presence of Cuticle-Silica Double Layer in the Epidermal Tissue
Article
  • Mar 1962
As seen in the previous paper1) the use of HF-etching method has added much information to the mode of silicon deposition in rice tissues. The results obtained cover a wide range from root to husk. However, the importance of silicon deposition in epidermis in relation to the resistance of plants to diseases or insect pests makes it desirable to continue further studies of the mode of silicon deposition in outer region of epidermis. The study of microstructure of epidermis in connection with silicon deposition will provide valuable information to the mechanism of resistance rice plant to blast disease, because penetration of the rice leaf by piricularia oryzae is ordinarily through the cuticle rather than via the stomata. It will be of importance also to the study of a possible role of silicon in water economy of rice plant as already suggested by the present authors.
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Salt-Induced Damage to Rice Plants and Alleviation Effect of Silicate
Article
  • Jun 1986
Rice plants were grown hydroponicaIly in the presence of either NaCI, sea water, or polyethylene glycol (PEG: average molecular weights of 7,800–9,000) at an osmotic potential of up to 186 mOsmol/kg, equivalent to 100 mM NaCI or 20% sea water, and the growth and mineral composition of the plants were compared. NaCI was the most detrimental agent, followed by sea water and PEG. Mineral contents, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were not significantly affected by the treatments.
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Effect of silicon on the growth of rice plant at different growth stages
Article
  • Sep 1989
Rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Akebono) were cultured in Kimura B solution. The effect of silicon on plant growth and the characteristics of the uptake and distribution of silicon at different growth stages were studied from both aspects: the addition and removal of silicon during the vegetative, reproductive and ripening stages.When silicon was removed during the reproductive stage, the dry weights of straw (stem+leaf blade) and grain decreased by 20 and 50% respectively, compared with those of the plants cultured in the solution with silicon throughout the growth period. Conversely, when silicon was added during the reproductive stage, the dry weights of straw and grain increased by 243 and 30%, respectively, over those of the plants cultured in a solution devoid of silicon throughout the growth period. The effect of silicon on the dry weights of straw and grain was small when silicon was either added or removed during the vegetative and ripening stages.The percentage of filled spikelets remarkably increased or decreased when silicon was added or removed during the reproductive stage. The 1,000-grain weight was hardly influenced by the addition or removal of silicon regardless of the growth stage.About 66% of silicon in the whole plant and 70 to 75% of silicon in the leaf blades were absorbed during the reproductive stage. About 75% of silicon in the panicle was absorbed during the ripening stage although no beneficial effect was detected in this experiment.Forty to 50% of the silicon absorbed during the vegetative and reproductive stages was present in the leaf blades, whereas only 20 to 30% of silicon absorbed during the ripening stage was present in the leaf blades.Based on these results, it is concluded that the supply of silicon during the reproductive stage is most important for plant growth.
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