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Mittelruthenisch (Mittelweißrussisch und Mittelukrainisch): Ein Überblick
Abstract
The Middle Ruthenian (Middle Belarusian and Middle Ukrainian) period is an important stage in the development of the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. It is characterized by several significant innovations on all linguistic levels. Of utmost significance is the broad functionality of Middle Ruthenian as a literary language, particularly beginning from the second half of the 16th up to the middle of the 17th century.
... h.) itt orosz hatást vél felfedezni, de ebben a kérdésben valószínűleg inkább Emil Vîrtosu (1960: 190-196) járt helyes nyomon, aki szerint a гîспîдаðь a moldvai vajdák titulusában a Litván Nagyfejedelemség "nyugatorosz" (vö. Stang 1935), másképpen "rutén" (Moser 2005), vagyis óukrán-ófehérorosz kancelláriai nyelvéből származik. Van ugyanis olyan oklevelünk, amelyben Jagelló Ulászló litván nagyfejedelem és egyben lengyel király a гîспîдаðь címet viseli, de Péter moldvai vajda még nem (1388): ...
The article examines the problem of the south-western influence on the formation of the Russian language in the era of Peter I, as well as the reverse influence of the Russian language on other languages. Based on the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century and the National Corpus of the Russian Language, Ukrainianisms in the texts of Feofan Prokopovich, Stefan Yavorsky, Gabriel Buzhinsky, Vasily Trediakovsky, Antioch Cantemir were analyzed. In accordance with the data obtained, in the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century, there are about 50 lexemes noted “south-western”, most of which are nouns. It has been found that south-western vocabulary is contained in the writings of politicians and preachers of the era of Peter I (inparticular, in Stefan Yavorsky’s), while Feofan Prokopovich actively used Ukrainian words native to him in his own works. Since borrowings and simple speech were one of the tools for reducing formal book style, and among the reformers of Peter’s time there were many representatives of the Kiev-Mohyla rhetorical tradition, Western russianisms in the first half of the 18th century were included in various literary texts and documents. At the same time, normalizing tendencies in the sphere of vocabulary led to the fact that in the 18th century, ukrainianisms and polonisms, which had recently entered Russian speech, went out of use almost completely (as indicated, among other things, by the notes in the Dictionary of the Russian Language of the 18th Century associated with the dynamics of the use of lexemes, south-western in origin). Many Western russianisms remained primarily in dialect speech, as well as in the sphere of vernacular speech.
The “próstaja mova” is one of the written languages used by both Ukrainians and Belorussians during the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article it is argued that its name is based on a calque of German Gemeinsprache, die gemeine Sprache, a term from the Reformation age. The „prostaja mova” was based on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian and Belorussian) chancery language and developed into a literary language because of its growing polyfunctionality, its increasingly superregional character, and its stylistic variability. The norms of the “prostaja mova” were based on its common usage, not on codification. We discuss the role of Church Slavonic and Polish elements on the different levels of this language and try to show that a “prototypical” text written in the “prostaja mova” was a translation from a real or only virtual Polish text, consisting in the “Ruthenization” of its phonology and morphology and, if it was a written text, in a change of the alphabets - the lexicon and the syntax, instead, remained mainly on a Polish basis. Until the 18th century the Polish language itself had gained so much importance among the Ruthenian gentry that the “prostaja mova” had lost its main addressee and was restricted only to some homiletic and cathechetic works for the common people of the Greek-Catholic Church.
Ostukrainische Urkunden-und Geschäftssprache im 18
MOSER 1998: M. Moser, Ostukrainische Urkunden-und Geschäftssprache im 18. Jahrhundert, in:
Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie 57, 1998/2, 379-407.
1973: I. I. Slyn'ko, Istoryčnyj syntaksys ukrajins'koji movy
- Slyn 'ko
SLYN'KO 1973: I. I. Slyn'ko, Istoryčnyj syntaksys ukrajins'koji movy, Kyjiv 1973.
Historyja belaruskaj litaraturnaj movy
- Žuraŭski Pryhodzič
ŽURAŬSKI – PRYHODZIČ 1994: A. I. Žuraŭski – M. R. Pryhodzič, Historyja belaruskaj litaraturnaj
movy, in: Belaruskaja mova. Ėncyklapedyja, rėd. A. Ja. Michnevič, Minsk 1994, 147–156.
I. I. Slyn'ko, Istoryčnyj syntaksys ukrajins'koji movy, Kyjiv 1973. SSVJA 1968: Sravnitel'no-istoričeskij sintaksis vostočnoslavjanskich jazykov, Členy predloženija
- Slyn 'ko
SLYN'KO 1973: I. I. Slyn'ko, Istoryčnyj syntaksys ukrajins'koji movy, Kyjiv 1973.
SSVJA 1968: Sravnitel'no-istoričeskij sintaksis vostočnoslavjanskich jazykov, Členy predloženija,
red. V. I. Borkovskij, Moskva 1968.