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Combining ability analysis of drought tolerance in wheat over different water regimes
Abstract
To study the properties of some drought tolerance criteria and agronomic characters in wheat, an eight-parental diallel cross, excluding reciprocals, was grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under two different water regimes (irrigated and rainfed) for two years in the College of Agriculture at Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for harvest index, grain yield, and earliness. Additive gene action was found to be predominant for grain yield, harvest index, relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence. The results of combining ability analysis revealed that Plainsman was the best general combiner and Plainsman × Kobomugi was the best specific combination for improving drought tolerance. The pooled analysis of variance for combining ability over rainfed conditions reflected that the GCA × environment interaction was not significant for harvest index and chlorophyll fluorescence, and the SCA × environment interaction was non-significant for relative water content and relative water loss, indicating that genes controlling osmoregulation and the other physiological traits mentioned are not affected in these varieties by different rainfed conditions and hence show static stability.
... ( Table 5). The results of this study were supported by the earlier findings of [20] for spike length while interaction results confirmed the findings of [18,19]. The results of negative effect of spike length on grains spike -1 and days to heading corroborated the findings of [20]. ...
... The results of this study were supported by the earlier findings of [20] for spike length while interaction results confirmed the findings of [18,19]. The results of negative effect of spike length on grains spike -1 and days to heading corroborated the findings of [20]. The negative effect of spike length on grain yield may be due to different environmental conditions and genetic background of breeding materials investigated [21]. ...
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop also known as the king of cereals and consumed as a staple crop by one-third of the global population. However, wheat production under rainfed conditions is restrained by water scarcity. The experiment was conducted to evaluate wheat breeding lines for yield. Fifteen F 4:7 bread wheat lines along with two check cultivars Tatara and AUP-5008 were tested in RCB design in three replications under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Analysis of variance showed significant (p<0.01) differences among the genotypes for days to heading, plant height, spike length, grains spike-1, grain weight spike-1 , 1000-grains weight and grain yield while non-significant for rest of the traits. Genotype by environment (GE) interaction was significant (P<0.05) for grain yield and non-significant for the remaining traits.1000-grains weight showed positive significant
... ( Table 5). The results of this study were supported by the earlier findings of [20] for spike length while interaction results confirmed the findings of [18,19]. The results of negative effect of spike length on grains spike -1 and days to heading corroborated the findings of [20]. ...
... The results of this study were supported by the earlier findings of [20] for spike length while interaction results confirmed the findings of [18,19]. The results of negative effect of spike length on grains spike -1 and days to heading corroborated the findings of [20]. The negative effect of spike length on grain yield may be due to different environmental conditions and genetic background of breeding materials investigated [21]. ...
... The genotypeenvironment interaction reduces association between phenotypic and genotypic values leads to bias in the estimates of gene effect combining ability for various characters sensitive to environmental fluctuations. Such traits are less preferable to selection [5]. The existence of genotype-environment interaction (GEI) complicates the identification of superior genotypes for a range of environments and calls for the evaluation genotypes in many environments to determine their true genetic potential [24]. ...
In order to determine stable linseed genotypes with high grain yield, field experiments were conducted with 14 genotypes for two years (2014-2015) at three locations in the highlands of Bale zone, Ethiopia. The genotypes were laid out in randomized complete design with four replications in each environment. The objective of this study was to identify and recommend high yielder, stable genotypes for testing sites and similar agro-ecologies using the stability parameters. The combined analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for the genotypes, environment, and genotype by environment interaction indicating the possible existence of stable genotypes among the tested once. The results of AMMI (additive main effect and multiplicative interaction) analysis indicated that the first two AMMI (AMMI1-AMMI2) were highly significant (P<0.01). The partitioning of the total sum of square exhibited that the effect of environment was a predominant source of variation followed by genotypes and GE interaction effect. Based on the stability parameters regression coefficient, deviation from regression and mean grain yield out of the tested G6, G9, G11, and G8 were found to be stable. However, the AMMI Stability Value (ASV) discriminated genotypes G12, G4, G6, G13, and G9 as stable genotypes respectively. Based on the Genotypes Selection Index (GSI) the most stable genotypes with high grain yield were G6 and G9. Therefore these two genotypes were identified as candidate genotypes to be verified for possible release.
... An ideal selection index or indices could correlate with grain yield under contrasting conditions (Mitra 2001). According to Farshadfar et al. (2001), a perfect selection index is effectively and highly associated with grain yield under stress and control environments. ...
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) is mainly grown in the rainfed ecosystem during the monsoon season on deep vertisols, and it often faces transient waterlogging problems due to continuous and heavy downpours during early monsoon seasons. Thus, waterlogging has become a significant issue in most of the pigeonpea growing areas of the semi-arid tropics due to heavy rain during the initial crop growth stage, which causes 30 to 40% economic yield loss in India and around the world. Only a few sources of waterlogging tolerant genotypes are available in pigeonpea but are not in the required duration. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to identify waterlogging tolerant pigeonpea genotypes in different durations suitable for different agroecologies of India and to find ideal selection indices as appropriate strategies to identify waterlogging tolerant genotypes. In this study, 162 genotypes were screened under in vitro conditions for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days by submerging seeds. Of these, 33 genotypes could survive for eight days. Further, following a standard screening protocol; these 33 pigeonpea genotypes were screened under pot culture for two years (2020 and 2021). Based on different morpho-physiological parameters and waterlogging tolerant coefficient, genotypes ICP-10397, ICP-7507, ICP-7869, ICP-7148, ICP-4903 ICP-16309, ICP-7375, ICP-6815, ICP-7507, and ICP-6128 were identified as tolerant to transient waterlogging. In addition, this study reports the existence of substantial genetic variation for waterlogging tolerant traits in pigeonpea. Stress indices, such as stress tolerance index) (STI), mean relative performance (MRP) and relative efficiency index (REI) were identified as the ideal selection index. Therefore, identified genotypes are further validated and can be deployed in waterlogging tolerance pigeonpea breeding programs
... Based on the results out turned from all the tolerance and susceptible indices along with SES score (Table 2), eight BILs along with parents and checks were grouped into tolerant 5,and 6) in relevance with Vandana NIL SES score (1), moderately tolerant (IL-1, 2, and7) in comparison with tolerant SES score (3), and susceptible (IL-3 and 8) with SES score (7) under DS. Farshadfar et al. (2001) demonstrated that the most appropriate index for selecting the stress-tolerant genotypes is an index that effectively and highly correlated with grain yield under stress and control conditions. Our results are in accordance with Toorchi et al. (2012) in canola and Golabadi et al. (2006) in wheat. ...
Drought stress during the reproductive stage is an evident limitation of rice grain yield. The present study aimed to assess the reproductive stage drought tolerance of eight promising backcross inbred lines (BILs) with complete fertility restoration in the genetic background of KMR-3R. Various stress indices based on grain yield under Non-stress (NS) and drought-stress (DS) conditions were used to assess BILs drought tolerance potential. Based on correlation analysis, the best indices for determining drought-tolerant genotypes were K2STI, YI, HM, SNPI, GMP, and DTI. By ensuring stable performance, the indices K2STI and YI were crucial criteria in identifying DS genotypes. The stress-tolerant and susceptible genotypes were best differentiated under DS using the susceptible indices TOL and ATI, which had considerably low values. The IL-1, IL-2, and IL-7 (RP6340-NRR-5, RP6340-NRR-11, and RP 6340-NPVR-25) were identified as promising drought-tolerant genotypes based on lower grain yield reduction under DS. The improved restorers with drought tolerance performed well under DS in terms of agronomy, and it may be exploited in hybridization programs to develop elite drought-tolerant rice hybrids for unfavorable ecologies.
... One part includes the systematic structure of the interaction between genotype and environment, which is used to model and interpret the interaction of genotypes with the environments. The other part includes the residual (error) interpretable structure of the genotype and environment interaction (Farshadfar et al., 2011). ...
Investigating the interaction of genotype and environment in multi‐environment experiments (MET) is one of the reliable techniques to demonstrate the most stable and compatible cultivars. The main contribution of this study is to evaluate the stability and compatibility of rapeseed cultivars using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype environment interaction (GGE) bi‐plot methods for grain yield and oil content. For this purpose, an experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted for 10 rapeseed cultivars across 10 environments (five regions in 2 years). Hence, the proposed technique can be used to identify the superior cultivars corresponding to the multivariant properties including yield and oil content. To do so, a case‐study analysis was conducted over rapeseed, while more than 96% of the data variance for grain yield and more than 94% of the data variance for oil content were explained based on the AMMI model. According to the AMMI model, it was observed that the “Zarfam” and “Licord” genotypes were introduced as favorable genotypes for grain yield and oil content, respectively. “Karaj1” and “Sanandaj1” were selected as the superior environments for yield trait, “Kashmar2” for oil content, and “Licord” and “Kashmar2” were identified as the superior genotypes and environment for oil content, respectively. Graphical GGE bi‐plot illustrated that “Hyola401,” “Okapi,” and “Sarigol” for grain yield and “Option500” and “Sunday” for oil content were identified as stable and high‐yield genotypes. “Sanandaj1” for grain yield and “Karaj2” for oil content were identified as environments with high differentiation and screening power. This study was performed to evaluate the stability and compatibility of rapeseed cultivars in terms of grain yield and oil content in ten rapeseed cultivars in ten environments
... Since most, if not all of the evaluations in the varietal development process are typically carried out in multiple environments to better identify environment-specific or broadly adapted varieties, it is of critical importance to understand the relationship between the genotype and environment concerning agronomic performance to facilitate the breeding process in selection and cultivar release and to identify suitable production and test environments (Manrique and Hermann 2000). Additionally, as yield is a complex trait, selection of high-yielding genotypes is difficult due to the complexity of the response of genotypes across environments (Farshadfar et al. 2001) and warrants investigations into the interaction between genotypes and environments to varietal performance. This is important because it has been posited by Yan et al. (2000) that G × E analysis from multi-environment evaluation enables the identification of superior genotypes with better stability and adaptability. ...
Agronomic performance of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) is affected by genotype by environment interaction, which demands multi-environment testing of genotypes to identify superior genotypes. The objectives of this study were to (1) estimate genetic parameters and analyze the effects of genotype (G), environment (E), and genotype by environment (G × E) interaction on growth and yield traits of C. canephora genotypes, (2) identify superior genotypes that exhibit high stability by combining high growth and yield with broad or specific environmental adaptation, and (3) identify environments that best represent the target environment for high trait expression. Thirty-nine C. canephora hybrids were evaluated using a randomized-complete-block design with three replications at New Tafo-Akim and Bechem in the Eastern and Ahafo regions of Ghana, respectively. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance revealed highly significant (p < 0.001) differences among G, E, and G × E interaction effects for all traits. AMMI2 biplot analysis revealed the presence of 3, 2, 3, 2, and 3 mega environments for trunk cross-sectional area, height, span, number of laterals, and yield, respectively. Identifying mega environments for these traits will help expedite Robusta coffee breeding through the reduction of the number of test environments needed for phenotype evaluations. The AMMI analyses indicated genotypes G17 (E138 × C180), G35 (PA193 × C180), G4 (197 × PA413), G1 (149 × C193) and G30 (E152 × 149) have high and stable yields across all test environments. The promising candidate genotypes are recommended for further stability tests and release in Ghana or comparable environments.
... La RWL a été suggéré comme une technique d'examen fondamental pour identifier les génotypes sous stress hydrique et salin (Gunes et al., 2008). En effet, ce paramètre est une mesure directe du déficit en eau des plantes et un bon critère pour la sélection de plantes tolérantes à la sécheresse (Farshadfar et al., 2001). ...
La sécheresse et la salinité agissent simultanément dans la tolérance et l’acclimatations sous condition saline. Par conséquent, les plantes soumises à ces types de stress devraient avoir développé des adaptations structurelles spécifiques dès le stade de germination en passant par la croissance de la racine, les feuilles et la tige. La solution à ces problèmes environnementaux est de rechercher des espèces relativement économes en eau et résistantes à des épisodes récurrents de divers stress abiotiques tel que le stress salin. L’effet de la sécheresse s’est manifesté au niveau de la distribution des espèces d’acacia le long du territoire algérien, caractérisé beaucoup plus par la pluviométrie. En effet, La répartition géographique du genre Acacia Mill. (Fabales Mimosaceae) en Algérie a été déterminée après la prospection, la localisation et la description des populations de différentes espèces sur l’ensemble du territoire algérien. Vingt-quatre régions ont été prospectées en fonction de l'abondance relative des espèces. L'objectif de l’étude de l’effet de la salinité sur la germination contribue aussi à déterminer le seuil de tolérance des semences et de leur régénération dans un milieu salin. Seulement trois parmi les dix espèces répertoriées seront étudiées. Cette sélection est basée surtout sur la distribution géographique et la densité de chaque espèce choisie. A. saligna représente le Nord, A. tortilis pour le Sud, et A. karroo qui est une espèce qui est présente dans le Nord et dans le Sud en même temps. Le classement des espèces étudiées dans un ordre de tolérance décroissant, sur la base de leur capacité germinative, est alors le suivant : A. karroo > A. tortilis > A. saligna. La croissance, l'homéostasie ionique, l'osmoprotection, l’indice de tolérance à la salinité, ainsi que les ajustements anatomiques d'A. karroo et d’A. saligna cultivés à diverses concentrations de NaCl pendant 21 jours ont été évalués. Nos résultats montrent que l'adaptabilité d’une espèce à la salinité est étroitement liée à la sélectivité en ions, à l'accumulation d'osmoprotecteurs, aux ajustements anatomiques et à la production de la biomasse sèche. Nos résultats confirment qu'A. karroo et A. saligna sont deux espèces d'arbre appropriée pour la conservation du sol et de l'écologie, ce qui favoriserait la restauration des terres dans les zones arides et semi-arides tout en profitant économiquement des intérêts de ces espèces.
Genetic enhancement of cassava aimed at improving cooking and eating quality traits is a major goal for cassava breeders to address the demand for varieties that are desirable for the fresh consumption market segment. Adoption of such cassava genotypes by consumers will largely rely not only on their agronomic performance, but also on end-user culinary qualities such as root mealiness. The study aimed to examine genotype × environment interaction (GEI) effects for root mealiness and other culinary qualities in 150 cassava genotypes and detect genotypes combining stable performance with desirable mealiness values across environments using GGE biplot analysis. Experiments were conducted using an alpha-lattice design with three replications for two years in three locations in Nigeria. The analysis of variance revealed a significant influence of genotype, environment, and GEI on the performance of genotypes. Mealiness scores showed no significant relationship with firmness values of boiled roots assessed by a penetration test, implying that large-scale rapid and accurate phenotyping of mealiness of boiled cassava roots remains a major limitation for the effective development of varieties with adequate mealiness, a good quality trait for direct consumption (boil-and-eat) as well as for pounding into ‘fufu’. The moderate broad-sense heritability estimate and relatively high genetic advance observed for root mealiness suggest that significant genetic gains can be achieved in a future hybridization program. The genotype main effects plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analysis showed that the different test environments discriminated among the genotypes. Genotypes G80 (NR100265) and G120 (NR110512) emerged as the best performers for root mealiness in Umudike, whereas G13 (B1-50) and the check, G128 (TMEB693) performed best in Igbariam and Otobi. Based on the results of this study, five genotypes, G13 (B1-50), G34 (COB6-4), G46 (NR010161), the check, G128 (TMEB693), and G112 (NR110376), which were found to combine stability with desirable mealiness values, were the most suitable candidates to recommend for use as parents to improve existing cassava germplasm for root mealiness.
Five accessions of snap bean (UENF 1429, UENF 1432, UENF 1442, UENF 1445 and UENF 1448) and their diallelic F1 hybrids were evaluated for general and specific combining ability in randomized complete block design with fifteen replications. Due to variation caused by the loss of plots, the Griffing's Methodology (1956) for unbalanced diallel was used, according to Martins Filho et al. (1992). Mean square values of the general combining ability were highly significant, at 1% of probability, for the F test, for all evaluated traits. For specific combining ability of mean number of seeds per pod and mean insertion of the first pod were not significant. Based on the gi results, the accessions UENF 1429, UENF 1442 and UENF 1445 were indicated for using 'per se'. The hybrids UENF 1429 x UENF 1432, UENF 1429 x UENF 1445, UENF 1432 x UENF 1445 and UENF 1445 x UENF 1448 have potential to obtain superior genotypes.
The aim of genetic analysis in wheat, as in other species, is to understand the way in which different characters are inherited. For characters where variation is qualitative with discrete, clearly discernible phenotypes the questions asked are:
(a)
How many loci are involved?
(b)
How many alleles at each locus?
(c)
What are their dominance properties?
(d)
Do different loci interact?
Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) has been suggested as a selection criterion to improve transpiration efficiency (W) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Cultivars 'Chinese Spring' with low A (high W) and 'Yecora Rojo' with high Δ (low W) were crossed to develop F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 populations for genetic analysis of Δ and other agronomic characters under well-watered (wet) and water-stressed (dry) field conditions. Significant variation was observed among the generations for Δ only under the wet environment. Generation x irrigation interactions were not significant for Δ. Generation means analysis indicated that additive gene action is of primary importance in the expression of Δ under nonstress conditions. Dominance gene action was also detected for Δ, and the direction of dominance was toward higher values of Δ. The broad-sense and the narrow-sense heritabilities for Δ were 61 % and 57% under the wet conditions, but were 48% and 12% under the draughted conditions, respectively. The narrow-sense heritabilities for grain yield, above-ground dry matter, and harvest index were 36%, 39%, and 60% under the wet conditions and 21%, 44%, and 20% under dry conditions, respectively. The significant additive genetic variation and moderate estimate of the narrow-sense heritability observed for Δ indicated that selection under wet environments should be effective in changing Δ in spring bread wheat.
Callus cultures of four varieties of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were maintained on media containing various concentrations of mannitol. The induced osmotic stress inhibited growth and increased the percent dry matter and the level of free amino acids of the calli. Bigger changes were observed in drought sensitive («Cappelle DespreZ») and moderate resistant («Chinese Spring») varieties than in drought resistant ones («Saberbeg» and «Plainsman»). The putrescine content was highly increased in the drought sensitive variety. The cadaverine level was enhanced during osmotic stress in the drought sensitive and in one of the drought resistant varieties. The extractable protein content was decreased in drought sensitive and in moderate resistant varieties. During osmotic stress the aminopeptidase and carboxipeptidase activity increased significantly in the drought sensitive variety. Endopeptidase activity was low in all samples and no correlation was found between its activity and osmotic stress.
Grain yield improvement of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids in Ontario has been associated with increased stress tolerance. Effects of short-term water- deficit stress on canopy gas exchange of an old and a new maize hybrid were studied. Plants of Pride 5 (old) and Pioneer 3902 (new) were grown under controlled-environment conditions until tassel emergence and, subsequently, plants were transferred to enclosures, each containing the aboveground parts of four plants. Canopy photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and stem water potential were measured continuously for 7 d. Plants were either well watered or exposed to a water-deficit stress by withholding water supply until net canopy photosynthesis declined to zero and, subsequently, plants were rehydrated. Under well-watered conditions, the two hybrids did not differ significantly in terms of canopy photosynthesis, transpiration, and stem water potential. In contrast, hybrids responded differently to a water- deficit stress. Cumulative canopy photosynthesis and transpiration during the drying cycle were reduced by 21 and 31%, respectively, in Pioneer 3902 and by 34 and 31%, respectively, in Pride 5. The threshold stem water potential related stomatal closure, and thus, photosynthesis and transpiration, was lower for Pioneer 3902 than for Pride 5. During the recovery day, canopy photosynthesis was 53% higher and canopy transpiration was 31% higher in Pioneer 3902 than in Pride 5. Respiration per unit CO2 fixed was lower in Pioneer 3902 than in Pride 5 in all conditions.
Breeding for a quantitative trait like drought resistance would be facilitated by the development of a method of marker-assisted selection (MAS) that is capable of identifying high performing genotypes in early generations. Two recombinant inbred populations were grown from 1990 to 1994 at eight locations in Michigan and Mexico under stress and nonstress conditions to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers associated with drought resistance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Six-hundred random decamer primers were screened against the parents of the two populations, 50% of which were polymorphic. Seventy of these polymorphic primers were screened against each population. Using one-way analysis of variance and multiple regression, four RAPD markers were identified in one population and five in another that were consistently and significantly associated with yield under stress, yield under nonstress, and/or geometric mean yield across a broad range of environments. To test the effectiveness of MAS for drought resistance, markers were used to select genotypes from either extreme. Yield data from three locations were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of these marker-based selections. Marker-assisted selection in the Sierra/AC1028 population was found to be effective in Michigan under severe stress and ineffective in Mexico under moderate stress. The five RAPD markers used for MAS in the Sierra/Lef-2RB population improved performance 11% under stress and 8% under nonstress, whereas conventional selection based on yield performance failed to increase performance. Response to conventional selection was three times greater in the Sierra/AC1028 population, supporting the conclusion that the effectiveness of MAS is inversely proportional to the heritability of the trait under examination.
Genetic variation exists for season‐long water‐use efficiency (WUE) among bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. To facilitate the study of such variation, we define WUE and its components so that the contribution of each component trait to variation in WUE can be evaluated. Seven diverse bread wheat cultivars were grown in replicated glasshouse pot experiments under well‐watered conditions. Significant genotypic variation was observed for WUE (ratio of grain yield to water used), evapotranspiration efficiency (ETE, ratio of total dry matter to water used), and harvest index (HI, ratio of grain yield to total dry matter). Old tall cultivars, on average, had relatively higher ETE (3.95 vs. 2.67 g kg ⁻¹ ), but much lower HI (0.35 vs. 0.53) than modern semidwarf and dwarf cultivars. Cultivars with similar WUE showed different patterns of component traits. Evapotranspiration efficiency, and HI accounted for 59%, and 41%, respectively, of the genotypic variation in WUE. A path coefficient analysis revealed that ETE had a higher direct effect on WUE than did HI. However, their positive direct effects were counterbalanced by negative indirect effects via each other, because ETE and HI were negatively correlated. Carbon isotope discrimination showed a negative correlation with WUE (−0.62) and ETE (−0.84), but a positive correlation with HI (0.43). Days from planting to maturity, plant height, root dry matter, and shoot dry matter each had a positive correlation coefficient with ETE, but a negative correlation with HI.
Genetic improvement of crop plants for drought resistance is hindered by lack of information on variability and associations of drought‐response characters in breeding materials. We evaluated 3430 accessions in a world collection of durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. var. durum ) for 19 characters under severe moisture‐limiting field conditions at Swift Current, SK, Canada in 1984. Phenotypic diversity ( H ) and multicharacter associations were investigated in germplasm from nine durum wheat growing regions. The Middle East was one of the regions with a high level of diversity ( H = 1.132). The rate of excised‐leaf water loss (RWL) was used as a possible indicator of drought resistance. Glaucousness, plant height, chlorotic leaf spots, days to flowering, and days to maturity were significantly associated with RWL in six to seven regions. The discrete multivariate log‐linear analysis involving these six characters revealed the first order (two‐character) and some second‐order (three‐character) associations. These five characters were chosen along with RWL as drought‐response characters that may be useful for establishing selection criteria for drought resistance. These results have important implications for developing durum wheat ideo‐types for high and stable production in drought‐prone environments.