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Scientists produce genetically engineered, cloned pigs for xenotransplantation
... According to Julia Greenstein, CEO, Immerge Biotherapeutics, Inc., whose company claimed to have knocked out the GATA1 gene, " Another advantage is that preliminary research shows that cells from this line of pigs, in contrast to most other cells tested don't have the capacity to spread porcine endogenous retrovirus to human cells in culture." [ 12 ] The potential market for pig organs is huge. PPL Therapeutics (Edinburgh) says that analysts put the value of the market for solid organs at $5bn (£3.6bn; €5.7bn), and cellular therapies for diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease could be worth another $6bn [ 12 ] . ...
... [ 12 ] The potential market for pig organs is huge. PPL Therapeutics (Edinburgh) says that analysts put the value of the market for solid organs at $5bn (£3.6bn; €5.7bn), and cellular therapies for diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease could be worth another $6bn [ 12 ] . Another leading concept is the transplant of whole organs from genetically modi fi ed pigs, which could make up the shortfall in human organs if immunological and physiological barriers can be overcome [ 13 ] . ...
Organ transplantation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with end-stage organ disease have been achieved due to greater insight into the immunobiology of graft rejection and better measures for surgical and medical management.
... Schweine sind wegen ihres Stoffwechsels, der dem des Menschen ähnelt, wegen der vergleichsweise großen mikrobiologischen Sicherheit (Übertragung von Krankheitserregern), aufgrund ihrer Verfügbarkeit, Anspruchslosigkeit und aus Kostengründen die bevorzugten Spendertiere. (Kollek et al., 1998;Dobson, 2002;Robert-Koch-Institut, 2001 ...
... Eine Überwindung dieser hyperakuten Abstoßung scheint durch gentechnische Eingriffe am Spendertier immer wahrscheinlicher zu werden.(Lai et al, 2002 ;Dobson, 2002).). Allerdings besteht hier wiederum die Gefahr, dass durch den gentechnischen Eingriff die Abwehr von Virusinfektionen beeinträchtigt werden könnte, da diese durch denselben Mechanismus wie die hyperakute Abstoßung erfolgt (Revermann undHennen, 1999). ...
... An overview of the issue of xenotransplantation will give some insight into the multidimensionality and complexity of socio-scientific issues. In 2002, the pharmaceutical company PPL Therapeutics announced that it had cloned pigs with knock-out genes whose hearts could be used for transplanting into humans (Dobson, 2002). The hearts of pigs are similar in size and general morphology to human hearts. ...
Eighty-three teachers across the curriculum were interviewed to explain their views on and approaches to, the teaching of socio-scientific controversial issues to 14–19 year olds, particularly with regard to developments in biomedicine and biotechnology. This study focused on teachers' views on the nature of evidence in controversial issues and how they deployed evidence in illuminating an issue and making judgements. Three main themes emerged: the need for facts; the reliability and validity of evidence; and the contrast between facts and values. In the first theme, three ‘outlier’ cases suggested ambivalence about the relevance of scientific facts or knowledge for discussion of controversy. It is suggested that there needs to be more support, focus and practice in a range of contexts in the teaching of evidence in controversial socio-scientific issues and that all sources of knowledge need to be examined critically.
The imbalance between supply of organs for transplantation and demand for them is widening. Although the current international drive to re-establish procurement via non-heart beating organ donation/donor (NHBOD) is founded therefore on necessity, the process may constitute a desirable outcome for patient and family when progression to brain stem death (BSD) does not occur and conventional organ retrieval from the beating heart donor is thereby prevented. The literature accounts of this practice, however, raise concerns that risk jeopardising professional and public confidence in the broader transplant programme. This article focuses on these clinical, ethical, and legal issues in the context of other approaches aimed at increasing donor numbers. The feasibility of introducing such an initiative will hinge on the ability to reassure patients, families, attendant staff, professional bodies, the wider public, law enforcement agencies, and the media that practitioners are working within explicit guidelines which are both ethically and legally defensible.
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