ArticlePDF Available

Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: toward a typology of code-switching 1

Authors:

Abstract

The occurrence of codeswitching, or the seemingly random alternation of two languages both between and within sentences, has been shown (Gumperz, 1976; Pfaff, 1975; Wentz, 1977) to be governed not only by extralinguistic but also linguistic factors. For the balanced bilingual, codeswitching appears to be subject to an ‘equivalence constraint’ (Poplack, 1978): i.e. it tends to occur at points in discourse where juxtaposition of L1 and L2 elements does not violate a surface syntactic rule of either language. If correct, the equivalence constraint on codeswitching may be used to measure degree of bilingual ability. It was hypothesized that equivalence would either be violated by non-fluent bilinguals, or that switch points which are ‘risky’ in terms of syntactic well-formedness (i.e. those which occur within a sentence) would tend to be avoided altogether. To test this hypothesis, I analysed the speech of 20 Puerto Rican residents of a stable bilingual community, exhibiting varying degrees of bilingual ability. Quantitative analysis of their switches revealed that both fluent and non-fluent bilinguals were able to code-switch frequently and still maintain grammaticality in both Lx and L2. While fluent bilinguals tended to switch at various syntactic boundaries within the sentence, non-fluent bilinguals favoured switching between sentences, allowing them to participate in the codeswitching mode, without fear of violating a grammatical rule of either of the languages involved. These results suggest that the codeswitching mode proceeds from that area of the bilingual's grammar where the surface structures of Lx and L2 overlap, and that codeswitching, rather than representing debasement of linguistic skill, is actually a sensitive indicator of bilingual ability.
*6MNL57NX
1DA8H=A8GP(@@PGH3FHP3PG8BH8B48P=BP1E3B=G<P
²ä2#/*'+-P#+P#0.",-?P HDI3F5P3PHJED@D;JPD9P
4D58GI=H4<=B;P
©vjjä¢¢joä
2@:XI77PLL:H7:X I<X7I9:MRAN7@AH?X ILX N@:X M::GAH?FTX L5H9IGX5FN:LH5NAIHX I<X
NRIX F5H?P5?:MX 6IN@X 6:NR::HX 5H9X RAN@AHX M:HN:H7:MX @5MX 6::HX M@IRHX
,PGJ:LUX &$#(X /<5<=X &$"(X 4:HNUX &$$X NIX 6:X?IQ:LH:9X HINX IHFTX 6TX
:SNL5FAH?PAMNA7X6PNX5FMIXFAH?PAMNA7X<57NILMX +ILXN@:X65F5H7:9X 6AFAH?P5FX7I9:V
MRAN8@AH?X 5JJ:5LMX NIX 6:X MP6B:7NX NIX 5HX :KPAQ5F:H7:X 7IHMNL5AHNX /IJXF57DXX
&$%'X A:XANX N:H9MXNIXI77PLX5NXJIAHNMXAHX9AM7IPLM:XR@:L:XBPSN5JIMANAIHXI<XÉä
5H9Xáä:F:G:HNMX9I:MXHINXQAIF5N:X5XMPL<57:XMTHN57NA7XLPF:XI<X:AN@:LXF5H?P5?:X
!<X 7ILL:7NX N@:X :KPAQ5F:H7:X 7IHMNL5AHNX IHX 7I9:MRAN7@AH?X G5TX 6:XPM:9X NIX
G:5MPL:X 9:?L::X I<X 6AFAH?P5FX 56AFANTX -NX R5MX @TJIN@:MAU:9X N@5NX :KPAQ5F:H7:X
RIPF9X:AN@:LX6:XQAIF5N:9X6XHIHCP:HNX6AFAH?P5FMXILXN@5NXMRAN7@XJIAHNMXR@A7@X
5L:X LAMDTX AHXO:LGMX I<X MTHN57NA7X R:FF<ILG:9H:MMX A:X N@IM:X R@A7@X I77PLX
RAN@AHX5X M:HN:H7:X RIPF9XN:H9X NIX 6:X 5QIA9:9X5FNI?:N@:LX 2IX N:MNXN@AMX@TJIN@W
:MAM)X-X5H5FTM:9XN@:XMJ::7@XI<XS@ä/P:LNIX1A75HXL:MA9:HNMXI<X5XMN56F:X6AFAH?P5FX
7IGGPHANTX :S@A6ANAH?X Q5LTAH?X 9:?L::MX I<X 6AFAH?P5FX 56AFANTX 0P5HNAN5NAQ:X
5H5FTMAMXI<XN@:ALXMRAN7@:MXL:Q:5F:9XN@5NX 6IN@X>P:HNX 5H9X HIHP:HNX6AFAH?P5FMX
R:L:X56F:XNIX7I9:MRAN7@X<L:KP:HNFTX5H9XMNAFFXG5AHN5AHX?L5GG5NA75FANTXAHX6IN@X
Êä 5H9X á4ä 4@AF:X>P:HNX 6AFAH?P5FMX N:H9:9X NIX MRAN7@X 5NX Q5LAIPMX MTHN57NA7X
6IPH95LA:MX RAN@AHX N@:X M:HN:H7:X HIHP:HNX 6AFAH?P5FMX <5QIPL:9X MRAN7@AH?X
6:NR::HXM:HN:H7:MX 5FFIRAH?XN@:GXNIX J5LNA7AJ5N:X AHXN@:X7I9:MRAN7@AH?XGI9:X
RAN@IPNX <:5LX I<X QAIF5NAH?X 5X ?L5GG5NA75FX LPF:X I<X :AN@:LX I<X N@:X F5H?P5?:MX
AHQIFQ:9X
2@:M:X L:MPFNMX MP??:MNX N@5NX N@:X 7I9:MRAN7@AH?X GI9:X JLI7::9MX <LIGX N@5NX
5L:5X I<X N@:X6AFAH?P5FMX?L5GG5LX R@:L:X N@:X M3.57:X MNLP7NPL:MX I<X Êä 5H9X áä
IQ:LF5JX 5H9X N@5NX 7I9:MRAN7@AH?X L5N@;LX N@5HX L:JL:M:HNAH?X 9:65M:G:HNX I<X
FAH?PAMNA7X MEAFFX AMX57NP5FFTX 5X M:HMANAQ:X AH9A75NILX I<X 6AFAH?P5FX 56AFANTX

$%&'

()*+,-.

Poplack, Shana. 1980. "Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en
español": toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18(7/8): 581-618.
Ï'2ļ 5  #0
8 &/+'2/'&8
]  00-Ħ P-`0U000 - U-0- 
0- /--U- U 0 /0 -0 Ƶ- -Ľ; İ0 0
-  ,â0--U- ----
 0-  0  -   - -0  - 0 ʪ 
J 0:,0U0-¥
] 0-00 - 6d-
0    00U-0 --   /0 0  - ® U0 
--0,  00
Éî,r0- KP6 i¿4; 7 -0-0-0 0 Đ 
0-0U0 0-0U0-R0 - U-/0
 J 0 0 P- `0U U0- 0 J-ȹ  - &P
-0U0- -0  -0 0-0-0 0 - 0  0 -
U0-62+ļ 0--0- U0--U
- {  g4C-0--0 U0 00-0U  0  U-
00-0U 0¥
ąő--0{ -  U0U - --ĸ 0-0-0
-- 0 0 U0-þ---0-0 
UC00-0U  - 0 U-k-
KĬ0W io4è 70--0 U----
UU-0    --0- U- 00-  0 -
0-/--â  --U -ʫ--0
-0;¡U---P-`0UU0-0-0-0
0U  -0©-0 , - /0  J 0;
oS_ /--   U, 0 - - J  0  -  -
U-0 P- `0U -- - 0 - ɋ0- /--6 0 
0C --0 - 0-0- - 0;  U, 0-  
0- KāXǼ4P-`0Uő--0- RU 0 --0U
6  --0- 0U 0 - UU-0-0U - P- `0U
U0-0-0-/-- KP6 i¿4E¡-/0
P- `0UU - - 0 0 - 0- /--Ő
-0UU  0    --0 U -0U 
0-Ŝ
700----0--- ---0U
--0-0  Ȫ-  -  - 0-  U0Ì·U  
U0 00-0U 0ǯ
R3ä '50&8
%"-#*5 =JJä *-)-5 5 *$-$5 $5'$+5 \g
mś$G> $GM +G&$  ʾ¦ /$G$ MGG $ D
PG PGß Fi\4tM$ $G >+ M>>M$ >
Mh >>G+ș J+:+hÓ/+ġ+h M:+$M¤
l+ /+G>$+  MG$ >+ H+M +  $
>GD>G+4Ǐ$+VM+&+D$++$$+
+$+G&¤ />GDÓ+J+G>$+ÁM
+$$+t $ + + ++ $ G /+  $+ >+; PGß
G$G +G& $$ ľ$G G +hG+  Mq+$M M+
$D Mh  M>>  /+  $+  M:+$M
M+$DMhM>> J+ÐH; gg4;&Gt+
+ÛÓ$+DDh$GM+G&$+$+$MD++
$$M:+$M&G>D>+$ƃ$DV¤
r:+$M + $ $G$ $ + $  +
+MđG+ý +$M GM+$$$; ċ  GG$GG +$D
M+hGHPMhtšFi\4jM:+$M+M$G
ö MMG $ $G  $G$  $>+ G > 
HmȽ4 $ $ Mý >GM  +D$M$M $$G+ $
$GHmȬ;
íM+ $ M  + $ $  $G$ +
$$GM$$$$G+$$GGG+G&$+G
+t$>++M+$+%PĞMG+G&J+
M$$G+W GM+G Vɗ>+ M:+$M$$+$Dt
 +>$++M+$+  H¦4 M G $ $PG$ `M
/+$$G+®GM+G$+$M+>/+
+MG+A#Y
%P E mÐ=ÐŻf&?ËƱ ¢>ˢʒɦęßDŰ
Ƭ¡G  >öÐ
;  VÐuƱp``ËƱ ¢ȶůȦʘŰ
ƲsDG$ D>¤
H¦4  mbijÁļ ¢>ę+ʿƾï
IäG  >ßùA
¤ GYmhČ×ļ ¢Ƴʩʎ
ĖsDG $ D>ù;
ċ$++M$+ÛÛVGMŚ+$MM>>$Dǥ
++tM++hG+&GD$+;ċM+$
+>:¬$+GƃG+>DGG&+Á$
M:+$M; |$ +M Ǭ$ ++>$+ >D
G> $G$ $ mŢ   G >G +$M &+j  $
$G+GM  $$G+ G>E s+M>$   $G+ + $
X¿N xļ h%3@ļ
 9 ,  Ņ 99à¯  9  3 
    mĦ 9  ,¯  Kg4  t 9 
 P `9 /  Ț
Kg4 7àE ¢ƶˡïKX¿±oSS4ȉ
¡   9  9 9  Kg4¯ 9 99  
  /9R¯   9Ǧ9  / 
J j3ʍ99:9
  7  2ä
7R  7 o¯hb̏ļ  9 ¯ 9 
99  ¯  
9  J ėàA¡99
  /9E¡9¯7N  
      E 7  9
9999 9 9  E 7_
  J  9    9  ¯  3 
J  99 E 7 R      /
99  93  9E 7    
9  9:9J ¯   93 
ƷC3 9 9E K/ EX¿Ȏ  4E ] 7 g 3 3
 9   /KEE P `9 /
XY³Ʊ z&ä !2;-,;+32A 3$A 3!8?+;'+2%A 36+2%A ;3A ;@5!A 3$A +2;!%6;+32A +2;3A ;'!A8!A
02%<%!A
XAƱ
Ʊ
A
VÄ.Ʊ (ƱÑgrYrgƱ
ÑgrƱkY.Ʊ VYg)YƱ
AgƱ AƱ
.gƱ
PðƱ ?YAÂƱ
&Ʊ ?.ƱA.Ɨ³Ʊ)ƱrƱ:<,C**;Y
XƱrƱ)Ʊ)0OƱ
~~»ëOƱ
À.Ʊ VY.ƱAYY³Y.Ʊ -*(DFU)CAFY
³gƱYgƱ.ĬƱ .ƱƱYgƱ
ÄY0ƱūĕÄƱ(rrgƱ
rƱYƱ³ĭƱ YÄÜ)rƱ
8.·OƱc~»c^COƱ
À.Ʊ żYƱĒ8YƦƱ.ƇƝƱ C^»~~OƱ
À.Ʊ &ƱƈƱ )Ʊ.gƱ+8+BFVY
)<99(=Y@C*)*Y<;*@Y fƱ
gērƱrgƱ rĔƱ û(rÅ
YƱ.)Ʊ g.JOƱ
~C»ŒëOƱ
ļWsļļļ 3ļļ  ļ X\X
 ˞4W   'W   ǮR
JE s  R s g '  ǣ 
JW'' ė'ÃE/'W
''''W33
''W'' :  R
s_dgd'N 's zE
U1ä ',0"8 !+'3&8
   ''  : KE} ' zF[zW oF[Èì
'  'űærű3W zF[ì Čòq zF[ÈW zF[\ì
r'W zF[[4'}l
'''''
'':W''
'As''''
'''
3'E
]     '' '' KɶEE ŬW zF[X4 
''  :  ''  'W  
3''' 'Ř3'W
 ''' ' 
'33EÀ' ''3'h'
' '     3
©K'ŲWzF[NĄsWzF[XĪ'WzF[È4E
l  '3     
'''W'Â3'
  'h'W      Ǥ
K'W zF[zǑ} '3'W   : '' 
'  3  
'R  ʗ ' ' KÀ zF[XW zF[ÈȤ
ÀhW zF[\4E
' 'W  ' ' '   '
'     '   3'}ȍ Ù Àh
KzF[\4':'W
' ' '    '    
À'`
r'æ''
W''3'
:'':ê
K4 ďļčļ ļ ĨJJ¿ļ r    ŸƉ' 
 ''3   'ř
\T 5 %'5
.>.¤ȏ Ɋ% #%@ % 5.   @ 5%ɞ .¹.ʽ% 5 .
#Ë» ʊ.@%%.VË.@¹.I 75%»@ %.>.%5# @% ƺĀě
>@.5ɟ.ŋ...¶%%@. %.×@.@/@%
.ɸ#  @%@. P .. ¹#..%% #%@%» . . %.#
%@. % ć% #@ Ë.%I 7% %5 . %.. @%
@> 5 >%%ǎ@ ć%@.» @. @ @ %# ...
 5 >.>.%ç ȸ.¹ɹ .>%%5# Ë% uf .. . /@%
5>.>.!0ȲqňÒ%@¶Vɺ.ć%ʼn.Ëňŏ˹.
..@.%.%@.%5#.q%#>,..ŏ
5.%%..>.>.%@% ...Ë.#@.
@5@...ĥ
HĀf 5@5.@ .Vȳŭɇũ ¢.ƭ,ƀ5%ï
Ʈ@.V#5%.Ư
Hf , q.
ʼnɻ@ư
¡#5.5.%#%@@.>@#.V.%%%%5#@%%"))0ÌÞä
%)0 ¢%#ï 0 !#0 ,!0 0 @ )0 !)0 $-%0Ýä 0 .&0 H@ .
¹f #@˟.#%.. .@¹. ,.5>.>.%
@.%@ %..#.5.. >5@;
Hf 0 $-/0 !),',0 ×.ś%#.%  .  ##5 @
%  %#5%... ƀ5V@% mď @ mÍ ..>.%.% 
@.@%@##5...@5@.I.A@%@5#.
%5ˠ@#.%5#5.%.@5@.%>@.@#.I]##
% %>. #%@j @ %# % . > ##5  @
#%5...@.@ 5. > .@5@.#% %@. 
..A&Y 7%#@ . %..  5.Š .. . ..%#@.
.>%%. %# % @ .@% #@. @%  # #
%5.%>@5@.%>@.@#.I 7.%.@,.Ʊ%@#5@
5.@#.%.5#. u×fI
, !, (", , )), ÚÕä((, , +"*, $!, (, &),
",  ¼Èä È %",
e0Ʊ #, »ä, '", #, %Ʊ
nÚä (",  , )), ¡i䤮rä i䬦is¦iä Hur¦0ä
M*cş½<Ʊ
`Ɩ %qƆƱ z'ä =UghHrUª IQUsthJeguv`ª guvª
]@@%%@%.  . .C5¹@.#.#%@>@ .@..
 #@%%#@.V@>.%  HTf#..#%5#. IJ%HŠFiĀě
@ .%.@##.@@5×#@ 5@%A
%#.#*5 5Ġļ */).5 5 +$.$5 $5'$+5 \i
ŊT4  JĮ>ÒƱ C$>ƱDR[ÒƱ°plÒƱ # Ť[DƱ &Y
ƚ7  # DDȿ D  ij #ƛǫ
I 7mDÓƱƱ$[UUƱ>Ʊep$>ĚƱ
Ĕ7mD  " Ŀ
Ø"ɜʺ#" uT4""## "# ʐ&D
  "ē" &D "#"Ł  uT46  
"#"###"ŊoFiNť oi4ǐl"""Ǭ
" #""# ʅCD
d#""D"DV"
"##j"""#ø
"""#C"&##"I'Y 7##
"uT4uT4""""#  &  &
#I ĭ#&#"#" J"
C"  "Ďż""&#"  D  & 
#"/",#"&#""
"##"ç
/#uT4&"C"&##"#""
J""¶""&#"j"#"D/"d
&#A ##ģ"#" , #"
""&VdJ"V"#""/"jD""
 ##""##&D /"ã
"#""#D/"A
åk"uT4D"#D
J" /"u"IE,mʻ  mÍ4I 7ɱ mʭ mÍ
&"#j#":D:#"ÆD
]#Ǜ"#D##D""""
#   # " "# D  mď  mÍ
ç/#""#"#Ɯmď ˛ mÍ
#"#DD&""#"D
# ""I 7   # ", uT4 "  j 
˚d  ¦T  Ø"ķƁƝ r"# "   "  
##ñAr"#qC"&"
Ãä  mȇ  ˽"D"# # 7"
##"ur4""Į u"Ø"ķƁŀV˂T4j
&#& /"#"&#
ñ"  V"#" #D "/"Y ɀ"D
 # Ø"IJŁ"Ƅ uTɘ4 ##
#I
]""":C"&#"uT4"#"
  #ă ¯[DƱ $03&5 J"  /"&Ĺ
C"&#"&&Y ĭ J"j""&#"&
X¿¿ ]ļ @ļ
'  W'/
I]/3'I/
 3        'W  
4mƱmď'mţ3''3'
W''
sÏ r ' KµF[Xă N[F4  Ʃ' Ï 
'ŲÃ 'KµF[Nëµ[_4A/''3'''
'''}
/ '   ' '   Â3
'':'W'
'W' ' mʱ mţ'W 
 ''  }
  h' '' 
Â 3 h'ă
''d'Â'''W3
R3''' '  
3'''}í
:¬īí'
W'''
h  R '3h'ī
l'KµFXg4''÷3
Ė '     ' '  ''
   K''W W E4   
  W  P46&VuƱ &14Ʊ Õ4m&Ʊ f&=VƱ
&4&PďƱ KE[gW4} '''
 '3'  3 '
3' '     3 ʋ   '
'Â' K}[g4}
s:  
  } l  3  
R'  3 'À' `
/   ' K}} Ɏ'W µF[µĄ  'W µFÈ¿4
 ' 3ɷ '  ' 3' 
3' Ü ' 'K]WµF[F4}s
  :'' 3 '  
á'   Ŕ'   '  KmW
µF[X4} | ƪ''  Ģ ' 
Ü    R    E
'''W  'W ʨ  ' 'Â'
' '       
'' }
s '  '      :
ļ5[ļiļļ ļļ % ļ ȋ\F
3(À(`h(3((
(((3 QQ QE
W/ä 7)(/--8
] ÀQhKzF[\4v Q 3Q (
(Ü((:E3Q3
 (((:Qv   K[4 QE
K[4 E lhr(Q?@46?Ʊ646Ʊ6ĐƱb?Ʊ Kh4
3(36ÆƱb?Ʊ?Ʊ6V=6ƱK((4ī
KNéNgF4
E ?@ƱV6ƱP66ĩƱf6@1@1Ʊ?V?6@1ÈƱÀƱ
KvÜ4(QQvÙŇ((Ʊ?VƱ
@1Ʊ ?61Ʊ K  ( 4 ( 3(v  h;
KNgéN4
l ((   ( QR ( áŇ v   
v   ( v((Q
(Q Q(Qh
((QQè
](v Q  v  ((  (Q3Q ( 
QEs(ʉƇ3QQ
 QQQQ(QQvK\4}
K\4 E Čſ((KQ(4đ@Ʊmf4âƱ K[é[F4
} /Qſ((  KsQ ((
(4@1Õ1kV?ņƱ K\ézFŤ4
 3(   (  Qh   K\4 
(( (   :v  ((   
Q (   h(ƫ QQ Q K(v zF[ zŧ
lvzF[[4EÙQQQ((( v
v (Ü (  ((   E s ( (Q
3Q     ( Q (  
 ( 3Q (Q (QE s  
Q   QQ
(Q(v  3   (ÂQ
KEE sv zF[XĄlv zF[[4E
Ù        3( Q 
 3Q   ( (  
(Q(Q QQv Q
Q  h   è Ù:( ( 3( (Ś
FS Lļ  #0
#´#6  ´ & 
##|ljDɝ#&
   ƞƟ # #´#  D & B
##qI ¡ # B
D¶D#ø
#  D ´¬     # D
DY7## #V
V###&#D,#
#& #   Dqʆ
5##DA7k#
 #q#  #DI
l  # q¬ ɓ    
& # D  DI 7 , D  
 Kǜ4  ##  
 ##    6 D   , x
###mȄ{mÍK
# &  #     #  #´#
&4ĝ,
D & q # # D##D,DY
7##E/#,*
#  #ŕ# ## đ  #, &D  I
m#D6 D,#Y
7    #Ȣ đ    
#*D##qqq#6
#A
X.ä 8 -%)#8
A Z  0 *(#, 0
ZS_/# JÅ 
#D   P `# #D    /
]P`#&
Éî,rDd
ZS_/FXǷP `#Y
7#,# k D#  
### rD DI ¡ #ZT
´ k&´D˃đTSSå
D  &  J  lI 7    
##  ˍ  #,å #   +0 
gĆļ5ļ ļļ7ļ.ļ Gļ FZ
<üGļĉ"""j NJ
 &,6  "
, " " "&E | "       
"j"ʖ""
 ",  "Y
7,  P `" ""  zFgSº
 D" " & "  " Y
] ""  "   "Dj
ų,""" ]
,"""P`"7
Dj /"""
7D""J"
"J""""Y7"
"
  " u:   NX D  4  
"""ÉɌ,r"P`"
""u"/˾ ąm zȐiXĩ NN4A
JV"" &" şS¦/""  ,
"   "&" " " " ,j " 8 
V"&ã   "" ""
,7""
& ,
ĉ,jċļ
" P"""" ,",Ŷ""
""" """""&""7
"q"ã"˜""
,"""
""¶Ĵ"
""&2"uZF[XĤşF[i4u
 """""Ò
7"  |: "  /"
"  É ɍ, r"q  "   J"
" "" Ø    
ĝ|:,"/"
]"" ""   , 
  ˑ Ný+\ļ   "&"
˿"&",r"  " ø
Æu"/"4""&"," m",
ļĝNþļ""ɲ
ŶƆ"Ŧ &j    "" " " ,ĥ
ȷ""  """" ","
"""""&"""Nÿļ

",""P`"j? /ʥ:
XF_ xļ ļ@ļ
"$  a" " ; N8Øļ a   $ $$ Ĺ
 "$"a3$"A
$$ "" "$6  $ $ʦ"$* " 
$,""$ $"$6$"$
"3 $$ a ,A $ /"Æ"$;
XA_ ļEJļ
7$$"$"$  $""   $a"
$$ĩ "3 " $"$/$$6 y$"
 4 a3  ɳ; 7" "   "  $
$$$  a" " a" "$  "$ "Ý  
"$"A / a"  3 "3"a$$
"3" a"$"$ /$$ ySĤT46
 $  "Ý  "    " $$Ą $ 
"3  Ř $ y[ǝ~_46  "Ý  
$ "ÝÖ $"3  $ y~~[46
"Ý ""$$yP6~F[TÖP ,6~F[\4Ö
$"3 $6$$ $$3
$ "A
]a$  $ , a3 $ a /":"$ì
a$ ~SÎ J ":"$ŧ$$a" " Al"$ V
$" $ a3$"  $ ,   :$A 7:P
/$" XANa 4A
Ċ"$"63 $"6$"$$"$" 
$"    $ $"}
X;g :8ļ88JJ8ļ EļJļļ
J 3 $$$ "$  6 "=  6  [XÎ 
$a$ _~NSA` "3 6 
a$ $ 3 $ $    " $ "$ /$$6  $
"$yTSÎ4a$ $$$A /"$"
 $ " aa  3 a $ "Ý  ""$"
a3" $ a$ $  y" a ,$
ƒP""Æą$Ɠd~F[[4d$ 3 $"J "$"
"$ ", $"$"""$"$/$$;
$$ yTXÎ43  $$" P$
`"d "$   " " K   "$  a " $ "$
/$$46  " " V$  Ĵ 3" "$  $
.ļ5[ļļļļ.ļ  .ļ >Ô!ļ
!*!*/*;7**!**!****,**
!**!P*`!ĩ***,*****
&**!**|A*&*6*!**
BC0;ļ&!!*|!*C*ë**&**A|6!!
**  *V*  ** *,* &*  C!* *
***!/!6**!!  ***;
/* ** * * * !  * **
P*`!ɔ !!Ê*î, r!A /*&***&*
* * !  *!Ö ! !* 20ļ  &* *!*
*!****!ç
/!******!**6
**!! * *&!*** , *Ȕ ,*å,6
*! *!!6 *6 *; **6 * ! BC0;ļ !
***,A
>L ::T.9ļ8H8H..8ļ Eļ ļļ
7* !** *:!*C*!!*å*!*
&!**,!*:**!
!*P*`! **!!I
l* ,* !* !** **&* ė! /! *,*6
J! *,*6  !!6Ơ ! *  B>>0;ļ  *
* !*  * ! /! *,*A 7* * !**
**&* !!;Ê*!*  * ! J! *,*6
*¬*!**!**,**!J!*
,!A 7** ! * * *!*** !k! *
   *,* *&!** /!!*!
u*****_ C;\ļ!*!BC>0;ļ&!**!!
P*`!A **6!**J!!
*!½ /!V******J!****
* _Z6*,* *&!**J!!*
!*/*Al*,***!***!/!
J! *&*´!*ã*,*Ã!*!*!*!
&**:*!!A]B->0;ļ***&*&!ˈ*
*!k!*!/!Ğ!**B|>0;ļ!!
 J!A |* *! *:!! ! *  ,
&!!! ! Qä ** *6 !  * ** !
*!&!!!/!J!
*A
FĀ 5 1' 5
Y ...2$ 5 ).),.+5C>P.5,#(!5
 qC5 ,  O O,Ñx
 5     P `# #5ƅ  #w¤
`OCwOO
x5 Y   # w#   C
OP `#x>O,Ę
## xwuYYP`#d24&)$5 ]>#º
#I4d  >wuTơȣǾ4 3 #O3 Ď·# P5
`# l,>O /O 
ƢP `#ÑFSƣȫǿ x /OƤ>OÑł3w>O
Ń P `#Y 7 >>ö w/wă
¨ä«äq¥q¨ä q¥«¥¥£qäƹʇ-#+%/ +%*#/ "/ -#+%/ (%'/ / +%)#/
"/ .#+/ '#+/ */ '*/ pqä¯q³äqälhpä'#!*!'/ -#+/ "#,/ hkh¥ä
q¨hä'$/ $"'/ P
Ɂ3d>wĚTSƥǸȀ4xP`#>
JO,  O  33 x #  P `#
#>>5w É î, rwY
l, xłww #w/Ow
#wJŃt3#ģ3dTSǹxO,x 
   #5       #  
   Y  >O uiƕNj4d  O,  
>O #:# xCæO
O>#>>5wYl ,xw 5ńxº
>  >w O, >V Ŀd :x x >O
5>wOO#:#I/#x#>>w
 3 3 >    #:# 
3#w/wO3x  OOI
#!*!'/ /'*&*//'"*"/"/$"'/±ä«q¥äqäq¨hä'/"/"'/
"/$"'/ P
7 O # PĘ O# 3 źn 
>wx#, #:# >  xCwǭ
«>d/O3>w#
O x  P `#d Oxx# w 
>w x     x  5 >w x
w#dO#3ÄC53#
#wO,ĘɴxqOn##æ#ʑ
 ˉ O x#>>w O# >  ZS¦ /¤ rŴǞ
ļ~ÇÇäRļļ 3ļļ  ļ XFX
2 =3,  , L 3  2 = 2     L
2 22 ={ 2{ 2    , L2=  ,=ŀ
=2 L2= 3=
Y-ä /''$'78
T;Z ļ ġļ
7C2223 L ===2
 2 2=3  Ņ2= Ã 22A P=Ã =  2
P=2 `2 L =2 22 22=2ƌ
2    2 2=   2=, 22{   
=6ļy{ 2=2Ġ===
22=2=,23=2 óA|2
==2 Ʀ 22=3{ʮʯ 2L=2
2 2 {=2{2=22 222
C2ž=23A=2{2{=L=23= =
 L L= { 2=ǟ 2{ 2 2 = L= 
=  2  2=}
7 =2 L 2  2 2C 2  3=
j =2 =   2 2 L     
2{  2  =2   2E72 == L
2  2={ = ů = 2   2=L2={  2
==2=3=L222;72=22
L2=L=2   LyP ,{ZF[\42
2 22 L 2 2= 2={  2= =2= y==2{
L= 2L22=2;7    ,=
2L=2L=C2 2Ǡ=2= 2=2
:={2={ ===2L22
222:==} /222 22
= ==223 L := 2=2  j 2 = = 
=2= 2   ==2Lğ2{2  
== ==2L2=Ġ22  2 2 3  2
L2  2  ´=;
TA_ ~&:ļR7&R#ļ
/V2:V=L2:==ɥ   L=2˝2"
2   L 22=  22=3ʧ Z\gX2 L
XFT ¾ļ GXAļ
#:˭#Y 7B#B§ #    ñ  ñBŴ
#BB 5   &5 #B  ]# P5Y 7
BBäBBB5®B5
ǡ::5BV5˄&5ƅJ##
# #   ##5#  5B#ä
###B#B#   Y
l  5 #ä B B# B
u® B®#Y4ÄBƈ
#5BB####B®B
5#Bàä Ô§B
#Y
ċ##§ B##5 V#
##B&5B##B##
#B##Y75®¸ÔÐäÇÔÙä×ܽÁÔÙäuF4
# BBB#  #5
 Y gQQĎļ KF4# &BB#
5VB#5B#B
   &B B Y ôļ  uF#4 #  
5B#5#B# #5 
  5B#5Y 7   5  B ##
#B#q#
KF4 A 5| ŷĵB$p&ƱUpƱ \bůpƱ K¶4d5
,IuNgXT4
Y /BɕWųpoaa&=Ʊ#ɖYKĉÑBA4
uSN±NS\4
#I
« #55BɃŭũK45Ñ ,,
/Ä ŦƱöDQ[QĈĘƱKB4YKgN±¦N4
B &B ##,:5® 5 #VB# 
#5# #5BÅ B # ##B  5#Y
JVBŷžB§Anj )ļK54§5g¦fMÞļB#§AAĒl
V)ļ Ğļu§ Øʼ4§ )Qßļ §YYÀäāQ&a)åļK5BȮ4® ?FGä
AZMóùqàļ #VB®II &ļć)ļfÑMQ&ļu4§"M
E´dä C5YY5 ZÌMaļ u4¤7 B #
B, BB5B#§ B
##5B B #Y]Ä
#B   B: #Ŏ # 5ƈ#ø
ˣ###BY
rB#˅ˮBɵ ƄB  ų5» 
KzS4ĥĉuzFiS4#ń5#ÑI7
#ä#BB&BBÄBC5B###&Yİ
  :B C5# && &#ˊ5
ļÊp<Ëļ /ļ ļ ļ ļ Gļ ÕF¾
)!,ļİļ!HofY/!!  
!) !6)
    !&! !)   !  
 ! !6   !  !  &
   ! )   & ! H)įft 

&  &!) !H)įf;
Hȃf Y Ê!! ! H& &!fw14nwƱ
`1DƱ 4mnDƱ 1R&Ʊ ²nQwěƱ >&QƱ u1bƱ ²&1RƱ Rm1Ʊ nÇƱ 4>U²n&=Ʊ
>e1b4·Ʊ HNf
ª
/ ɐ H fj m1&uÈƱ >R>uƱ ¿D1Ʊbw·Ʊ HNNggf
ĭ )!,HZZfW!&!;¡ļ
7ļļ    ! !!)  ! /!
!)))E
ŝĦļıļ
û&ļ!!!)!J)!
 ! )))   E
HZ Zf ] «)!&>ÆƱŸ$m1wƱwn4n1wƱH!))fY
Ćò&!&Ķ)! !!!H«)!& ZZ¾fRn4mƱuƱ
mbwe>&QßƱ HN_¾Tf
«!))     )! ! HZZf!&)&   
)E 7 k !!)  ! !  ! !
/!J)!!)!!!!
J)! /!; l!) ,  !!
)!!ßä 6
) !)!)  )  ) !!  
!;ŝȈ ]R)! ! HZ_f !  
!) !j      )   ) R!!
)!    !)Y
HZ_f Ù   e1¿ĜƱ  !è ]))!
!4&n>&ĝƱ w4ĞƱ UƱ&$1&4D>D1&ƱbƱ4&n>ƱHō
ō!fŜ ,e1ăƱ 
Ćò  !   H « ) ,   f
$1&$1$4n1&wŔƱ 4mƱ =>DUn$Ʊ))j  !  j  
CH!!j«Ï,t«
) !f`1DƱ $1bUƱ1`Ʊ m1bDwßƱ  7  !,!
!  !; lĺ «Ð )!, ! &!  
!,!; Ć)!!Ǝ HNZZf
XF\ Àļ ļ@ļ
TIg ñT9ºK*ļ
r'$!'' !  $'$! $ Ää  ßä ' Vb L'
$!$A $!3 3!$b!$ !b3'L''$
   yZFiS4  b!  !$'$ !$ $  L $
b!$ť $ !b ' '$ ŸƉ  !  b'$!
 $  ''  !$ !÷A 7  '  $ 
 !b  !$'$ !$ $  Ö    $ 
bL!$$$L!$'$!!7 Zê
yZg4 I ]{ ¿äCòPÔXƱ ¢,ð3ƏygN±_S_4
ņb$  ,Ɛ
½ J X6Ʊ ¢$!ȅðë áP  Ů!àIygi±N_4
ɉ$ƨ  $ȕ ņP Ů!Ɣ½
b½ J $!Ķ b±Ô&ŭÑƱ¢ŨȆ,!ðAygN±NS4
á]$$$$!$''  $L,!ÃA
/!$b !$ Oä !$! L { ''    b
 '   !$$ L' $! ${ Vb$  $'  
bb$  Oä  $'$!3 !b  $ ü ½½ *ļ Oļ
¢ȥʓȧƧȨ!,ð:;¢ʈ$ŨęV!əðA
] Vb '$' $!!'$'C$L'!L'$!6
!y N4j Oä $L   V $! !Cä  !yZN46
!$b bb!  $ !!$!b b$ü  ! y Nb46 
!$bLáV$'  b!$! !$b!Ã yr  ZFi_ĨiS4 !!b
$ !$' b$' !$b  !$!$  !b'  $
!L'$L !$6 !yZN4½
yZN4 I ]ê Ŭ!'A1A OPbˎ !b OP$$
y73 ! Ǣ    b !$$$4
Ȗ XbX1ðƱ yȊ_é__F4
 $| $$$k1ñÈƱ $'!A ySNʰ į 4
bA |àL$' $b !/!&Ŭ6Ʊƻ',4d
,A ySN±ZX\4
A ]ȗ |  '$'Ǎ $!$A
Ș ƱÔƱ&b1ţƱ yl$'4
]Ĩ VƱP1ƱX&ŷ6Ʊ Pf&P1ŇƱ yɏ'3$:3I4ygN±SNS4
TN õ***ļmļEļ*ļ9*ļ
l'bb''!$$ !!$"b  V$'Æ !!$!bC$j
   $$$$ !b''$ $ ' !$  !   $"b
 A7 !!$!b C$! bb' $ 'Lb b'$"L$
ÈSS ļ G7Aļ
 £5 Ĝ  V5 , 
, & 5  6 q , 
kI
Z(ä -2$/-8
P,5  5 &5 
 5     Nä   Şj \gX
5d    5  ,;
5     5     
  5 6 ;; 
C5& 6    
  &      Ǭ5  5 ;
7 V    5  
¬ļT9ļHX4&ª] 5Hk&6  
ȩ   4     V  56
&6 H~X4d/V,56H~X4d
J V,5;
H~X4 E J ÷p>&ķƱ Hl ,;
/IJ 9ª¤ļėL«ļ HSX~N~4
; 5&C5 k°ä lŧƱ ÐdźóÓƱ ²&ó÷SƱ
H     £ļ ļ    5j 5 ,¥4
HSiSX\4
]  5 & C5& 
 5H~~6   ~  4ª 7  HiŞ~Ƽ
& &&  5  
N)ä 7H T4ý&   /
5J 5 dH T4d &5;
H~T4  7Ķ ód `>4ËƱ H7  , j ¬
;4HSFNg_4
ª |  e>&Óf4pƱ H4;HgN_iN4
] &:C5&  
\\Î HNFXT4˲& 5
&d&C5& 555/
J j˥5/&
5d  J ;
7
5  5  Nä
   I H    56 &p&Ʊ   ˕5 
ĥ)ļļ )ļļ )ļ ļ ÷G)ļ }
ʟɡ!!Dž  a ) !     
˳IÒ7!k!ʠ&!  )!
a  e C!  ! )&) ʀa!e!e ;
ȱq!!!&)&,e˴H4!e
˦ee%, e )
Ɗʕ!   »  )!  ) ! ;
/˖!!e Ĝ ! ,)   a  a& 
:čʶa!e!)!e;7!!˵),
aʵeke)Þ!!e!d ! ! )!!
 ! ǧ!eea R! !!¾;Õa)Y
Ò VD)ļĖēğZÍDZ)ļ?ļ D&TúÎqĂPļ
İ ŵĵ! :!! !  ˧,!ee !)!
&e!!Hƽʡ a
aR!!!!:!!!
!;!!,!ee:!!!
!! a Âä  Pä ed ,ɫ a e º
!!)IlR!k
!!a! !!!
)Ō !;; !  !! ź6 -}räâ·ļ  ! !e 
!!a!!)e!!!
e-'ĺáĻļ  !I!!,!eeŗ!!
!)!ļÏe!a)!;;
 !! !! ae!!!º !˶
!!!ee!d
!!  a  )e! Ŧ ! e
  !e  ! ! ! Mä ȝ
 ġ!! !        &!
)ae!I
 R!!    ) )d Ď· 
!!e!&!ê!!e!
 !!!Ʌˋ!d !e))!
˨e)!!)'rÇzļ!;/!e
!! ) %P
P   Ȟ  t )˩  
  !! !)eeI
Ⱥd,a!!!!
Ɗ!  q ad   !   !e 
! & ! ! !ke e
k!˗ !q!!I
NP
P
ãä
Y
ä
78ä

T_ vļ È3Aļ
iA_ ð:*ļ*ļ EļK*9ļ:*ļ
&!!1!!!^<!Å
!<!^&l!!
!1W1!1^!!1!1<!
^ Ć !^!!1  ^ 
!Ĵ!!!11
!! R1<^1W!&R
!â<1!!!E7 !7_E
7 !& <C! ! ! ! ^  !1Å
!1!1 ! 7 _v  k^  k1! <  1!
H^÷Å ~FiTĪ l÷6 oFiiĪ PhÅ ~Fi\f; ]   Å <
4ƱA 3 8>(:'(2%A @A9@2::(A : &46@A 2A/2&<& A$Y
"552Ʊ
P5 7"Ʊ7ƱPƱ
52Ʊ
h.2 ÃOƱ7%Ʊ
.%y5Ʊ7%ƱA.Ʊ
7y5Ʊ 7%ƱA.Ʊ
%ā22
-Ʊ
-ƱA.Ʊ
2A5Ʊ%.Ʊ
.%725ƱhƱ
52-OƱÃ%.Ʊ
y52-Ʊ
A25Ʊ y52-Ʊ
-Ʊ
AA7.2527Ʊ
A..ƱhAAIƱ
yIƱ-ĪƱ2OƱ
7y%527.Ʊh.%Ʈ
725īƱ7725IƱ
Ã52-ƱA77%OƱ
ä 7 PƱ7Ʊ
 Ʊ57ƱAƱ
A
A
A
A
Òä
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
ä 7ƱPƱ7Ʊ
AƱ57Ʊ Ʊ
Òä
A
A
A
Òä
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Òä
A
A
A 7Ʊ
475ÃƱPƱ
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
 A
A
A
A
 A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Òä
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
.5Ʊ
P ûƱ
P
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Y
P
6;
ä
6P
ä
Y
25y527Ʊ
22752Ʊ
āA..27Ʊ
%75527Ʊ
5 Ʊ
475.Ʊ
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
 A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
ļ~ÇÇä iļļļļ  ļ "!ļ
(^<(C 6^h{0ļ<
A JR(Ģ ŗj(C( h
<(^^((<( ( (6
(  <E
]^(¨ 6 ^˷
<(C   (6  (^   < (
nI 7  _   (&      ^õ( 6
<("0ļ<(¨˸ 6^(<(˒ 
 ^ ( E 7(&  (<(C& 
(6(      ((
  ^  ^ <   (  < ( ( 
( ä  ß
iEg
::ļEļļKļ
7  _     <(C     (
(&(( E ]6
<R6^( h  J 
/6(&<((&<(
^ (<(^  (^^(E
JR^7  ^(  6^(
(<((<&(< 
<<( <(^   (E (^( Ē
h ɢ<(^<( ( ^(
<(^E/ ^(<(^/
J ( <<(<((ë6 (õ6 6
ɑ(õ&Ǩ7 (( (<<(6
(  <(6 (õ6    & ^(
((E
|   ((     (   J ©h
   <&( J &(/I |(õ
 6   iAXû((  
(<&(  /Ģ^ h(E 7 h( 
  ^C J <(^/6( 
 <(^  <ǩ
7        <(^  <(  
(<&(<(^/J 6^<(
   ^( <(^ J   /½ 7 (   
(< < (6 &(6   6 ʷʬ6 
((^&<(^6 ^ <(^
(<<( E
",ļ ļ F<Xeļ
Ðw,ļ _66lļÂìę7(&ļP#ħļ
|
t :    :)˹ 
I « __Õ:))) 
 ZÕ)&
ZÕ:)6,ĵ§ļÌ·)ȟ;Y
\\   
;   : j ,Ķķļ  )
)HIªV)úfȠ    )) 
   )       ǘ)
  &    ± & 
V)ɬö;
7 Þ)T\ Z ,
: :úɣ    
  ĚÙĴļ &  
H_ǰfI 7  ) & & 
    C) I   
Þ))ɭ)ĚNǺƴ4Ő
&   & ĚNǻ4j      &
HgDZfI7_DzƂ)
I /)t Tg H_\Îf 
 i_F , :ú )) Ô  &
&&)
E
ßº),))
  ):) ); l 
  )   C   :ɤ 
  £I l ß   ø
Þ))ʁʸ  C & 
HII&ä&ºúf
)I7ˌ£&
Þ)))
ɮþ ,   ˘;
l&t&j    
   ʢ) 
 I 7   &  : Þ
,)   ; É       Ĺ
VġH7_f;lV
)  )   )  )
  )    ɒĜ q˺ 
V
$$ļënYYļRļ ļ$$X$ļļ % (ļ TX
)))
;7 Ď·) &))
   ,   ¬³ ) 
   Æ   &) 
˻ J)°, /°,³
&)) A
¾;X VĉăI$ļ6$(Iļ?ļ ?IÕļ PP$ļ ?ļ ($ļ7(ļ
Ú   R  &) ° &  
);
7)g C,J)A|
, /° ,  ) C)
J))/¥ )),
 j )  )°,  
/J)³&A|
)))&)
)³E
Ê))/°,H
)q4
&; ]))H¾AZ)
    ,  )ģ  ) 
¬     ) &  
A7k³J³))³)
,/ &)C)
),¥
¾AX¥ Z Ċ$I$ļ 6$(ĭIļ ?ļ ?IĩÖļ K3(ļ k%$]ļ Ú  
R))  /°
,;
77)_)
)) k C     ;
Ú   )  °), A 7Û ) 
Ìż))R))Ú
)),))AÊR
)))) C 
,)Ú) ))
C    ) A ]
&)³,)
,       )    
&);
0;/
!"#
""ļ ]ļ %Y3@ļ
4Ʊ H0Ʊ  6 2:% A 3"A 3 9>):' 9A *2:3A 2%/*9'A #3 7A 52)8'31*22 :A 2A */*2%=/A
95 . 69A
A2.3¤5.Ʊ
£q¤5Ʊ ¨Ʊ £ƱPƱ£q¤Ʊ
AƱØƱ 
2Ʊ ;**¨Ʊ
=%2Ʊ ;*
HCƱ
4qƱ ;*
Ɯ.2Ʊ ;* cCƱ
.Ʊ ;*
ñƱ
_Ʊ
t_Ʊ
Pq2Ʊ _cƱ HHƱ
¤2Ʊ _HƱ
_HƱ
P2ƩƱ
_Ʊ
^_Ʊ
q5"Ʊ !;Ʊ c*Ʊ
Õ2Ʊ
tHƱ
;Ʊ
6-q Ʊ _śưƱ CcƱ
k22 ƪ.Ʊ
£q¤5Ʊ ¨Ʊ £ PƱ £q¤Ʊ
ASƱ Ʊ ·Ʊ
PƱ ;**¨Ʊ
HCƱ
Ʊ
__Ʊ
;Ʊ
6AƃƱ _;Ʊ tHƱ
qƱ CƱ ;H
=qqƱ
CHƱ
y§ä
P"Ʊ CƱ ^;Ʊ
VƱ
cHƱ
H*_Ʊ
Ʊ
H_Ʊ
^_Ʊ
"Ʊ
HƱ
HCcƱ
6-q Ʊ tH¨Ʊ ;_HƱ 7; Ĩ^HCƱ
'_ '%'% LL% %²%L'
L'%'%E
7?Y
'_ %%'' ²K%%
L'''%%  %'3 ²4 % R' L
%'%} '_%% % L%''
²hL'Lˏ'W%'/%J%W
 %)P²%L:h%'%W%%
 'R% L %''©% %%E s%
W'W%'3'%K'_4;
s²L3''%L%% ²%'Â'%
hL%%':%%%;s
%L3'%²L'%%'²':%Ğ
%L3'%:h%E
sLR%%'%'''%²%
'%;s%h'%/%:WL
% %':%Ü'  %
%'%%'/%ř%A
`Ə Ʊ Ʊ )!.-: #: -4.: /6'-:$*: ( "-# "".: !: "2:-(*-:
7; ^Ʊ
:*
d*Ʊ
^*Ʊ
*Ʊ
í*Ʊ Y
ä
C*Ʊ 4;
Y
c*¶¶ĮŐƱ ʼnŊ ŏƱ <Øä !P 
¼*Ʊ 5;
2;
Y
3;
*Ʊ 9
5;
;*Ʊ
¦Ʊ  Ʊ ¦ÜØ¦Ʊ
` ƱŽJƱ )!0: #: -51: .7(-:$): *(#).: ("-9
ºÑ˾ͶÎÛä -(+-:
ê*
d*Ʊ
^*Ʊ
*Ʊ
í*Ʊ
ì*Ʊ
c*Ʊ
¼*Ʊ
*Ʊ
*Ʊ
ØƱ
5Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
8; 2Y HY
6Y Y Y NY Y Y YJY
Y Y
Y Y
Y Y
3Y Y
4Y Y
PY
Y 2Y
Y
42Y
!Y
4 Ʊ
Šì¼êƱ
ä
IYä
KYKY
LY
MY
f¦3.¦¦ÂƱ
` ƱĸƱ *: #: -5.: .8(-:$):*(#)0:"2: -(*-:

XY

XY
ä
9:;ä
`abä
ä
$P
KP
PQY
MP
WY
LP
SY
XY
ªä



RY
Y
T\ ½ļ Feļ
/,)    )    
&))&) ʂ)
) , &)
J)ª7),))/)
) ))ª7Ô
&dž&J)
)) ĕ/ÇÐª7 
 Ô,  
   R&˙
   ))    )) /
,;
]%ä '&/+ 2/ '&8'86/+# &2 -/ 8/'+-8 /'8/8'2++&8 '8'-5 /8
/7*8
&     & )) )  
   ))
HC kIZ)&)ft
R      RÇ)  
&       ğ) ;
ū&)))
  k;
\;Z Įļ
7R,Ì·
  ªZ )&)è l & )ȡ & )
HɆTƂf     Ǚ) ) )  
Ƙ  ;
\Y_ Uc#ļĪļïIJļ`Ħļ ļc#ļ ī cRļļ(aļø#ļö#ļ
7  )) R ) ˪,B;
])))/))Đ
&J))¥/qƌ
BBĐ ,& 
ı/˼) J)H 
 )),&)J)ı/Ò
 C);
##ļ5pěļ/ļļ #ĄD#ļ ļ F (ļ "-ļ
?8+   8?cc+c+ 8?+ 8??&dzÚƋ C
+cc8ȓ?ʹ c88 2¹C+´ļ O?Ç8+ 'u=!+tļ8+ =,u1'+®ļ
H8&?1'¨ļ7++8++8cc8?&?
?c J+Ǵ?&c   /++  8+8?+
 + 8 +ck   4ļ &; ×8+C + 8 
?8O+ ? 8+c? 8? ]  8?  c+8+ ?
+ʃʣ ? ļ 8?ļ&+;
78+ +O,?+ 8 ĸ 8 Ĉ+  /O˫  ?
c88  ĕ?ƙ +t +8  c+ O? 8?ƍ
+c + !,"y4'2¯ļ 8? 4-ÚÛ° +ļ 78+ 8 ? Ĉc+
+8=!±ļ+88+c8?O?8+
O8+ !ÓÃ4-!Sļ 8? 42»©Sļ  + c ?Ô 8 c+
8++ +ccÁ Įñ&; /O,?+ 8 ĸ Ĉ+
? 8=!µļ 8&?t +8  8? O? 8?
+c+c+ =-"Ä""Sļ 8?!ãܲ+tļ ?8O++cʌ  
w &Y
'^!ļ O#F/#&ļ6đdPļ6ddįļ
ȯ+ ɯ ¹?ɰ +  Ūc? Bä?O8? H8+?&f
+RO?8?88°+O+O?8
  ? ??O? 8c?ÿ+ +c+ "'2Å12-!\ļ8? 4!Ýz
8+8 ? /O+°8 1"-y4,2³ļ8?!=ļĹ¼ +ļ7c+?
++k   1ļ &Y
' è&Ĭ`ļļòíĜļ
/O ?+ ? & 8 ? 8?+ 8?c 8 ?
8 cĂ 8+ 8  8 8?  O?? +88
8ʤ?+?8c?+ět8+8+8c+88
 c 8 ? Hc ?8 & ?+ft  8+ 8
?  +88  ǵ8?  +8 8; ] c +
O?8? 8 +  8? ?8O ?&  c +   8 8ƍ
+cc++cÁļȻ &;/O,?+8O?c?
+8888?++ 8+ ?ǚ++8?
,4É+ļ  8+ 8  +8  +88 c8 ,=ļƸǽf; 7+
? c+8 +čŽY  +88 ?+ý 8&?þ +
c?q+c 8? "Ĥ îļ  c? 8  8? 8 ?8O+» 
+čŽ?^ļȼ &ǪıO88+?R88&?þ
cOO?  88?8+cR+O,?+Ŏ
ToS vļļ@ļ
¶&,HNS oNSTf  
 Ĉ  A/R6     mŢ
C      &       
  E
\AX æbļ
/ &ë ,6 
_SNS6  ,6&No;/,ˬ
¶¨ª
\YT ļKi@ļ6Hļ
]   , 
éļ   Nļ 6   /
    ,E Ê,   Ē
¶¨A
\¥i çļ9kļ
P   &        R
& P`
A7& P`
 HNNT\\oü
XoĻf& HNSXFXNfª7
kS;SS%P & ;
\\ ~9ļļ KĐļ ļ Oļ
/      &    & C 
&P`A 7¡ d
, /Êî,6C  
&  ¨   HiogSNj_gǶɛLJf
&P`  C  &
Hi\SoXiT6NFĻfA7kS;SSo & YŪ
   Lj &6     , 
/  H
  f P ` C &
ļWoļ ļļ Dļfļ%ļ TZȁ
W        C  /
6&Á
  :E
\;F Aļ%Dļ
]      
,tJt
       ,t   
J6/E7,
 ,  q       
KoTiNTS4j,
KT\NogiXj kSASSo
&E¡&
:
,A,6&6
 /:,    ,6   

 ,;
_$ä 2#14+18 &#7--8 '8'-51817)8
/    ƿ      
jP`â,W
;]&6kx
   Ót
       ,      Y
&6  t&
ɼ  R       
&K`/ ,t oFi\ț/,xm&ǀ
oFiFÒ;|&k
Á E
m   R  &    R
::k
:Ă Rj ,º
& /mƋCt
t,
ˆP`d,;
7  R   RÆ   £ 
  7    &  
ÈZ¦ ɄI %7Ęļ
 Č] ``m ¦ H/,6 ȂFi4  n  n  ɠ
£& ;7n&
 q6n>ɧ
âÖ  EY âµx EY I;ITY    Óä   n 
%Pä %PÓä %P %PÏä
  {ä *++ä
ä Ïä     n 
%P;;Iã  ö & ,; &
P %P £  n S; &:
:ʙnŌ£SI&Vn
; 7   ɾʛt n     
  &  
nI 7 > :,n
&£Ią 
   n  &   ij
£  V     :n 
,I
«  &Ô  V
ɽĵ :ç/
 & &I7
&
Œn6 Z_\ nt
nV¤V>
œ,£n&ǒ¦Z
ŋ      
£   V   &  n
¥G%Y7ÿ7NY
ć£n
   n     n Ă n
ä ˯   nn  ɂ `»  n
£Vn ;
7>&n ʚn;]ɨ
t&
n  n   n¤  & n n
$),E7]cTƱ /<u%gfiu%ª ª¥FwiagiKª\jxKyzEª ªeUª LKUJUª ªgGUVgGwª JQW¨
{|©gKegbª 0WJª·¹ä}&% G(ª #TLä
#;\]
9H(F9] ]
(F8] gwä
=9] M<])SU@[)F]
]*/RZ@VAYANJ]
>AF4] ]
!T8)5] ]
6NF;X2] gä
)J=Z)=8] &MSB]QE(:9]
OI@J+J09]
@G@K=] '] %-EP3D] ]
"Q)L@W?] ] L.FN1C] ]
ļ ĈnļHļļ 7ļļ %(ļ TZg
6SET\/Ŕ11&6SIg¦¥
]C,;7
,,Jʝ1
  :6SITi6    1 
,  ,   1 1; 7 N
,C111
:1  1Ì·  1 6 
: KSIXX1 ßä  ;
7N  1 6 Û Ɔ &1 
 q ¤
8 -2--'&8
l &  1RÇ
     1     1Ǔ
E 7 ʜ    6  
1C&6
1I
7Rœ&
&Ar  ğ
ʔ61
1111A
] ǁ   k1   1    
&    äY 1 Nä   Z6\gX
1161  ,I 7
 
1q1&1P,KZFi\611
óI
   :ó     1: 
C6      Ää 1 ßä  &
:&11Ⱦ
1:&I71:
1161
1  & d1¬1 1
;&R:Ì·
  ,    1    KēÏ
4 &:1Œ  1
1  C  ,I 7  r 1q
1ķʳ KZFiN1PKZFiXd ZFiT41
 Á1I IJ 1    r 1 Ġr
ˇ1q
ToN Lļ FÆXeļ
ǔ% %I s r %% 
%    %  %%   
r%Is%% %Ż
%    r I l % %
 :% %û%%
%   r     %  
6   ŕr % ʴ  J% %
%Aí%k% %%&%
%Ǖ%Ûÿ%6%
%%%A/6%%
r%,%%{P%%
Ĕ:%ÏKǖ%%%%%%
% /%J%;
P&% , K oF[o6 oF[Tì Čò% % oF[\Ȝ P,Ä
oF[\%%:%% %%%%
 &   čɈ%  %k %   
&%A s k%  % 6   ij
%&%:%%%P
`ǂ%% % % %%  
%  :%6    ļù6  %6
ô%6 ô R%%%û & & %%;
   6   % :% :%
%% &%% ] s&    
%, ,%  %   %6 % % 
&%  %6  % %k
%%; ū6 %, %  %  /%6ȴ%
:%  % X¼N&      
Rô!%%%%%;
rlK;;&ĕ%
%&6%6
%¢Vï% % Ľ KA_ȌT¼l 
%Ė %ÐKl³ oF[[Ö AA I oNg6_o\ %
% %Ä  %ÓI É%%6 % %%
>D?Ʊ%%,%E¡%%%%%
  %   % &%  %C% 
%kƇq%%%6&%%%%
 % %      %,% %&%I 
˓6%   C%ô&ô%
:%6&Ź6%%%Ó%
  %ɚI ¡%KÒ
%%%Żŵʞ%Źɿ
%%;l%% d % %˔%
.ļW[ļHļ ļļ.ļ %  .ļ ħ~X
9d ,(
ː(&C&99(s9(
9  9 (( ē:9Ɩ  
9Ĕ&9&(9:(k(
9ƗK9Ȱ(¼¼ê¦ħX4¥s&C&99(ĺ
s9:99(ˀ,
( 9:9((9 
&(9( ˰(( Åä ßä( 
&(Á (;l&  ( (
(  ( 9    t ((   
&( ¼ /9  & 9 9(  
9( 9 9
(9 (9( (  C&  Æä  N 9 (( 9
 ( 9 ( (C  ( ; Ċ 
9(,9
Âäßä   V99
 ,(¼
Ċ  kû 9:9&(    
(  ; í ,(  & V
((9Ĭ(gâ(((((
9C;Ĭ(((99Ǘ9((
9(9(&9(& 
  ¼
sk, ((( (C&
99(j (&(&99:9 &(
,(C( (( 999  ( 
ü((  9((k9,
((;s(:&((9:9&
:ó E s( &(
&99  ßä ˱99     
(,  (  ; Ċ (,
(999&(9(
&&(9(999(
9 (   9 (C(   ,¼s   
(9ľ(ùĂ,((
Ʊ aį´ÂƱ´8×Ʊ ,] ĉÆ3´8×Ʊ ZƱ fƞ3´ÂƱ´8×Ʊ
`)ƱH0Ʊ (*-!11#!: %:!3:#-51!:* *-:
TZT ^ļ %<3<¥ļ
  ¸d& 
ȵÿʲ¸;
×:t  ¸¸ ¸¸ &&¸ǃ 1>Y
 &Đ¸¸Y
O`j&ļ U%/<ļA^\>ä
'/.8
_/ļ? /ļO3ļ &ļ
_kļ j/ ĕļļ  /Aļ
êļ /Aļ
Uļ
sƱ XƱ "Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ (Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ yƱ Ʊ a3=Ʊ W-Ʊ Ʊ
eƱ)Ʊ"ƱƱ@Ʊf)Ʊ(ƱƱƱ@a3=¶!^3~~d IƱ
Ʊ"ƱƱƱ)SƱXƱ+ƱƱƱƱúƒƱ(Ʊ"Ʊ()()Ʊ
)Ʊ+Ʊ Ʊ VƱ"ƱXƱƱ Ʊ+ƱƱƱ Ʊ ƱƱ
¯Ʊ(Ʊ)ƱDƱ)SƱƱ)"ƱƱƱ>Ʊ)Ʊ(ƱƱ
)ƱƱƱƱ(ƱƱ)"SƱƱeƱQƱòƱƱQ-Ʊ(
)"Ʊ)ƱƱƱƱğƱ( Ʊ+ƱƱ-"Ʊ(JƱXƱƱ
ƱoƱDĂƱ( ƱƱƱƱƱƱƱƱ(ƱƱÌƱ
Ʊ (Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ +Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ VƱ "Ʊ (Ʊ>Ʊ )Ʊ
ƱQƱ ;d!^SƱ
SƱ dćƱ he)Ʊ (ƱƱ¯)Ʊ ;d!HOSƱ
HSƱ XƱ-Ʊ IƱ Ʊ ƱƱƱƱ Ʊ(ƱƱƱ +ƱƱ
ƱƱƱƱƱ¶ƱƱƱ"SƱ
cJƱ @)ƱƱ Ʊ( ƱƱ Ê+SƱ
CTƱ RƱ( +ƱòƱh;d!~OƱƱƱƱƱĊÇƱƱƱƱƱ+Ʊ
Ʊy"Ʊ(ƱƱƱƱ( )Ʊ(Ʊ)ƱƱƱàƱ
tJƱ ƱƱ+"ƱƱƱƱƱƱ+ƱƱ+ƱƱýƱƱƱ-{Ʊ
Ʊ Ʊ (Ʊ Ʊ ĀýƱ Ʊ ÛƱ ĀƱ )Ʊ "Ʊ =)ÚƱ h;d!tOƱ Ʊ XƱ
h;d!COšƱ
!sƱ XƱ Ʊ Ʊ úƐƱ "Ʊ Ʊ (Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ h(((Ʊ ;d!CIƱ ;d!tŜƱ
o¯)IƱSJŝƱRIƱ;d!!OàƱ
^©Ʊ ƱƱƱƱƢ-ƱƱƱƱ"ƱƱ"Ʊ
VƱh;d!!OSƱ
d©Ʊ =ƱƱ ƱƱ ƱƱƱ -Ʊ+Ʊ htOƱ )Ʊ-Ʊ ƱƱ Ʊ
Ʊ(ƱÊ+ĠƱ"ƱƱċƱƱ( Ʊ(ƱƱƱƱƱƱ
Ʊ+ƱƱ(Ʊ-ƱƱƱƱ+ƱƱČƱ
hSƱ ;t^OSƱ RƱƱƱ Ʊ-ƱƱ )Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ Ʊİ+ƱƱ
)ŞƱƱ"Ʊ-IƱƱƱƱ+ƱƱ"Ʊ"ƱƱ)ƱƱ)Ʊ{ƱƱ
Ʊ(ƱƱ-Ʊ Ʊ jƱ
;~ XƱ)Ʊ-ƱƱ ( ƱƱIƱ+Ʊ+Ʊ-ƱƱƱsƱ
;;ĹƱ XƱ )Ʊ +Ʊ -Ʊ (Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ )"Ʊ "Ʊ Ʊ
WyƱƱ VƱ ¯ƱƱ¢ƱƱƱƱ(ƱRƱV-IƱƱ
))"ƱƱ ( Ʊ )Ʊ ƱƱ )Ʊ ŴƱ"Ʊ"Ʊ §Ʊ©Ʊ
;JƱ &ƱƱƱƱ(ƱƑƱƱ+SƱ XƱ+ƱƱ+Ʊ"ƱƱ
(Ʊ Ʊ( +Ʊ"Ʊ"Ʊ(ƱƱ"Ʊ+Ʊ)ƱƱƱƱƱ
ģļWoļļļ 3#ļļ % (ļ TZi
Ʊ Ʊ ,ƱƱ 8ZƱ Ʊ Ʊ ƫƱ ]Ʊ &- ^ LY0:^.T^ T;W;NT^ 8Ʊ §Ʊ Ʊ , Ʊ
,8Ʊ"Ʊ"áƱ
Ʊ ƀƱƱƱčƱ,ƱƱÇƱ8Ʊ ƱƱRƱ9:/!!Ʊ:^«<ƱƱ
ƍƱƱƱ8ƱƱƱƱƱNƱ8Ʊ{ƱƱƱƱƱƱ
NƱ, ƱƱIƱƱ"ƱƱƱƱ Ʊ,Ʊ38ƱNƱ9¬*{ƱƱ
½ĎŋŎƱ ,ƱƱ<ƱƱƱ ƱƱƱƱ,ƱƱZƱ
:¾JƱ &ƱƱNƱ 8Ʊ ƱƱƱƱƱNƱ ƱN"Ʊ ,Ʊ"Ʊ
,§ƱƱƱ 8ƱƱ 0Ʊ
:C õƱ 3Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ ]Ʊ 8Ʊ Ʊ ,Ʊ Ʊ Å
§ƱƱ"ƱƱƱ :CƱ ]Ʊ Ʊ0Ʊ
8Ʊ]ƱƱ§]ƱNƱ],,, Ʊ]ƱNƱƱNƱ,ƱƱNƱƱ
Ʊ8Ʊ, ƱƱ8ƱŹƱƱjƱ
+&-8
[§Ʊ±SƱ9:/!/<JƱ¡Ʊ,Ʊ Ʊ6ƱŲƱ6Ʊp"Ʊ ƱƱ
?"Ʊ$ƱƱ,Ʊ/:Ʊ¡Ʊ,ƱƱk]ƱƱ?ƱlƱ&8Ʊu]âƱ
:/!!ı:/!^ãƱbƱ0Ʊ
kƱ,ƱƱ$Ʊ9:/!¼<0Ʊ&Y5RXN^ ';1-MU^ ;M^ X:5^ +M;X54^)X/X5U^ WƱW$9«<3a?jƱ
$"ƱoJƱ9:/!«<0Ʊ&5RTQ51W;Z5T^ NM^ !-M8Y/85^ #DE-1W^ oƱ 4Ʊl8ƱW0Ʊ
`IƱ ä 9:/!:<Ʊ4Ʊ"Ʊ,ƱƱƱ"Ʊ0ƱaƱä¿Ʊ
9ã<IƱ4[/M15V^ ;M^W:5^ )N1;NAN8^ N>^ !/M8Y-85^ ö0Ʊ :0Ʊ 4Ʊl®Ʊo¸Ʊ
=Ʊ ¡ÌƱ9:/!¾<ĺƱWƱƱ ƱƱ ,Ʊ3?Ʊ 3ƱÅ
8 aƱ =JƱ 6ZƱ kƱ 9j<Ʊ )NYW:\6UX^ R5/A^ !;M9Y;TX;1T^ Ʊ Ʊ aƱ ,Ʊ
$ƱWjƱ
=Ʊ±sƱ±ňƱ9:/!:< kġƱƱƱƱTƱfƱ !/M8Y/85^
;M^ )N1;/A^ SNYQT^ ,ŕƱ,ƱbN"ƱWäƱ
Ý9ƱK/!¬<0ƱõƱƱƉüƱ,ƱNƱ38JƱR]ƱWƱ
,ƱƱ ùƱ kùNƱ¡Ʊ"0Ʊ þ¬JƱk]"®ƱbN"Ʊ,Ʊ$,ÌƱ
=ÛƱ ±¸Ʊ !ä Ʊ lƘƙő$NƱ ?0Ʊ 9:/!*<0Ʊ $NƱ Ʊ ,ƱƱ Å
ƱfƱ?Ʊl$NƱƱZƱ9Ɓ<IƱ^ !5FG8Y-?5^ 45^ANT^:;1-MNT^ 6vƱ
$Ʊ,Ʊ6Ʊ0Ʊ
=Ʊ =0Ʊ Ʊ 9:/¬^<0Ʊ *S /MT0YAXYR-1;OM^ 5^ MWKH5R5M0;-^ !;M8B<=TW;0-^ 5M^ 5A^ &Y5RWN^ (;2N^
$HIE5LQ%FJCFG5%^ ^ kƱfƱ$Ʊ $NĻƱ
lIƱ&JƱ9:/!*<jƱ$Ê8ƟƱƱ Ʊ ,Ʊ]ZƱ aƱ=¹Ʊ =Ʊ 9Áļ<IƱ *5]/T^
)WY4;5U^ ;M^ ;A;M8Y/A;UL^ kvƱRƱƱ ="ƱƱ$JƱ
IJijĴ9 :/!«<ĽƱ$38ƱƱƱ¸ƱfƱ ?Ʊ`8ƱÁƱTƱ9Á<{Ʊ)WY4;5T@PR^ ;M-R^
/Y85M^ 4Ʊ lŖƱo0Ʊ
lƱ ¿y]Ʊ ĄW3ąƱ 9:/!!<JƱ 4Ʊ Ʊ ,Ʊ =Ʊ
"Ʊ "Ʊ,ƱƱ8]TƱaƱ ZƱ],9}<Ʊ!;M8Y;TW;3^ ,/R;/X;NM^ "N45AT^ -M4^
"5W:N4T^ &8Ʊ u]îƱ 6ƱW0Ʊ
U`{ƱlľƱ 9:/!C<TƱkƱƱ ,ƱWƱ¡ŗƱĖĢ ƱOY ŢƱWƱƱƱ
Ʊ&Ʊ$,ƱƱƱ ?Ʊ&Ʊ ,ƱƱWƱ ¡ƱƱƱbƱ
ƚƱ $NIƱp0Ʊ
IƱ}Ʊ 9:/!C<ĿƱ3?Ʊ8ªƱaƱ?¹Ʊl$NƱƱTƱ 9<IƱ^
!5M8Y/?5^ 45^ ANT^ :;1-MNT^ 6ŘƱ$Ʊ,Ʊ 6Ʊ0Ʊ
]{Ʊ"ä9:/!!<TƱ$38ƱƱƱƱ ,ƱƱJƱaƱo0ƱWƱ
j<IƱ*: 7^ N YRX:^ !/1YT^ N RYL^ $ƱZƂ© řƱlƱWjƱ
ħZ\ Lļ F<ąĝ¶ļ
o$BÉƱ}ƱMåszsƱƱ ¥B#ƱFƱGG%-ƱGÖƱ Ʊ Ʊ E%%Ʊ' ºƱ
@Ʊ =Ʊ@3=3ôŰ33ôn¾!ƱƊüƱsƱ
Þė K/!!iJƱ ['#Ʊ FƱ 3#+ Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ #%'Ʊ FƱ E BƱ oÙ3[GƱ
}Ʊ R# µƱ Q$ïƱ = +Ʊ x-'LƱ D%EƱ þƱ U % 'Ʊ Ʊ
U %'#jƱ
o$%|ƱåƱžƱRÚ{Ʊ°sƱMK/!œzªƱ`%Ɠ#ƱFƱ3'+Ǝ ƱG ƱoƬ3>GøƱ
ZƱƱ=FMpn"&'ª 6eVª =FFVguª <lª4@uK~guFrgª $ vƱ$ ƱU %'#Ʊ
LTƱ
WL|Ʊ [ŀƱ MK/!tzJƱ Ʊ ¥B'Ʊ FƱ Ʊ  Ʊ 'L'GƱ FƱ Ʊ 'þƱ èƱ
xBE#Ʊ \QƱ ''vƱx-'LƱFƱ\'L-áƱ
\Ă|Ʊ \ƱMK/!zƱ ƱE#-#ƱFƱ % ƱB#ƱƱŨƱ eÿ}ƱxBE'Ʊ
G#0Ʊ
űũƯƛŪŶħƱ $ZƱ MK/!ÏisƱ LƱ '#Ʊ Ʊ 3#+ vƱ Ʊ ¥B-Ʊ '%LƱ ƋƱ
#Ō 'TƱ\Ʊ#ƱƱƱU %#ƱLƱFƱ[GƱ%ƱGÖ ŁƱ
ÞMƱK/!ti}Ʊ`BƱ Ʊ 'B%ÿƱ ''ƱƱ#LƱ -Ʊ Ʊ3#+  TƱ
=FVª5ª 7eVª=F#Vguª 0./Y 2gFKeugLª ?B u~F¥ª $ vƱ$ ƱU %'ƱLƱ
\|Ʊ¹ƱMK/!iºƱQƱ¥%#ƱG Ʊ\%ƱDƱE %'TƱ9Fu^+F_Mªguª?LgV~ª
¢0Ʊ !µƱ @Ʊ K0Ʊ
ÝMƱK/!i}ƱLƱ'BBƱƱ'ƱFBƱFƱ3#+ æƱ$ÖƱF Ʊ\BƱDƱ
B'Ʊ R Ʊ \Ʊ ę« Ʊ Ʊ Ʊ DJƱ QBƥſƱ 9TzģƱ 9guª 9FuaFaVª FuRª
1¡ugKF~gVª .VeF£gª @+Ʊ°#L®Ʊ [EÙƱ\BE# Ʊ$0Ʊ
D%##BĤƱ\ZƱƱƣF|Ʊ QłƱMK/!z0Ʊ[-#ƱƱ-EƱBƱG LºƱƱQçƱơƨŵƱ
hjz|Ʊ9gu`g~gKª AFgFg)ª :RVrªFuSª :V~eTDª @+Ʊ uvƱ [GƱ\'#ªƱ
FF{Ʊ QZƱMK/!Ci0Ʊ¢[DeDxUƱΪƱ x%E#Ʊ GƱ Ʊ%GZƱ
ƤFĥƱ QZƱƱUE-ÉƱRƱMK/!/zƱpƱƱ%'ƧƱFƱ-EƱB'Ʊ9F`F`Vªgª?NgVª -}ƱÉƱ
@Ń ÎjƱ
GGĦƱUJƱ[©Ʊ MK/!ÏiƱ'3ť 'Ʊ'+ ®ƱøƱ¥%ƄƱ m+3@3ZƱ >FuKVª
=egrr`¦ª ¢sƱ ÎµƱ @s cäƱ
xƱ'ƱQGƱFƱUEŅƱMK/!CièƱ ?Xg 3YgOª =]krVª !=Vª >gLFª ;V{ª
CqVª @+Ʊ uvƱ e%%ƱFƱŮEƱ'#}Ʊ
¢ƅ#3'|Ʊ =ªƱ9K/!tiÍƱƱ Ʊ Ʊĵ'+ Ʊ#ŚƱ Ʊ #Ʊ #%LƱ ƌƱ
#ō #ƱƱƱ=0Ʊ²ƱƱZƱM#i{Ʊ.grgc¢Frgª gª ~8Vª.gXV~VugFrª FSª
.V§Sª @+ƱuvƱe %Ʊ\''æƱ
ĶMK/!iÍƱ $#+ Ʊ#ƱƱ EƱ -EƱ # LvƱ Ʊ GL'#Ʊ FƱƱ Ʊ
Ʊ¥B##ƱG ƱE BƱ$Ʊ'#}ƱƱ ƱƱD¹Ʊ QBƠƔƱ MTiµƱ9F~guª
9Fc¢FcVª FuSª/gKF~gPª .ZeFgª @+Ʊ °#LvƱ [EÙƱ \BE# Ʊ$ÍƱ
¢|Ʊ$0Ʊ MK/!Ki /gSVFKguª -~omrcgLFª ª =rg~gKFª [uª # ,&: rFª 3l$Fu*Fª RVrª
?omFdrge ª Vuª ;¡V¤Fª Cqª DƱ\#îƱ#ƱUEƕƱ éƱ
R|Ʊ xçƱMK/ϽzTƱ9F`¡F`Vª guª/<uFLª Ʊm %®Ʊo%ńƱ
RÚ|Ʊ°ƱK/!!zºƱGƱ#'ƱƱƱ-GƱFƱƱ'LƱ#ƱFƱƭ
#+ éƱx%E#Ʊ\ZQTƱ'#ïƱ x-#LƱFƱ#ƱƱxE3$G ¸Ʊ
... Therefore, studies on code-switching are crucial because this natural phenomenon must be utilized strategically to maximize its benefits while minimizing its drawbacks. Poplack (1980) divided code-switching into three types, namely tag switching, intersentential switching, and intra-sentential switching. This classification is based on how the two languages are structured within an utterance. ...
... This process involved transcribing classroom and interview audio recordings into text data. Subsequently, the classroom transcripts were filtered into utterances that contained codeswitching in them and then coded based on their types using Poplack's (1980) code-switching typology. The interview transcript was also organized according to the relevant utterances being clarified. ...
... Tag switching can be used to add emphasis or express emotional responses by inserting a tag phrase almost everywhere in the sentence without violating any grammatical rules (Poplack, 1980). This type occurred the least because its function is limited and not urgent in EFL settings. ...
Article
Full-text available
This study investigated the use of code-switching by an English teacher in an EFL classroom at SMAN 3 Ponorogo. Code-switching is the alternation between two languages in a discourse. In Indonesian EFL classes, teachers use both English and Indonesian to deliver classroom instructions. The aims of the study were to explore the types of code-switching that the teacher used in the classroom and the teacher’s rationales in using each type. The researchers used a case study with a qualitative approach using classroom observation and an interview with the teacher. The data were analyzed using the interactive model of analysis, which includes data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Furthermore, the teacher’s code-switching utterances were classified using Poplack’s code-switching framework. The study found that the teacher used three types of code-switching: tag switching, inter-sentential switching, and intra-sentential switching. Intra-sentential switching was the most commonly used type, with more than half of the use, and tag switching was the least used type. The teacher employed code-switching to clarify instructions, introduce new vocabulary, explain complex concepts, enhance communication, and promote classroom engagement. The findings suggest that code-switching is a valuable scaffolding strategy for facilitating comprehension and participation for low-proficiency learners. The study highlights the importance of code-switching in building a meaningful English atmosphere for novice learners by providing them with understanding, gradual immersion, and a stress-free environment.
... To demonstrate the utility of our LLM-based annotated datasets for linguistic research, we conducted a structural analysis of intra-sentential codeswitching, a phenomenon in which two languages are used within a single sentence or utterance (Poplack, 1980), as it presents particularly interesting structural challenges for syntactic analysis. A switch point was defined as a token where the language tag differed from that of the preceding token. ...
... Although this pattern is not consistently emphasized in the literature, it aligns with broader findings that permit switching at major syntactic boundaries, including clause-initial positions. Classic studies such as (Poplack, 1980;Myers-Scotton, 2002) highlight noun phrases, especially determiners (det), modifiers (amod), and prepositions (case), as common switch sites when structural equivalence holds. Our results support this, showing frequent switches in the nominal domain and at clause boundaries (mark, cc, discourse). ...
... Switching within the main verb or root predicate (i.e., the root in UD) has been considered highly constrained in the Spanish-English CSW literature. Early studies such as Poplack (1980) and models like the Matrix Language Frame (Myers-Scotton, 1993) argue that verb phrase boundaries are typically resistant to switching due to morphosyntactic incompatibilities between the two languages. Corpus-based studies (e.g., Toribio, 2001;Bullock and Toribio, 2009;Parafita Couto et al., 2015) confirm that switching at or within the main verb is rare, with bilingual speakers favoring switches at clause boundaries. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Code-switching presents a complex challenge for syntactic analysis, especially in low-resource language settings where annotated data is scarce. While recent work has explored the use of large language models (LLMs) for sequence-level tagging, few approaches systematically investigate how well these models capture syntactic structure in code-switched contexts. Moreover, existing parsers trained on monolingual treebanks often fail to generalize to multilingual and mixed-language input. To address this gap, we introduce the BiLingua Parser, an LLM-based annotation pipeline designed to produce Universal Dependencies (UD) annotations for code-switched text. First, we develop a prompt-based framework for Spanish-English and Spanish-Guaran\'i data, combining few-shot LLM prompting with expert review. Second, we release two annotated datasets, including the first Spanish-Guaran\'i UD-parsed corpus. Third, we conduct a detailed syntactic analysis of switch points across language pairs and communicative contexts. Experimental results show that BiLingua Parser achieves up to 95.29% LAS after expert revision, significantly outperforming prior baselines and multilingual parsers. These results show that LLMs, when carefully guided, can serve as practical tools for bootstrapping syntactic resources in under-resourced, code-switched environments. Data and source code are available at https://github.com/N3mika/ParsingProject
... Linguistic theories have long studied the structure of CSW text, proposing formal constraints on permissible switch points, such as the Equivalence Constraint Theory (ECT), which posits that switches occur at positions where the surface structures of both languages are grammatically compatible (Poplack, 1978), and the Matrix Language Frame model (MLF), which distinguishes between a Matrix Language (ML) that provides the grammatical frame of the clause and an Embedded Language (EL) that contributes inserted content without disrupting this structure (Myers-Scotton, 1993). These frameworks aim to identify the grammatical boundaries and syntactic compatibility that make CSW possible and natural. ...
... Synthetic code-switched text generation plays a critical role in data augmentation and diversification for multilingual language models (Pratapa et al., 2018;. Methods range from linguis-tically motivated approaches-such as the Equivalence Constraint Theory (ECT) (Poplack, 1978) and Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model (Myers-Scotton, 1993)-to heuristic token-level substitutions (Myslín, 2014;and, 2018;Chan et al., 2024). Recent work often relies on word-level aligners to guide borrowing from embedded-language texts while preserving grammatical structure (Kuwanto et al., 2024). ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Code-switching (CSW) is the act of alternating between two or more languages within a single discourse. This phenomenon is widespread in multilingual communities, and increasingly prevalent in online content, where users naturally mix languages in everyday communication. As a result, Large Language Models (LLMs), now central to content processing and generation, are frequently exposed to code-switched inputs. Given their widespread use, it is crucial to understand how LLMs process and reason about such mixed-language text. This paper presents a systematic evaluation of LLM comprehension under code-switching by generating CSW variants of established reasoning and comprehension benchmarks. While degradation is evident when foreign tokens disrupt English text\unicode{x2013}even under linguistic constraints\unicode{x2013}embedding English into other languages often improves comprehension. Though prompting yields mixed results, fine-tuning offers a more stable path to degradation mitigation.
... However, creolization and code-switching are often studied with different theoretical and empirical focus (Muysken, 2013). Creolization, on one hand, is often treated as a population-level phenomenon, drawing attention primarily from historical and sociolinguists whose main goal is to depict the change and evolution of linguistic representations as a function of social movements (Thomason and Kaufman, 1988;Mufwene, 2011). 1 On the other hand, research on code-switching leans towards the individual level, with joint force from psychoand contact linguistics to understand the psychological mechanism adopted by bilingual speakers (Green and Abutalebi, 2013;Green and Wei, 2014) as well as the grammatical and structural configurations constraining code-switching (Myers-Scotton, 1997;Muysken, 2000;Poplack, 1980). ...
... At the other end is code-switching. Although bilinguals of the same languages may share some intuitions about where a switch can happen within a sentence, possibly due to some grammatical constraints (Poplack, 1980;Muysken, 2000), it will not be surprising at all if they choose different constructions and switching points to express the same intended meaning. ...
... This effect is most pronounced in Swahili (Natural) utterances, where over 60% of switches occur after the midpoint. Such patterns align with sociolinguistic findings that code-switches frequently accompany concluding, elaborative, or pragmatically marked parts of utterances Poplack (1980); Myers-Scotton (1993); Auer (1998), which suggest that speakers often introduce foreign phrases during the concluding or elaborative parts of their speech. Interestingly, although the model does not explicitly encode positional switching preferences, it still reproduces this trend. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
We consider the problem of generating code-switched speech by editing monolingual utterances using a pre-trained generative prior and a set of linguistic constraints. In our setting, the prior is a diffusion-based speech synthesis model trained independently on monolin-gual data, while the constraints are differentiable functions that guide the insertion of foreign language segments. These constraints include a multilingual language classifier and a contrastively trained segment encoder, which together ensure that inserted content is linguistically plausible, semantically coherent, and socio-linguistically grounded.By iteratively modifying the noisy speech representation and conditioning on segment-level constraints, our model performs targeted segment replacements without requiring parallel code-switched data. We evaluate our system on a semantically aligned speech corpus spanning five African languages from three major phyla. The resulting speech achieves a COMET score of 0.815 and a LaBSE similarity of 0.880 at the segment level, while preserving speaker identity with an Equal Error Rate of 6.7%. It also reproduces natural code-switching patterns in frequency, position, and alternation rate without explicit supervision.To our knowledge, this is the first approach that enables controlled multi-language infusion in a single utterance, producing fluent, coherent, and sociolinguistically realistic code-switched speech. Our work demonstrates that guided diffusion is a promising plug-and-play mechanism for cross-lingual and low-resource speech generation tasks.
... It not only reflects language proficiency but also illustrates how speakers navigate their complex cultural identities and * First Author, OK collected the data, designed the methodology, performed the analysis, and wrote the substantial part of the article communication contexts. Over the past decades, researchers have explored the interplay of linguistic, cognitive, and social factors underlying codeswitching, often relying on elicited data and structured interviews (Corvalán, 2005;Kallfell, 2011;Dietrich, 2002Dietrich, , 2010Auer and Eastman, 2010;Bullock and Toribio, 2009;Myers-Scotton, 2002;Poplack, 1980Poplack, , 1985. However, such methods frequently fall short in capturing the natural spontaneity and fluidity of everyday speech. ...
Article
Aims and Objectives Over the last decades, usage-based research into child language acquisition has shown that multi-word units play a key role in child language acquisition. This paper sets out to explore the role of multi-word units in the bilingual speech of two German-English bilingual children, focusing on their code-mixing and starting from the hypothesis that code-mixed utterances can be accounted for with the help of constructional patterns that are in turn abstracted away from recurrent multi-word units. Approach We used the Chunk-Based Learner (CBL), a computational model developed by Stewart McCauley and Morten Christiansen. Data and Analysis We applied the CBL to longitudinal data from two children growing up bilingually with the same language pair (German-English) but notably different input situations, to detect recurrent multi-word units in the data. Conclusions The study shows that both monolingual and code-mixed utterances are built from the same constructional patterns, highlighting the crucial role of chunks in language acquisition. Although code-mixed utterances appear highly creative, they largely rely on fixed, formulaic patterns similar to those found in monolingual speech. This finding supports the usage-based approach, suggesting that chunk-based learning is fundamental across different language acquisition contexts. Originality Using a strictly bottom-up approach allows us to identify recurrent chunks that are used as “building blocks” of early child language, including, importantly, code-mixed utterances. Significance Our study adds to previous research emphasizing the role of multi-word units in early bilingual acquisition and contributes to ongoing efforts to pinpoint the way in which constructional patterns emerge from multi-word units in more detail.
Article
Статтю присвячено вивченню явища перемикання кодів. Проаналізовано різні підходи до визначення терміна та його функціонування в усному мовленні та письмових джерелах. Практичний аналіз проведений на основі матеріалу кіноадаптації класичного бродвейського мюзиклу WEST SIDE STORY (2021) режисера Стівена Спілберга за сценарієм Тоні Кушнера. За допомогою поєднання теоретичного підходу до спонтанного перемикання кодів в усному мовленні та досліджень його ролі в оповіді розширено сферу вивчення стратегічного використання неситуативного перемикання кодів у художньому тексті, що й визначило наукову новизну нашої розвідки.Метою нашого дослідження було виявити на матеріалі сценарію фільму WEST SIDE STORY (2021) типи постановного перемикання кодів відповідно до типології Р. Аппеля та П. Мойскена. Встановлено, що у сценарії представлені всі три типи перемикання кодів, з-поміж яких міжфразове перемикання є найпоширенішим, а внутрішньофразове – найменш уживаним. Порівняння спонтанного перемикання кодів в усному мовленні та постановного перемикання кодів у кіно засвідчило, що у художньому тексті перемикання кодів завжди виконує певну функцію, визначену автором тексту, а не безпосереднім мовцем. Отже, перемикання не може бути несвідомим чи немотивованим.Проаналізовано з опорою на дослідження Єви Фахрій (Fachriyh, 2017), присвячене перемиканню кодів у навчальному середовищі, випадки перемикання кодів у сценарії кінофільму та укладено перелік функцій постановного перемикання кодів. Сформована класифікація включає такі сім функцій: акцентування, повтор, переклад, пояснення, перевірка розуміння, уточнення та референційну функцію.Наше дослідження підкреслює необхідність подальшого вивчення постановного перемикання кодів не лише як маркера білінгвального досвіду мовця, а й як текстотвірного засобу, використаного для створення образу персонажа або формування середовища художнього твору.
Article
Full-text available
The phenomenon of code-switching, where speakers alternate between different languages within a conversation, has become increasingly prevalent among Balinese speakers. This article explores the occurrence of code-switching in everyday conversations and informal social media content, with a specific focus on the popular Balinese YouTube channel, Cenk-Blonk. The language use in shadow performance usually reflects the use of language in society today. The research examines 60 YouTube videos from Cenk-Blonk shadow performance to identify and analyze the types and variation of code-switching employed. The study finds that intrasentential switching is the most dominant used with some pattern variation, while intersentential switching frequently appears in philosophical discourse. Indonesian, English, Old Javanese and Balinese’s high register language with some variations of form are a lot occurred to switch Balinese’s low register which usually used in informal context of the scenes.
Article
Full-text available
English has become a dominant global language, reshaping linguistic practices throughout Europe. In media and literature, code-switching—the alternation between local languages and English—has grown increasingly common. This study employs advanced AI-driven Natural Language Processing techniques to analyze the patterns, motivations, and sociolinguistic implications of this phenomenon. Our research draws on diverse sources, including newspapers, social media posts, television scripts, films, and digital literature from several European regions. By using state-of-the-art machine learning models, we automatically detect instances of code-switching and examine the contexts in which these shifts occur. This approach allows us to classify language blending based on cultural, social, and genre-specific factors. Early results indicate that code-switching is often employed to convey modernity, express technical ideas, or create a particular social tone, with variations observed across different media and regions. Furthermore, our study integrates quantitative analysis with qualitative insights by reviewing selected case studies in depth. This mixed-methods strategy enriches our understanding of the relationship between language choice and cultural identity. The findings shed light on how the increasing use of English influences local linguistic landscapes and may signal broader trends in language evolution. Our research not only highlights the transformative role of AI in sociolinguistic studies but also offers practical implications for educators, media professionals, and policymakers. By clarifying the dynamics of code-switching, we hope to contribute to efforts aimed at preserving linguistic diversity while embracing the benefits of global communication. In sum, this work demonstrates that AI is a powerful tool for uncovering complex language phenomena, offering fresh perspectives on how European languages adapt in a rapidly globalizing media environment. This comprehensive AI-driven analysis not only deepens our understanding of multilingual dynamics but also informs future strategies for language education and media production, ensuring that cultural nuance is maintained amid global linguistic shifts in diverse European contexts.