Enhancing Emotional Vocabulary in Young Children

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Handout 2.4: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
Module 2
The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign csefel.uiuc.edu H 2.4
(p. 1/5)
Rev. 11/03
Gail E. Joseph, Ph.D. & Phillip S.
Strain, Ph.D.
Center on Evidence Based Practices
for Early Learning
University of Colorado at Denver
F
our-year-old Shantay is an avid
builder with blocks. At free play
he has busied himself with an
elaborate tower construction. To
complete his masterpiece he needs an
elusive triangle piece. As he searches
the room in vain for the last, crucial
piece his initial calm hunt becomes
more hurried and disorganized. He
begins to whimper and disrupt other
children’s play. His teacher approaches
and asks what the matter is. Shantay
swiftly turns away to resume his now
frantic search. This behavior persists
for several minutes until the signal for
cleanup is given, whereupon Shantay
launches into a major, 15-minute
tantrum.
Four-year-old Kelly is relatively
new to preschool. She wants to play
with her new classmates, but is too shy
and frightened to approach and join in
with the group. This day at free play
she intently watches, as three other
girls are absorbed in an elaborate tea
party, complete with pandas and
wolves. With a forlorn look, Kelly
passively observes the ongoing play.
Her teacher approaches and says,
“Honey, is something wrong?” Kelly
shrugs her shoulders. Her teacher
persists, “Kelly are you frustrated?”
Kelly says, “Yes.” Her teacher then
reminds her of the class rule; if you
feel frustrated, ask a friend or teacher
for help. Kelly and her teacher quickly
discuss how she might get another
animal and ask her classmates if the
zebra can come to the party.
In each of these cases, children
experience some of the common, often-
repeated challenges of life in preschool.
Shantay, in the end, was overwhelmed
by his feelings of frustration. Unable to
label his legitimate feeling he acted-
out— a sure recipe for not getting his
needs met. Kelly, equally upset and, in
this example, paralyzed temporarily by
her social anxiety was able to achieve
an outcome she deeply desired. She
was able to do this by the good
teaching that had previously occurred.
She was able to communicate her need
and access strategic help to get that
need met. In contrast with Shantay,
Kelly’s experience demonstrates one of
the ways that emotional literacy
enables children to be socially
competent. Consider two other case
examples of emotional literacy at work.
Tony is a master of rough and
tumble play. As a game of superheroes
commences, Tony runs headlong into
other children. Two of his playmates
happily reciprocate; smiling and
giggling they continue their preschool
version of “slam dancing.” Tony,
however, seeks out other partners as
well. In particular, Eddie and Darrin
want no part of this. They frown as he
approaches and yell, “No.” Tony
seems to interpret their behavior as an
invitation for more. Both Eddie and
Darrin start to cry and quickly seek out
their teacher who has Tony sit quietly
for 2 minutes while play continues.
This time-out angers Tony and he pouts
alone for the remainder of free play.
Tamika loves to play dress-up. This
day at free play she asks Seth to join
her, but he says, “Later,” and goes
about his computer play. Tamika then
gets a big hat and takes it to April.
April just frowns and goes about
tending to the hamster cage. Tamika
next takes the hat to Bo. “Bo,” she
says, “let’s go play.” Again she is
rebuffed. Finally Tamika finds a play
partner in Darrin; who is walking from
one activity area to the next.
In these two scenarios great
variation can be noted in children’s
ability to read social cues. Tony’s
choice of rough and tumble partners is
ubiquitous. His inability to read social
cues ultimately resulted in a poor
outcome. Tamika, on the other hand,
was readily able to read social cues
and, as a result of good teaching, she
had a strategy (try again with another
friend) to achieve her desired outcome.
Figure 1 below provides an overall
schematic of children’s emotional
literacy (Crick & Dodge, 1994;
Lemerise & Arsenio, 2000). Note first
that the foundational element, the
necessary context, for emotional
literacy development is a supportive,
caring relationship (see Joseph &
Strain, 2002). In order to act upon the
social environment in ways that are
collectively supportive and rewarding
it is first necessary for children to read
the affective cues of others and of
themselves. Discriminating among
affective states such as anger, sadness,
frustration, and happiness requires a
vocabulary of feeling words. Like
other forms of literacy the richer the
vocabulary, the more rewarding the
experiences. In this article we will
concentrate on how to build a
meaningful lexicon of feeling words.
This instructional emphasis bears, not
coincidentally, a close resemblance to
cognitive behavior modification
(Meichelbaum, 1976).
Enhancing Emotional Vocabulary in
Young Children

Once children are reading and
correctly labeling affective cues from
words, internal stimuli, and body
language they then proceed to make
crucial judgments about both the cause
and the intent of other’s affect (e.g.,
Tamika has, appropriately, a neutral
judgment abut peers’ lack of interest in
her play and she simply proceeds to
look until she finds a willing partner).
Many children, however, make crucial
errors at this point. Partly because of an
absence of feeling words they often
interpret the behavior of others as
intentionally hurtful and eventually act
out in ways that invariably lead to
social isolation and stigmatization
(Kazdin, 1989).
Once children make a judgment
about cause and intent they proceed, in
this model, to clarify their interpersonal
goals. In earlier examples, Tony
wanted to play rough and tumble,
Tamika wanted to play dress-up, Kelly
wanted to join in the tea party, and
Shantay just wanted that final block.
The clarification of goals then
allows children to generate solutions to
achieve their goals. Solutions might
include a self-regulation notion such as,
“I need to calm down.” Solutions
might be trying again, finding someone
to help, trying a different way, and so
on. Solution generation, however, must
be followed by a contingent decision-
making paradigm. For example,
children might be taught to consider if
the solution is fair, if it has worked
before, if it is a safe, if it would result
in positive feelings, and so on. Finally,
children act in accordance with their
decision. While we will focus only on
establishing a vocabulary of feeling
words that permit accurate reading of
affective cues and accurate
interpretation of cause and intent,
teachers needs to be aware that many
children will require careful step-by-
step instruction from reading affective
cues to acting on decisions.
Emotional literacy is the ability to
recognize, label, and understand
feelings in one’s self and others. It is a
prerequisite skill to emotional
regulation and successful interpersonal
interactions and problem solving and is
one of the most important skills a child
is taught in the early years
(Denham,1986; Webster-Stratton,
1999). Limited emotional literacy, on
the other hand, can result in
misperceptions of feeling in one’s self
and others.
Building emotional vocabulary
In order to correctly perceive
feelings in yourself and others, you
first have to have words for those
feelings, a feeling lexicon. Many
children are either “happy” or “mad”
and miss all the subtle gradations of
feelings in-between because they do
not have labels and definitions for
those emotions. Alarge and more
complex feeling vocabulary allows
children to make finer discriminations
between feelings; to better
communicate with others about their
internal affective states; and to engage
in discussions about their personal
experiences with the world. Children
with disabilities (Feldman, McGee,
Mann & Strain, 1993; Walker, 1981)
and children from low income families
(Eisneberg, 1999; Hart & Risley, 1995;
Lewis & Michalson, 1993) have more
limited feeling vocabularies than their
typically developing and middle
income peers. Parents and teachers can
foster emotional vocabulary by
teaching feeling words and their
emotional definitions. Adults can
increase children’s feelings words by
teaching different feeling words and
definitions directly; incidentally in the
context of conversation and play; and
through special activities.
Adults can teach feeling words
directly by pairing a picture or photo of
a feeling face with the appropriate
affective label. Preschoolers are better
at recognizing feelings with drawn
Handout 2.4: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
Module 2
The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign csefel.uiuc.edu H 2.4
(p. 2/5)
Figure 1. Emotional Literacy Schematic
Emotional Literacy Schematic
Rev. 11/03

pictures at first then progressing to
photographs. Children’s books are an
excellent way to label feeling faces
with children. Many books are written
explicitly about feelings and contain
numerous feeling words. See Box 1 for
some of our favorites.
Adults can also teach children new
feeling words by explicitly providing
emotion labels as children experience
various affective states. For example,
an infant smiles brightly and the parent
says, “Oh, you are happy.” Similarly,
Kelly’s teacher noticed her aroused
state and labeled it “frustrated.”.
Labeling a child’s affective state allows
them to begin to identify their own
internal states. This is an important step
in learning to regulate
emotions(Joseph, 2001; Lochman &
Dunn, 1993; Webster-Stratton,1999).
For example, one needs to recognize
(this happens most effectively when
there is a label) their affective state,
say, “angry” before they can proceed
with steps to regulate or calm down. A
first step would be to vocalize this
negative feeling (“I’m mad”) versus
acting out. Using varied and complex
feeling words will develop powerful
feeling vocabularies for children. Box 2
provides a list of more complex feeling
words that 3-5 year olds who are
developing language normally know
(Joseph, 2001; Ridgeway, Waters &
Kuczaj, 1985).
Adults can also plan special
activities to teach and reinforce the
acquisition of feeling words. Children
can “check in” each morning by
picking a feeling face picture that best
depicts their affective state and sticking
it next to their name. Children can be
encouraged to change their feeling face
throughout the day as their feelings
change. Teachers can make feeling
dice by covering small milk cartons
with paper and drawing a different
feeling face on each side. Children can
toss the dice; label the feeling face and
describe a time they felt that way. Box
3 lists some other fun feeling activities.
INSERT BOX 3 ABOUT HERE
Handout 2.4: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
Module 2
The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign csefel.uiuc.edu H 2.4
(p. 3/5)
Children’s Books featuring
feeling faces and words
•On Monday when it rained by
Cherryl Kachenmeister,
•Glad Monster, Sad Monster: A
Book About Feelings by Anne
Miranda & Ed Emberley
(Illustrator)
•My Many Colored Days by Seuss,
Steve Johnson (Illustrator), Lou
Fancher (Illustrator)
•When Sophie Gets Angry- Really,
Really Angry... by Molly Garrett
Bang
•Feelings (Reading Rainbow
Book) by Aliki
•I’m Mad (Dealing With Feelings)
by Elizabeth Crary, Jean Whitney
(Illustrator)
•I’m Frustrated (Dealing With
Feelings) by Elizabeth Crary, Jean
Whitney (Illustrator)
• When I Feel Angry by Cornelia
Maude Spelman, Nancy Cote
(Illustrator)
Feeling Words
Affectionate
Agreeable
Annoyed
Awful
Bored
Brave
Calm
Capable
Caring
Cheerful
Clumsy
Confused
Comfortable
Cooperative
Creative
Cruel
Curious
Depressed
Disappointed
Disgusted
Ecstatic
Embarrassed
Enjoying
Excited
Fantastic Fearful
Fed-up
Free
Friendly
Frustrated
Gentle
Generous
Box 1
Feeling Activities
Pass the hat: The teacher cuts
out pictures that represent various
feeling faces and places them in a
hat (or large envelope) that is
passed around the circle as music
plays. When the music stops, the
child holding the hat picks out a
picture designating an emotion and
is asked to identify it, express how
they look when they feel that way,
or describe a time when he or she
felt that way.
Feeling hunt: The teacher puts
“feeling face” pictures up all around
the room (and around the building
if possible). Children can be given
child-size magnifying glasses, and
they walk around looking for
different feeling faces. When they
find one, they label it and tell a time
they felt that way. An expansion of
this activity is to provide each child
with a “Feeling Face BINGO
Board” and they can cross out faces
on their boards as they find them
around the room.
Mirrors: Children are given
small hand held mirrors at circle
time or small group. As the teacher
reads a story with many feeling
words in it – the children make the
face to the corresponding affective
expression while looking at
themselves in their mirrors. Then,
the children put their mirrors down
and show their peer their “feeling
face.”
Changing faces: During small
group time, children make paper
plate faces. The teacher attaches the
“mouth” and “eyebrows” to the
paper plate with brads. This allows
Box 3
Box 2
Gloomy
Guilty
Ignored
Impatient
Important
Interested
Jealous
Joyful
Lonely
Lost
Loving
Overwhelmed
Peaceful
Pleasant
Proud
Relaxed
Relieved
Safe Satisfied
Sensitive
Serious
Shy Stressed
Strong
Stubborn
Tense
Thoughtful
Thrilled
Troubled
Unafraid
Uncomfortable
Weary
Worried
(continued)
Rev. 11/03

Teaching children to recognize
feelings in others
Children can be taught explicitly
how to identify feelings in other
people. Identifying feelings in others
involves noticing facial expressions
and body language, listening to the
tone of voice and, considering the
situational context.
Young children can be taught how
to detect the cues of how someone is
feeling by having their attention drawn
to the salient physical features of
someone’s affective state. Teachers can
model detecting how someone is
feeling by looking at their face
(noticing their eyebrows, their eyes,
and their mouth). This can be
accomplished directly and more
incidentally throughout the day.
Children can then be provided with
practice activities and opportunities to
notice facial expressions and body
language to determine how someone is
feeling.
Teachers can model for children
how they can tell how someone is
feeling by listening to the tone of the
person’s voice. Teachers can close their
eyes and a puppet or another adult can
make a statement such as, “UGGGHH,
I can’t get my shoes tied!” and then
guess that the person is feeling
frustrated. The children can practice by
closing their eyes and listening to the
teacher make statements using varying
tones, then guess how the teacher is
feeling.
Teachers can also teach children to
think about how someone might feel in
certain situations. Children’s literature
is a very effective for teaching and
practicing this skill. Read a story aloud,
pick a situation in the story and ask the
children to consider the character’s
reactions and feelings. This question
invites further conversation. Continue
discussing situations for as long as you
have the children’s interest. The
children’s books in Box 1 can be used
very effectively in this matter.
What do you do with a feeling?
Adults can model emotional
regulation skills for children by
verbalizing the course of action they
will take in order to calm down or cope
with certain feelings. For example, a
teacher doesn’t notice a loose lid on the
glitter bottle and consequently spills the
contents all over the table and floor. In
front of the children she says, “Oh no!
Boy, do I feel frustrated. I better take
some deep breaths to calm down.”
Kelly’s teacher developed a classroom
rule that when you feel frustrated you
ask a teacher or peer for help. In this
case, when the teacher labels a child’s
affective state as “frustrated” the child
is primed to ask for help. Eventually
the child will be able to label the
feeling themselves and seek out an
appropriate solution. Adults can
proactively teach young children
coping strategies for many emotions
(taking a deep breath when mad;
requesting a break when annoyed;
talking to someone when sad, etc.)
through modeling and role plays.
Positive emotions sometimes need to be
regulated as well.
Conclusion
In classrooms that devote planned
attention to helping children acquire a
rich and varied feeling vocabulary we
may expect fewer challenging
behaviors and more developmentally
sophisticated and enjoyable peer social
relations (Denham, 1986). Emotional
vocabulary is, however, only part of
this picture. For emotional vocabulary
teaching to be effective adults must first
spend the time necessary to build
positive relationships with children
(Joseph & Strain, 2002). Within this
foundational context of a warm and
responsive relationship with children,
teachers can maximize their influence
to enhance emotional vocabulary.
As the emotional literacy schematic
(Figure 1) suggests, having feeling
words and being able to recognize
emotions in others and in oneself is a
necessary but insufficient step toward
helping children achieve social and
emotional competence. Adults also
need to assist children in developing
and becoming fluent with the skills of
emotional regulation (e.g., calming
down; controlling anger and impulse)
and problem-solving (e.g., generating
solutions to interpersonal problems that
are safe, equitable, and result in
positive feelings).
In the Box 4 we provide teachers
with a brief checklist of classroom
the child to change facial expressions
on their plate by changing the mouth
from a smile to a frown, and the
eyebrows from facing in (angry,
frustrated, etc.) to out (worried,
scared, surprised, etc.). Children can
color the rest of the faces. The
teacher can then read a story and
pause after key incidents and ask the
children to show how they would feel
by changing their paper plate face
appropriately.
Singing, “If you’re happy and
you know it…”: Teachers can add
new verses to “If you are happy and
you know it” as they introduce new
feeling words to the class.
• If you’re happy and you know it,
hug a friend
• If you’re sad and you know it, cry
a tear – “boo-hoo”
• If you’re mad and you know it, use
your words “I’m mad”
• If you’re scared and you know it,
get some help, “HEEELLLLPPP!”
• If you’re silly and you know it,
make a face,
“BBBBLLLUUUUHHHH!”
For more feeling activities see
Dinosaur School (Joseph, Webster-
Stratton & Reid, 2002; Webster-
Stratton, 1990), PATHS (Kusche &
Greenberg, 1994), or Second Step
(Committee for Children, 2002)
Box 3
(continued)
Feeling Activities
Handout 2.4: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
Module 2
The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign csefel.uiuc.edu H 2.4
(p. 4/5)
Rev. 11/03

characteristics known to promote
emotional literacy.
Handout 2.4: Social Emotional Teaching Strategies
Module 2
The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign csefel.uiuc.edu H 2.4
(p. 5/5)
Characteristics of
Classrooms that Foster
Emotional Vocabulary
•Photos of people with various
emotional expressions are
displayed around the room
•Books about feelings are
available in the book corner
•Teachers label their own
feelings
•Teachers notice and label
children’s feelings
•Teachers draw attention to
how a child’s peer is feeling
•Activities are planned to teach
and reinforce emotional
literacy
•Children are reinforced for
using feeling words
•Efforts to promote emotional
vocabulary occur daily and
across all times of the day
Box 4
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