No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Sustainable City Development Plan for Aqaba, Jordan
Abstract
Sustainability is a relatively new theme in Jordanian architecture and planning, but the city of Aqaba's new development plan has been elaborated on the basis of sustaining the city's social and economic development as well as its physical environment. No other city in Jordan has been planned on the basis of sustainability. Between 2000 and 2004, a special planning unit produced the current plan for achieving a sustainable city in Aqaba. The plan envisages investments of over US$6 billion and the creation of some 70,000 jobs by the year 2020. This article examines the work undertaken by the planners of sustainable Aqaba and appraises the outcome. A number of conclusions are presented about the need to encourage sustainability in the future planning of other areas as well as in the solution of many of Aqaba's problems.
... Support least developed countries, through financial and technical assistance, for sustainable and resilient buildings using local materials Source: UN (2015a) JPMD For cities in developing countries to achieve sustainability, however, the challenges can seem insurmountable. Cities in developing countries need to improve their overall economic structures and reduce poverty, all without damaging the environment and or compromising the city's natural capital (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008;Sachs, 2012). Moreover, any changes must be inclusive of a range of social groups, especially the poor (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008;Sachs, 2012). ...
... Cities in developing countries need to improve their overall economic structures and reduce poverty, all without damaging the environment and or compromising the city's natural capital (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008;Sachs, 2012). Moreover, any changes must be inclusive of a range of social groups, especially the poor (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008;Sachs, 2012). SUD is a dynamic process in which a city's economic, social and environmental concerns in relation to globalization are addressed (Roy, 2009;Shen et al., 2011). ...
Purpose
This paper aims to propose an integrated urban planning framework to achieve sustainable urban development (SUD) in the Malaysian context.
Design/methodology/approach
In the course of developing this framework, this paper reviews the related literature and Malaysian policies, programs and plans.
Findings
The findings highlight the importance of developing an integrated urban planning framework with respect to the processes, content and outcomes to achieve SUD in the Malaysian context. Successful SUD planning should be participatory and based on building consensus. Moreover, the content of the plan should include economic growth, social inclusion and development and environmental protection components.
Originality/value
This study makes a valuable theoretical contribution to the SUD and urban planning literature by proposing an urban planning framework for the promotion of SUD. In addition, this study has a number of practical implications for the Government of Malaysia and local authorities aiming to facilitate SUD.
... In addition to the number of people, the average size of cities has also increased [2]. Therefore, in order to meet the resulting challenges, including housing shortages, traffic status, or waste disposal, cities must develop social and economic structures without damaging the environment and create a balance between human inhabitants and natural resources to achieve urbanization [3]. In this context, the concept of "smart city" is taken up as a possible solution approach and socio-technical concept. ...
Digital transformation (or digitalization) is the process of continuous further development of digital technologies (such as smart devices, cloud services, and Big Data) that have a lasting impact on our economy and society. In this manner, digitalization is a huge driver for permanent change, even in the field of Sustainable Urban Development. In the wake of digitalization, expectations are changing, placing pressure at the societal level on the design and development of smart environments for everything that means Sustainable Urban Development. In this sense, the solution is the integration of Artificial Intelligence into Sustainable Urban Development, because technology can simplify people’s lives. The aim of this paper is to ascertain which Sustainable Urban Development dimensions are taken into account when integrating Artificial Intelligence and what results can be achieved. These questions formed the basic framework for this research article. In order to make the current state of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Urban Development as a snapshot visible, a systematic review of the current literature between 2012 and 2022 was conducted. The data were collected and analyzed using PRISMA. Based on the studies identified, we found a significant growth in studies, starting in 2018, and that Artificial Intelligence applications refer to the Sustainable Urban Development dimensions of environmental protection, economic development, social justice and equity, culture, and governance. The used Artificial Intelligence techniques in Sustainable Urban Development cover a broad field of Artificial Intelligence, such as Artificial Intelligence in general, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Neuronal Networks, Operations Research, Predictive Analytics, and Data Mining. However, with the integration of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Urban Development, challenges are marked out. These include responsible municipal policies, awareness of data quality, privacy and data security, the formation of partnerships among stakeholders (e.g., local citizens, civil society, industry, and various levels of government), and transparency and traceability in the implementation and rollout of Artificial Intelligence. A first step was taken towards providing an overview of the possible applications of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Urban Development. It was clearly shown that Artificial Intelligence is also gaining ground in this sector.
... Jordan's high poverty and unemployment rates also burden the government with significant inflation and budget deficit challenges (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008). Additionally, Jordan welcomes thousands of refugees along the borders from Palestine, Syria and Iraq due to war and violence in the mentioned regions, increasing the percentage of immigrates leading to rapid increase in Jordan's population by 2.2% annually due to safety issues (World Population Review, 2020). ...
The objective of this study is to assess the awareness level and the barriers encountered by three groups of practitioners in Jordan with regards to sustainability in construction project life-cycles, and to gather insights into the future of sustainability in Jordan. The boom in construction industry in Jordan alongside the combined effects of population increment and environmental issues are anticipated to increase pressure on limited land and water, making sustainable development a vital required asset. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five owners/developers, architects/engineers and contractors, therefore, a total of 15 interviews were carried out to reach saturation point of analysis. Results of the qualitative analysis were analysed together with an in-depth desk review of the status of sustainability in Jordan.
The qualitative data analysis revealed that Jordanian owners/developers are barely aware of sustainability benefits and tend to discard sustainability features in construction projects. Whilst, architects/engineers and contractors showed vast knowledge regards to sustainability. Moreover, barriers from each group was identified and showed that lack of appreciation, resistance to change and higher initial cost and many more contribute in preventing sustainability employment. However, in order to overcome barriers identified, a list of suggested improvement strategies along the project life-cycle to enhance sustainability implementation in the Jordanian Construction Industry (‘JCI’) is conducted. The suggested improvement strategies can be used or modelled by practitioners for betterment of construction projects, ultimately steering the industry towards sustainability.
... The construction sector comes in the second, and then followed by the industrial sector in the third place, where the industrial zone was constructed at the south of the port included fertilizers, timber and mining factories port. The services sector, including tourism, restaurants, hotels and trading ranked fourth of the total labor force, while the sector of fishing and agriculture activities declined at present, their importance diminished due to the change occurred to the city economic function (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008). It is worth mentioning that the port of Aqaba witnesses an active movement, it receives more than 2500 vessels annually. ...
... Cities across the developing world should be improved and inequalities reduced (Rasoolimanesh, Badarulzanan, Abdullah, & Behrang, 2019). In addition, these developments should avoid environmental distress, drawing upon the natural capital of the city's resources while promoting the advancement of various social groups, especially the poor (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008;Sachs, 2012). ...
... In order to become sustainable, cities in developing countries need to improve their overall economic structures and reduce poverty. Moreover, these developments must be made without damaging the environment or the city's natural capital, and must promote the inclusion of various social groups, especially the poor (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008;Sachs, 2012). ...
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of governance on the three linchpins of sustainable urban development (SUD): social development and inclusion, economic development, and environmental protection. This study relies on secondary data collected by UN-Habitat from 265 cities in developing countries between 2013 and 2016 for the City Prosperity Index program (CPI). The indicators used to measure the components of SUD were adopted from the CPI. The findings reveal the negative effects of governance on the social development and inclusion, and economic development components of SUD. Moreover, the results of this study demonstrate a positive effect for governance on environmental protection. As such, these findings substantially enrich the SUD literature for which there are few studies having investigated the interrelationship among SUD components. Moreover, the findings reported here have implications in terms the sustainability of urban development.
... Badhadho (2007) found that 68% of MICE events in Jordan took place in Amman, the capital city of Jordan, whereas studies of Chui and Ananzeh (2012a, 2012b) focused on the destinations of Amman and the Dead Sea. For Aqaba, there are strong attributes that could place the city on the universal MICE destination map: variety of accommodation services with huge investment (about US $17 billion), proximity to very attractive destinations (Petra and Wadi Rum), strategic location, rich history, availability of an international airport, seaport, modern road network connecting the city with the neighboring countries, and a special economic zone (Abu- Ghazalah, 2008;Badarneh, 2015). ...
Although the decision to invest in MICE tourism is tentatively
multifactorial, it has been also addressed as being regionally
diverse. Thus, this study examines the perspectives of the
Jordanian stakeholders on the attributes of the city of Aqaba
that would instigate the investment in MICE. The sample of the
study comprises 253 stakeholders and uses structural equation
modeling for the purpose of examining the effect of destination
attributes on the decision to invest on the one hand, and
the relationship between exogenous and endogenous constructs
of the model on the other hand. The results show a
statistically significant and positive correlation between destination
attributes, either weak or strong, and decision making
although the former tends to augment recognition. Theoretical
and managerial implications are also suggested in the study.
... Badhadho (2007) found that 68% of MICE events in Jordan took place in Amman, the capital city of Jordan, whereas studies of Chui and Ananzeh (2012a, 2012b) focused on the destinations of Amman and the Dead Sea. For Aqaba, there are strong attributes that could place the city on the universal MICE destination map: variety of accommodation services with huge investment (about US $17 billion), proximity to very attractive destinations (Petra and Wadi Rum), strategic location, rich history, availability of an international airport, seaport, modern road network connecting the city with the neighboring countries, and a special economic zone (Abu- Ghazalah, 2008;Badarneh, 2015). ...
Although the decision to invest in MICE tourism is tentatively multifactorial, it has been also addressed as being regionally diverse. Thus, this study examines the perspectives of the Jordanian stakeholders on the attributes of the city of Aqaba that would instigate the investment in MICE. The sample of the study comprises 253 stakeholders and uses structural equation modeling for the purpose of examining the effect of destination attributes on the decision to invest on the one hand, and the relationship between exogenous and endogenous constructs of the model on the other hand. The results show a statistically significant and positive correlation between destination attributes, either weak or strong, and decision making although the former tends to augment recognition. Theoretical and managerial implications are also suggested in the study.
... The balance between these three dimensions is the aim of sustainable urban development. The economic and social structure of the cities should be improved without compromising on the environment and in order to attain appropriate balance among natural resources and humans [15,16]. Sustainability indicators could be helpful in developing the mechanism to quantify the sustainability level within cities [10]. ...
Sustainable urbanization is a challenge to human beings in the modern era of technology. Cities all over the world are facing several problems due to urbanization and industrialization. Urban problems could be assessed through development of indices of urban sustainability on the basis of its three dimensions: environment, economics and social. The present study was conducted to identify indicators to develop indices for assessment of sustainability in some populated cities of Punjab. The study focused on the indicators based on environmental, economic and social development to develop a rational indicator system on the basis of secondary data collected from 2004 to 2014. A total of 40 indicators were identified to assess the urban sustainability progress in Lahore, Rawalpindi, Multan, Gujranwala and Faisalabad cities. The result of the sub-indices indicated that poor performance was evident in the environmental sector, rather than in the economic and social sectors. The cities scored between 0.27 and 0.58 in environmental dimensions, showing a decreasing trend from 2004 to 2014. The declining trend of indices was due to population influx, rapid urbanization, reduction in green areas, industrialization, high level of atmospheric and water pollutants. In case of the economic sector, an increasing trend was observed which indicates the gradual improvement in living standards of people. In the social dimensions of the indicator system, less variations were observed among the cities and ranged between 0.49 and 0.58. Overall, the results of the urban sustainability index showed score was ranges between 0.41 to 0.52. None of the Punjab cities attained the position as a sustainable city (0.75) Lahore (0.52) and Faisalabad (0.52) were ranked as moderately sustainable cities, whereas, Rawalpindi (0.48), Gujranwala (0.47) and Multan (0.41) were ranked as weak sustainable cities. The study highlighted that the urban sustainability indicator system could be useful to determine the existing sustainability in cities of the developing countries for better resource management practices.
... According to Local Agenda 21, sustainability comprises four major dimensions; social, economic, environmental and governance aspects (Spangenberg, Pfahl, & Deller, 2002). Sustainable programmes emphasize the development of social and economic structures in such a way as to avoid damaging the environment or other local assets thereby conserving them for future generations (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008). From the perspective of the tourism industry, sustainability is about recognizing the sometimes competing economic and social aspirations of tourists and host communities. ...
This paper examines the relationships between the perception of young local residents regarding tourism development and conservation efforts, their involvement in promoting and supporting Lenggong Valley as a World Heritage Site (WHS), and their sense of belonging. This paper also asks if the involvement of young residents in activities to support the WHS acts as a mediator of their perceptions and their sense of belonging. A questionnaire survey was administered to all Y4 and Y5 students from three secondary schools in Lenggong Valley. A total of 175 completed questionnaires were returned. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was applied to the resultant data using SmartPLS 2.0 software. The results revealed that having positive perceptions had a positive effect on young residents' involvement in promoting and supporting the Lenggong WHS. A positive relationship between young residents' negative perceptions and their sense of belonging was also found. These findings indicate that involvement plays a mediating role in the relationship between residents' positive perceptions and their sense of belonging. The findings contribute to our understanding of the importance of youth perceptions in pursuing sustainable tourism development and in planning WHS conservation programmes. Our findings might also be relevant to Lenggong's local authorities wanting to increase the involvement of local residents, in particular youth, in supporting and promoting the status of the WHS and in enhancing their sense of belonging.
... ( Spangenberg, Pfahl & Deller 2002) In order to build the sustainable urbanization requires that cities develop their social and economic structure without damaging their natural environment and achieve the correct balance between humans and the natural resources they rely on to live. (Abu-Ghazalah 2008) Achieving this balance can happen with a system that combines personal opinion that can be provided by participation of citizens in this process and scientific knowledge that can be provided by scientific analysis. (Jepson 2001 as cited in Roy 2009) In this system, sustainable urban development can be took into account " as a new large-scale vision to guide the planning agenda for the twenty-first century " . ...
... Cities should develop their social and economic structure to build the sustainable urbanization, without damaging their natural environment and achieve appropriate equilibrium amidst humans and the natural resources, upon whom they depend to live. (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008) Attainment of this equilibrium is possible based on system that combines individual opinion provided by participation of citizens with in this process and scientific knowledge that can be provided by scientific analysis. (Jepson, 2001 as cited in Roy, 2009) In this system, sustainable urban development accounts for "as a new large-scale vision to guide the planning agenda for the twenty-first century". ...
... The major goal of sustainable development is to strike a balance between the economic, environmental, and social necessities. In order to achieve a sustainable urbanization, cities need to develop social and economic structures without damaging the environment, and achieve a balance between the human inhabitants and the natural resources (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008). This balance can be achieved by employing a system combining the participation of citizens and scientific knowledge provided by scientific analysis (Jepson, 2001 as cited in Roy, 2009). ...
The term “sustainability” has been used in various forms and definitions. The earliest use of “sustainability” or “sustainable development” can be traced back to 1972. To cope with four decades of global economic, social, and environmental challenges, sustainable development was adopted as a mantra by international agencies, national and local governments, especially after Habitat II in the local level. On the other hand, new approaches in urban planning were put to use to achieve sustainable development. City Development Strategies (CDS), as a strategic planning approach, were established in 200 cities worldwide to achieve these goals. However, CDSs and sustainable urban development are defined in many different ways and CDSs enjoy different levels of success in the area of sustainability. This paper studies these achievements, specifically in developing countries by selecting two specific definitions of CDS by cities Alliance and the World Bank on one hand and specific definition of sustainable urban development.
... Cities should develop their social and economic structure to build the sustainable urbanization, without damaging their natural environment and achieve appropriate equilibrium amidst humans and the natural resources, upon whom they depend to live. (Abu-Ghazalah, 2008) Attainment of this equilibrium is possible based on system that combines individual opinion provided by participation of citizens with in this process and scientific knowledge that can be provided by scientific analysis. (Jepson, 2001 as cited in Roy, 2009 ) In this system, sustainable urban development accounts for " as a new largescale vision to guide the planning agenda for the twenty-first century " . ...
A process that balances among economic, environmental and social perspective on urban area is prominently known as “Sustainable urbanization”. There is an expert system required to create this balance. Alternatively, to balance various aspects, urban planning is a conventional tool adapted. To achieve sustainability, urban planning has a key role in providing the balance. In significantly represented portion of developing countries, City Development Strategies (CDS) is an emerging strategic urban planning approach to maintain sustainability. This achievement varies at different level based on various definitions of CDS. By choosing some specific definitions of CDS by international agencies, this paper studies and compares the accomplishment.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how financial metrics and digital finance may be used in the Nepalese province of Bagmati to promote financial inclusion. It assists in discovering the characteristics that enable digital financial inclusion by attempting to uncover the critical elements that analyze society behavior in this regard. With a quantitative methodology, panel data from 6400 respondents is used in the study. To investigate correlations between variables and choose the best model for analysis, descriptive statistics, unit root tests, correlation analysis, and the CFA model are used. ADB, UDB, CDB, GDB, and QDA were discovered to have an incredibly significant positive correlation in the current study. The current study also found that the regions of Nepal's Bagmati Province had a relatively high percentage of voluntary exclusion. but there was also a very good chance of switching to the use of QDA. By analyzing the effects of numerous financial measures and digital finance within the dynamic and cutthroat financial market of Bagmati province, this study adds to the body of knowledge on financial analysis. The results provide useful information for stakeholders, policy makers, and the banking sector, enabling them to better understand how perception and perceived risk can be leveraged to promote digital financial inclusion in Nepal's Bagmati Province and support well-informed financial decision-making that will improve the banking and financial sector. Enhancing customer satisfaction and strengthening the banking sector's financial standing might solve the issue of digital finance and have beneficial societal effects, including a rise in the processing of complaints and DFS's economic expansion.
A survey based on the City Development Strategy for Sustainable Development criterion, assessing the inhabitants' perceptions of the degeneration and transformation of Alexandria's most iconic and historic urban waterway, Mahmoudieh Canal.
Wind towers are passive architectural elements traditionally used to ventilate buildings in the Middle East’s hot and arid regions. Some recent design initiatives in Jordan are particularly interested in using passive systems for natural ventilation. This paper focuses on an innovative wind tower design as a passive ventilation system, which will be integrated into a train station design in Aqaba, Jordan to improve the air quality in indoor spaces and reduce the cooling loads. The design uses wind-induced effects as the motivating forces to improve natural ventilation. The study optimized the wind tower and evaluated its performance using Autodesk Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and Grasshopper Rhino plug-ins. Airflow and distribution through the tower were analyzed using the CFD model. Grasshopper definitions were used to examine the tower efficiency in lowering the indoor air temperature. Simulations indicated the potential of the proposed wind tower to reduce the temperature by 6.164˚C and supply the interior space with the required fresh air rates. This article outlines how wind towers can be used in contemporary architecture and incorporate the simulation methods to pave the way for architects to effectively validate the performance of their design proposals at the early design stage.
Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in integrating the neutrosophic sets with multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods. Previous literature have suggested the integration of neutrosophic set with the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method, in which the three memberships of neutrosophic set are utilized to solve problems that are characterized by non-deterministic information. Differently from the neutrosophic DEMATEL, which directly used three independent memberships, this paper proposes bipolar neutrosophic DEMATEL (Bipolar NS-DEMATEL) of which the positive and negative of truth, indeterminate and false memberships of bipolar neutrosophic set are introduced to enhance decision in urban sustainable development. Three criteria and fifteen sub-criteria of urban sustainable development are the main MCDM structures that need to be solved using the proposed method. A group of experts were invited to provide rating of performance values of sub-criteria of urban sustainable development problem using a bipolar neutrosophic linguistic scale. The proposed Bipolar NS-DEMATEL is applied to segregate the sub-criteria of urban sustainable development into cause and effect groups. In addition, the network relation map is drawn to observe the interaction among the sub-criteria. The Bipolar NS-DEMATEL suggests that air quality (SC12) is the most important sub-criteria in managing urban sustainable development. The result also unveils that the sub-criterion safety (SC21) is impacted and influenced by other sub-criteria. The identification of sub-criteria in accordance with their net causer and net receiver would help the authority in prioritizing sub-criteria that may directly be affected by urban development.
The study examined the effects of drainage networks on floods in Calabar metropolis. The rapid
increase in urbanization without corresponding infrastructures in the city of Calabar has led to
increased incidences of flood as the available drainage channels cannot contend with the volume
of storm water. In view of this, the study established gauging stations for the measurement of
drainage run off using measuring steel tape. The volume of flood water was determined using stop
watch method (Velocity of flow) and copies of questionnaire were administered to 400 households
proportionally to the seven sample units. Results from the work revealed that the frequency of
flood is compounded with much intensity as over 59% of the sampled population agreed that flood
is very high in Calabar. The study also revealed that the drainage were very narrow and shallow
and contributed to the frequent floods in the city. The incessant flood often led to water inundating
compounds (64.5%), preventing people from going out (11.25%), distortion of the scenic beauty
of the environment (6.25%) and landslide (4.75%). Based on these findings, the study
recommended that since Calabar is located in a tropical zone characterized by heavy rainfall, the
government should take proactive measure to mitigate storm water. The present drainage systems
should be cleared by the people on a regular basis to allow for a free flow of storm water.
The construction industry in Jordan is considered one of the most important sectors to enhance the economic growth and it is responsible for offering jobs, employment and wealth. Construction industry in Jordan has rapidly developed in the last few years due to the huge public investments and infrastructure projects. These large projects utilize and consume vast amounts of resources in terms of materials, water, and energy. Also, they produce large amounts of products which are harmful to the environment and have long term impacts upon economy and society. As a result, there is an increase interest from public sector to address sustainability in public construction industry in Jordan due to several challenges which are facing its development. These challenges are namely, the lack of public funds, population growth, scarce of water resources, environmental issues, climate change, greenhouse gases which occurred from several sectors and especially from the construction industry. This paper presents factors affecting the integration of sustainability in public construction industry in Jordan which were identified from the content analysis approach. These factors were grouped into six categories. The study concluded that these factors need to be considered by set of governmental programs and best practices to become key factors to address sustainability issues in a regional changing environment.
Urban sustainability has become a significant challenge globally due to rapidly growing urbanization and industrialization. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the existing urban development trends of metropolitan cities (i.e., Beijing and Karachi) of China and Pakistan in the context of urban sustainability. The development progress in both cities was examined through urban sustainability indices individually and compared with each other. An index system considering 36 indicators was developed based on social, economic, and environmental aspects. The six years (2012–2017) of data used in this study, were obtained from various governmental websites. Furthermore, the Urban Sustainability Index (USI) was evaluated using the statistical standard equal-weighted method. Results revealed that Beijing’s developmental progress is much better than Karachi in terms of socio-economic and environmental development, but there is still a need for improvement. While Karachi faces problems in all three sectors, each indicator of these sectors requires considerable improvement for attaining the top level of the Urban Sustainability Index. However, this study recommends that much attention is needed in the case of Karachi city, whereas Beijing also needs quality advancement in urban development.
The ever increasing population growth particularly in urban area is one of the many challenges in implementing sustainable urban development. Evaluation on sustainable urban development requires a multiple decision approach in lieu to multiple criteria that attached to sustainable urban development. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the weight coefficients of sub-criteria of urban sustainable development using the fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (fuzzy DEMATEL). The simplified seven steps algorithm of fuzzy DEMATEL is used to propose the relative weight coefficients of fifteen sub-criteria of urban sustainable development. The result unveils that the sub-criteria ‘Health’ has the highest weight coefficient. The identification of sub-criteria in accordance with their relative weight coefficients would help the authority in prioritizing sub-criteria that may directly affected by urban development.
Today one of the important concerns of cities is growth by sustainable development. However sustainable urban development has been used in various forms and explained by various definitions, this subject is accompanied by uncertainty. New approaches in urban planning have attempted to achieve sustainable development. One of these is City Development Strategies (CDS), a new strategic planning approach that has been employed in more than 200 cities worldwide to achieve sustainable growth. However, CDS achieve different levels of success in sustainability. This paper takes the initiative to investigate the contribution of CDS toward sustainable urban development by looking for inclusion of principle of sustainable urban development in CDS themes. However CDS themes are various such as sustainable urban development definitions, therefore this inclusion is different. This paper highlights this relationship and inclusion for one the latest definition of CDS presented by Cities Alliance in 2006. This definition can succeed to achieve sustainability on some aspects, especially environmental and economic sustainability and fail to achieve some ones. This output is discussed in relation to CDS themes that have been applied in developing countries.
As the debate on sustainable development and environmental justice has gathered momen tum, considerable attention has been paid to identifying key principles. In this paper, I highlight a number of core principles and then move on to examine differing styles of policy approach, which have gained favor among different sources, for moving toward the sustainable city from market-based neo- liberal reformism to deep green ecologically centered approaches. I highlight four broad categories of approach to sustainable urban development and begin linking those to the core principles of sustainable development.
The paper by Goeller and Weinberg addresses the problem of longrun resource availability on the basis of empirical data different from, and as pertinent as, those that have been drawn upon in the economic literature. The authors have gone through the entire periodic system examining all the elements plus some important compounds, to determine the flow of their extraction in 1968, and estimate for each the total resources potentially available according to a rather generous definition of potential sources-the atmosphere, the ocean and a mile-thick crust of the earth. The ratio of total resources to demand in that year is expressed for each element in years to go until exhaustion at the constant 1968 rate of extraction-a simple signal of relative abundance or scarcity. Through the entire list and in the cases where there is a clear indication of a finite life time, the authors trace the important uses and possible substitutes in these uses. On the basis of their scrutiny of these geological and technological data, Goeller and Weinberg pronounce the principle of infinite substitutability: With the exception of phosphorus and some trace elements for agriculture, mainly cobalt, copper and zinc, and finally the CHx (coal, oil and gas), society can exist on nearinexhaustible resources for an indefinite period. This line of thought suggests that when you look veryfar into the future quite a different type of information becomes important. Traditional econometrics doesn't help us much here. There is a type of thinking here that draws on basic scientific notions and knowledge, and that economists might well take note of.
El presente art�culo se centra en la modelizaci�n econ�mica y el an�lisis emp�rico de estructuras sostenibles del consumo privado, tratando de extender los modelos econ�micos convencionales de consumo. El punto de partida para el an�lisis de consumo sontenible de energ�a para el transporte es el concepto de funciones de producci�n de los hogares. El punto principal del an�lisis son los servicios de consumo derivados de una combinaci�n de stocks (sistema de transportes) y flujos (principalmente, energ�a). Los patrones de consumo sostenible pueden alcanzarse mediante una sustituci�n de flujos por stocks (por ejemplo, mejoras en la eficiencia energ�tica del sistema de transportes). Los dos factores esenciales en el contexto del consumo sostenible son, por un lado, los cambios en la demanda de los servicios de consumo deseados y, por otro, la estructura de la combinaci�n entre flujos y stocks necesarios para la provisi�n de dichos servicios. The paper focuses on economic modelling and empirical analysis of sustainable structures in private consumption and strives to extend conventional economic consumption models. Starting point for the model analysis of sustainable consumption of energy for transport purposes was the household production function concept. The focal point of the analysis is consumer services derived from a combination of stocks (transport systems) and flows (mainly energy). Sustainable consumption patterns can arise, when within service demand production substitution of flows by stocks (e.g. improvements in energy efficiency of transport systems) takes place. Two essential factors are crucial in the context of sustainable consumption: the demand shifts concerning the consumer services desired, and the composition of the stock-flow mix necessary for the service provision.