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Multidimensional Jealousy
Abstract
Three studies were conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the newly developed multidimensional jealousy scale (MJS), which provides separate assessments of cognitive, emotional and behavioural jealousy. Good reliability and validity data were obtained for the scale. It has high internal consistency, as well as a clear factor structure. The three components of jealousy correlate with established jealousy scales. The results also show that emotional jealousy is positively related to love, while cognitive jealousy is negatively related to love. All three components are negatively related to liking. Emotional and behavioural jealousy are negatively related to happiness. Thus, both convergent and discriminant validity are established. The MJS is useful in providing a clearer picture of the relationships between the components of jealousy and various psychological variables than traditional unidimensional measures of jealousy. Practical implications of the scale in detecting pathological jealousy are discussed.
... The Multidimensional Jealousy Scale (Pfeiffer & Wong, 1989;Rydell & Bringle, 2007) was used to assess male self-reported suspicious jealousy (16 items; e.g., "I suspect that [my partner] may be attracted to someone else" [a = 0.88]) and reactive jealousy (8 items; e.g., "Someone of the opposite sex is dating [my partner]" [a = 0.76]). Male participants were asked to respond to each item using a 7-point scale with specific anchors that differed across the items (e.g., 1 [never] to 7 [always]). ...
Erectile dysfunction (ED) can have negative consequences for men and their intimate partners. The purpose of the present research was to replicate and extend the results of previous studies concerning the connections that ED has with partner-directed behaviors using a sample of heterosexual romantic couples. Specifically, we used an actor-partner interdependence mediation model to examine whether the associations that ED had with men’s mate retention behaviors, partner-directed insults, partner-directed violence, and partner-inflicted injuries were mediated by suspicious jealousy, but not reactive jealousy. These associations were examined in 113 romantic couples, using men’s self-reports, and partner-reports provided by their female partners. Results indicated that suspicious jealousy (but not reactive jealousy) mediated the associations that ED had with men’s use of partner-directed behaviors, such that higher levels of ED were associated with men experiencing more suspicious jealousy, which, in turn, was associated with more cost-inflicting mate retention behaviors, benefit-provisioning mate retention behaviors, partner-directed insults, partner-directed violence, and partner-inflicted injury. However, there were some discrepancies between the reports provided by men and women such that these associations emerged more consistently in the partner-reports provided by women than in the self-reports provided by men. Discussion addresses evolutionary implications of these findings, as well as limitations of this research and directions for research concerning ED.
... The order of rating contexts, voice identities within each context, and order of voice pairs within each trail were randomized. Following voice ratings, participants completed the MJS (Pfeiffer & Wong, 1989) and a survey assessing age, biological sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation. ...
Higher-pitched female voices elicit jealousy among women. However, it is unknown whether jealousy towards higher-pitched female voices is driven by perceptions of the rival’s mating strategy, by attractiveness to one’s romantic partner, or by variation in trait jealousy. Here, I manipulated women’s voices to be higher or lower in pitch, and tested whether jealousy towards female voices was more strongly associated with perceptions of mate poaching, perceptions of attractiveness to one’s mate, or with individual differences in trait jealousy. I replicated findings that higher voice pitch elicits more jealousy from women, which was positively associated with perceptions of mate poaching, and with attractiveness to one’s partner to a lesser extent. I found no evidence of an association between trait jealousy and perceptions of intrasexual competition. The findings suggest that perceptions of a target’s mating strategy have a somewhat stronger impact on jealousy than does perceived desirability to one’s romantic partner.
... From an evolutionary perspective, jealousy functions to motivate mate-guarding behaviors that reduce the likelihood of cuckoldry or desertion (Symons, 1979). People vary considerably in their tendency to experience romantic jealousy (Pfeiffer & Wong, 1989). This variation could be due to genetic differences between people, or due to environmental differences, such as parenting or relationship experiences. ...
Jealousy is an integral part of romantic relationships. However, their constructiveness or, on the contrary, their destructive effect on relationships depends to a significant extent on the reaction. The choice of communication tactics is determined in a certain way by the style of attachment to a romantic partner. In Ukraine, this problem is weakly studied but relevant as a theoretical and practical question considering the possibility of appropriate educational work implementation and prevention of destructive conflicts among young couples. The purpose of the study is to systematize information about jealousy and determine the strength and nature of the connection between attachment styles and communicative responses among young people's romantic relationships. In the study we`ve used the Ukrainian adaptation of «The Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R)» technique by Fraley, Waller & Brennan (2000) and a questionnaire based on the selection of 11 communicative reactions of Guerrero; descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis were used for statistical analysis; open answers of 115 people aged 17 to 26 were collected for qualitative analysis. Weak linear relationships were found between attachment style scales and some communicative responses. Securely attached individuals chose the «Integrative Communication» tactic, anxious-preoccupied people chose «Surveillance Behavior», individuals with a dismissive-avoidant style chose «Avoidance/Denial», and those with a fearful-avoidant style chose «Manipulation Attempts». Such factors as the existance of a romantic relationship and gender influenced the choice of «Distributive Communication», «Rival Contact», and «Avoidance/Denial» strategies. The article continued Guerrero's research and expanded the understanding of the connection between communication tactics and attachment styles in romantic relationships. The results of the study are important and valuable, since misunderstanding of each other's behavior and reacting sharply to situations that cause jealousy are one of the most common psychological factors of conflict in a couple. It can help to understand your partner better, predict his or her reaction and prevent divorce.
The article is devoted to highlighting the results of an empirical study of the features of the connection between the perception of advertising of entertainment-oriented applications and the motives of user's consumer behavior (using the example of the youth target audience). An analysis of the structure of consumer behavior motives for entertainmentoriented mobile applications was carried out. The authors established that the structure of motives of consumer behavior, which are actualized in users in the process of perceiving advertisements of entertainment-oriented applications (“Artstory”, “Preview”, “Lift”, “Unfold”, “Picsart”), consists of two factors. The relationship between the factors of perception of advertising images of mobile applications and the factors in the structure of motives of consumer behavior of users was established (for the application “Artstory” between the factor “Actualization of consumer activity” and the factors “ Actualization of creativity and positive mood” and “Exclusivity” in the structure of consumer motives; for the “Preview” application between the factor “Interest and attractiveness” in the structure of perception of the advertising image and the factor “Actualization of creativity and self-expression” in the structure of consumer motives; for the “Lift” application between the factor “Interest” in the structure of perception of the advertising image and the factors “Drive and creativity” and “Confidence in the exclusivity of the choice” in the structure of consumer motives; for the application “Unfold” between the factor “Interest” in the structure of perception of the advertising image and the factors “Confidence in the exclusivity of the choice and positive mood” and “Actualization of creative self-expression” in the structure of consumer motives; for the “Picsart” application by the factor “Attractiveness and interest” in the structure of perception of advertising image and by the factor “Satisfaction from creativity and novelty” in the structure of consumer motives). Prospects for further research have been identified, which consist in studying the relationship between the perception of educational mobile application advertising and the motives of users' consumer behavior.
An online experiment investigated heterosexual women’s responses to their romantic partners’ pornography use. Specifically, we examined how a perceived parasocial (i.e., entirely fanciful, one-sided) versus social (i.e., reciprocal) interaction with a porn actress, as well as a perceived parasocial romantic attachment to a porn actress, may pose a relational threat to one’s actual romantic relationship. Results revealed that perceptions of infidelity and jealousy were dampened by women’s belief that their romantic partner had a weak (vs. stronger) parasocial romantic attachment to and parasocial (vs. social) interaction with a porn actress. These findings advance our understanding of the effects of pornography use within romantic relationships and highlight how parasocial relationships can affect romance.
Recently, the community has witnessed the advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have shown remarkable performance on various downstream tasks. Led by powerful models like ChatGPT and Claude, LLMs are revolutionizing how users engage with software, assuming more than mere tools but intelligent assistants. Consequently, evaluating LLMs' anthropomorphic capabilities becomes increasingly important in contemporary discourse. Utilizing the emotion appraisal theory from psychology, we propose to evaluate the empathy ability of LLMs, i.e., how their feelings change when presented with specific situations. After a careful and comprehensive survey, we collect a dataset containing over 400 situations that have proven effective in eliciting the eight emotions central to our study. Categorizing the situations into 36 factors, we conduct a human evaluation involving more than 1,200 subjects worldwide. With the human evaluation results as references, our evaluation includes five LLMs, covering both commercial and open-source models, including variations in model sizes, featuring the latest iterations, such as GPT-4 and LLaMA 2. A conclusion can be drawn from the results that, despite several misalignments, LLMs can generally respond appropriately to certain situations. Nevertheless, they fall short in alignment with the emotional behaviors of human beings and cannot establish connections between similar situations. Our collected dataset of situations, the human evaluation results, and the code of our testing framework, dubbed EmotionBench, is made publicly in https://github.com/CUHK-ARISE/EmotionBench. We aspire to contribute to the advancement of LLMs regarding better alignment with the emotional behaviors of human beings, thereby enhancing their utility and applicability as intelligent assistants.
Human appearance enhancement effort has recently been considered from an evolutionary perspective as an adaptive and sexually dimorphic strategy for effective female intrasexual and intersexual competition. Most writing and research on the topic to date has focused on appearance enhancement as a means of mate attraction, with relatively less research examining its role in mate retention. The present study considered whether romantic jealousy, as a negative emotion experienced in response to perceived threat to a desired relationship, predicts costly and/or risky appearance enhancement independent of the closely related emotion of envy. In a sample of 189 undergraduate women, results showed that romantic jealousy and dispositional envy were positively correlated with one another. Results further demonstrated that romantic jealousy predicted women's positive attitude toward cosmetic surgery, willingness to use a one-week free tanning membership, willingness to use a risky diet pill, and intent on spending a greater proportion of their income on appearance enhancement, but not intended use of facial cosmetics. Results held independent of participants' dispositional envy, suggesting that romantic jealousy is a unique predictor of women's efforts at enhancing their physical appearance, which could extend into costly and physically risky mate retention efforts.
Summasy.-To determine the convergent validicy of 6 measures of jealousy, these measures along with two measures of neuroticism, two measures of romantic love, and a measure of extraversion were factor analyzed. The factors identified were jealousy-neurosis, jealousy, extraversion, and romantic love. An examination of the item format of the three jealousy scales that loaded on the first factor indicated that they might be contaminated by the social desirability response set. An examination of the jealousy scales that loaded on the second factor showed convergence and a weak relationship with neuroticism and romantic love. o Recent interest in jealousy as a research topic has resulted in the construction of a number of jealousy scales. They include the Jealousy Question of Aronson and Pines2 (Adams, 1980); the Self-reported Jealousy and Projective Jealousy Scales of Bringle, Roach, Andler, and Evenbeck (1977); the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale of Mathes and Severa (1981; Mathes, Phillips, Skowron, & Dick, 1981); and the Chronic Jealousy and Relationship Jealousy Scales of G. L. White.3 The Jealousy Question, Self-reported Jealousy Scale, and Projective Jealousy Scale have been found to correlate with various measures of neuroticism while the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale has been reported repeatedly to correlate with romantic love. The purpose of this study was to test the convergent validity of the various jealousy measures by determining (a) whether the various jealousy measures are significantly and highly intercorrelated and (b) whether they are all related to both neuroticism and romantic love. METHOD
Partners in 150 romantic couples (predominantly white college students) rated the importance to partner of four motives that might lead to partner's romantic involvement with a third person. The strength of motives (Sexual Variety, Rival Attractions. Dissatisfaction, Commitment) perceived in partner varied as a function of gender and relative involvement in the relationship. For both sexes, perception of dissatisfaction and sexual variety as motives predicted to indicators of romantic jealousy, while perception of rival's attractions as a motive predicted to female jealousy. The perception of partner's greater desire for commitment as a motive was not related to jealousy. The data are discussed in relation to sex roles and types of threats that trigger romantic jealousy.
The experimental induction of jealousy threat in a specific situation, using an imagery task, affected subjects' perceptions of themselves and of their romantic relationships, and influenced their emotions. Jealousy-provoking situations increased subjects' perceptions of themselves as jealous in their relationships, and their perceptions of themselves as more emotionally involved in the relationship relative to their partners. Jealousy threat decreased levels of perceived security and stability of the relationship and self-perceived feelings of attractiveness and acceptability to partners. These jealousy-provoking scenes also elicited a complexity of emotions: decreased joy and an increased series of negative emotions. When subjects imagined themselves in a high threat condition, where the loss of their partners seemed imminent, they evaluated their relationships as significantly less secure/ stable, and reported greater intensities of surprise, fear and distress in contrast to the low threat scenes. Dispositional measures of self-esteem and jealousy did not significantly predict jealousy-induced relationship perceptions, although these person variables were somewhat correlated with subjects' ratings of characteristics of their relationships in general. It was concluded that situational variables, such as level of jealousy threat, affect both emotions and cognitions related to the self and relationship based upon the salient characteristics of the situation. Some evidence was found for an interactional explanation of romantic jealousy which requires further investigation.
Subjects reported projected feelings and actions asso- ciated with sexual jealousy after viewing a videotaped jealousy- evoking scenario. Tapes were varied systematically to determine the effects of sex and physical attractiveness of a third person interloper on jealousy responses in an existing relationship. Analyses of variance revealed significant differences due to sex, attractiveness, or their interaction for 12 of the 36 dependent measures. Results were discussed in regard to cultural and situational influences on male and female response patterns.
The relation between anticipated sexual jealousy and a number of variables was investigated in three samples of males and females differing in age, socioeconomic status, and extramarital sexual involvement. Anticipated jealousy was not correlated with self-esteem for males; the correlation between these variables was small for females. A stronger association between anticipated jealousy and emotional dependency was observed A strong negative relationship was found between one's own intended extramarital involvement and jealousy; this is interpreted as evidence for the operation of the norm of reciprocity.
Revalidated the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) and its Negative and Positive Affect subscales. 51 institutionalized elderly urban residents (aged 65–84 yrs) served as Ss. Self-ratings of happiness and judges' ratings were used as criterion measures. Correlations between MUNSH scales and self-ratings of happiness ranged from 0.75 to 0.86, while those between MUNSH scales and judges' ratings fell between 0.37 and 0.55. Findings indicate that the MUNSH is as valid for residents of large urban centers as it is for those of smaller centers. (French abstract) (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Defined jealousy as the negative emotion resulting from actual or threatened loss of love to a rival and, in 2 experiments, assessed 84 dating undergraduates' and 79 dating or married couples' responses to questionnaire items. The newly devised 28-item Jealousy Scale correlated, as expected, positively with romantic love, insecurity, and low self-esteem and negatively with separate identities. Also as expected, scores did not correlate with liking. There were, however, positive correlations between jealousy and insecurity for men and jealousy and low self-esteem for both sexes. Enough evidence for construct validity was found to warrant further use of the scale for research. It is suggested that open marriage relationships must be based primarily on liking rather than romantic love to avoid jealousy. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A definition of romantic jealousy as a complex of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors resulting from threats to one's self-esteem and/or relationship is developed. A variety of potential correlates of romantic jealousy consistent with this definition were identified. The predictive power of these correlates was assessed via regression analyses of 150 romantically involved couples' responses to scales measuring these correlates. The results suggest that for both sexes jealousy is positively related to exclusivity and feelings of inadequacy as a partner. For males, jealousy was also positively related to sex role traditionalism and the degree of dependence of self-esteem upon partners' evaluations, and negatively related to chronic esteem. For females, jealousy was positively related to dependence on the relationship. Effects of dating stage and sex on the correlates are also presented. The findings are discussed from the standpoint of primary appraisal perception of threat (Lazarus, Averill, & Opton, 1970).
Romantic jealousy is defined as a reaction to a perceived threat to self and/or relationship. Based on the concepts of comparison level and comparison level for alternatives, and guided by the concepts of primary and secondary appraisal processes in coping with stress, a causal model of jealously is presented. This model was tested based on responses of 150 romantically involved couples to a survey. A slightly revised model was found to predict the observed correlations among model variables fairly well for both males and females. In the revised model greater relative involvement in the relationship and perceived inadequacy as a partner independently and directly cause jealousy. These two primary appraisal variables indirectly affect jealousy through the operation of two global secondary appraisal variables: noticing and worrying. A distinction is drawn between threat based on comparison and threat based on partner's evaluation of oneself. Both types of threat may be either acute or chronic.
Recent questions about the validity and reliability of general measures of psychological well-being over the adult life span led us to address three basic questions in the current investigation. Firstly, does the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (MUNSH) retain its psychometric properties for groups significantly younger than its standardization sample? Secondly, can the MUNSH be used to discriminate between clinical and community samples throughout the adult life span? Finally, what aspects of pathology are being accessed by such scales as the MUNSH? Forty community and 117 recent admissions to a psychiatric hospital served as subjects. Both groups were administered by the MUNSH; in addition, scores on Jackson's Basic Personality Inventory (BPS) were obtained for the clinical group. Results showed the MUNSH to be an instrument of high reliability that could effectively discriminate between community and clinical populations for both younger and older age groups. Virtually all of the explained MUNSH variance was attributed to the Depression scale of the PBS, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that measures of well-being are primarily sensitive to levels of depression.