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Linguistic and Intertextual Analysis Within Discourse Analysis
Abstract
This paper is an argument for systematic textual analysis as a part of discourse analysis, and an attempt to stimulate debate on this issue between different approaches to discourse analysis. Two types of textual analysis are distinguished: linguistic analysis and intertextual analysis. On the basis of a reanalysis of data samples in papers published in the first four issues of Discourse & Society, the paper argues that diverse approaches to discourse analysis can be enhanced through systematic use of these two forms of analysis, even those which claim a concern with the content rather than the form of texts. It is suggested that textual analysis needs to be based upon a multifunctional theory of language such as systematic-functional linguistics. Finally, the paper suggests theoretical, methodological, historical and political reasons why textual analysis ought to be more widely recognized as a method in social research.
... International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 13, No. 6;2023 discourse (Alharbi, 2018, p. 6). In political speeches, storytelling can persuade (Schubert, 2010), identify with the audience and represent reality (Alharbi, 2018). ...
... International Journal of English Linguistics Vol. 13, No. 6;2023 Fourth Summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) and the Party's Central Foreign Affairs Work Conference (Lams, 2018). To reiterate, Xi's discourse adheres to traditional Confucian values. ...
The COVID-19 witnessed varied enactment of leadership by political leaders around the world in response to its threat. With COVID-19 recovery policies shining a spotlight on government’s future action, the leadership of global political figures is once again scrutinised on how they ‘build back better’ the damages caused by the pandemic. This study analyses the COVID-19 post- recovery speeches of the world’s most powerful leaders to gain an understanding of their enactment of discursive leadership. Focusing on solidarity, this study elucidates the processes and identifies how it is linguistically constituted as part of their aims to create bonds with international allies. The analysis reveals that the construction of solidarity is done through storytelling and, proverbs and metaphors. The findings have led to a deeper understanding of discursive leadership and solidarity practices in political discourse, and is hoped to be useful to researchers to understand exemplary discursive practices pertinent to solidarity building.
... Teoretiskt tar studien huvudsakligen sin utgångspunkt i poststrukturalistisk teoribildning, men bygger även på sociologiska teorier om senmodernitet, något som med framgång gjorts inom den så kallade kritiska diskursanalysen (Fairclough, 1989(Fairclough, , 1992a(Fairclough, , 1992b(Fairclough, , 1992c(Fairclough, , 1993(Fairclough, , 1995a(Fairclough, , 1995b(Fairclough, , 1998Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1999). Inom poststrukturalistisk teori ses makt som allestädes närvarande och kunskap som diskursivt konstruerad. ...
... Vi ser det som väsentligt att en analys av lärarutbildningens estetiska verksamhet görs med utgångspunkt i ett vidare samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv, i detta fall mot en fond av teoribildning kring post-eller senmoderniteten. I Norman Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys , 1992a, 1992b, 1992c, 1995a, 1995bChouliaraki & Fairclough, 1999) utgörs analysens tredje nivå av att resultaten relateras till sociologiska teorier och vi ser därför inget hinder mot detta, som det kanske kan uppfattas, eklektiska analysförfarande. Fairclough har under ett antal år utvecklat en anglosaxisk variant av diskursanalys, som visserligen tar sin utgångspunkt i post-strukturalistisk och socialkonstruktionistisk teoribildning men även har ett pragmatiskt anslag genom ambitionen att koppla analysen till ett vidare samhällsvetenskapligt perspektiv. ...
The purpose of this article is to discuss current discourses inscribed in the practice of aesthetic courses in Swedish teacher training for compulsory school. The discussion is based on data including 19 focus group interviews with teachers and students at 10 Swedish teacher education institutes. Our analysis shows that an academic discourse focusing on theory, reflection and textual production exists alongside a discourse of skills‐based practice. A third discourse, characterized by subjectivity and relativism vis‐à‐vis the concept of quality, is also found in the material. Finally, a therapeutic discourse is articulated and legitimized based on an idea that student teachers should be emotionally balanced. In the article, contextual and ideological factors, as well as techniques of governance, are discussed in relation to the constructions found in the empirical material.
... Therefore, a language is required to implement strategic change in an organization (Dunford and Jones 2000;Evered 1983). According to Fairclough (1992) language has an active relationship rather than a passive one with reality. Similarly, according to Marshak (1996) successful change leadership requires effective language management (communication). ...
... A language is required to implement strategic change in an organization (Dunford and Jones 2000;Evered 1983). According to Fairclough (1992) language has an active relationship rather than a passive one with reality. Similarly, According to Marshak (1996) successful change leadership requires effective language management (communication), which organizational members need during organizational change. ...
The role of narratives is essential during organizational change. When organizations are ready to embrace change, the sense-giver gives a narrative about change. Despite that, employees may i) converge or ii) diverge by making sense towards that narrative. Some employees show resistance towards the change and a multiplicity of narratives may emerge. Resistance towards change lets employees construct divergent narratives that influence people's attitudes, and then they may oppose organizational change. This paper proposed a theoretical framework of divergent narratives towards organizational change in the context of sensegiving and sensemaking. The framework is based on the sensemaking theory and discourse-based theory of organizational change. The suggested theoretical framework addresses the issues of i) why employees construct divergent narratives and ii) how to differentiate them meaningfully. This proposed theoretical framework can be used to undertake future research.
... CDA investigates how social inequality is expressed, realized, and legitimized within discursive practices (speeches and written texts) (Wodak 2011). It regards discourse as a form of social action (Fairclough and Wodak 1997) and assumes a dialectical relation between the structure of the discourse and macro-social structures through which the discursive events are formed (Fairclough 1992). In this respect, discourse is socially mediated and socially constitutive of situations, knowledge, and social identities (Wodak 2011). ...
For more than a decade, linguistics has moved increasingly away from evaluating language as an autonomous phenomenon, towards analysing it 'in use', and showing how its function within its social and interactional context plays an important role in shaping in its form. Bringing together state-of-the-art research from some of the most influential scholars in linguistics today, this Handbook presents an extensive picture of the study of language as it used 'in context' across a number of key linguistic subfields and frameworks. Organised into five thematic parts, the volume covers a range of theoretical perspectives, with each chapter surveying the latest work from areas as diverse as syntax, pragmatics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, conversational analysis, multimodality, and computer-mediated communication. Comprehensive, yet wide-ranging, the Handbook presents a full description of how the theory of context has revolutionised linguistics, and how its renewed study is crucial in an ever-changing world.
This paper examines protest language from the late Arab Spring uprisings, more specifically in Tunisia, Egypt and Iraq – identified as the “Facebook Upheavals”. It explores the discursive aspects of these processes through which social protest and dissent are constructed and different forms of communication and expression are mobilized. It also examines how the various modes of representation and dissemination contribute to shaping and influencing social movements and resistance within the Arab political context, individually and collectively. On the collective level, the paper explores the discursive construction of collective identities, the formation of alliances, and the negotiation of power relations within and between different protest movements. This is done by reporting how discourses are used to challenge dominant narratives, contest oppressive structures, and then to shape the political landscape in the Arab region.
The online university prospectus has become a key promotional tool in the field of education, designed to capture the attention of potential students and promote the institution's courses. The emergence of online prospectuses has added an extra dimension to the marketization of universities and their strategies to promote themselves. With the increasing use of technology, online university prospectuses have become a widely-used tool in educational contexts worldwide. The purpose of the present study is to conduct a multidimensional comparative analysis of online university prospectuses from Pakistan and the United Kingdom. The study aims to identify a set of linguistic features through multidimensional analysis, which involves three out of five dimensions proposed by Biber, including involved versus informational discourse, narrative versus non-narrative concerns, and explicit versus situation-dependent discourse. By analyzing these dimensions, the research aims to highlight the similarities and differences between online university prospectuses from Pakistan and the UK. The research will play a vital role in helping to identify the language used on online university websites to represent educational institutions, which is beneficial for both native and non-native speakers. The findings of this research paper will help educational institutions in designing their prospectuses to attract more students. The findings of the research will contribute to the development of cross-cultural perspectives in the field of education. In conclusion, the analysis of online university prospectuses in Pakistan and the UK through multidimensional analysis provides valuable insights into the promotional language and strategies used by universities. It is significant as it contributes to the development of cross-cultural perspectives in the field of education and provides insight into the similarities and differences in the language of online university prospectuses from two culturally different countries.
Language is a wide phenomenon and its usage is even wider. The term "discourse" refers to anything written or spoken under the normal usage of language. Surface meanings are always different from real meanings and discourse aims to bring forth how speech patterns are working in a particular framework and how are they being utilized in society. In this study, the researcher has applied CDA on the speech of General Raheel Sharif Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan, which was delivered on Defense Day, 2016 in Rawalpindi. In the light of Fairclough three dimensional models which are Description, Interpretation, and Explanation (1998) the researcher has critically analyzed the speech of General Raheel Sharif's i.e. linguistically and textually. The findings of the speech analysis have shown that using a different style differently uses linguistics expressions in his speech to persuade the audience. General, Raheel Sharif makes his speech more fruitful, interesting, and beneficial for the development of his country. General Raheel Sharif supports the war on terror that the war against terrorism must be fought comprehensively, with vision and understanding. There was an obvious message for all of the external forces that have been a threat to the survival of Pakistan. Zarb-e-Azb has been mentioned because it is a military operation that ended with so many regional and country-Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(1) 2022 119 wise successes. He also paid tribute to all of the citizens and military, police, rangers, and other institution which played a great role n eradicating all such problems and thus making each and everything possible and making the possible peace and stability within the region. He presented the cause of Kashmir very intellectually in his speech and drew the attention of the international community to the cause of Kashmir. The main theme of the speech is "peace, security, Human Rights, development, equality and good governance" for the development of Pakistan.
This paper examines the mechanisms for the constitution and transport of anti-Jewish prejudice in public and private discourse in contemporary Austria. Of particular relevance for the analysis is the influence which contextual factors (such as setting, speaker(s), presence or absence of Jews, role of the moderator in televised discussions, prominence of the speakers, emotionality, discussion topics, etc.) may or may not have had. For this analysis it was thus necessary to develop and apply a new methodology and new categories, which incorporated a discursive-historical approach, inter-disciplinary theory formation and the connexus of textlinguistic, psychological and historical conceptions. The results of the analysis show that expressions of antisemitic prejudice as such abounded, but that the explicitness and directness of the prejudices expressed varied markedly according to context. During televised discussions, for example, the various forms of antisemitism were embedded in strategies of positive self-promotion and/or cultivation of one's image. In a series of spontaneous, semi-public discussions (which retained what might be called a conditional anonymity), however, whatever hindrances or inhibitions which seem to have been present in the televised discussions all but vanished. An example from a news programme on the 25 March 1986 will illustrate the major claims and methodology.
Cambridge Core - Semantics and Pragmatics - Pragmatics - by Stephen C. Levinson
This paper proposes that the most relevant contextualization of President George Bush's Inaugural Speech of January 1989 is to view the address as a restoration of ideological normality, which is to say invisibility, in American public discourse: the President acts to re-cover (in many senses) the common values and concerns of ‘the nation'. We particularly delineate how the language (text- and sentence-structurings, metaphors, etc.) of the address works to construct both the privileged public figure of the President, and a spirit of collective identity and consent for the audience, while still espousing particular political assumptions and goals (conservatism, quietism and a representation of the presidential role as that of politically detached steward of a gendered status quo rather than agent of change).
This paper describes an empirical study regarding deconstruction by network television news viewers. We define news deconstruction as the identification and criticism of ideology in news by its viewers. Twelve viewers were given surveys about the news, shown videotapes of NBC news, and asked to fill out cognitive response forms during viewing. We explained our studies of news deconstruction and then interviewed them regarding their impressions of our explanation and their feelings about the ideological aspects of news and how they oppose them. We contentanalyzed the cognitive response and interview data for deconstruction moves using four categories which we call oppositional statement types: 1. Criticism—comments concerning news content. 2. Resistance—disbelief in news content. 3. Challenge—questioning of factual accuracy of news. 4. Deconstruction—exposing ideology that promotes only one view of events and discourages others.
Our content analysis indicates that most oppositional moves for the viewers we studied are criticism comments—surface-level criticisms. The least common oppositional moves are challenges.
The purpose of the interviews was to have the viewers discuss how they feel about news deconstruction. Our interview observations indicate how viewers attempt to deconstruct the news and where they have trouble doing so. After news deconstruction was explained to them, most of our viewers appeared capable of identifying news bias and ideology. However, they tended to struggle when trying to replace TV news as an information source with one they find more trustworthy. This finding is consistent with our quantitative finding that challenge statements are uncommon.
Adopting the approach that regards TV's effect as an outcome of a process of negotiation between texts and viewers, we identify some mechanisms through which this negotiation takes place. This is a case study where members of one family in Israel, holding different political ideologies, view the evening news together and interact among themselves and with the news. Our analysis suggests that TV news inadvertently privileges a non-compromising attitude toward the Arab-Israeli conflict. While political `hawks' can decode the news at face value (`referentially') in order to reinforce their position, `doves' have to master a sophisticated (`constructional') understanding of the constraints of the genre, i.e. of the relationship between news and social reality, in order to do so. Specifically, we examine viewers' perceptions of this relationship as expressed in three meta-frames to the following issues: (1) Does TV news represent the normal or the exceptional? (2) Should it show the normal or the exceptional? and (3) What effect has it on other viewers? We then point out their relevance for the struggle over ideological persuasion in the family.
In the 1960s when federal policies in the United States were directed at countering societal inequalities, including inequalities in health care, a new health care professional came into being—the nurse practitioner. Nurse practitioners claim to provide care differently from doctors, to offer a system of care which adds caring to curing. Since the delivery of health care is essentially a communicational event and since overwhelmingly researchers have concentrated on doctor-patient communication, in this article I compare how nurse practitioner and doctor communicate with women patients during medical encounters and analyze the interactional and ideological work such communication does. Since nurse practitioners claim to provide just the kind of care that reformers are calling for—a more patient centered discourse of the social—this comparison allows me to address issues about how we understand the relationship between provider and patient—theoretical issues that are central to three recent sociological studies by Mishler, Waitzkin and Silverman.
Two broad themes are covered in this paper. Firstly, the mutual delimitation in discourse of `science', `lay society' and `nature' is explored in relation to people's talk about ionizing radiation. The discursive configurations into which these fall are linked to the perception of danger. For example, in some discourses danger is located in a `bad science' that injudiciously exploits an otherwise amenable nature. Secondly, the analysis of these discourses is conducted with the aid of Weber's ideal type technique. Through this, some of the epistemological and methodological issues that cohere around the contingency of interpretation in discourse analysis are addressed.
The Brown-Levinson analysis of politeness phenomena is reinterpreted and applied to political texts, specifically texts in international communication. The Brown-Levinson framework explicates many aspects of verbal formulation in face-to-face interaction, but it gives the impression of treating social relations as a natural state of affairs to which interlocutors respond. The article first indicates some inherently political elements in the concept of `face' (Goffman). `Positive face' can be linked to identity and consensus, `negative face' to territorial security, freedom of action and privacy. Political discourse can be seen to use positive-and negative-face strategies, and off-record strategies, in consensus building and in the performing of `face-threatening', that is coercive, intrusive or persuasive verbal acts. Secondly, the need to extend the Brown-Levinson framework beyond interlocutor pairs to multiple audiences seen in their historical context is noted. And thirdly, these points are illustrated by means of selective analysis of speeches by Gorbachev and Reagan in which domestic and international contexts affect the verbal acts performed in what were in effect moves in the process of negotiating the 1987 INF Treaty.
This article presents a social psychological analysis of ethnic identity among children born in England of Irish parents (hereafter referred to as second generation Irish). However, rather than drawing upon the cognitive models of identity currently popular within social psychology (e.g. Turner, 1987; Hogg and Abrams, 1988) it emphasizes the rhetorical aspects of identity, following the work of Billig (1987). It is argued that identity is not simply the automatic cognitive output of social categorizations (as currently conceived) but an active process, used and constructed in various ways to achieve certain goals. The argumentative nature of identity is revealed and located within a wider ideological context of intergroup relations and political conflict between Britain and Ireland. This is achieved through an analysis of the natural discourse of second generation Irish youths, obtained from ethnographic observation of those youths actively involved in the social and cultural activities of the Irish community in a large English city.