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The process of urbanization in Germany at the height of the industrialization period
... Germany, among the more developed countries, is attributed a 74% level of urbanization in the UNFPA report [23], along with an indiscernible urban growth (the reported growth rate is 0.0%) within five years. Accelerated urbanization in Germany became apparent from the mid-nineteenth century onward; it had its origin in industrialization and its impulse to the formation of new urban settlements (which, according to Köllmann [10], became possible only with the abolition of the older municipal constitutions of "guild and trade restrictions designed to discourage migration"). Tracing the trends of internal migration in German history, Mai et al. [15] distinguish a phase of long-distance migration (from rural areas in the East to urban areas in the West), progressively replacing migration from urban hinterland, so that by the early twentieth century about 50% of the German population had become internal migrants, as Köllmann [11] calculates. ...
... As in Section 3.2, stable growth and urbanization can be plotted as functions of factors with which city fertility f c ≡ (f c,1 , . . . , f c, 10 ) and village fertility f v ≡ (f v,1 , . . . , f v,10 ) are multiplied. ...
Movements in the age structure of a population are often accompanied by substantial rural-urban migration. It is therefore compelling to analyze the implications of fertility, mortality, and migration patterns together.
We use a joint Leslie-type population model of urban and rural populations which projects the current population structure into the future, allowing for migration in both directions. This model permits an analysis of the long-run (stable) population properties, such as urbanization, under the assumption that current conditions persist, as well as an analysis of rural and urban populations in isolation, when migration is computationally eliminated. Applying the model to the female populations below age 50 of Germany and Turkey, we
find that the actual urbanization is lower (higher) than long-run urbanization in Germany (Turkey, respectively). Among our findings is also that the slight long-run growth of the Turkish population is due to rural-urban migration, while Turkish urban areas have a below-replacement fertility.
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, wie Hochschulen und ihr Personal politische und gesellschaftliche Erwartungen wahrnehmen, interpretieren und letztendlich in ihre Praxis einfließen lassen. Im Zentrum der Analyse steht der Verbleib hunderttausender internationaler Studierender, die zwischen 2010 und 2019 zum Studium nach Deutschland und Kanada zugewandert sind. Ihnen wird seitens der Politik ein hohes Fachkräfte- und Einwanderungspotenzial attestiert. Das Erkenntnisinteresse der Arbeit umschließt drei Teilbereiche: Erstens, das Ausmaß der deutschen und kanadischen ‚Bleibepolitik‘ sowie die einschlägigen Erwartungen an Hochschulen. Zweitens, die berichtete Hochschulpraxis und drittens, die institutionellen Zusammenhänge zwischen Erwartung und Praxis. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der untersuchten Hochschulen den Verbleib internationaler Studierender auch ohne eine von außen zugeschriebene Zuständigkeit aktiv fördert. Einerseits konnten die befragten Hochschulprofessionellen ihre Beratungs- und Betreuungsangebote größtenteils frei und eigenverantwortlich gestalten. Andererseits war der Raum dessen, was aus Sicht des Personals als möglich und wünschenswert erschien, stark vorgeprägt durch den jeweiligen Landeskontext und die dort institutionalisierten Erwartungen: In Kanada stand der Gedanke des Wettbewerbs um internationale Studierende als zahlende Kundschaft und potentielle Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer häufig im Vordergrund. In Deutschland waren Hochschulen vergleichsweise weniger markt- und wettbewerbsorientiert. Die Handlungs- und Interpretationsmuster des Personals zeugten häufig von dem gleichen migrationspolitischen Pragmatismus, der in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten die Bundes- und Landespolitik mitbestimmt hatte. Internationale Studierende wurde somit als potenzielle Fachkräfte konstruiert, nicht aber als mögliche Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer.
Considering the high demand volatility, short shelf life and sales period of perishable goods, it is necessary to analyze the application of multi-period distribution in closed-loop supply chain network (CLSC) system. At the same time, considering the environmental pollution caused by improper handling, sales and reputation loss caused by untimely delivery, uncertain demand and recovery of perishable goods in different periods, a mixed integer programming (MIP) model and its corresponding robust optimization model of multi-period and multi-objective CLSC network for perishable goods are established aiming at the minimum environmental impact, the minimum economic cost and the maximum on-time delivery rate. The validity and feasibility of robust optimization model were verified by a hybrid heuristic algorithm with a case study of cross-region CLSC network covering cities of Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in Eastern China. The numerical results show that, compared with the single period system, the multi-period system has the advantages of good dynamic performance and low system cost, and the multi-objective optimization is better than the single-objective optimization on the whole; meanwhile, the importance of uncertain factors in the decision-making of robust optimization model is verified. This research provides important managerial insights about network design and optimal operation of CLSC for perishable goods under uncertainty.
Driven by many factors, a large number of urbanization models have emerged in China's urbanization development. However, the existing research rarely involves comparing the development of urbanization quality of different models from the perspective of residents' perception. To make up for this research gap, this paper selects 15 non-industrial urbanization rural areas to investigate the development of five types of urbanization: tourism urbanization, real estate urbanization, trade urbanization, science and education urbanization, agricultural urbanization, and transportation urbanization. Through a questionnaire survey, we know the feelings of residents in the process of rural urbanization from three aspects: economic life impact, social life impact, and environmental life impact. By comparing the differences of residents' perceived quality in different urbanization models, the research results show that compared with other urbanization models, traffic urbanization has many shortcomings, and residents are not satisfied with the economy, society, and environment. Residents of agricultural urbanization are satisfied with the local economy, society, and environment. However, in the development of commercial urbanization, environmental protection is neglected. Because tourism has a low peak season, the residents' perception of economic improvement is not obvious. Residents of real estate urbanization are satisfied with the government and income, while residents of science and education urbanization are generally less satisfied with the economy, society, and environment. By summarizing the development characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of different urbanization models, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the quality of urbanization development.
Although the Breslau arts scene was one of the most vibrant in all of Weimar-era Germany, it has largely disappeared from memory. Studies of the influence of Weimar culture on modernism have focused almost exclusively on Berlin and the Dessau Bauhaus, yet the advances that occurred in Breslau affected nearly every intellectual field, forming the basis for aesthetic modernism internationally and having an enduring impact on visual art and architecture. Breslau boasted a thriving modern arts scene and one of the premier German arts academies of the day until the Nazis began their assault on so-called degenerate art. This book charts the cultural production of Breslau-based artists, architects, art collectors, urban designers, and arts educators who operated in the margins of Weimar-era cultural debates. Rather than accepting the radical position of the German avant-garde or the reactionary position of German conservatives, many Breslauers sought a middle ground.
This richly illustrated volume is the first book in English to address this history, constituting an invaluable addition to the literature on the Weimar period. Its readership includes scholars of German history, art, architecture, urban design, planning, collecting, and exhibition history; of the avant-garde, and of the development of arts academies and arts pedagogy.
Many of the explanations offered for European emigration are unsystematic because they fail to address the relative incidence of emigration from different parts of Europe. An attempt is made to evaluate implicit assumptions in the literature. Two other questions are discussed: the relation between internal migration in European countries and emigration, and the higher rate of return migration to southern than to northern European countries. There are some suggestions for future research.
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/51063/1/294.pdf
Only as far as the two oldest cohorts are concerned can we speak of a majority still working in agrarian jobs. Beginning with the men born in the middle of the last century, the main occupation shifts to mining and industry. This continued to be true for all cohorts during following 100 years. The development of the youngest cohorts seems to show that at the end of the occupational life, their members will be more strongly represented in the service sector than in the manufacturing branches. Using the cohort approach, this transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one and the further development of a society organized around the offer of services, could have been handled through the demographic turnover of the potential labor force rather than through occupational shifts by individuals.
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