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Gender Differences in Impulsivity
Abstract
Criminological theories have often stressed the importance of impulsivity in the etiology of delinquency. Whether this construct is termed impulsivity, self-control, or low constraint/ negative emotionality, the theoretical importance of impulsivity is clear. What is also clear is that boys and girls differ significantly on impulsivity; however, research is ambiguous on why this occurs. Some researchers suggest that socialization and parenting create different levels of impulsivity, whereas others suggest that cognitive and/or motor deficits early in life may be the source. Using longitudinal National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79)–Child data and variables derived from past research on impulsivity, the authors investigate whether biological, structural, and familial predictors of impulsivity differ by gender. Through multiple group path analysis, the authors find that the relationships between discipline and impulsivity and attachment and impulsivity differ significantly by gender. The authors discuss the implications of this finding for the etiology of impulsivity.
... This suggestion translates into examining adverse, disruptive, parenting practices, such as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), that may differentially alter the development of self-control by gender. Prior research on gender differences in self-control finds that, indeed, boys report less supervision and more corporal punishment than girls and that these variables partially mediate the effect of gender on self-control (Chapple et al., 2010;Chapple & Johnson, 2007). Finally, research has uncovered persistent gender differences in two components of self-control, impulsivity (Chapple & Johnson, 2007) and empathy (O'Neill, 2020), which suggests that the elements of self-control may differ significantly for boys and girls. ...
... Prior research on gender differences in self-control finds that, indeed, boys report less supervision and more corporal punishment than girls and that these variables partially mediate the effect of gender on self-control (Chapple et al., 2010;Chapple & Johnson, 2007). Finally, research has uncovered persistent gender differences in two components of self-control, impulsivity (Chapple & Johnson, 2007) and empathy (O'Neill, 2020), which suggests that the elements of self-control may differ significantly for boys and girls. ...
... In fact, many studies point toward ineffective parenting (i.e., a lack of parent-child attachment, inadequate supervision, and inconsistent discipline) as a significant predictor of poor self-control (see metaanalysis by Tehrani & Yamini, 2020). Other evidence suggests that negative behaviors exhibited by parents, such as alcohol and substance use (Chapple & Johnson, 2007), child neglect and abuse (Bunch, Iratzoqui, & Watts, 2018;Chapple, Tyler, & Bersani, 2005;Kort-Butler, Tyler, & Melander, 2011), low self-control (Nofziger & Newton, 2018), and parents' criminal behaviors and criminal justice involvement (Boutwell & Beaver, 2010) negatively influence the development of children's self-control. Such research suggests that negative parental behaviors interfere with healthy parent-child bonding and appropriate supervision and adds to deficits in self-control. ...
Purpose
Grounding our work within the larger gender and self-control literature, the purpose of this paper is three-fold: to examine the relative effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on self-control for boys and girls, whether gender differences in self-control can be explained by exposure to ACEs, and the extent to which ACEs differentially influence empathy and impulsivity for boys and girls, two components of self-control with notable gender differences.
Methods
Using data from the Fragile Families and Childhood Wellbeing Study, we examine our three questions using stepwise, ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and generalized linear models (GLM) to explain the relationship between ACEs and gender differences in self-control.
Results
We found that as ACEs increased, self-control declined for boys and girls. Higher numbers of ACEs were associated with increased impulsivity for boys but, ACEs were not significantly related to empathy for either boys or girls.
Conclusions
We found that ACEs significantly impaired the development of self-control for boys and girls. We also found that the relationship between ACEs and impulsivity was only significant for boys. As such, delinquency prevention and intervention efforts should screen for ACEs, their relationship to deficits in self-control and, in particular, should address the significant connection between ACEs and boys' impulsivity. Finally, self-control development programs should focus on addressing past, childhood trauma for boys and girls.
... A lower inhibition of violent behavior is found at the educational level in male children. Impulsive traits and intolerance to frustration were more frequent (Chapple & Johnson, 2007). Here we observe that individual approaches and societal and environmental approaches to IPV come together. ...
... Societal factors of acceptance and validation of impulsive and violent behavior in certain populations have been identified. The more a population accepts IPV as normal, the more frequent it is (Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Szabó & Jones, 2019). Interventions at a societal level condemning impulsive behavior and IPV are increasingly being implemented (Finkel & Eckhardt, 2013). ...
... Research also indicates that there is a difference between men and women on personality characteristics like impulsivity and aggression. Men tend to be more impulsive than women [16] and men also tend to engage in more aggressive behaviours than women and respond more often with physical aggression to stress, frustration, and negative emotions [17]. ...
... As predicted, the impulsive behaviour score and the physical aggression score can differentiate suicide ideators from suicide attempters. This is in accordance with other studies [14][15][16]. ...
Background
Impulsivity and aggression have been associated with all forms of suicidal behaviour and linked to theories of suicide capability. There is a need to clarify the role of impulsivity and aggression in the progression from suicidal thoughts to suicide attempts and suicide.
Method
In this naturalistic cross-sectional study, suicide ideators (35), low lethal suicide attempters (37), and high lethal suicide attempters (26) were compared with the Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS), Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS-11), and the Buss & Perry aggression questionnaire (AQ).
Results
Physical aggression score (p = 0.032) contributed to the difference between predicted low lethal suicide attempt and predicted high lethal suicide attempt. This model predicting physical aggression showed a fairly weak positive relationship (OR = 1.1) to high lethal attempt and explained 13% of the variance so there is a need for further replications to verify these results. Impulsive behaviour scores in females were significantly higher in the low lethal suicide attempt group compared to suicide ideators (F(2.51) = 3.47, p = 0.039, η²= 0.12). Hostility aggression in females was significantly higher in the high lethal suicide attempters compared to suicide ideators (F(2.52) = 3.53, p = 0.037, η² = 0.12). Physical aggression scores in females were significantly higher in the high lethal attempters compared to suicide ideators (F(2.52) = 6.79, p = 0.002, η²= 0.21). When these analyses were conducted without the participants who died in suicide, men in the high lethal attempt group scored significantly higher than men in the low lethal attempt group (F(2.37) = 3.8, p = 0.031, η² = 0.17), but men did not differ in aggression and impulsivity scores in other comparisons.
Conclusion
Suicide prevention should address physical aggression, as high levels can be associated with high lethal attempts. Assessment of suicidal patients should address impulsive behaviour with the insight that it can be more prominent in female low lethal suicide attempters. It could be that assessment and treatment of suicidal patients should be tailored differently for men and women. Aggression as a feature of suicide capability could be the link that makes suicide possible.
... Furthermore, several cross-sectional studies on young adults found a positive correlation between impulsivity and depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress (Moustafa et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2020). Regarding sex differences, boys tend to be more impulsive than girls (Chapple & Johnson, 2007), and research has indicated a stronger association between impulsivity and depressive symptoms in adolescent boys than girls (Regan et al., 2019). Moreover, some researchers suggested that emotion-regulation strategies, such as rumination, mediate the association between impulsivity and depressive symptoms (d' Acremont & Van der Linden, 2007). ...
... One reason that might explain the absence of sex differences for depressive symptoms and stress in W1 could be because, as opposed to sex differences in rumination and anxiety appearing earlier during development (Graber, 2013), sex differences in depressive symptoms appear later, during adolescence, and it could be the same for stress symptoms. It also should be noted that, as opposed to previous studies (Chapple & Johnson, 2007), no sex differences in impulsivity were found at any time point. However, the results indicate that the predictive association between impulsivity and depressive symptoms was significant only in boys, suggesting that impulsivity could be a mechanism underlying depressive symptoms in boys, but not in girls. ...
Mindfulness has been associated with fewer negative mental health symptoms during adolescence, but fewer studies have examined longitudinal associations between mindfulness and symptoms in conjunction with two vulnerability factors for psychopathology with mindfulness: rumination and impulsivity. This study examined longitudinal associations between internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress), mindfulness, rumination, and impulsivity over a one-year period among 352 Spanish adolescents (57.4% girls; M = 14.47, SD = 1.34). Participants completed self-reported measures of symptoms, mindfulness, rumination, and impulsivity at two time points. Mindfulness negatively predicted stress and depressive symptoms, and a bidirectional negative association was found between mindfulness and impulsivity. Impulsivity positively predicted stress, and anxiety positively predicted depressive symptoms, stress, and rumination. This study highlights the importance of mindfulness as a protective factor and impulsivity and anxiety as risk factors for internalizing symptoms throughout adolescence. These findings build on previous studies that examined longitudinal associations between mindfulness and symptoms by including rumination and impulsivity’s roles.
... Given the robust effect of self-control on negative life outcomes, understanding the sources of variation in self-control has become increasingly important. Though the possible causes of self-control have received considerable attention from criminologists (see Boutwell & Beaver, 2010;Bunch et al., 2018;Chapple et al., 2005;Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Kort-Butler et al., 2011;Nofziger & Newton, 2018;Tehrani & Yamini, 2020), the potential role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) utilized in health science research has often been overlooked in such explorations. ACEs encompass not only traumatic acts such as sexual, physical, and emotional abuse as well as physical and emotional neglect to a child, but also familial and socio-economic influences such as, witnessing violence at home, living with someone with a mental illness, parental separation or divorce, poverty, parental incarceration, and household alcohol or illicit drug problems. ...
... Finally, we found other interesting findings that are worth noting. The results of the study indicate that female youth have more self-control than male youth as suggested in prior work (Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Perez et al., 2018). Moreover, parental closeness and parental monitoring had a positive and robust effect on self-control in that youth who reported having closer relationships to their biological mother or father and greater parental monitoring had more self-control. ...
Though considerable research links both a lack of self-control and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to a variety of negative health and behavioral outcomes, few studies to date have explored whether ACEs are associated with deficits in self-control. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCW; n = 3,444) and a life course theoretical framework, this study aims to address this gap in the literature by examining the relationships between individual ACEs, cumulative ACEs, timing of ACEs, and durations of early ACEs and self-control development among youth. Our results indicate that as the number of ACEs (by age 5) experienced incrementally increases, the likelihood of reported self-control decreases. Moreover, when it comes to the timing and duration of ACE exposure, ACEs that are high but late, intermittent, or chronically high significantly decrease self-control. Based on our findings, researchers should continue to explore the role of ACEs in youth self-control development.
... There was a significant class by sex association in our model, which suggested male students were more likely to be in the high impulsivity and low-risk groups, and female students were more likely to be in the high perfectionism groups. This finding is consistent with past research on sex differences in impulsivity and perfectionism (Chapple and Johnson, 2007;Masson et al., 2003). Further, given that women were more likely to be in groups with the highest risk for psychopathology, perfectionism/impulsivity differences may partially explain the 2:1 prevalence ratio of internalizing disorders in women compared to men. ...
... For example, individuals who are very highly impulsive may not attend college, limiting the scope of our findings. Additionally, the majority of our sample was female, which may impact our findings as research suggests gender differences in impulsivity and perfectionism (Chapple and Johnson, 2007;Masson et al., 2003). Future research should test the generalizability of these findings to other populations (i.e., clinical samples) and attempt to replicate our results in large, diverse college samples. ...
Background:
Impulsivity and perfectionism are transdiagnostic personality factors that have been studied extensively and shown to relate to externalizing and internalizing pathology respectively. Typically, these personality factors are antithesized, with impulsivity characterized by lack of control and perfectionism characterized by rigid overcontrol.
Methods:
The current study (N = 1,353 undergraduate students) used latent profile analysis to identify subgroups based on impulsivity and perfectionism dimensions and tested the relations of these subgroups with the symptomatology of ten prevalent types of psychopathology (depression, worry, social anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder inattentive subtype, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder impulsive-hyperactive subtype, alcohol use, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, restrictive eating pathology, and binge eating pathology).
Results:
The latent profile analysis identified four meaningful subgroups: high perfectionism, high impulsivity, combined impulsivity and perfectionism, and low impulsivity and perfectionism. The combined group was the most prevalent, comprising almost half of the sample. Further, the perfectionism group had the highest scores for obsessive-compulsive disorder, worry, and restrictive eating pathology, the impulsivity group had the highest scores for alcohol use disorder, and the combined group had the highest or second-highest scores across all types of psychopathology.
Limitations:
Limitations include the undergraduate sample, self-report, cross-sectional study design, and high bivariate residuals.
Conclusions:
These findings suggest impulsivity and perfectionism can co-occur. Further, the co-occurrence of these personality traits may heighten risk for psychopathology and help explain comorbidity across internalizing and externalizing disorders. Future research should continue to investigate the presentation, prevalence, and treatment for individuals high in both perfectionism and impulsivity.
... The results obtained from the researches conducted show that violence may have biological, psychological and social-cultural causes. The male hormone (Gustafson, 2009),high level of impulsivity (Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Seager, 2005), low levels of serotonin in the body (Erten and Ardalı, 2007), neurochemical disorders in the brain (Subaşı and Akın, 2003) and drugs and addictive substances used (Gök, 2009) are shown among the biological causes of violence. The state of inhibition arising as a result of the dissatisfaction of needs and urges (Vatandaş, 2003), psychological disturbances such as paranoid personality disorders (Subaşı and Akın, 2003), exposure to violence in the past (Kesebir et al., 2011;Özdemir et. ...
... The male hormone (Gustafson, 2009),high level of impulsivity (Chapple and Johnson, 2007;Seager, 2005), low levels of serotonin in the body (Erten and Ardalı, 2007), neurochemical disorders in the brain (Subaşı and Akın, 2003) and drugs and addictive substances used (Gök, 2009) are shown among the biological causes of violence.. These data reveal that biological factors can be effective in being inclined to violence. ...
The purpose of this research is to reveal men's attitudes towards violence and thoughts about men who use violence. The sample of the study consists of 19 men selected using purposeful sampling according to the maximum diversity method. The data used in this research was obtained through an interview and a semi-structured interview form. Coding based content analysis was used to analyze the data. Some of the findings obtained from the research are: violence is perceived by 79% as more physical. The characteristics of men who implement violence are perceived by 68% as being "unable to control oneself, quick to anger, impatient." The social reasons for violence are seen mostly as "financial problems" (79%), as "psychological reasons" (68%), as "women's hurtful words, provocative behavior", and as "cultural reasons" (49%): "It's necessary to beat someone up out of a sense of decency." The findings obtained from this research are discussed in the context of literature and some suggestions, such as raising awareness about the types and effects of violence ................../............................. ( Bu araştırma, erkeklerin şiddet ile ilgili tutumlarını ve şiddet uygulayan erkekler ile ilgili düşüncelerini derinlemesine ortaya çıkaracak nitel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitlilik yöntemine göre seçilen 19 erkek oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada kullanılan veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde kodlamaya dayalı içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, katılımcıların büyüdüğü yere ve anne-baba tutumlarına göre büyük farklılık göstermektedir. Araştırma sonucuna göre elde edilen bazı bulgular şunlardır: Şiddet %79 oranında daha çok fiziksel olarak algılanmaktadır. Şiddet uygulayan erkeklerin kişilik özellikleri olarak en çok %68 oranında ''Kendini kontrol edemeyen, hemen öfkelenen, sabırsız'' olarak algılanmaktır. Şiddetin toplumsal sebebi olarak en çok %79 oranında maddi sıkıntılar, psikolojik sebebi olarak %68 oranında ''Kadınların kalp kırıcı sözleri, tahrik edici davranışları'', kültürel sebebi olarak en çok %49 oranında ''Gerektiğinde dövmenin şart olduğu terbiye anlayışı'' görülmektedir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular alan yazınla ilişkisi çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve şiddetin türleri-etkileri konusunda bilinçlendirme gibi bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur. )
... Thus, girls develop a higher level of self-control than boys, and increased supervision may mean reduced opportunities to engage in offending. Consistent with Gottfredson and Hirschi's claims, females have been found to have a higher level of self-control, (Blackwell & Piquero, 2005;Gibson et al., 2010), and boys have been found to have weaker attachments to parents than girls, which inhibits the necessary development of self-control (Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Hayslett-McCall & Bernard, 2002). ...
... Likewise, men tend to show higher levels of motor hyperactivity. This result is in line with the expectation, since motor hyperactivity is associated with higher levels of impulsivity (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007), which tend to be higher in men (Bjorklund & Kipp, 1996;Chapple & Johnson, 2007). ...
Objective: The present study intends to examine (a) the prevalence of mental health problems among male and female detainees and (b) the role of different conditions on various violence-related outcomes among remand prisoners. To advance these primary objectives, the study additionally aims to explore the validity of the Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT), developed to identify mental health problems in jails and prisons. Method: This study included a total of 198 individuals who were in prison awaiting trial between July 2021 and March 2023. Results: This study revealed that JSAT shows good psychometric properties in terms of item sensibility, convergent and discriminant validity, and known-groups validity. Our results showed that, generally, the most prevalent problems were anxiety, depression, and blame. In addition, our findings confirmed that women reported more somatic problems, anxiety, depression, suicide, and motor retardation, while men reported a higher prevalence of blunted affect and motor hyperactivity. Moreover, this study revealed that JSAT dimensions are associated with measures of violent behavior. Our results showed that certain dimensions, such as suspiciousness and motor retardation, were found to predict multiple violence-related outcomes. Conclusions: Overall, this study denoted that JSAT has promising results in different validity and sensibility markers, shedding light on its contribution to understanding the influence of mental health conditions on violent behaviors.
... Finally, it is worth mentioning that sex is associated with trait self-control, suggesting that women could have an advantage in this skill, in agreement with other evidence in the literature [79,80]. Age was linked to the duration of time spent on physical activities, showing that as individuals age, their exercise time generally diminishes. ...
This study aimed to understand how psychological factors affect regular exercise in older adults, hypothesising that trait self-control mediates the relationship between motivation types (intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation) and exercise time. In this cross-sectional study, 430 older adults (mean age = 68.8 ± 6.72) completed questionnaires regarding their perceived trait self-control, motivation towards leisure activities, and level of physical activity. A Bayesian mediation analysis was performed, controlling for demographics. We documented positive direct (c′ = 0.021, 95%CI [0.001, 0.043]) and indirect (ab = 0.028, 95%CI [0.014, 0.043]) effects of intrinsic motivation on exercise, a fully mediated indirect effect of extrinsic motivation on exercise (ab = 0.027, 95%CI [0.011, 0.046]), and negative direct (c′ = −0.281, 95%CI [−0.368, −0.194]) and indirect (ab = −0.161, 95%CI [−0.221, −0.105]) effects of amotivation on exercise. There was no direct association between extrinsic motivation and exercise (c′ = 0.013, 95% CI [−0.013, 0.037]). In conclusion, trait self-control mediates motivation to influence exercise behaviour in older adults. Intrinsically motivated individuals resist sedentary living and show higher self-control, while extrinsically motivated ones rely on self-control and are more susceptible to non-adherence during mental fatigue. High amotivation is linked to less exercise and reduced self-control, suggesting potential non-compliance with structured exercise interventions.
... In addition, emotional regulation between genders varies from internalising or externalising patterns and coping strategies. Females tend to internalise the emotions associated with impulsivity such as depression and anxiety by ruminations, while males express their anger and frustrations, exhibiting aggression or substance use related to impulsivity (Chapple & Johnson, 2007;DeVito et al., 2020;Su et al., 2019). Subsequently, even non-problematic gamers showed higher risk-taking tendencies under consideration of both genders were associated with impulsivity, even though deficiencies in decision-making among male participants related to problematic internet usage (Sariyska et al., 2017). ...
A significant portion of prior research has indicated that internet gamers’ impulsivity is a risk factor and effect of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in which IGD cases are gradually increasing globally. Besides, a male is more prone to develop IGD and being impulsive compared with a female historically referring from the evolutional perspectives. Yet, the empirical studies are still insufficient and inconsistent to ensure the correlation between both variables across gender. This study is aligned with the fifth Sustainable Development Goal: gender equality. This was descriptive correlational research utilised non-probability purposive sampling method. The present study expanded the existing research by indicating a positive correlation between IGD and impulsivity, where there are no gender differences among the sample of 130 Malaysian youths (70 males and 60 females) with a mean age of 20.72 years old on average (S.D. = 2.30) in relation with both variables. Findings from this study recommend future research to concentrate on features related to impulsivity as an imperative contributor to IGD.
... The need for exploring this variation arises since there is enough evidence suggesting difference in the impulsivity levels of men and women as well as in the ways they engage in mental accounting behaviours (Szabó & Jones, 2019). A number of researches have demonstrated that even at a young age, boys tend to show higher impulsivity as compared to the girls (Burton et al., 1998;Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Chapple et al., 2005). On the other hand, a psychometric evaluation demonstrated no gender variations in all three sub-scales of Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS; Stanford et al., 2009). ...
This study aims to examine how impulsivity is related to mental accounting in individual investors and to test whether gender moderates the relationship between the three types of impulsivities and mental accounting. Structural equation modelling was adopted to establish the impact of three types of impulsivities towards mental accounting. Construct reliability and validity were checked by Confirmatory Factor Analysis using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) software. Multi-group analysis was also performed using AMOS 23. The level of mental accounting in participants was negatively correlated with non-planning impulsivity. However, gender differences were observed in the multi-group analysis. Gender significantly moderated the relationship between attentional impulsivity and mental accounting as well as between motor impulsivity and mental accounting. This study has practical implications on financial advisors and government, who can take individual differences in socio-demography and psychology into account while designing financial products and tools for money management. Since governments also have a major role in spreading financial literacy and awareness to improve the financial well-being of their citizens, individual differences in mental accounting are an important aspect that need to be studied and dealt with and this study will provide a preliminary foresight into these differences. This study may further help Asset Management Companies in customizing and engineering financial products according to the distinct needs of every individual. This study offers empirical insights into the mind of investors’ behaviour regarding mental accounting. There have been very few attempts to investigate individual variations in mental accounting and their causes. No previous study as per the knowledge of the authors has been conducted so far to empirically examine the impact of impulsivity on mental accounting in an emerging economy and the role of gender differences therein, and this study strives to fill this research gap.
... The relationship between discipline and impulsivity was found to vary significantly by gender. This finding suggests that gender may moderate behavioural traits [49]. Gender was highlighted in understanding work-related behaviours, and it was emphasised that future researchers should consider the moderating role of gender in the relationship between workaholism and workplace incivility [50]. ...
Background: Work-life balance is an increasingly important issue in modern work environments, referring to a healthy harmony between work and personal life. Leisure is a crucial element supporting this balance, yet negative tendencies such as workaholism can challenge it. Over time, this can diminish work performance and lead to health problems.
Objective: This study aims to understand the role of leisure involvement in workaholism and evaluate this relationship with consideration for gender differences.
Method: The data of the research were obtained through survey. The survey collected from individuals working in shopping centres in Konya province of Türkiye by using simple random sampling method. A total of 389 individuals (185 female and 204 male) working in shopping centers participated in the study.
Results: The findings indicate significant differences in leisure involvement and workaholism concerning gender. Additionally , a relationship between leisure involvement and workaholism was identified, with gender having a moderating effect on this relationship.
Conclusion: Consequently, it was determined that women exhibit higher levels of leisure involvement and workaholism tendencies compared to men, highlighting the crucial role of the relationship between leisure involvement and workaholism in ensuring work-life balance. The results of the research are discussed in the relevant section. Based on the findings, theoretical and managerial implications are developed.
... There was no direct correlation of the change in methylation between samples A and B with unpredictability (R = − 0.07, p = 0.51) for the whole cohort. However, given the influence of sex on developmental trajectories (Riley et al., 2018;Brenhouse and Andersen, 2011), DNA methylation (Cisternas et al., 2020;Govender et al., 2022) and outcomes following ELA (Moffitt et al., 2011;McGill et al., 2022;Eisenberg et al., 2001;Chapple and Johnson, 2007), we analyzed the interaction of DNA methylation ...
Adverse early-life experiences (ELA) affect a majority of the world's children. Whereas the enduring impact of ELA on cognitive and emotional health is established, there are no tools to predict vulnerability to ELA consequences in an individual child. Epigenetic markers including peripheral-cell DNA-methylation profiles may encode ELA and provide predictive outcome markers, yet the interindividual variance of the human genome and rapid changes in DNA methylation in childhood pose significant challenges. Hoping to mitigate these challenges we examined the relation of several ELA dimensions to DNA methylation changes and outcome using a within-subject longitudinal design and a high methylation-change threshold.
DNA methylation was analyzed in buccal swab/saliva samples collected twice (neonatally and at 12 months) in 110 infants. We identified CpGs differentially methylated across time for each child and determined whether they associated with ELA indicators and executive function at age 5. We assessed sex differences and derived a sex-dependent ‘impact score’ based on sites that most contributed to methylation changes.
Changes in methylation between two samples of an individual child reflected age-related trends and correlated with executive function years later. Among tested ELA dimensions and life factors including income to needs ratios, maternal sensitivity, body mass index and infant sex, unpredictability of parental and household signals was the strongest predictor of executive function. In girls, high early-life unpredictability interacted with methylation changes to presage executive function. Thus, longitudinal, within-subject changes in methylation profiles may provide a signature of ELA and a potential predictive marker of individual outcome.
... Social culture often has a double standard when it comes to impulsivity. Male impulsiveness is often accepted and even seen as part of their identity, while women who exhibit impulsive behavior are often met with social pressure and negative feedback (Chapple & Johnson, 2007), which increases their psychological stress and negative emotions. In addition, emotion-related impulsivity can exacerbate depression when dealing with stress (Johnson et al., 2022), which is more prevalent among women (Clark, 2005). ...
Background: College students are at a high risk of depression, and forbearance might be a critical resource to help college students alleviate depression. However, forbearance exhibits heterogeneity, with people displaying distinct styles of forbearance in coping with stress. Furthermore, gender differences in the relationship between forbearance and depression have not been investigated. Thus, the study aims to comprehensively explore gender differences in the relationship between forbearance and depression.
Methods: Data were collected from 825 Chinese college students. We assessed their forbearance using the Forbearance Scale (FS) and evaluated their depression using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). A moderated model was used to explore the effect of gender in the relationship between forbearance and depression.
Results: Active forbearance (b = -0.22, t = -5.29, p ＜0.01) had a negative predictive effect on depression in college students, while repressive forbearance (b = 0.10, t = 2.35, p ＜ 0.05) had a positive predictive effect on depression. The interaction term of active forbearance and gender was a significant predictor of depression (b = 0.19, t = 2.71, p ＜0.01), and active forbearance negatively predicted depression in females at a significant level (b = -0.22, t = -5.29, p＜0.01), but not in males (b = -0.03, t = -0.60, p = 0.55). The interaction term of repressive forbearance and gender was not a significant predictor of depression (b = 0.04, t = 0.54, p = 0.59).
Conclusions: The impact of active forbearance on depression was modulated by gender. When utilizing forbearance for psychological health interventions, relevant personnel should consider the heterogeneity of forbearance and potential gender differences to enhance the effectiveness of interventions.
... And indirect evidence uncovers that females perform higher self-control across several samples (Chapple et al., 2010;Gibson et al., 2010). In addition, females scored significantly lower on risk-taking, self-centeredness (Gibson et al., 2010), and impulsivity (Chapple & Johnson, 2007). On the other hand, a meta-analysis with 83 independent samples confirmed that gender didn't moderate the relationship between impulsivity (an indicator of self-control) and Internet addiction, and that gender moderated the relationship between restraint (an indicator of selfcontrol) and Internet addiction (Li et al., 2021a). ...
Although low self-control is regarded as an important influence factor of college student smartphone addiction, the mediating mechanism is still unclear. Based on the I–PACE model, the present study aims to explore the multiple mediating roles of social anxiety and procrastination in the effect of self-control on smartphone addiction among college students, as well as the gender differences, using a semi-longitudinal design. Our sample consisted of 1143 Chinese college students (36.4% males; Mage=21.91 years, SD = 1.02 years, range from 19 to 28 years) who completed the Brief Self-control Scale, the Interaction Anxiousness Scale, the Pure Pocrastination Scale, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze correlations among variables and Mplus 8.0 was used to test the structural equation model and gender differences. The results indicated that self-control was negatively associated with smartphone addiction. Social anxiety and procrastination sequentially mediated the link between self-control and smartphone addiction. Furthermore, although the proposed mediation model did not show significant gender differences, we found different associations between self-control, procrastination and smartphone addiction between males and females. The results of this study may contribute to intervention and prevention programs to reduce smartphone addiction among students.
... Os riscos estão emaranhados na vida das pessoas, e a gestão de riscos desempenha um papel importante na sociedade moderna (Fischhoff, 1983;Hopkin, 2017 (Gardner & Jones, 2011). Assim, a percepção é uma avaliação pessoal do risco em uma situação de decisão (Sitkin & Pablo, 1992) que consiste em muitos fatores (Olsen, 2001), incluindo características observáveis, como idade, renda e gênero Breuer et al., 2017;Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Galizzi et al., 2016), bem como características culturais e sociais (Burgess, 2015;Gardner & Jones, 2011). No entendimento construtivista, existem vários modelos para mensurar a percepção de risco. ...
Resumo Objetivo: Os homens estão mais inclinados a assumir riscos do que as mulheres? A resposta a essa pergunta é de relevância imediata para várias questões econômicas, incluindo o comportamento humano em relação ao consumo de medicamentos e procedimentos médicos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os benefícios percebidos do consumo de medicamentos, centrado na avaliação do risco farmacêutico. Originalidade/valor: A literatura documenta que riscos e benefícios podem ser considerados os principais trade-offs na tomada de decisão do consumidor, inclusive na indústria farmacêutica. É um tema atual com alto potencial de impacto social por causa dos muitos casos identificados de Covid-19. Nos países em desenvolvimento, a maioria dos medicamentos é utilizada por indivíduos que se automedicam, pois o acesso aos cuidados de saúde pode ser insuficiente. A automedicação é um problema potencialmente maior, pois nesse caso o uso de medicamentos geralmente segue o conselho de amigos, parentes e vizinhos. No entanto, há pouca evidência empírica sobre esse problema no contexto dos países emergentes. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com mais de mil indivíduos em que se utilizou um modelo de regressão estendido (MRE) em um dos maiores países do mundo, o Brasil. Resultados: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as mulheres percebem mais riscos e benefícios do uso de medicamentos e procedimentos médicos. A percepção dos benefícios dos medicamentos pode ser explicada pelas seguintes dimensões: risco (danos pessoais, alerta de risco e conhecimento do risco), gênero, uso regular e benefícios dos procedimentos médicos. Em relação às dimensões de risco, quanto menor a percepção de danos pessoais e quanto maior a percepção de alerta e conhecimento de risco, maiores os benefícios percebidos do uso de medicamentos.
... In this paper, the constructivist paradigm is adopted, according to which beliefs, attitudes, judgments, forms of information processing, values, evaluations of cost-benefit balance, feelings, familiarity with emotional and affective risk, and the framing of media reports are all factors that are weighed in generating risk and benefit perception (Gardner & Jones, 2011). Hence, perception is a personal assessment of risk in a decision situation (Sitkin & Pablo, 1992) consisting of many factors (Olsen, 2001), including observable characteristics such as age, income, and gender Breuer et al., 2017;Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Galizzi et al., 2016), as well as cultural and social characteristics (Burgess, 2015;Gardner & Jones, 2011). ...
Purpose: Are men more inclined to assume risks than women? The answer to this question is immediately relevant to various economic issues, including human behavior concerning medical remedies and procedures consumption. This paper aims to identify the perceived benefits of the consumption of medications centered on pharmaceutical risk assessment. Originality/value: The literature documents that risks and benefits can be considered the main trade-offs in consumer decision-making, including the pharmaceutical industry. It is a current theme with a high potential for social impact due to the many identified cases of Covid-19. In developing countries, most medication is used by self-medicating individuals, as access to health care can be insufficient. Self-medication is a potentially greater problem, as in this case, medication usage often follows advice from friends, relatives, and neighbors. Yet, there is little empirical evidence regarding this problem in the context of emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach: A survey of over 1,000 subjects using an extended regression model (ERM) in one of the biggest countries in the world, Brazil. Findings: The results reported that women perceive more risks and benefits from medication usage and medical procedures. The perception of the benefits of medications can be explained by the following dimensions: risk (personal injury, risk alertness, and risk awareness), gender, regular usage, and the benefits of medical procedures. Regarding risk dimensions, the lower the perceptions of personal injury and the higher the perceptions of risk alertness and risk awareness, the greater the perceived benefits of medication usage.
... In the study of impulsivity there is considerable interest in gender differences (Moffitt et al., 2001). Overall, it is well recognized that males exhibit higher levels of impulsivity, as several studies have shown that, from early adolescence, girls tend to exhibit less impulsive behavior than boys (e.g., Burton et al., 1998;Chapple et al., 2005;Chapple & Johnson, 2007). Other studies, however, found no significant differences between males and females on impulsivity (Patton et al., 1995). ...
Internet addiction and its related variables (i.e., internet gaming addiction, social media addiction, fear of missing out, phubbing) have mostly been investigated in the general population without considering possible gender differences. The present study aimed to investigate the specific characteristics of men and women in the possible development of pathological behaviors related to internet addiction. A total of 276 participants (of ages ranging from 18 to 30 years old) were recruited in the study (46.7% were males) and responded to online questionnaires on variables related to internet addiction and psychological traits. The results showed that gender represents a key factor in explaining why individuals are addicted to the internet in different ways. Stepwise linear regression analyses showed that both genders shared social media addiction as the primary predictor of internet addiction but also exclusive predictors for each gender. Knowing the variables underlying the development of internet Addiction can be useful for both prevention and treatment and tailoring intervention for this addictive behavior.
... Research has demonstrated that self-control varies by gender: girls generally exhibit higher self-control than boys (Jo & Bouffard, 2014). Girls also tend to score lower than boys on measures of impulsivity (Chapple & Johnson, 2007), risk-taking, and self-centeredness (Gibson et al., 2010), but higher on empathy (O'Neill, 2020). Some researchers have proposed that boys exhibit lower self-control due to early caregiving disturbances that are uniquely gendered and associated with traditional gender role socialization (Hayslett-McCall & Bernard, 2002). ...
Considerable research has shown that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with the development of self-control and delinquent behaviors. Still, no studies have explicitly examined ACEs, low self-control, and delinquency to determine if they are jointly associated, including whether this relationship varies by gender. The current study examines this important gap in existing literature. Using data from the Fragile Families and Childhood Wellbeing Study (FFCW; n = 3,232), we uncover that low self-control mediates the relationship between early ACEs and delinquency and that this relationship exists for both girls and boys.
... Additional research projects point out the possible influence of cognitive and motor deficiencies at early developmental stages (Chapple & Johnson, 2007), which may be transformed, for instance in the period of adolescence, into an increased rate of the factor under investigation, which may be manifested as Note. CI = confidence interval; the variable of age was centred for the analysis Test of Impulsivity in Adolescence a higher propensity to seek and abuse addictive substances of various kinds and forms, and also as a higher tendency to risky behaviour (Smith et al., 2013;Vavrysová, 2018). ...
BACKGROUND: Adolescence is one of the most important stages in a human life. This period is full of different stimuli and types of influence – from parents, peers, and society. It is related to greater susceptibility to problematic behaviour and to impulsivity. Because
of that it is important to explore the topic of impulsivity and impulsive behaviour. METHODS: This study addresses impulsivity in adolescents using a Czech questionnaire survey method, the Scale of Impulsivity Dolejš & Skopal (SIDS). It also empirically verifies the functionality of the scale and points out its psychometric qualities. The research involved 13,676 adolescent participants aged 11–19. The sample consisted of schoolchildren attending years 6–9 (ISCED 2) of what is called in Czech ‘basic school’ a term that will be used throughout the text and students of general and specialized secondary schools (ISCED 3). RESULTS: The SIDS questionnaire data collected was subsequently subjected to statistical processing. We used Item Response Theory analysis, which depicted
items that did not function correctly, and method
revision was suggested. Confirmatory factor analysis
demonstrated that the shorter version has a good factor structure and reliability. The raw score differences between age, sex, and schools were assessed with linear models. CONCLUSION: This research can help to understand the importance of research in the field of impulsivity. It introduces the new shorter version of the questionnaire of the Scale of Impulsivity Dolejš & Skopal (SIDS). A better understanding of this topic can help with the prevention of impulsive behaviour.
... This result is different from those of previous research. For example, Pechorro et al. (2021) reported that females exerted stronger self-control than males, whereas Chapple and Johnson (2007) proposed that females tend to be more monitored and controlled in contrast to males, who are prone to impulsiveness and risk-taking. Therefore, the tendency to reduce self-control may eventually become part of the male identity. ...
Social networking sites (SNSs) play a role in communication and connection among people. SNSs are currently the most popular online communication platforms for university students. However, many users experience difficulty managing the urge to use these sites continuously, resulting in excessive time spent on the platforms. Thus, they also display difficulty in overriding their thoughts, which might be related to self-control. The correlation between social networking time use and self-control of university students in Indonesia remains unknown. This study investigated the correlation between social networking time use and self-control among Indonesian university students. This research was conducted through an online survey with 973 university students as participants. The questionnaire collected data on demographics, self-control scale (SCS), and social networking time use scale (SONTUS) to measure time spent on SNSs. This study found that the higher levels of self-control were significantly correlated to spending less time on SNSs. It also found that the higher level of the factor of self-control, such as self-discipline, the ability to do non-impulsive action, health habits, work ethic, and reliability, the less the time spent on SNSs. A higher self-control also significantly correlates with less time on SNSs in relaxation, academic, public places, and stress-related use.
... Additionally, there is a non-linear increase in adolescents' self-control throughout adolescence, which means that adolescents may have varying levels of self-control at various ages (Casey, 2015). Second, girls have greater self-control than boys among adolescents, which may be explained by the fact that girls are less impulsive during adolescence (Chapple and Johnson, 2007) and are better at contemplation and reflection (Burwell and Shirk, 2007). As a result of the preceding study, we used age and gender as control variables in our study and assigned them to the column of independent variables in multiple regression analysis. ...
Although previous research has demonstrated that parent–adolescent relationships have a significant effect on adolescent Internet Addiction (IA), the mechanisms underlying these associations and parental differences in these effects have received insufficient attention. We investigated the mediating role of Perceived Social Support and Dual System of Self-Control (DSSC) in the relationship between Father-Adolescent Relationships/Mother-Adolescent Relationships (FAR/MAR) and adolescent IA, as well as the differences in the effects of FAR and MAR. A cross-sectional survey of 732 Chinese adolescents was conducted using the Adolescent Pathological Internet Use Scale, Parent–Adolescent Relationship Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Dual System of Self-Control Scale. Multiple linear regression analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and structural equation modeling were used. The results of structural modeling analysis showed that neither FAR nor MAR directly predicted adolescent IA. In contrast, FAR/MAR had an impact on adolescent IA mainly through the mediating effects of Perceived Social Support and Impulsive System. Furthermore, in the relationship between FAR/MAR and adolescent IA, the Impulsive System and Perceived Social Support both served as chain mediators, as did Perceived Social Support and the Reflective System. And more importantly, unlike FAR, MAR affects adolescent IA through the mediating effect of the Reflective System. Multiple linear regression showed that the regression coefficient of MAR on adolescent IA had stronger significance compared to FAR, MAR is deserving of more attention than FAR. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the association between FAR/MAR and adolescent IA and suggest that family relationship-focused training approaches are critical for suppressing adolescent IA. These interventions should be tailored to the unique circumstances of each family.
... In terms of the null findings for girls, the overall level of cyberbullying perpetration was significantly lower for girls and thus peer influences may be less salient. Furthermore, this result may be related to gender differences in impulsivity; boys display higher levels of impulsivity than girls (Chapple & Johnson, 2007). Furthermore, cognitive impulsivity has been reported to mediate the association between traditional bullying victimization and delinquency (Walters & Espelage, 2017). ...
Objective: Traditional bullying victimization (TV) has been shown to relate to cyberbullying perpetration (CP). Although several longitudinal studies have addressed their relations, few studies have examined the mediators of these relations, particularly interpersonal mediators. This study thus explored the reciprocal relations between traditional bullying victimization and cyberbullying perpetration and the mediating effect of deviant peer affiliation (DPA) in Chinese elementary school students. Method: At baseline, the sample included 4,675 students (Mage = 9.89, 54.95% male) from Grades 4 and 5. Students completed multiple self-report measures at four time points, 6 months apart, across an 18-month period. Results: The results showed that: (a) Traditional bullying victimization predicted higher frequencies of cyberbullying perpetration in both boys and girls; (b) higher frequencies of traditional bullying victimization related to higher frequencies of cyberbullying perpetration via increasing DPA in boys, but not in girls; and (c) cyberbullying perpetration accounted for later DPA in girls, but not boys. Conclusion: The findings illuminate the complex interconnections among elementary school students’ traditional bullying victimization, cyberbullying perpetration, and peer interactions, including gender differences. The findings suggest implications for monitoring cyberbullying perpetration among elementary school students as well as effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
... The present study aims to establish a cross-lagged model to identify the correlations between impulsivity, academic achievement, and suicidal ideation over time. Given the indispensable role of gender and age in adolescents' impulsivity, academic achievement, and suicidal ideation (Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Mars et al., 2018), these two factors were also included as control variables in the current study. Moreover, boys in the Chinese sample have higher impulsivity (Hu & Wang, 2018), lower suicidal ideation (Chang et al., 2013), and worse academic achievement than girls (Qiao et al., 2013) during adolescence, which may contribute to gender differences in the effect of impulsivity and academic achievement on suicidal ideation (Brezo et al., 2006). ...
This study used a cross-lagged panel analysis to explore the effect of impulsivity and academic achievement on the development of suicidal ideation in adolescents using three-time assessments with an interval of 6 months. A total of 211 adolescents (104 boys, 107 girls with a mean age of 13.62 ± 0.68 years in the third assessment) completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, the Monthly Exam, and the Suicidal Ideation/Suicidal Attempt Questionnaire to evaluate the level of impulsivity, academic achievement, and suicidal ideation, respectively. Our results showed that impulsivity was a primary risk factor of suicidal ideation in adolescents during their early stage in junior high school, especially for girls, while academic achievement had an increasing effect on suicidal ideation as adolescents progressed to the higher grades in junior high school, suggesting that taking appropriate intervention measures at specific stages might be critical to prevent suicidal ideation in adolescents.
... dietary restraint. In males, however, impulsivity and less inhibitory control towards food cues might explain a higher score for external eating at 10 years [44,45]. The observed increase in scores for all EWI-C subscales with age in our study may be related to the switch from a highly controlled child's diet towards a more autonomous eating behaviour in adolescence [16]. ...
Background/objectives
The transition to adolescence is characterised by considerable behavioural changes, including diet. This study describes the level of obesogenic eating behaviours in 10- and 15-year-olds, and their association with dietary intake.
Subjects/methods
Participants of the 10- and 15-year follow-ups of the German GINIplus and LISA birth cohort studies were included (N10 = 2257; N15 = 1880). Eating behaviours and dietary intake were assessed via self-report questionnaires. Sex-stratified, cross-sectional associations of “external eating”, “emotional eating” and “dietary restraint” (the latter at age 15 years only) with dietary intake (17 food groups—categorised into tertiles, macronutrients, and total energy) were assessed using multinomial logistic or multiple linear regression as required, adjusting for covariates and correcting for multiple testing.
Results
Reported levels of eating behaviours were low in both age-groups. External eating was higher in 10-year-old males than females, while all eating behaviours were most pronounced in 15-year-old females. At 10 years, emotional eating was associated with medium vegetable intake in females (Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) = 1.84, p = 0.0017). At 15 years, external eating was associated with total energy (kJ) in females (β = 718, p = 0.0002) and high butter intake in males (RRR = 1.96, p = 0.0019). Dietary restraint in females was inversely associated with total energy (β = −967, p < 0.0001) and omega-3 fatty acids (Means Ratio (MR) = 0.94, p = 0.0017), and positively associated with high fruit (RRR = 2.20, p = 0.0003) and whole grains (RRR = 1.94, p = 0.0013).
Conclusion
Obesogenic eating behaviour scores are low among children and adolescents of a predominantly high socioeconomic status population and present only few associations with specific aspects of diet, mainly among adolescent females.
... Individual differences in impulsivity are known to play a pivotal role in the onset and maintenance of gambling disorder (e.g. Canale, Rubaltelli, et al., 2017;Jacobs, 1986;Raylu & Oei, 2002), and important gender differences exist regarding impulsivity (women tend to display lower levels of impulsivity than men do; Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Szabó & Jones, 2019). Thus, in the current study, we aimed to address the moderating role of gender and impulsivity traits in the association between stress sensitivity and laboratory gambling. ...
Previous research indicates that the invigorating effect of stress sensitivity on gambling behavior might be moderated by individual differences. The current preregistered study tested whether gender and negative urgency (i.e. an emotion-related impulsivity trait) moderate the relationship between perceived stress and laboratory gambling following experimentally induced sadness. One hundred twenty college students were randomly assigned to a sadness versus a control condition before completing a laboratory gambling task. Although the distribution of the main study variables forced us to slightly deviate from the preregistered data analysis plan, we were able to show that heightened stress sensitivity affects gambling behavior and that this effect differs by gender (but not in terms of negative urgency) under conditions of sadness versus neutral mood. Men with high stress sensitivity gambled more money and more frequently selected the riskier betting option in the sadness condition, whereas women with heightened stress sensitivity display the same pattern in the neutral condition. Our study is relevant from a methodological standpoint and answers recent calls for endorsing open-science practices in gambling research. Findings also suggest that more research into female gambling is warranted and that emotion-regulation skills should be a central component of problem gambling prevention.
... Furthermore, significant sex differences in various measurements of impulsivity in favor of males were found across different cultures by Chapple and Johnson (2007) in a sample of US children from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), by Yago, Hirose, Kawamura, Omori, and Okamitsu (2015) for Japanese toddlers, by Hadiyono and Kahn (2010) for both American and Indonesian students, by Magnússon, Smári, Grétarsdóttir, and Prándardóttir (1999) for Icelandic children, and by Burns, Walsh, Gomez, and Hafetzor (2006) for both American and Malaysian children. Brewis, Schmidt, and Sánchez Casas 269 (2003) reported higher scores for girls than boys in impulse control in a US sample but no sex differences in a Mexican sample. ...
... Our ndings evince partial support for this alternate view; speci cally, we found that women tended to prefer immediate over delayed rewards when embodying a male avatar, although no such di erences were found in men. While gender di erences have been described in potentially related psychological constructs 20 , such as impulsivity 53 , only very few studies have looked at the e ect of sex in the intertemporal discounting paradigm. Contrary to Soutschek et al. ...
Mounting evidence has demonstrated that embodied virtual reality, during which physical bodies are replaced with virtual surrogates, can strongly alter cognition and behavior even when the virtual body radically differs from one’s own. One particular emergent area of interest is the investigation of how virtual gender swaps can influence choice behaviors. Economic decision-making paradigms have repeatedly shown that women tend to display more prosocial sharing choices than men. To examine whether a virtual gender swap can alter gender-specific differences in prosociality, 48 men and 51 women embodied either a same- or different-gender avatar in immersive virtual reality. In a between-subjects design, we differentiated between specifically social and non-social decision-making by means of a virtually administered interpersonal and intertemporal discounting task, respectively. We hypothesized that a virtual gender swap would elicit social behaviors that stereotypically align with the gender of the avatar. To relate potential effects to changes in self-perception, we also measured implicit and explicit identification with gendered (or gender-typical) traits prior to and following the virtual experience, and used questionnaires that assessed the strength of the illusion. Contrary to our hypothesis, our results show that participants made less prosocial decisions (i.e., became more selfish) in different-gender avatars, independent of their own biological sex. Moreover, women embodying a male avatar in particular were more sensitive to temptations of immediate rewards. Lastly, the manipulation had no effects on implicit and explicit identification with gendered traits. To conclude, while we showed that a virtual gender swap indeed alters decision-making, gender-based expectancies cannot account for all the task-specific interpersonal and intertemporal changes following the virtual gender swap.
... Assim, pode-se notar que a tomada de decisão foi semelhante entre os estudantes de ambos os gêneros. Os resultados podem ser atribuídos a homogeneidade da amostra e diferenciam-se de outros achados na literatura (Zuckerman e Kuhlman, 2000;Araújo & Silva, 2007;Chapple & Johnson, 2007;Cotrim, 2014;Flores & Vieira, 2016). A Tabela 5 apresenta os resultados relacionados ao excesso de confiança. ...
A tomada de decisão financeira é um dos aspectos estudados pelas Finanças Comportamentais, que partem do pressuposto da racionalidade limitada dos indivíduos. Considerando especificamente os estudantes, pode-se compreender a validade dos julgamentos realizados, sendo um auxílio na atuação profissional dos mesmos. Assim, o presente estudo buscou analisar os vieses comportamentais de aversão à perda e excesso de confiança nos estudantes do Curso de Administração de uma Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul sob a ótica do gênero. O primeiro viés faz com que os indivíduos corram riscos mais freqüentes em suas decisões, já o segundo, faz com que os mesmos confiem mais do que deveriam em seus próprios conhecimentos e opiniões. Realizou-se uma pesquisa survey composta por 81 respondentes, a partir de um questionário estruturado, o qual abordou os vieses comportamentais e questões de perfil. Por meio da análise foi possível observar que os estudantes possuem os vieses analisados e que estes afetam a tomada de decisão. Sob a ótica do gênero, percebeu-se que não há diferença.
... Although these variables were included in the model as covariates rather than key predictors, results were consistent with findings from earlier studies-specifically suggesting that certain populations are at greater risk of failing to comply with the referred intervention(s) and are at greater risk of recidivating. The decreased likelihood of recidivism among female DUI offenders is supported by past literature (Robertson et al., 2016) and could be the result of the higher impulsivity rates among males (Chapple & Johnson, 2007). Impulsivity, as described by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990), has been linked to increased likelihood of criminal involvement, including DUI (Curran et al., 2010;Moan et al., 2013;Ryb et al., 2006). ...
Approximately one-third of DUI offenders in the United States are repeat offenders. The criminal justice system has used both deterrence-based and rehabilitation approaches to prevent DUI recidivism. However, existing studies have not examined deterrence and rehabilitation as they relate to DUI recidivism in a single model. The goal of this study is to simultaneously examine the effects of an established deterrence-related measure (conviction celerity) and a rehabilitation outcome (intervention compliance) on DUI recidivism, specifically whether intervention compliance mediates the relationship between conviction celerity and DUI recidivism. Utilizing a statewide sample of DUI offenders (N = 6,936), a mediation model was tested to examine intervention compliance as a potential mediator between conviction celerity and recidivism, controlling for known correlates of DUI recidivism. The mediation model was unsupported, but compliance was significantly related to DUI recidivism. Several covariates were also related to compliance and recidivism. Findings suggest that compliance and other factors may increase the risk of DUI recidivism among certain populations. Results demonstrate the need for the criminal justice system and behavioral health providers to thoroughly assess DUI offenders to identify those at higher risk of recidivism, while emphasizing offenders’ treatment needs, treatment accessibility, and treatment retention in order to decrease DUI recidivism.
... Although consistent with the literature (e.g., Stoltenberg et al., 2008), it may be worth considering how social roles and expectations shift report of impulsivity across gender (Hebert et al., 1997). For example, men may be socialized to perceive impulsivity and impulsive behavior as aspects of masculinity, whereas women are more likely to be socialized that impulsive behavior increases likelihood of harm (Chapple & Johnson, 2007). ...
Substance use and risky sexual behavior are negative health outcomes associated with the heterogeneous construct of impulsivity and emerging adulthood. The present study appears to be the first to examine how different facets of impulsive personality may be used to depict various profiles that differentially predict engagement in substance use and risky sexual behavior. Specifically, this study extends previous research by providing a comprehensive examination of impulsivity profiles in relation to various health risk outcomes via negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency. Participants (N = 599) completed the Short Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, and Positive Urgency Scale (SUPPS-P), the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), and the Student Sexual Risks Scale (SSRS). Impulsivity profiles were examined using latent profile analysis in which varying degrees of the SUPPS-P facets were grouped together based on participant response patterns. Results of latent profile analyses indicated an optimal 5-profile solution (low total impulsivity, moderate total impulsivity, high lack of premeditation/lack of perseverance facets, moderate positive urgency/negative urgency/sensation seeking facets, high positive ur-gency/negative urgency/sensation seeking facets).
... Our findings evince partial support for this alternate view; specifically, we found that women tended to prefer immediate over delayed rewards when embodying a male avatar, although no such differences were found in men. While gender differences have been described in potentially related psychological constructs 20 , such as impulsivity 53 , only very few studies have looked at the effect of sex in the intertemporal discounting paradigm. Contrary to Soutschek et al. ...
... Ayrıca kayıtsız bağlanma biçimlerine sahip ergenlerin azalmış dürtü kontrolü puan ortalamalarının korkulu ve saplantılı bağlanma biçimlerine sahip olanlardan düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Kızlar ve erkeklerde dürtüselliği yordayan değişkenlerin incelendiği çalışmada erkeklerde anneye bağlanmanın dürtüselliği negatif yordadığı belirlenirken, kızlarda ise bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişki anlamlı bulunmamıştır(Chapple, Johnson, 2007). Bu bulguya göre DEHB ve ana-babaya bağlanma arasındaki ilişkide aracı değişkenlerin olabileceği düşünülebilir. ...
... Impulsivity is generally higher in males (Chapple and Johnson 2007;Gur et al. 2012;Hasson and Fine 2012;Riley et al. 2016), which is reflected in higher rates of criminality (Cross Figure 2.8: Regional controllability predicts n-back task activation and cognitive performance differently for males and females. (a) Brain regions at which the 2back minus 0-back GLM β weights are associated with 2-back d , a summary measure of task performance in n = 837 subjects with quality fMRI data. ...
The macroscale network structure of the brain is fundamental to the pathophysiology and treatment of several neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy, neurodegenerative disease, depression, and psychosis. Functional interactions at this scale index disease symptoms and guide exogenous interventions, such as brain stimulation or pharmacology. However, a lack of tools for measuring the underlying neurobiological drivers of these functional interactions, as well as phenotypic heterogeneity within disorders, hinders the ability to expand upon existing treatments and target them to the appropriate populations. Dynamical systems models have the potential to move beyond a statistical description of neural systems by positing mechanisms that link the physical form of a system with its emergent function. A subset of dynamical systems models, linear network spreading models, have proved especially useful for capturing activity fluctuations in neural systems. Existing tools allow these models to be studied through the lens of network control theory, which captures the system’s response to external inputs. Here, we use network spreading models and other computational tools to study structure-function relationships in the human brain and the mechanisms of Parkinson’s disease pathophysiology. First, we employed a network spreading model to characterize the neural substrates of individual differences in impulse control throughout development. Second, we incorporated external inputs into those models in order to explain the temporal progression of large- scale cortical activity patterns. Third, we used a network spreading model to confirm that endogenous levels of α-synuclein, along with both anterograde and retrograde transsynaptic diffusion drive Parkinson’s disease progression. Finally, we identify latent patterns of co- occurring pathologies in neuropathological autopsy data that can be predicted from in vivo biomarkers using statistical models. This collection of studies expands our understanding of how brain activity and misfolded proteins spread throughout the brain’s white matter connections and provides a computational framework for addressing heterogeneity in neurologic diseases. These findings are complementary to the aim of developing network-oriented therapies and lay a general framework for parsing disease heterogeneity across multiple fields of medicine.
... Because of notable sex differences in both selfregulatory traits and certain DMC components (Chapple and Johnson, 2007;Weller et al., 2018), we included participant sex as a covariate in our analyses. ...
Adolescence and emerging adulthood are developmental periods associated with increased risk taking, including alcohol and substance use and antisocial behaviors. Typical psychological growth from adolescence into early adulthood reflects increases in traits related to psychological regulation (e.g., greater emotional stability and less impulsivity), which are typically considered protective factors against risk behaviors. However, individuals may vary greatly in their development of these characteristics. This study examines the degree to which heterogeneity in developmental trajectories of psychological regulation are associated with later performance on decision-making skills battery. In this study, psychological regulation was assessed at age 10-12, with follow-up assessments at 14, 16, and 19 years. At age 19, we administered the Youth Decision-Making Competence (DMC; Parker & Fischhoff, 2005) measure. Correlational analyses revealed that lower psychological regulation, as early as age 10, was associated with lower DMC scores. A latent class growth mixture model yielded three distinct developmental trajectory classes of psychological dysregulation: (a) a Moderate-Stable group, a modal class that demonstrated stable and average regulative tendencies throughout adolescence, (b) a Low-Decreasing group, which demonstrated greater self-regulation throughout childhood, and a (c) High-Increasing group, which demonstrated low self-regulative tendencies (higher dysregulation) at age 10 that became increasingly dysregulated throughout adolescence. Individuals in the High-Increasing group demonstrated lower DMC performance than those in the Moderate-Stable and Low-Decreasing groups. Our findings also reinforce past work that indicates considerable individual differences in intra-individual change across adolescence, and that early patterns of psychological dysregulation development can impact later decision-making tendencies.
... Naast de mate van internetgebruik, zou het verschil in slachtofferschap tussen mannen en vrouwen ook verklaard kunnen worden door de mate van impulsiviteit. Mannen gedragen zich over het algemeen impulsiever dan vrouwen (Chapple & Johnson, 2007), wat invloed kan hebben op hun online gedrag en hun kans op online slachtofferschap. Impulsieve mensen nemen over het algemeen sneller beslissingen en hebben een verminderde oriëntatie op de lange-termijn consequenties van het eigen handelen, wat samengaat met (online) gedrag dat vaker resulteert in slachtofferschap. ...
In this cross-sectional study performed in Canada, we evaluated the frustration levels of prepartum and postpartum mother and father couple-pairs. Our goal was to determine if there were differences in frustration levels between mothers and fathers while listening to prolonged infant crying, and further, how frustration levels might differ between prepartum and postpartum samples. Using two discrete groups, prepartum (Sample 1; N = 48) and postpartum (Sample 2; N = 44) mother and father couple-pairs completed 600 s of listening to audio-recorded infant cry sounds. Participants continuously reported their subjective frustration using a computerized Continuous Visual Analog Scale (CVAS). There was no significant difference in frustration responses between mothers and fathers across both prepartum and postpartum samples. Postpartum mothers and fathers experienced greater frustration than their prepartum counterparts, and frustration increased faster in postpartum couples compared to prepartum couples. Informing first-time parents of the universal experiences of frustration to prolonged crying bouts that are characteristic of their infant's early weeks of life may lead to greater understanding towards their infant, and perhaps decreased instances of harmful responses.
Juvenile delinquency is a critical social problem around the globe. As vulnerable beings, it is critical to understand the reasons behind children's involvement in crime. The aim of the present study is to determine the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents in North Cyprus. The population of this research is formed by juvenile delinquent cases which are taken from the archival records of the General Directorate of Police spanning 2008-2018 in Northern Cyprus. In this direction, 2068 official police records are examined by quantitative research methods, frequency analysis and Pearson chi-square tests were applied to the data. The findings contribute to understanding the dimensions of juvenile delinquency in the country. Northern Cyprus is not recognised as an independent republic, and compared to other European countries Cyprus still has low crime rates for both adult and juvenile offenders. We determined that most delinquent youths in the 16-17 age group, attending school and mostly involved in property crime. The highest rate of involvement in crime is in the biggest three cities in which both social and physical disorders are highly ranked, while social control is low. Identifying the factors behind juvenile delinquency is vital to contributing to social policies and psychosocial support mechanisms on this issue.
Adolescents need to develop adequate perspective-taking skills to successfully navigate their increasingly complex social environments. This study investigated adolescents' development of the cognitive processes of egocentric and altercentric interference that influence perspective-taking abilities. Using the Dot Perspective Task, participants' (N = 803; 50.9% female) egocentric and altercentric interference was measured during 3 consecutive years from 12 to 14 years of age. Linear mixed model analyses showed that whereas overall task performance improved over time, egocentric and altercentric interference increased over time. These results suggest that perspective taking develops at slower rates when there are conflicting perspectives than in situations with no conflict. Moreover, we found that girls showed less egocentric interference than boys. This result provides task-based evidence that supports previous findings of higher self-reported perspective taking in adolescent girls than in adolescent boys.
Background
Suicide is the second leading cause of death in adolescents. Sleep disturbances could alter inhibitory processes and contribute to dangerous behaviors in this critical developmental period. Adolescents in suicidal crisis have been shown to have lighter sleep compared to healthy controls. Additionally, suicidal adolescents have lower neural resources mobilized by emotionally charged inhibition processing. The present exploratory study aimed to determine how sleep architecture in suicidal adolescents may relate to inhibition processing in response to emotional stimuli.
Methods
Ten adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and who attempted suicide were recruited while hospitalized for a suicidal crisis in a psychiatric inpatient unit. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded prior to bedtime during a Go/NoGo task involving pictures of sad, happy, and neutral faces. Polysomnography was then recorded throughout the night. Pearson correlations were conducted to investigate how inhibition performance and ERP parameters reflecting inhibition processing (i.e., P3d and N2d derived from difference waveform calculated as NoGo minus Go trials) relate to sleep architecture.
Results
Poorer inhibition accuracy in response to emotional stimuli was significantly correlated with shorter REM sleep latency, higher REM sleep, and more frequent nocturnal awakenings. The P3d in response to sad faces was negatively correlated with NREM2 sleep and positively correlated with NREM3 sleep. No such association with the P3d was found for happy or neutral stimuli. There were no significant correlations for the N2d.
Conclusion
Altered sleep in adolescents with depression who are in a suicidal crisisis associated with behavioral inhibition difficulties and fewer neural resources mobilized by inhibitory processes in emotionally charged contexts. This highlights the importance of addressing sleep disturbances while managing suicidal crises in adolescents.
Objective
Spousal violence in Pakistan is under researched but still not considered as a public health problem. The current study is intended to analyze the association between multiple measures of impulsivity, impulsive aggression, and borderline personality feature among violent spouses as well as to find out the moderating role of impulsive aggression between spousal violence and borderline personality features.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey research design was used for conducting the research. The sample of 300 spouses, experiencing intimate partner relationships, was taken from different cities of the Hazara division through purposive sampling.
Results
Present study demonstrated a significant positive correlation of spousal violence with impulsivity (r = .708**, P < .001), impulsive aggression (r = .176**, P < .001), and borderline personality features (r = .605**, P < .001), while impulsivity was negatively correlated with impulsive aggression (r = -.018, P < .01). Impulsive aggression moderates the relationship between spousal violence and borderline personality features. The results showed that male and female spouses were found equally impulsive and impulsively aggressive. Likewise, impulsivity, impulsive aggression, and borderline personality features were found significant predictors of violence F = (3, 296) = 106. 67, P < .001.
Conclusion
Current research offers some important insights and consequences for physicians and practitioners who interact with individuals who have experienced violence. These results have significant therapeutic implications for the treatment of violent couples.
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, family psychological vulnerability environment (FPVE) and drug use among adolescents.
Design/methodology/approach
The quantitative survey using paper and pencil was administered to collect data from 284 parents registered with a paediatric clinic in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), most of whom claimed that their children used drugs. FPVE was measured by eight scales: family relationship patterns and drug use habits; hereditary predisposition to drug use; transmission of moral values to children (reverse); parents’ hereditary predisposition; parental drug use; depression; impulsiveness; and anxiety.
Findings
Dimensions of FPVE that had an effect on drug use by adolescents were: the family relationship and drug use patterns of the family of procreation, drug use by the parents and heredity in relation to drug use. Conversely, the family relationship and drug use patterns of the family of origin and the parents’ anxiety, symptoms of depression and impulsiveness did not affect their children’s drug use.
Research limitations/implications
One limitation of this study is the sample of parents. These parents were parents of adolescents who were on psychological treatment. The authors do not know if part of parents who declared that their children do not are drugs user, because the treatment effect. Another limitation is that the authors did not compare the effect of parents’ drugs misuse with parents who do not use drugs on adolescents’ drugs use. One other limit is that the authors treated the parents regardless of they were mothers and fathers.
Originality/value
This study expands the study of the antecedents on drug use by adolescents, considering FPVE as a construct. Regarding this construct, when facing resources limitation, the practitioners can prioritize strategies to prevent adolescents’ drug use.
Esta investigación estudió la impulsividad y el conflicto familiar como predictores del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas ilegales. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa, mediante un estudio de corte transversal, correlacional y predictivo, para el cual se aplicó un cuestionario conformado por la Escala de Impulsividad de Plutchik y algunos reactivos de la escala de Climent, Aragón y Plutchik, la subescala de conflicto familiar (incluida en el DUSI) e indicadores para explorar consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Participaron 344 estudiantes de nivel medio en Veracruz, México. El 9% había consumido alguna sustancia psicoactiva ilegal, este grupo presentó una impulsividad alta en comparación con los no usuarios, así como mayor frecuencia a correr riesgos. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre el conflicto familiar, la impulsividad y el consumo de sustancias ilegales. La impulsividad fue un predictor del consumo de sustancias. Estos hallazgos hacen evidente la necesidad de diseñar intervenciones que favorezcan el manejo de emociones y toma de decisiones, así como la inclusión de la familia en programas preventivos. Palabras Claves Impulsividad; conflicto familiar; consumo de drogas; adolescentes ABSTRACT This research studied impulsiveness and family conflict as predictors of illegal psychoactive substance use. The objective of this research was to analyze the differences in impulsiveness and family conflict between high school student users and non-users of illegal psychoactive substances. A quantitative methodology through a cross-sectional, correlational study was carried out. A questionnaire composed by the Plutchik scale of impulsiveness, some items of the Climent, Aragón and Plutchik Scale of Impulsiveness, family conflicts subscale (included in the DUSI) and indicators to explore consumption of psychoactive substances. The sample was composed by 344 high school students from Veracruz, México. The results show that 9.0% have consumed illegal drugs, this group presented high impulsiveness in comparison with non-users. A correlation was found between family conflict, impulsiveness and use of psychoactive substances, it was also found that impulsiveness and risk taking were predictors of illegal drug use. The results show that it is necessary to design interventions that favor management of emotions and decision making in adolescents, as well as the participation of the family in substance use prevention programs.
Prior research has demonstrated that poor self-control skills in childhood and adolescence are associated with greater behavioral problems (e.g., anger, attention deficits). However, the current study was the first to investigate these associations among the unique sample of special educated Arab-Israeli children, and individual characteristics (e.g., gender, age) that may influence the relationship between self-control and behavioral problems were explored. Participants (n=125) were first or second graders, and both the child’s parent and teacher completed questionnaires assessing the children’s self-control skills and behavioral problems. Self-control skills (both parent and teacher report) were negatively associated with both parent- and teacher-reported behavioral problems (introversive problems (rs>-.50, p<.01), extroversive problems (rs>-.45, p<.01), and general problems (rs>-.52, p<.01)). Females exhibited higher self-control skills (both parent and teacher report) than males (ps<.05), and both females and first graders exhibited fewer behavioral problems (introversive, extroversive, and general problems) than second graders (ps<.05). Thus, the current study highlights the importance of strong self-control skills as a deterrent for developing behavioral problems, which may inform early intervention efforts in Arab-Israeli primary school students.
The purpose of this study is to explore an alternative approach to unravel how both self-control and peer influence relate to offending. Deriving from a dual-systems framework, this study hypothesizes that individuals with varying levels of self-control will be differentially susceptible to the effects of both exposure to deviant peers and informal socializing with peers. Analyses are based on a sample of serious youthful offenders from the Pathways to Desistance Study. The results indicate that exposure to deviant peers has a stronger impact on offending for individuals with higher self-control, consistent with the hypothesis. However, individuals with higher self-control are more vulnerable to unstructured and unsupervised socializing with peers than those lower in self-control, which counters the hypothesis.
Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) core proposition concerning the relationship between self-control and crime has been tested by numerous researchers. However, other important assertions of the theory have received less attention, particularly those relating to family characteristics as determinants of self-control. This research seeks to answer three questions, all focusing on the family. First, do family socialization variables predict self-control? Second, do the more structural family variables, such as socioeconomic status, family form, and family size, predict self-control directly or through the socialization variables? Finally, do the demographic variables of gender, race, and age predict self-control, and if so, are the effects direct or indirect through the structural family variables and / or the socialization variables? Using a sample of 1,139 junior high and high school students, we find that both parental supervision and attachment are strong predictors of self-control. With the exception of parental education, the structural family background variables exert their influence on self-control through the family process variables of attachment and supervision. Finally, both age and gender are direct predictors of self-control, even controlling for the structural background and family process variables, while the effect of race is entirely explained by family variables.
Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime has been extensively tested by researchers in the field of criminology, and measures of self-control have been shown to predict crime, delinquency, and deviance. With few exceptions, however, the theory has not been applied to the study of adolescent sexual behavior. Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) and the Children of the NLSY79, this research explores the direct and indirect effects of parenting and self-control on adolescent sexual behavior. Self-control predicts engagement in sexual activity, the number of sex partners, and relationship to last sex partner. Self-control also mediates the relationship between certain parental behaviors and adolescent sexual behavior.
This article assesses empirically whether Gottfredson and Hirschi's “general theory” can account for the “gender gap” in crime and, when rival theories are included in the analysis, can explain criminal behavior for both males and females. Based on a sample of 555 adults, the results indicate that the relationship of gender to crime becomes nonsignificant when self-control is introduced into the analysis. Further, when males and females are analyzed separately, self-control is related, albeit differently, to males' and females' criminal involvement. These results suggest that Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory should be incorporated into future empirical assessments of gender and crime.
Several empirical studies have attempted to estimate the effect of low self-control on criminal and "analogous" behaviors. Most of these studies have shown that low self- control is an important feature of the cause(s) of crime. Although research is begin- ning to emerge that targets more specifically the "roots" of self-control via parental socialization (the most salient factor in the development of self-control according to Hirschi and Gottfredson), researchers have yet to explore the degree to which the structural characteristics of communities may influence patterns of parental social- ization and, in turn, individual levels of self-control. To address this question, the authors employ longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) to examine community-level influences on parental socialization and self- control. The results indicate (1) self-control was predicted both cross-sectionally and longitudinally by both parental socialization and adverse neighborhood conditions, (2) the total effect of adverse neighborhood conditions on children's levels of self- control was just as strong as the total effect for indicators of parental socialization, and (3) important race differences did emerge, particularly with regard to the inter- relationships between our neighborhood-level measures and parental socialization.
Past research has assessed gender differences in delinquency due to differential social controls, yet important questions remain regarding gender and social bonding. As much of this work was premised on Hirschi's measurement of the social bond, we examine whether gender moderates two parts of the social bond: the measurement of the social bond and structural differences between the social bond and delinquency. Using multiple-group structural equation modeling, we find that neither the measures of the social bond nor their relationships with property crime are gender-specific. The structural relationship between the elements of the social bond and violent delinquency differs slightly for boys and girls. We discuss implications of this research for social control theory, measuring the social bond and for gender-specific theories of social bonding and control.
Criminologists are often interested in examining interactive effects within a regression context. For example, “holding other relevant factors constant, is the effect of delinquent peers on one's own delinquent conduct the same for males and females?” or “is the effect of a given treatment program comparable between first-time and repeat offenders?” A frequent strategy in examining such interactive effects is to test for the difference between two regression coefficients across independent samples. That is, does b1= b2? Traditionally, criminologists have employed a t or z test for the difference between slopes in making these coefficient comparisons. While there is considerable consensus as to the appropriateness of this strategy, there has been some confusion in the criminological literature as to the correct estimator of the standard error of the difference, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of coefficient differences, in the t or z formula. Criminologists have employed two different estimators of this standard deviation in their empirical work. In this note, we point out that one of these estimators is correct while the other is incorrect. The incorrect estimator biases one's hypothesis test in favor of rejecting the null hypothesis that b1= b2. Unfortunately, the use of this incorrect estimator of the standard error of the difference has been fairly widespread in criminology. We provide the formula for the correct statistical test and illustrate with two examples from the literature how the biased estimator can lead to incorrect conclusions.
The parental questionnaire FTF (Five to Fifteen) was given to parents of 76 children (mean age 11 years) diagnosed with ADHD. About half of the children had at least once been referred to a speech- and language pathologist. Most of them had not received any intervention or follow-up. A factor analysis identified six problem areas, which explain close to 75% of the total variation: Cognitive Skills, Motor/Perception, Emotion/Socialisation/Behaviour, Attention, Literacy Skills and Activity Control. The majority of the children had pragmatic problems, which are associated with some of the core aspects of the ADHD symptoms, especially inattention and impulsiveness. Communication and language comprehension caused these children many more problems than expressive language. Problems of reading and writing were very frequent. IQ-score was associated with maths and reading/writing. Additional items reflecting language skills, in particular language comprehension and pragmatics, were also found in other domains in the FTF, mainly in Executive functions, Learning and Social skills. Problems with language and pragmatics thus seem to be associated with the typical problems with learning and social skills in children with ADHD.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is currently defined as a cognitive/behavioral developmental disorder where all clinical criteria are behavioral. inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness are presently regarded as the main clinical symptoms. the dynamic developmental behavioral theory is based on the hypothesis that altered dopaminergic function plays a pivotal role by failing to modulate nondopaminergic (primarily glutamate and gaba) signal transmission appropriately. a hypofunctioning mesolimbic dopamine branch produces altered reinforcement of behavior and deficient extinction of previously reinforced behavior. this gives rise to delay aversion, development of hyperactivity in novel situations, impulsiveness, deficient sustained attention, increased behavioral variability, and failure to responses ().
Attachment theory and research from developmental psychology suggest that disruptions in attachments to primary caregivers in early childhood have long-term negative consequences. Scholars in the emerging field of men’s studies argue that boys disproportionately experience these disruptions of early attachment and that these disruptions are causally related to elements of what is often described as the masculine gender role. These two bodies of theory and research are combined with Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) theory of low self-control in a new theory of disproportionate male offending.
The mean level of delinquency is generally greater in males than in females. This article investigates whether the determinants of this mean sex difference are the same as those of delinquency variation within-sex. The first analytic approach focused on variables. A variable that explained more variation among individuals in delinquency also had a larger mean difference between males and females. The correlates of delinquency were also similar in males and females. The second analytic approach used individuals as the unit of analysis. In a structural equation model, a single latent trait could explain most of the sex difference in the manifest variables of delinquency, impulsivity, rebelliousness, and deceitfulness. The mean difference in delinquency between males and females may arise because males are more exposed to these common etiologic factors than are females.
List of figures List of tables Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study 3. Sex differences in the amount of antisocial behaviour: dimensional measures 4. Sex differences in the prevalence of antisocial behaviour: categorical diagnostic measures 5. Sex differences in physical violence and sex similarities in partner abuse 6. Sex and the developmental stability of antisocial behaviour 7. Sex and the age of onset of delinquency and conduct disorder 8. Sex effects in risk predictors for antisocial behaviour: are males more vulnerable than females to risk factors for antisocial behaviour? 9. Sex effects in risk predictors for antisocial behaviour: are males exposed to more risk factors for antisocial behaviour? 10. Can sex differences in personality traits help to explain sex differences in antisocial behaviour? 11. Sex and comorbidity: are there sex differences in the co-occurrence of conduct disorder and other disorders? 12. Do girls who develop antisocial behaviour surmount a higher threshold of risk than their male counterparts? 13. Sex differences in the effects of antisocial behaviour on young adult outcomes 14. Sex, antisocial behaviour and mating: mate selection and early childbearing 15. Evaluating the recommendation to relax the criteria for diagnosing conduct disorder in girls 16. Life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial behaviour among males and females 17. Priorities for a research agenda References Index.
This study examines the effects of marital disruption on children's behavior, accounting for variations in postdisruption living arrangements and the effects of parent-child relationships and marital conflict. The study is based on a 1981 national sample of 1,400 children aged 12-16. Disruption was associated with a higher incidence of several behavior problems, negative effects being greatest with multiple marital transitions. The negative effects are lower if the child lives with the same-sex parent following divorce or maintains a good relationship with one or both parents. High, persistent conflict in intact families is also related to behavior problems.
This paper extends a power-control theory of common delinquent behavior developed by Hagan, Gillis, and Simpson in 1985. It does so by bringing the class analysis of delinquency into the household, using a new model of class relations based on the relative positions of husbands and wives in the workplace. In patriarchal families, wives have little power relative to husbands, daughters have little freedom relative to sons, and daughters are less delinquent than sons. These differences are diminished in egalitarian families. Power-control theory explains this variation in terms of (1) gender divisions in domestic social control and (2) the resulting attitudes toward risk taking. Power-control theory thereby accounts for class-specific declines in gender-delinquency relationships that previously required separate deprivation and liberation theories of gender and delinquency. The new theory calls for major changes in the study of class, gender, and delinquency, as well as for a new appreciation of the importance of gender and structures of patriarchy in many other social processes.
Focusing on gender and age variations and using various measures of self-control and of crime/deviance, the authors' provide additional evidence concerning the strongest implications of self-control theory—that self-control interprets the main demo-graphic facts about crime/deviance and is of approximately equal import for all sub-categories of individuals. On one hand, the results are strongly supportive of the theory, showing that some measures of self-control not only predict misbehavior but they interpret the associations between gender and age and measures of crime/deviance. On the other hand, self-control does not appear to predict misbehavior equally well among various subcategories of individuals, particularly not for age groups, even failing to predict misbehavior at all for some groupings. Moreover, sup-port for the strongest claims of the theory are not robust, varying depending on how self-control and crime/deviance are measured.
Self-control theory has received extensive empirical attention in the past decade, but most studies have not tested its arguments about the effects of parenting on self-control and delinquency. Using data collected from a sample of urban high school students, this study addresses this void by examining two parenting-related hypotheses derived from the theory. For one of the hypotheses, the results with self-control theory are contrasted with those obtained with Baumrind's theory of authoritative parenting, a theory that also is concerned with the link between parenting and self-control. Results generally support self-control theory's two hypotheses, but also point to empirical limitations of the theory.
This research tests Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime as an explanation for gender differences in the delinquency of approximately 2,000 Canadian secondary school students. Separate psychological factors, including a preference for risk seeking, impulsivity, temper, present oriented, and carelessness, are used as measures of self-control, and additional measures of the construct are taken from the frequency of self-reported smoking and drinking. Elements of delinquent opportunity are controlled for by including measures of parental/adult super-vision. These measures and their interactions are used to predict self-reported general delinquency, property offenses, violence, and drug offenses. Results provide partial support for the general theory, revealing relationships between measures of self-control and delinquency that vary by magnitude across genders and for different offense types. Implications for the generality of the theory are discussed.
This article addresses two issues that have received little attention in empirical research-the mechanisms explaining variation in violent delinquency within gender and variation in levels of violence across gender, or the gender gap. Toward these ends, the article synthesizes arguments from differential association theory, feminist theory, and gender studies. The outcome is a theoretical model of gender and violent delinquency that focuses on the interplay between structural positions and cultural processes. The theoretical model includes a core construct of differential association theory-the learning of definitions favorable to violence-as well as arguments about cultural definitions or meanings of gender and gender differences in the role of familial controls and peer influence, which are derived from feminist theory and gender studies. It then examines how these cultural processes are conditioned by structural positions. One of the key arguments is that the violent delinquency of females is controlled through rather subtle, indirect mechanisms, while the violence of males is controlled in more direct, overt ways. The results of the empirical analysis support the the-oretical arguments, contribute to the limited understanding of the variation in violent offending among females, and explain the sources of the gender gap in violent delinquency. The article thereby allows greater understanding of the broader phenomenon of juvenile violence.
Hagan (1990) a adapté la théorie du pouvoir‐contrôle pour expliquer le rôle joué par la distinction homme‐femme dans la vulnérabilité au crime, mélange de victimisation et d'offense, et la recherche d'une sortie par rôle déviant. Les auteures « revisitent » ces propos et, con‐sidérant la victimisation et l'offense séparément, essaient d'élargir le concept de recherche de sortie, y compris la réalisation d'une sortie par rôle déviant. Les analyses révèlent que ce modèle explique en partie les différences de sexe dans la dealinquance, mais cela n'est le cas ni pour la victimisation ni pour la recherche de sortie par rôle déviant. Les variables du pouvoir‐contrôle exercent leur influence de manière différente sur le rapport entre sexe et tentatives de sortie par rôle déviant. En guise de conclusion, il est proposé que ce modèle se révèle capable d'améliorer la compréhension du rôle des différences liées au sexe dans des comportements autres que criminels.
Hagan (1990) extended power‐control theory to explain gender differences in vulnerability to crime, a composite of victimization and offending, and the search for deviant role exits. We revisit this elaboration, considering victimization and offending separately, broadening the concept of search for role exits, and including enactment of role exits. Analyses reveal that the model partially explains gender differences in delinquency, but not victimization or the search for role exits. The power‐control variables differentially impact the relationship between gender and role exit behaviour. We conclude that the model promises to improve our understanding of gender differences in behaviours other than crime.
One of the most widely accepted findings in criminology is the strong curvilinear association between age and crime. Studies have indicated that involvement in criminal behavior rises throughout the teenage years until it levels off during the late teenage and early adult years and then declines throughout the remainder of the life span. Many of these studies, however, have relied on cross-sectional or repeated cross-sectional officially recorded data. In recent years, researchers investigating changes in self-reported criminal behavior among the same individuals as they age have discovered that involvement in criminal behavior actually declines during the adolescent years. Although there are a number of possible explanations for this phenomenon, we explore the extent to which this decline can be attributed to selective or non-random panel attrition.
This paper considers the problem of missing data in two circumstances commonly confronted by criminologists. In the first circumstance, there is missing data due to subject attrition—some cases drop out of a study. In this context, analysts are frequently interested in examining the association between an independent variable measured at time t(x
t
) and an outcome variable that is measured at time t + 1(y
t
+ 1); the problem is that the outcome variable is only observed for those cases which do not drop out of the study. In the second circumstance there is missing data on an independent variable of interest for typical reasons (i.e., the respondent did not wish to answer a question or could not be located). In this case, researchers are interested in estimating the association between the independent variable with missing data and an outcome variable that is fully observed. Criminologists often handle these two missing data problems by conducting analyses on the subsample of observations with complete data. In this paper, we explore this problem with two case studies and we then illustrate the use of methods that directly address the uncertainty produced by missing data.
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime contends that low self-control interacts with opportunity to produce criminal and analogous behaviors. Although several theoretical and empirical attempts have been aimed at assessing the general theory, researchers have been slow to examine one of the central postulates of the general theory: the stability postulate. Gottfredson and Hirschi contend that once established by ages eight to ten, self-control remains relatively stable over the life-course. In the only study to address this question, Arneklev, Cochran, and Gainey found that self-control levels were relatively stable in a four month test–retest among college students. In this article, the work of Arneklev et al. is extended and examination is made of the stability postulate in childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood. Using a national probability sample, as well as behavioral and attitudinal measures of self-control, the results offer mixed support for Gottfredson and Hirschi's stability postulate. Theoretical and future research directions are advanced.
This paper incorporates an emphasis placed on relational processes in contemporary feminist scholarship, and in so doing extends the development of a power-control theory of gender and delinquency. Feminist scholarship emphasizes that relational processes - involving shared intimacy, mutual understanding, caring and other kinds of interpersonal affect - are more characteristic of women than men. However, there is debate among feminist scholars, such as Gilligan and MacKinnon, as to the sources of this difference. An elaboration and test of power-control theory suggests that mothers in patriarchal families are assigned roles in controlling daughters, relationally and consequently instrumentally, more than sons, and that this leads daughters to prefer risk taking less than do sons. Therefore daughters in such families engage in less delinquency than do sons. In other words, these data indicate that there is a sexual stratification in the social control of adolescents that is connected to patriarchal family structure, and that this is important to the explanation of gender differences in delinquency. The analysis indicates that these gender differences are social structural in origin rather than biologically inherent.
Almost all of what is known about the families of runaways and homeless adolescents is based on adolescent self-reports. The validity of such research is currently being questioned by policy makers. The purpose of this study was to compare runaway and homeless adolescent reports and parent/caretaker reports on measures of parenting, family violence, and adolescent conduct.
Reports of 120 runaway adolescents and their parents/caretakers from four Midwestern states were compared on measures of parental monitoring, parental warmth and supportiveness, parental rejection, physical and sexual abuse, and adolescent conduct. Comparison groups of nonrunaway adolescents and their mothers in two-parent and single-parent families from the same geographical area were also used for parenting and adolescent conduct measures.
The findings indicated that although there were significant differences in means between adults and adolescents regardless of runaway status, adults and adolescent reports were in the same direction and present similar portraits of families of runaway and homeless young people. Both the parents/caretakers and their runaway adolescents reported lower levels of parental monitoring and warmth and supportiveness and higher levels of parental rejection than comparison groups of nonrunaway families. Parents/caretakers and runaway adolescents reported high levels of family violence and sexual abuse. Similarly, they concur regarding conduct problems for the adolescents.
The findings suggest that runaway and homeless adolescents accurately depict the troubled family situations that they choose to leave. The policy implications for recent debates involving criminalization and mandatory return to parental custody of homeless and runaway youth are discussed.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is currently defined as a cognitive/behavioral developmental disorder where all clinical criteria are behavioral. inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness are presently regarded as the main clinical symptoms. the dynamic developmental behavioral theory is based on the hypothesis that altered dopaminergic function plays a pivotal role by failing to modulate nondopaminergic (primarily glutamate and gaba) signal transmission appropriately. a hypofunctioning mesolimbic dopamine branch produces altered reinforcement of behavior and deficient extinction of previously reinforced behavior. this gives rise to delay aversion, development of hyperactivity in novel situations, impulsiveness, deficient sustained attention, increased behavioral variability, and failure to responses ().
Behavioral and neuropsychological evidence has often shown that children with conduct disorder drawn from clinical populations show problems with impulsivity and are impaired in motor tasks of inhibitory control. We explored the relation between conduct problems and inhibitory deficits in a community sample. Three domains of inhibition were explored in 54 adolescents with conduct problems compared to 53 age, IQ, sex, school, and ethnicity matched controls in 2 geographical areas. Motor response inhibition was assessed using the Stop task, verbal inhibition using the Hayling Sentence Completion test, and cognitive interference inhibition using the Stroop task. Adolescents with conduct problems showed deficits in executive and inhibitory processes of the motor response inhibition task, but were unimpaired in cognitive or verbal inhibitory control. No sex differences were observed and impairments were independent of IQ or geographical location. Findings suggest that motor deficits, rather than higher cognitive forms of inhibitory control, are a specific deficit in children with conduct problems, that girls are as affected as boys, and that motor impulsiveness is a dimensional trait associated with conduct problems, as it is also observed in the community.
Gender, social bonds and delinquency: A comparison of boys' and girls' models 1998 child & young adult data: A user's guide. Columbus: The Hay Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control theory
- C L Chapple
- J Mcquillian
- T A Berdahl
Chapple, C. L., McQuillian, J., & Berdahl, T. A. (2005). Gender, social bonds and delinquency: A comparison of boys' and girls' models. Social Science Research, 34, 357-383. Center for Human Resource Research. (2000). 1998 child & young adult data: A user's guide. Columbus: The Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control theory. Criminology, 39, 707-736.
Gender and crime The generality of deviance
- M A Zager
Zager, M. A. (1994). Gender and crime. In T. Hirschi & M. R. Gottfredson (Eds.), The generality of deviance (pp. 71-80). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.