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Monoculodes Curtipediculus (amphipoda, Oedicerotidae), A New Species From Mcmurdo Sound, Antarctica
Abstract
A new oedicerotid amphipod, Monoculodes curtipediculus is described from benthic collections taken from sites offshore of the U.S. Antarctic base at McMurdo Station in the Ross Sea. The morphology of the antennae, rostrum, gnathopods, peraeopods 3 and 4, and the uropods are the major characteristics which serve to distinguish the new species from its congeners in the southern hemisphere. The new species is fully illustrated, extensively compared with related species, and a key is given to the five Monoculodes species with shortened carpal lobes on gnathopod 2, recorded from southern hemisphere waters.
... Monoculodes curtipediculus was very common in its type locality, at depths of 20 -23 m. The original material consisted of more than 600 individuals found in 10 samples (Hendrycks&Conlan 2003). In the present samples, 29 individuals were found in 11 samples, all coming from a depth of ca 100 m. ...
... nichollsii Lowry, 1984 Cape Géodésie (type loc.), Commonwealth Bay (Adelie Coast), Bouvet Island 45-720 7 Lowry 1984, Nicholls 1938, Bellan-Santini 1972, Arntz et al. 2006, De Broyer et al. 2007 Oedicerotidae Monoculodes curtipediculus Hendrycks&Conlan 2003 ...
The present analysis is based on 140 quantitative samples collected from depths of 20 to 500 m in the central basin of Admiralty Bay and its inner shallow area, Ezcurra Inlet. One hundred and twenty species were identified, of which 47 species were new for Admiralty Bay. Mean density of crustaceans decreased with depth. Highest species richness was observed at depths of 50–100 m. Historical data and present investigations revealed distinct differences in the amphipod assemblages at different depths. In the subtidal zone, Gondogeneia antarctica was the dominant species; in the shallow sublittoral (down to ca 50 m) Prostebbingia gracilis and Hippomedon kergueleni played an important role. Below 50 m, the importance of phoxocephalid species increased.
Individuals and populations of Odontaster validus Koehler differed markedly among different habitats, as revealed in a study from October 1984 through January 1986 in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. At McMurdo Station, individual sizes (wet weight) and population biomass (g wet wt m-2 and kJ m-2) decreased significantly with increasing depth. Individuals from shallow (10 to 20 m) habitats were in superior nutritional condition to those from deeper water (30 and 165 m), as shown by higher gonad and pyloric cecum indexes, and by higher lipid and energetic levels in the pyloric ceca. Moreover, gonadal output (reproductive output) was higher in shallow-water individuals. Higher levels of chlorophyll in the pyloric ceca and richer yellow to red coloration of the body wall in the shallow-water individuals indicate that they utilize the higher levels of primary production at shallow depths. At East Cape Armitage, where nearly permanent, thick, snow-covered ice most of the year resulted in very low levels of benthic primary production, the lowdensity sea stars were all very small and nutritionally similar to the deep-water individuals at McMurdo Station. At Cape Evans, where the generally snow-free sea-ice that broke up in mid-summer resulted in a luxurient benthic cover of diatoms and macroalgae, the sea stars were smaller than at McMurdo Station at comparable depths, but population densities were higher, resulting in 4 to 9 times greater biomass. Growth rates of sea stars fed in the laboratory were very low, especially compared to laboratory-reared temperate and tropical species; well-fed individuals need about 9 yr to reach 30 g wet weight, near the mean size of shallowwater individuals at McMurdo Station. No growth was detected in individuals caged at McMurdo Station for one year, suggesting even lower growth rates in the field. The stable size-frequency distributions at the different sites and depths throughout the year-long study suggest highly stable populations with low temporal variability in recruitment, migration and mortality. These data indicate that individuals and populations of O. validus quantitatively and qualitatively reflect the general level of productivity of a habitat. Differences noted in size, coloration, nutrition, and reproductive effort may be the result of long-term integration of local levels of primary production. These ubiquitous sea stars may serve as a biotic indicator of productivity in localized habitats around the continental shelf of Antarctica.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Biological Sciences, Stanford University. Bibliography: leaves 189-203.
The benthos of the east and west sides of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, is characterized by dramatically different infaunal assemblages.
The eutrophic East Sound has higher infaunal densities than almost any other benthic assemblage in the world. In contrast,
the oligotrophic West Sound, bathed by currents from beneath the Ross Ice Shelf, has patterns of mobile epifauna and low infauna
density similar to bathyl deep-sea communities.
Hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts of 18 species of antarctic sponges were tested for their ability to induce sustained tube-foot retraction in the antarctic spongivorous sea starPerknaster fuscus. Extracts were imbedded in silicone and used to coat the tip of a glass rod, which was allowed to contact an extended tube-foot. Retraction times were measured and compared with three controls: contact with a glass rod coated with a hexane extract of fish (feeding stimulant), contact with the glass rod alone (mechanical control), and contact with the glass rod coated with silicone alone (silicone control). Only extracts of the spongeMycale acerata did not elicit significantly longer tube-foot retraction times than controls for at least one of the three organic extracts. Hexane sponge extracts elicited the lowest levels of significant tube-foot responses, with only 39% of the sponge species tested showing activity in this fraction. In contrast, chloroform and methanol extracts elicited a significant tube-foot retraction response in 73% and 78% of the species tested, respectively. This indicates that in this assay repellent metabolites are generally more polar substances. It remains to be determined that secondary metabolites are responsible for all of the tube-foot retraction responses detected in sea stars exposed to sponge extracts; bioactive secondary metabolites have been isolated from a number of these antarctic sponges. It may be of ecological significance that the two rapidly growing sponges,Homaxinella balfourensis andMycale acerata, were either not repellent or had low repellency, and thatM. acerata is the primary dietary item ofPerknaster fuscus.
Antarctic echinoderms appear to be adapted to a benthic environment characterized by long-term low availability of food resources. As predicted for a low-energy system, most echinoderms appear to expend little energy on feeding. Moreover, they are primarily generalists which opportunistically display scavenging or necrophagous feeding habits. Others exploit detrital material, or ingest microorganisms from the benthos and plankton. Those echinoderms which are feeding specialists exploit prey which are low in energy content yet extremely abundant, such as sponges. Even though individuals may have a low energy intake, it is likely that echinoderms play a significant role in energy transfer in antarctic benthos, as they are among the most abundant of epibenthic macroinvertebrate groups in shallow antarctic seas.
McMurdo Station is the United States Antarctic Research Program's (USARP) centre for scientific and logistical support for most of the continent and is the largest settlement in Antarctica. Over 30 years of human presence with shipping, air-transport, scientific, and municipal activities have resulted in severe but localized nearshore marine benthic pollution. This review will summarize the results of 3 years of research which has documented concentrations of chemical contaminants, changes in community patterns, and the toxicity of sediments to invertebrate species and infaunal communities. The primary contaminants are petroleum hydrocarbons in the sediments of Winter Quarters Bay, the site of shipping activities and a former dumpsite. Total hydrocarbon levels in sediments in Winter Quarters Bay were comparable to the most polluted harbours in temperate latitudes. However, a steep gradient of pollution existed: stations less than 1 km away were nearly pristine. Benthic invertebrate communities changed dramatically along this contamination gradient. The results of both field and laboratory bioassay experiments with contaminated sediments found that biological changes observed in benthic communities around McMurdo Station were most likely caused by hydrocarbons, PCBs, and PCTs. A primary goal of polar pollution research is to determine the response and tolerance of Antarctic biota to physical and chemical anthropogenic disturbance, and the mitigation of negative effects. To this end, future work should include continued monitoring of changes in chemical and community patterns, studies of the physiological responses of Antarctic invertebrates to chemical contamination, and further comparisons of anthropogenic and natural disturbances to benthic communities.
Sampling and field experiments were conducted from 1975 to 1990 to test how the structure of marine benthic communities around McMurdo Station, Antarctica varied with levels of anthropogenic contaminants in marine sediments. The structure of communities (e.g., infauna density, species composition, and life history characteristics) in contaminated and uncontaminated areas were compared with the structure of communities influenced by two large-scale natural disturbances, anchor ice formation and uplift or iceberg scour. Benthic communities changed radically along a steep spatial gradient of anthropogenic hydrocarbon, metal, and PCB contamination around McMurdo Station. The heavily contaminated end of the gradient, Winter Quarters Bay, was low in infaunal and epifaunal abundance and was dominated by a few opportunistic species of polychaete worms. The edge of the heavily contaminated bay, the transition area, contained several motile polychaete species with less opportunistic life histories. Uncontaminated sedimentary habitats harbored dense tube mats of infaunal animals numerically dominated by populations of polychaete worms, crustaceans, and a large suspension feeding bivalve. These species are generally large and relatively sessile, except for several crustacean species living among the tubes. Although the community patterns around anthropogenic and natural disturbances were similar, particularly motile and opportunistic species at heavily disturbed and marginal areas, the natural disturbances cover much greater areas of the sea floor about the entire Antarctic continent. On the other hand, recovery from chemical contamination is likely to take many more decades than recovery from natural disturbances as contaminant degradation is a slow process. 77 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.
SYNOPSIS. The interdisciplinary field of marine invertebrate chemical ecology is relatively young, and particularly so in polar marine environments. In this review we present evidence that the incidence of chemical defense in antarctic benthic marine invertebrate phyla is widespread. Mechanisms of chemical defense have been detected in antarctic representatives of the Porifera, Cnidaria, Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Nemertea, Mollusca and Echinodermata. This argues against earh'er bio- geographic theories that predicted a low incidence of chemical defense in polar waters where levels of fish predation are low. Selection for chemical defense in benthic sessile and sluggish marine invertebrates is likely a response to an envi- ronmentally stable community shown to be structured primarily by biotic factors such as predation and competition. Holoplankton and the eggs, embryos and larvae of both benthic and planktonic antarctic macroinvertebrates may also employ chemical defense to offset mortality during characteristically slow development and long life span where susceptibility to predation is seemingly high. While most re- search to date has focused on the role of secondary metabolites in mediating pre- dation, it is likely that bioactive compounds in antarctic marine invertebrates also serve roles as antifoulants and allelochemics. The diversity of bioactive metabolites detected to date in antarctic marine invertebrates sets the stage both for continuing and for broadening efforts to evaluate their functional and ecological significance.
A tanaid crustacean (Nototanais), and especially a phoxocephalid amphipod (Heterophoxus), regulate the species composition and population-size structure of soft-bodied infauna (primarily polychaete worms) by preying on small species and small individuals of large species. Small individuals of soft-bodied infauna are rare in this dense infaunal assemblage (over 100000/m2) from Antarctica. The evidence for the regulatory role of the peracarid crustaceans comes from gut contents; from laboratory experiments where the crustaceans consume spionid larvae or juveniles and small polychaete species; from field experiments where the abundances of crustaceans and small polychaetes are negatively correlated after the colonization of defaunated sediments; from exploring the role of depth refuges in the sediment; and from community patterns along a gradient in water depth where crustacean abundance is negatively correlated with the abundance of small species and small individuals of large polychaete species. Because most of the soft-bodied species have a size refuge from crustaceans, the dense assemblage is dominated by large and relatively long-lived forms. The persistence of the dense infaunal assemblage undoubtedly is related to the absence of groveling or disruptive bottom-feeding fishes and mammals in Antarctica.
The biochemical and energetic composition, spicule content, and toxicity of benthic sponges was investigated in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica from October through December 1984. The predominant organic constituent of sponges was soluble and insoluble protein. Levels of total protein ranged from 17.0 to 55.9% dr. wt. Levels of lipid and carbohydrate were low, ranging from 2.1 to 9.6 and 0.6 to 3.5% dr. wt, respectively. Levels of ash were high and variable (32 t0 79% dr. wt), reflecting species-specific differences in spicule contents. Calculated energy contents of sponges were low, with a mean of 9.83.5 kJ g-1 dr. wt; ranging from 5.1 kJ g-1 dr. wt in Sphaerotylus antarcticus to 17.4 kJ g-1 dr. wt in Dendrilla membranosa. Insoluble protein accounted for the greatest contribution to the energetic composition of the sponges, while lipid and carbohydrate combined contributed to less than 25% of the overall energy. Normalized spicule volumes of sponges ranged from 0.15 to 0.38 cm3 g-1 dr. wt. Ichthyotoxicity assays indicated that 9 (56%) of 16 antarctic sponge species were toxic. The most highly toxic species were Mycale acerata and Leucetta leptorhapsis. The high incidence of toxicity in antarctic sponges indicates that the current hypothesis suggesting a simple inverse relationship between toxicity and latitude in marine sponges is invalid. There was little correspondence between the energetic composition or spicule contents of the sponges and feeding patterns (electivity indices) of sponge-eating predators. Although the asteroid Perknaster fuscus antarcticus specializes on the highly toxic, fast-growing M. acerata, most antarctic sponge-eating predators appear to be generalists which feed on the more abundant, non- to mildly-toxic, sponge species. This feeding strategy is based on exploitation of low energy, sedentary prey, which require a minimal energy output to harvest.
The distribution and scavenging habits of the two most abundant lysianassid amphipods in McMurdo Sound differ markedly. Orchomene plebs lives primarily in deep water (>100 m), where planktonic and benthic food is sparser and scavenging events are less common and predictable than in shallower water. Orchomene plebs is common in shallow areas (Orchomene pinguides lives on shallow (Orchomene plebs is larger and more motile, and came to laboratory carrion and baited field traps more rapidly and in greater numbers than O. pinguides. The crop contents of O. plebs contained only amorphous organic matter that suggested a scavenging habit. Crops of O. pinguides contained not only amorphous organic matter but also invertebrate prey, especially planktonic copepods that impact the bottom during winter.
Benthic sediments and animals are highly modified by human activities at McMurdo Station, the largest human settlement in Antarctica. The quantity of anthropogenic debris, contamination of marine sediments with hydrocarbons and metals, and gross changes in benthic communities are largely confined to Winter Quarters Bay, adjacent to the former dump site and the ice dock used by visiting ships. Levels of purgeable hydrocarbons in bay sediments are as high as 4500 ppm. Metal levels are mostly high within the bay, but are not greater than in the most polluted temperate habitats. Levels of anthropogenic chemicals are significantly higher in the back bay compared to stations established at different distances from the bay (along three potential contamination gradients), including reference sites many kilometres away. There are significant negative correlations between the total number of infauna or epifauna and the concentrations of hydrocarbons and most metals in sediments. The few animals living in the back bay are motile polychaete worms with opportunistic life histories, primarily Capitella capitata antarcticum and Ophryotrocha claparedii. Fortunately, the local physical setting apparently permits little transport of contaminated sediments from the bay, which is flanked on one side by a large submarine ridge and on the other by Hut Point. Hut Point also protects the bay from oceanic conditions. The back bay is over 30 m deep and the ridge top is only 18 m deep. The gradient of chemical and community change is extremely steep, but there are observable ecological impacts outside the bay along the front of the station. Although most historical inputs of pollution are removed or reduced and continued cleanup is planned, Winter Quarters Bay may require many decades to recover.
Benthic invertebrates were exposed to chemically contaminated sediments (primarily petroleum hydrocarbons) from a well-defined pollution gradient around McMurdo Station, Antarctica in a series of field and laboratory bioassay experiments. The patterns of survival and behavior in these experiments corresponded to patterns observed in standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency laboratory bioassays. The contaminated end of the pollution gradient is Winter Quarters Bay where total hydrocarbons are as high as 4500 μg·g sediment−1. Mortality of Heterophoxus videns K.H. Barnard, a phoxocephalid amphipod crustacean, in standard laboratory bioassays was highest in sediment from Winter Quarters Bay, high in sewage outfall sediments, and generally decreased in sediments from increasing distances from the bay. Similar survival patterns were documented for several other crustacean species. Amphipods, tanaids, and cumaceans consistently avoided sediments from Winter Quarters Bay in the survival bioassays and were more abundant in uncontaminated sediments in laboratory habitat choice experiments. Fewer H. videns and the heart urchin, Abatus shackletoni Koehler, burrowed into Winter Quarters Bay sediment compared with uncontaminated sediment in field and laboratory assays. We exposed H. videns and Eudorella splendida Zimmer, a cumacean, to Winter Quarters Bay and uncontaminated sediments for 10 and 28 days in field bioassays. Greater mortality was evident in Winter Quarters Bay sediment but the difference between treatments was not significant. In contrast, when benthic communities were transplanted along the pollution gradient and sampled a year later, there were dramatic changes in community structure in Winter Quarters Bay, less at the edge of the bay, and little at an uncontaminated site. Overall, these assays showed similar patterns of increased survival decreased avoidance of sediment along a steep and well-defined pollution gradient.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Biological Sciences, Stanford University. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-187). Microfilm copy of typescript.
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1932 -Rostrum narrow, not in ated; eye small, situated proximally; antenna 1, peduncular article 2 very short, length 0.6£ article 1, agellum strongly setose; gnathopod 1, carpal lobe long, reaching 0.7£ along ventral margin of propodus; coxa 3 ventral margin shallowly concave
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M. scabriculosus K. H. Barnard, 1932
-Rostrum narrow, not in ated; eye small, situated proximally; antenna 1, peduncular article 2 very
short, length 0.6£ article 1, agellum strongly setose; gnathopod 1, carpal lobe long, reaching
0.7£ along ventral margin of propodus; coxa 3 ventral margin shallowly concave; uropod 3,
peduncle short, about 0.5-0.4£ rami............................... M. curtipediculus sp. nov.
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