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Chemical Constituents, Antimicrobial Investigations, and Antioxidative Potentials of Anethum graveolens L. Essential Oil and Acetone Extract: Part 52
Journal of Food Science
Abstract
: The antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial potentials of essential oil and acetone extract of Anethum graveolens L. were investigated in the present study. The extract has shown excellent activity for the inhibition of primary and secondary oxidation products for rapeseed oil in comparision with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which were evaluated using peroxide, thiobarbituric acid, p-anisidine, and carbonyl values. The activity of extract was further confirmed using other antioxidant properties such as ferric thiocyanate method inlinoleic acid system, which reducing power and scavenging effect (%) on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Using inverted Petri plate method, the volatile oil completely inhibited the growth of Fusarium graminearum at 6 μL dose. Moreover, using poison food technique, the essential oil was found to be highly effective for controlling the growth of Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus niger. In antibacterial investigations, using agar well diffusion method, the extract has shown better activity for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in comparison with commercial bactericide. However, essential oil has shown better activity for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopy studies on essential oil resulted in the identification of 35 components, which account for the 98.9% of the total amount. The major component was carvone (55.2%) followed bylimonene (16.6%), dillapiole (14.4%), andlinalool (3.7%). The analysis of acetone extract showed the presence of 25 components, which account for 94.5% of the total amount. The major components were dill apiole (43.2%), linoleic acid (23.1%), trans-anethole (11.0%), 2-propanone, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl) (4.6%), carvone (3.1%), p-anisaldehyde (2.7%), and myristicin (1.5%). In conclusion, the results presented here show that dill essential oil could be considered as a source for natural antimicrobial, whereas its extract could be considered as an alternative source of natural antioxidant.
... Today, the production and consumption of healthy food has become increasingly widespread, and in this context, synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and propyl gallate (PG) have begun to leave their place to natural antioxidants (Kannaiyan et al., 2015). Thus, natural antioxidant and antimicrobial substances of plant origin attract the attention of both researchers and industry (Singh et al., 2005;Ucak & Fadıloğlu, 2020). ...
... In addition, dill is useful in the treatment of colds, bronchitis, loss of appetite, stomach pain, urinary tract problems, hyperlipidemia, spasms, and seizures (Tizghadam et al., 2021). Dill, which has a rich essential oil content, is used in the fields of health, agriculture, and food with main compounds such as carvone and d-limonene (Mutlu-Ingok & Karbancioglu-Guler, 2017;Singh et al., 2005). Antimicrobial (Jianu et al., 2012;Mutlu-Ingok & Karbancioglu-Guler, 2017;Rasheed et al., 2010;Singh et al., 2005;Tuchila et al., 2008) and antioxidant (Oshaghi et al., 2015) activates of dill extract and essential oil have also been reported. ...
... Dill, which has a rich essential oil content, is used in the fields of health, agriculture, and food with main compounds such as carvone and d-limonene (Mutlu-Ingok & Karbancioglu-Guler, 2017;Singh et al., 2005). Antimicrobial (Jianu et al., 2012;Mutlu-Ingok & Karbancioglu-Guler, 2017;Rasheed et al., 2010;Singh et al., 2005;Tuchila et al., 2008) and antioxidant (Oshaghi et al., 2015) activates of dill extract and essential oil have also been reported. Also, dill extract and essential oils have been used to maintain chemical quality, improve quality sensory properties, and extend the shelf life of seafood. ...
In this study, changes in quality parameters of rainbow trout croquettes treated with dill extracts obtained by brewing (BDA) and distillation (DDA) methods were investigated during 61 days of refrigerated storage (+2 ± 1°C). Physicochemical, microbial, and sensory parameters of the rainbow trout croquettes were analyzed once every 4 days. It was observed that the precooking process and additives influenced the nutrient composition and color change of the croquettes. Total volatile base nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid values did not exceed the limit values in any group during refrigerated storage and these values were found as 23.10 ± 0.89 mg/100 g and 3.13 ± 0.08 mg MDA/kg in the control group (C), 21.00 ± 0.92 mg/100 g and 2.77 ± 0.14 mg MDA/kg in BDA group, and 21.70 ± 0.92 mg/100 g and 2.85 ± 0.07 mg MDA/kg in DDA group, respectively. Extract treatments, especially DDA, resulted in a significant reduction in the counts of total aerobic mesophilic and psychotropic bacteria in trout croquettes compared to the control group. It was determined that the sensory scores of all croquette groups decreased during storage and the acceptability scores of the C, BDA, and DDA groups reached on the 33rd, 57th, and 61st days of storage, respectively. According to the results, this work demonstrated that the dill extracts both distilled and brewed can be used as a natural additive to improve the quality and extend the shelf life of rainbow trout croquettes.
... They found strong antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in dill essential oil and extract, respectively. Due to the unique sensory features (taste and aroma) of dill herb as well as its significant biochemical properties, simultaneous usage of DE and DEO can create a perfect and complete food additive (Singh et al., 2005;Tavakkoli et al., 2020). ...
... Then, the remained solvent was evaporated by vacuum oven at 40°C. Then, the obtained extracts were stored at −18°C for the next tests (Singh et al., 2005). ...
... Previous research showed that carvone and limonene of DEO possessed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also, DE, rich in linoleic acid, anethole, and dill apiole displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial effects against the types of positive and negative gram bacteria (Singh et al., 2005). ...
Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of corn zein edible film (Z) fortified with dill leaves extract (DE) and encapsulated dill essential oil with β‐cyclodextrin (nDEO) on the quality of refrigerated common carp fillet. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that the most frequent substances of DEO were apiol (35.1%) and carvone (31.4%), respectively. Designated treatments were as follows: (1) Control (C), (2) Z, (3) Z‐DE, (4) Z‐DEO, (5) Z‐nDEO, (6) Z‐DE‐DEO, and (7) Z‐DE‐nDEO. The physicochemical properties (thickness, moisture percent, tensile strength, elongation at break, Young's modulus, color, morphology, functional groups, and thermal resistance) of the activated films significantly improved (p ≤ .05). The total viable counts, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and psychrotrophic bacteria significantly decreased in all wrapped fillets compared to the unwrapped ones (p ≤ .05). Throughout storage period, the wrapped fillets exhibited lower changes in pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and total volatile‐based nitrogen values than the unwrapped fillets. According to the sensory findings, incorporating DE and nDEO in the zein films created significantly desirable aroma and flavor in the wrapped samples during storage time (p ≤ .05). Encapsulation of DEO with β‐cyclodextrin significantly fortified preservative effects of the films in fish fillets during storage period (p ≤ .05). In conclusion, the designated composite zein edible film containing DE and nDEO can be introduced as an active edible packaging in the shelf life improvement of common carp fillets during cold storage.
... To measure primary lipid oxidation that indicates the number of peroxides formed in the fats and oils during oxidation, PV was analyzed by using a modified oven test 12 . Briefly, 200 ppm of EOs or the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, commercial antioxidant) were added to 30 g of the rapeseed oil in a 100 mL glass beaker. ...
... The supernatant was separated after shaking and placed in water bath (95ºC) for 60 min. After cooling, absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 540 nm with SPECORD ® 200 Plus spectrophotometer as described by Singh et al. 12 . The TBA value of the samples were measured on weekly basis at 0, 7 th , 14 th , 21 st and 28 th day. ...
... The cymene and δ-terpinene are the major components of AjEO after thymol and their antibacterial activities have also been reported previously 23 which support our findings. DEO oil showed higher antibacterial activity (p < 0.001) against S. enteritidis than CEO and AjEO, while Singh et al. 12 reported DEO as ineffective against Salmonella typhimurium. The CEO showed the narrower ZOI against all the bacteria tested in this study which can be justified with the fact that it is a potent antibacterial against gram positive than gram negative bacteria due to structural differences in bacterial membranes as the gram-negative bacteria are naturally more resistant due to the presence of an outer membrane made up of lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides which reduce the entry of certain lipophilic molecules inside the bacterial cell 24 . ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical constituents and antimicrobial as well as antioxidant properties of three essential oils (EOs) of Apiaceae family, coriander (Coriandrum sativum), ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) and dill seed (Anethum grave-olens) to assess their in vitro potential to be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in broiler production. The EOs of coriander, ajwain and dill seed were extracted by hydro-distillation technique and analyzed for their chemical constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. The GC-MS analysis indicated that the major bioac-tive compounds in coriander essential oil (CEO), ajwain essential oil (AjEO) and dill seed essential oil (DEO) are linalool (56.8%), thymol (68.2%) and carvone (41.1%), respectively. The antibacterial capacity of these EOs determined against E. coli and two Salmonella species of poultry origin. In agar well diffusion assay for E. coli, AjEO was 2 and 3 folds more potent as compared to CEO and DEO, respectively. For S. enteritidis, DEO showed 2 folds more activity than AjEO, whereas for S. gallinarum AjEO performed 3 times better than CEO. In agreement with the results of the agar well diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of AjEO were lowest for E. coli and S. gallinarum as compared to other EOs, while for S. enteritidis, MIC of DEO was found lowest. The antioxidant activities, analyzed by per oxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method showed the AjEO had highest antioxidant potential in comparison to other EOs. During storage period of 28 days, AjEO reduced the PV and TBA values of rapeseed oil by 44.3 and 49.1%, respectively. Overall, the findings of in vitro analysis demonstrated that AjEO in comparison to CEO and DEO, has considerable antibacterial and antioxidant activities and could be a potential replacement of AGPs in broiler production with less amount of supplementation.
... Dill seed oil consists of -phellandrene, eugenol, anethole, flavonoids, coumarine, triterpenes and phenolic acid (Jana andShekhawat, 2010 andOmer, 2016). EO chemical composition differs according to the plant part, developing stage and also the extraction method (Singh et al., 2006 andAl Ma'adhedi 2012). Volatile oil obtained from dill seed hydro-distillation and acetone extraction was found to have an inhibition effect on the fungal mycelial growth as, inhibition zone increased with the volatile oil dose, where, it completely inhibited Fusarium graminearum growth, followed by F. citrinum, Aspergillus flavus and A. terreus (Singh et al., 2006 andPrakash et al., 2012). ...
... EO chemical composition differs according to the plant part, developing stage and also the extraction method (Singh et al., 2006 andAl Ma'adhedi 2012). Volatile oil obtained from dill seed hydro-distillation and acetone extraction was found to have an inhibition effect on the fungal mycelial growth as, inhibition zone increased with the volatile oil dose, where, it completely inhibited Fusarium graminearum growth, followed by F. citrinum, Aspergillus flavus and A. terreus (Singh et al., 2006 andPrakash et al., 2012). ...
... These results came in agreement with Dahiya and Purkayasthat (2012), who stated that volatile essential oil of dill seeds, has light yellow color. Also, Singh et al. (2006) and Al-Ma'adhedi (2012) stated that, dill seed oil has a pale yellow color. They also reported that, dill seed oil amount varies depending on the extraction method. ...
This study was performed to examine the effect of phenolic compounds and antioxidant content of four dill seed extracts. These extracts were prepared by hydro-distillation, ethanol, methanol and acetone. They were examined as antifungal agent against eight Aspergillus spp. Results revealed that hydro-distillation extract (HE) and ethanol extract (EE), derived from dill seed, had higher total phenolic content (45.67 and 39.71 GAE/g, respectively), as well as higher contents of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and octyl methylcinnamate (OMC) (4.98, 1.50, 39.65 and 4.37, 1.10, 33.26 mg/ml, respectively) as compared to the methanol and acetone extracts. HE recorded a high diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) with A. flavus IFO 6343, A. niger DSM 371 and A. parasciticus NRRL 2999, with MIC = 15 mg/l. While EE was more effective on A. niger CAIM 147, A. niger NRRL 337 and A. oryzae NRRL 9362, with MIC = 15 mg/l as compared with methanol and acetone extracts under the same conditions. Antifungal potential of HE and EE were found to be highly effective on enumeration of fungal strains used in this study. Obtained results confirmed strong relationship between the total phenolic content of dill seed extracts and its amounts of BHA as an antifungal agent. It is recommended to use dill HE (light yellow color) with foods highly expected to be infected with A. flavus IFO 6343, A. niger DSM 371 and A. parasciticus NRRL 2999, at 15 and 20 mg/l, while EE (pale yellow color) is recommended to prevent foods to be susceptible to A. niger CAIM 147, A. niger NRRL 337 and A. oryzae NRRL 9362at 15 and 20 mg/l.
... It is cultivated worldwide, and its EO has flavoring and medicinal effects. Dill seeds yield 2%-4.2% EO with carvone ( Figure 1-3) as a major chemical component with a share of 47.7-73.6% in total composition, followed by limonene (Figure 1-4), dill apiol, and αphellendrene (Singh et al., 2005;Yili et al., 2009;Chahal et al., 2017;Singh et al., 2017). ...
... Since the chemical composition of DEO varies considerably between different studies, more comprehensive studies on chemical constituents are required. Singh et al. (2005) analyzed the antimicrobial activity of DEO against six pathogenic bacteria. They reported it as an effective antibacterial agent against P. aeruginosa and E. coli with ZOI 25.3 mm and 18.5 mm, respectively, although ineffective against S. typhi. ...
... citrinum and A. niger at 6 µL concentration out of eight tested pathogenic fungi. The activity against other fungi was also considerable (Singh et al., 2005). The Can. albican was also found to be very sensitive to DEO with a MIC value of 2.7 µg/mL (Yili et al., 2009). ...
There has been an upsurge of interest in the phytobiotics coincident with the onset of the potential ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in the broiler industry and because many kinds of nutraceuticals play an important role in improving growth performance, feed efficiency, and gut health of broilers. In the previous years, significant biological activities of essential oils (EOs) belonging to phytobiotics were observed, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. We found new perspectives on the roles of EOs, particularly extracts from the Apiaceae family, which is one of the largest plant families, in potential replacement of AGPs, and on the chemical composition involved in regulating microorganism activity and oxidative damage. Furthermore, the positive effects of EOs on broiler production and the possible mechanisms inducing the involvement of gut health and growth performance have been studied.
... The seed used as an anti-spasmodic, anti-flatulent, carminative, anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic and diuretic in pharmacological industry and reduce the level of cholesterolemia (Lanky et al., 1993). Dill leaves have excellent antioxidant activities (Singh et al., 2005;Meena et al., 2013). ...
... This is due to the application of vermicompost which increases the growth rate because of the water and mineral uptake such as; nitrogen and phosphorus, which leads to the biomass yield improvement and number of umbellets, umbels per plant increased. These findings are in agreement with the findings of (Arancon et al., 2005;Zaller, 2007). Seed yield, biological yield and harvest index also increased with integrated use of FYM and biofertilizers which might be attributed to improved soil physical conditions along with increased availability of nutrients during the crop growth period (Rout et al., 2001). ...
A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2020-21 tostudy the effect of organic manure and biofertilizers on growth and yield ofdill (Anethum graveolens L.). The eight treatment combinations of FYM,vermicompost and biofertilizers were tested in randomized block designwith three replications. Result indicated that organic manure andBiofertilizers significantly influenced growth and yield of dill. Significantly-1 -1highest biological yield (42.67 q ha )and seed yield (1.57 q ha ) with-harvest index (46.14%) were observed under treatment T7 [FYM (5 tonha1 -1 -1 -1) + Vermicompost (2 ton ha ) + Azotobacter (3 kg ha ) + PSB (5 kg ha )]compared to control. Findings suggested that application of biologicalfertilizers significantly increased seeds performance, biological yield perplant, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, number of umbels per plant,number of seeds per umbel.
... The main identified phytoconstituents were limonene (48.05%), carvone (37.94%), cis-dihydro carvone (3.5%), and trans-carvone (1.07%). In fact, it was previously demonstrated that the chemical composition of A. graveolens EO varies according to the plant organ, the time of the collection of the organ plant, the geographic origin, and seasonal and climatic factors [32,33]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the fruits of A. graveolens are rich in carvone (30-60%), limonene (33%), and α-phellandrene (20.61%) [34,35]. ...
... Previous studies have demonstrated that the fruits of A. graveolens are rich in carvone (30-60%), limonene (33%), and α-phellandrene (20.61%) [34,35]. Al-Ma'adhedi et al. [32] and Singh et al. [33] demonstrated that the major compounds of A. graveolens oil are dlimonene (45%) and D-carvone (23.1%). Dill essential oil is also known to contain eugenol, anethole, flavonoids, coumarins, triterpenes, and phenolic acids. ...
Citation: Noumi, E.; Ahmad, I.; Adnan, M.; Merghni, A.; Patel, H.; Haddaji, N.; Bouali, N.; Alabbosh, K.F.; Ghannay, S.; Aouadi, K.; et al. Abstract: Anethum graveolens L. has been known as an aromatic, medicinal, and culinary herb since ancient times. The main purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of the essential oil (EO) obtained by hydro-distillation of the aerial parts. Twelve components were identified, representing 92.55% of the analyzed essential oil. Limonene (48.05%), carvone (37.94%), cis-dihydrocarvone (3.5%), and trans-carvone (1.07%) were the main identified constituents. Results showed that the obtained EO was effective against eight bacterial strains at different degrees. Concerning the antibiofilm activity, limonene was more effective against biofilm formation than the essential oil when tested using sub-inhibitory concentrations. The results of anti-swarming activity tested against P. aeruginosa PAO1 revealed that A. graveolens induced more potent inhibitory effects in the swarming behavior of the PAO1 strain when compared to limonene, with a percentage reaching 33.33% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The ADME profiling of the identified phytocompounds confirms their important pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties. The in-silico study using molecular docking approaches reveals a high binding score between the identified compounds and known target enzymes involved in antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing (QS) activities. Overall, the obtained results highlight the possible use of A. graveolens EO to prevent food contamination with foodborne pathogenic bacteria.
... Widely cultivated and consumed in Northeastern Tailand [9], dill (or "Phak Chi Lao" in Tai) has long been used in Asian conventional medicine and has been an essential element of customary Tai medication [9][10][11]. Previous studies have reported health benefts and pharmaceutical properties found in dill fruit, essential oil, and leaves, such as antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, diuretic property, carminative property, and appetite stimulant [9][10][11][12][13]. ...
... Free radicals and ROS can attack biomolecules and healthy cells to lose their structures and functions, causing oxidative damage of DNA, proteins, lipids, and other biomolecules which lead to a variety of diseases. Tus, receiving the adequacy of these biologically active compounds, derived from potential plants either by direct consuming or dietary supplement, is the most efective way to prevent the oxidative damage of various biomolecules [9][10][11][12][13]18]. Terefore, fnding a suitable and applicable extraction method to obtain these biologically active compounds is of interest. ...
This study evaluated the effect of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) on the isolation of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and antioxidants from dill. UAE improved the extraction yields of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid content as well as increased the antioxidant activities of all dill extracts. The optimum UAE condition to obtain highest total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities was 50% ethanol for 30 min giving 135.88 ± 3.23 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 229.53 ± 4.97 mg rutin equivalent/g extract, respectively. Lowest IC50 values against 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were 0.034 ± 0.00 mg/mL and 0.12 ± 0.00 mg/mL, respectively. Results indicated the capability of UAE in extracting biologically active compounds from dill as a prospective functional material.
... The objective of this study was to test the toxicity of phenylpropanoid trans-anethole, extracted from the I. verum fruit methanol extract (IVF-ME), 12 constituents from the I. verum fruit hydrodistillate (IVF-HD), and another 11 previously known fruit essential oil constituents 25,26 to the third larval stage and eggs of the gnat Bradysia procera using various biological assay methods such as contact + fumigant and vapor. The effectiveness of plant-derived constituents was compared to that of the most commonly used commercially available insecticides. ...
... All spectroscopic analyses used in this study were isolated and characterized by the constituents of I. verum according to a previous report. 27 Table 1 lists the 12 commercially available organic pure compounds identified in IVF-ME and IVF-HD, as well as 11 previously known I. verum oil constituents, 25,26 as well as their sources and purities. The commercially available insecticides used for this study including two neonicotinoid insecticides, (clothianidin 99.9% purity and thiamethoxam 99.6%), a pyrethroid insecticide (cypermethrin 99.9%), an organophosphorus insecticide (dichlorvos 100%), antibiotic emamectin benzoate (99.7%) and the fumigants (dazomet 99.9% purity and metam-sodium 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) and Supelco (Bellefonte, PA, USA). ...
BACKGROUND
Bradysia procera, a ginseng stem fungus gnat, is one of the most serious insect pests of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng), causing significant damage to plant growth. The goal of this study was to determine the toxicity and mechanism of action of phenylpropanoids (trans‐anethole and estragole) isolated from the methanol extract and hydrodistillate of Illicium verum fruit against third‐instar larvae and eggs of Bradysia procera.
RESULTS
The filter‐paper mortality bioassay revealed that estragole [median lethal concentration (LC50) = 4.68 g/cm²] has a significant fumigant effect, followed by trans‐anethole (LC50 = 43.92 g/cm²). However, estragole had the lowest toxic effect when compared to commercially available insecticides. After 7 days, estragole and trans‐anethole at 75 g/cm² inhibited egg hatchability up to 97% and 93%, respectively. At 0.09 g/cm², insecticides had an inhibitory effect on egg‐hatching ability ranging from 88% to 94%. Furthermore, in both closed and open containers, these active constituents were able to consistently induce vapor‐phased toxicity. Both estragole and trans‐anethole have the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is involved in neurotransmitter function. However, the active constituent estragole from I. verum fruit acted as a potent AChE inhibitor and had a slightly lower effect on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) than octopamine alone.
CONCLUSION
This finding suggests that estragole may influence Bradysia procera neurotransmitter function via both the AChE and octopaminergic receptors. More research is needed to demonstrate the potential applications of I. verum fruit‐derived products as potential larvicides and ovicides for Bradysia procera population control. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
... The seeds of A. graveolens are used in folk medicine as an appetizer, carminative, diuretic, stomachic, digestive, sedative and in hemorrhoids (Jana and Shekhawat, 2010;Singh et al., 2005). Chewing of the seeds improves bad breath, e.g., halitosis. ...
... Phytochemical screening of this plant showed that its flowers, seeds, leaves and stems were rich in polyphenols, tannins, terpenes, and cardiac and flavonoid glycosides (Singh et al., 2005;Nautiyal and Tiwari., 2011). Various pharmacological activities have been reported from A. graveolens plant parts, such as antihypercholesterolemic, chemopreventive effects, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, antiulcer, mucosal protective, antisecretory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal and analgesic activities (Zheng et al., 1992). ...
Anethum graveolens L. is a famous aromatic herb that is widely used as a spice and has been applied in folk medicine to cure many diseases. The current work was carried out to compare the chemical composition and antimicrobial potency of essential oils obtained from the different parts of Saudi Arabia. graveolens. The oil constituents were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction and were quantified and qualitatively identified using GC/MS. As a result, essential oil isolated from A. graveolens seeds exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity compared to oils isolated from other parts, followed by flowers, leaves and stems. All tested A. graveolens essential oil samples exhibited stronger antifungal activities against Aspergillus parasiticus when compared to itraconazole. To the best of our knowledge, the current work is the first report comparing different parts of Saudi A. graveolens plant with respect to their essential oil chemical composition and antimicrobial potentials. The essential oil of A. graveolens seeds have the highest contents of carvone and limonene and show superior antimicrobial activities compared to other parts of the plant.
... The seeds of A. graveolens are used in folk medicine as an appetizer, carminative, diuretic, stomachic, digestive, sedative and in hemorrhoids (Jana and Shekhawat, 2010;Singh et al., 2005). Chewing of the seeds improves bad breath, e.g., halitosis. ...
... Phytochemical screening of this plant showed that its flowers, seeds, leaves and stems were rich in polyphenols, tannins, terpenes, and cardiac and flavonoid glycosides (Singh et al., 2005;Nautiyal and Tiwari., 2011). Various pharmacological activities have been reported from A. graveolens plant parts, such as antihypercholesterolemic, chemopreventive effects, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, antiulcer, mucosal protective, antisecretory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal and analgesic activities (Zheng et al., 1992). ...
... The seeds of A. graveolens are used in folk medicine as appetizer, carminative, diuretic, stomachic, digestive, sedative and in hemorrhoids 3,4 . Chewing of the seeds improves bad smell of breath or halitosis. ...
... The phytochemical screening of this plant showed that owers, seeds, leaves and stems were rich in polyphenols, tannins, terpenes, cardiac and avonoids glycosides 4,6 . Various pharmacological activity has been reported from AG plant parts such as; anti-hypercholesterolemic, chemo-preventive effects, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, anti-ulcer, mucosal protective, antisecretory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-in ammatory, insecticidal and analgesic activities 5 . ...
Anethum graveolens L. (AG) is one of the most important aromatic herb, used in folk medicine to cure many illinesses. The current work was carried to compare the chemical composition and the antimicrobial potency of Saudi AG essential oils obtained from different parts. The oils constituents were extracted by two techniques; the Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) and traditional hydrodistillation (HD), then the constituents of each extracted oil were quantitavly and qualitatively identified. The essential oil isolated from AG seeds exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity comparing to other essential oils isolated from other parts of the same plant followed by flowers, leaves and stems, respectively. Interestingly, all tested AG essential oil samples showed stronger antifungal activity against Aspergillus parasiticus than the control antifungal itraconzole used in the study. Our finding suggest that AG seed essential oil may be considered as an alternative safe remedy derived from a natural source used to cure many uncomplicated infections. Up to our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical compostion of the Saudi AG oils isolated by different methods with a comparable testing against different pathogenic microorganisms.
... The seeds of the current plant contain approximately 3-4% of the weight of the fruits (Jana and Shekhawat, 2010). Dill is grown in many European, Asian and American countries where it is used as a medicinal herb (Singh et al., 2005). Its green leaves, whether fresh or dry in daily meals, are used as taste enhancers or flavor, and used as a seasoning and entire industries such as perfumery and cosmetics, and the decoction of seeds is used as a gas repellent and nerve sedative and is used to improve the work of the heart and lungs (Dajawi, 1996). ...
This experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 agricultural season in a mixed clay soil at one of the fields of the Faculty of Agriculture, Basra University. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of spraying dill plants (Anethum graveolens L) with aqueous extracts of onion and garlic on their growth. The plants were sprayed with garlic aqueous extract at three concentrations (0, 20, 30 g L-1) and onion aqueous extract at three concentrations (0, 15, 25 g L-1), with three applications at a 15-day interval between each spray. The experiment was designed using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The obtained results showed that the plants sprayed with garlic aqueous extract exhibited significant improvements in most characteristics, except for the fruit content of total dissolved carbohydrates and the yield of fruits from volatile oil. Specifically, the plants sprayed with a concentration of 30 g L-1 outperformed the other two concentrations in terms of plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, and 1000-seed weight for each experimental unit. On the other hand, the plants sprayed with a concentration of 20 g L-1 significantly outperformed in terms of floral inflorescence number per plant and seed yield. Additionally, the plants sprayed with a concentration of 30 g L-1 had the highest chlorophyll content and antioxidant effectiveness of dill leaves (%). However, spraying with garlic extract did not have a significant effect on the fruit content of total dissolved carbohydrates and the yield of fruits from volatile oil. Regarding the plants sprayed with onion extract, they showed overall superiority in most traits, except for the chlorophyll content of the leaves. Specifically, the plants sprayed with a concentration of 15 g L-1 significantly excelled in plant height, while the plants sprayed with a concentration of 25 g L-1 outperformed in terms of floral inflorescence number per plant and seed yield. The plants sprayed with a concentration of 25 g L-1 also had the highest content of total dissolved carbohydrates in fruits and the highest antioxidant effectiveness of dill leaves and seeds (%). However, the plants sprayed with a concentration of 15 g L-1 had the highest yield of volatile oil. The interaction between the two factors (garlic and onion extracts) had a significant effect on all studied traits, except for the chlorophyll content of the leaves.
... The lower antioxidant activity observed in the ethyl acetate extract may be due to the reduced solubility of certain bioactive compounds in this solvent, limiting their availability to exert antioxidant effects. The comparison with ascorbic acid, a standard antioxidant, validated the sensitivity and accuracy of the assays employed in this study, showing the efficacy of the methanolic extract in similar oxidative stress conditions (Singh et al., 2002). The variation in IC50 values across the different extracts and assays emphasizes the importance of solvent selection in extracting bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. ...
Nyctanthes arbortristis, commonly known as the night-jasmine, is a plant rich in bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts on SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cell line in vitro. Sequential solvent extraction method was employed to obtain extracts with varying polarities. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, NO, and H2O2 radical scavenging assays and total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay on SW982 cells. Results revealed that the bark extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing the highest radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoids contents. Furthermore, the bark extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on SW982 cells, with the ethyl acetate extract exhibiting the most potent cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts possess substantial antioxidant potential and cytotoxic effects against SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cells, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate their efficacy in vivo.
... Antioxidants can neutralize free radicals and inhibit radical chain oxidation reactions induced by molecular oxygen (Gorinstein et al. 2004). The antioxidant activity of various natural products is often evaluated by using DPPH (Singh et al. 2005). Figure 6D illustrates the DPPH radical scavenging activity of star anise essential oil samples with different concentrations. ...
Star anise has been used for a long time in improving human health and curing diseases, owing to its unlimited components with complex chemical structures and a wide range of bioactivities. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of extraction methods (steam distillation, ethanol Soxhlet extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, subcritical n‐butane extraction) on the yield, aroma properties, chemical composition, and bioactivity of star anise essential oils. Electronic nose detection revealed the essential oils from subcritical extraction exhibited the most intense aroma, while the essential oils from ethanol Soxhlet extraction had a more complex aroma profile. Fourier‐transform infrared analysis showed the presence of benzene rings, carbonyl groups, C=C, and aromatic ether bonds in the essential oils extracted through different methods. The major components were heterocyclic olefins, heterocyclic oxygenates, and aromatic oxygenates, as well as certain amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols. Correlation analysis revealed the relative contents of volatile trans‐anethole, wormwood, d‐limonene, cineole, and trans‐α‐citronelene were strongly associated with the antibacterial activity of the essential oils. Similarly, the contents of volatile components (d‐limonene, cineole) and non‐volatile components (total flavonoids and total polyphenols) were strongly correlated with the DPPH scavenging activity of the essential oils. These results confirm the effectiveness of the ethanol Soxhlet extraction method in retaining the bioactivity of the essential oils. Finally, with a Box–Behnken central composite design of response surface and single‐factor experiments, the optimal extraction conditions for the ethanol Soxhlet method were determined: ultrasonic frequency of 80 kHz, crushing particle size of 60 meshes, liquid–material ratio of 8:1 (mL:g), and ultrasonic time of 35 min. Under these conditions, the essential oil yield was 25.51% ± 0.21%. Overall, these findings highlight the significance of extraction methods in obtaining high‐quality star anise essential oils with desirable aroma properties and potent bioactivities.
... The lower antioxidant activity observed in the ethyl acetate extract may be due to the reduced solubility of certain bioactive compounds in this solvent, limiting their availability to exert antioxidant effects. The comparison with ascorbic acid, a standard antioxidant, validated the sensitivity and accuracy of the assays employed in this study, showing the efficacy of the methanolic extract in similar oxidative stress conditions (Singh et al., 2002). The variation in IC50 values across the different extracts and assays emphasizes the importance of solvent selection in extracting bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. ...
Nyctanthes arbortristis, commonly known as the night-jasmine, is a plant rich in bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant properties and cytotoxic effects of Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts on SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cell line in vitro. Sequential solvent extraction method was employed to obtain extracts with varying polarities. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was assessed using DPPH, ABTS, NO, and H2O2 radical scavenging assays and total phenolic and flavonoid content determination. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay on SW982 cells. Results revealed that the bark extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing the highest radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoids contents. Furthermore, the bark extracts demonstrated concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on SW982 cells, with the ethyl acetate extract exhibiting the most potent cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that Nyctanthes arbortristis bark extracts possess substantial antioxidant potential and cytotoxic effects against SW982 rheumatoid arthritis cells, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate their efficacy in vivo.
... D-limonene (18.92%), dihydrocarvone (16.91%) and transdihydrocarvone (7.26%). Contrary to Singh et al. (2005) who signaled carvone (55.2%), limonene (16.6%), and dill apiole (14.4%) as the main components with the presence of camphor (11.44%). ...
Stored products are considered main food source for humans and domestic animals. They were always targeted by insects mainly moths and beetles. The use of natural substances such as essential oils and extracts of aromatic plants constituted an alternative to chemicals. This work aims to highlight the chemical profile of the dill, Anethum graveolens, seeds and study their toxicity against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using the GC/MS technique. A total of 45 compounds are identified in which dillapiole (37.86%), carvone (22.59%), trans-isolimonene (10.01%), dihydrocarvone (6.85%), camphor (5.06%) and α-phellandrene (2.77%) are major compounds. Dill seed essential oils exhibited an insecticidal activity against adults of T. castaneum which increased proportionally with the applied dose and the time of exposure. Fumigant bioassays resulted in lethal doses LD50 of 232.89 µl/L air and LD90 of 328.28µl/L air after 12 h of exposure. These values decreased after 24 h of exposure to 132.57 and 202.01 µl/L air, respectively. The insecticidal activity of these essentials oil can be the result of the existence of dillapiole, carvone, isollimonene, and other compounds. Due to these promoting results, the essential oils of dill seeds may be used as a natural product to manage this pest in stored products.
... Anethum graveolens (Dill), is an annual aromatic herb originated from Mediterranean and West Asia (Singh et al., 2005). Dill is also known as Shapt or dill weed. ...
n this study, GC/MS of volatile oils and lipid constituents were explored for four Apiaceae family members: Deverra tortuosa (Desf.) DC., Daucus syrticus L., Anethum graveolens L. and Petroselinum crispum (Mill.). The potential of using the ethanolic extracts of these plants in the synthesis of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated. Additionally, the effect of these synthesized nanoparticles on some strains of bacteria and fungi was studied. About the lipoidal matter, the data show that, D. tortuosa and D. syrticus had 32 and 13 compounds, respectively, while A. graveolens and P. crispum had 24 ,19 compounds, respectively. The Analysis of volatile oils by GC/MS allowed the identification of 31 compounds in D. tortuosa and D. syrticus had 23 compounds, while A. graveolens had 18 compounds and P. crispum had 11 compounds. The data showed that, the size of AgNPs differed according to the plant used in their synthesis as follows: 34.0, 42.7, 37.3, and 41.0 nm for D. tortuosa, D. syrticus, A. graveolens and P. crispum, respectively. It was observed that, AgNPs from P. crispum had the highest effect against Bacillus subtilis (22 mm), while the best activity against Escherichia coli was 20 mm from AgNPs of D. tortuosa ethanolic extract. AgNPs of A. graveolens ethanolic extract had the best effect against Aspergillus versicolor with inhibition zone of 40 mm, followed by D. syrticus (38 mm).
... Anethum graveolens (Dill), is an annual aromatic herb originated from Mediterranean and West Asia (Singh et al., 2005). Dill is also known as Shapt or dill weed. ...
... 86 The major component of dill is carvone followed by limonene. 87,88 In rats, the LD 50 of carvone is 5400 mg kg À1 . 89 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) established the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of carvone to be 0.6 mg kg À1 bw day À1 , 90 therefore, care must be taken when including dill as a supplement in the diet of fish. ...
Species feeding lower at the food web like cyprinids (carp) are often advocated for sustainable aquaculture. However, their gastrointestinal biology (lack of stomach) has limited their acid-peptic digestion, acid lysis of plants and invertebrate tissues, and phosphorus uptake. This review presents data from 118 articles on the use of plant-based feed additives (PFAs) in Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Our review shows that most PFA research in carp is focused on improving feed and nutrient utilization efficiency along various levels (in vivo digestibility, metabolizability to in situ nutrient loading), while other half is focused on ensuring animal welfare standards (biomass, immunity, welfare). Several reviewed plant-based additives however tend to do both. The PFAs include essential oils (EOs), plant-part extracts (PPEs), medicinal plants (herbs) and spices. The effective inclusion rate of EOs is lower (0.5%–0.75%). Whereas PPEs, herbs and spices work at a generic inclusion rate of 2%–5% in carp feeds. Even at an optimum inclusion rate, there are factors controlling PFAs efficacy such as methods of preparation (reviewed). PFAs like lemon beebrush, geranium, dill, Rosemary pepper and common mallow with/without certain pre-conditions are better to avoid in cyprinid diets. Although certain PFAs may potentially alter organoleptic qualities of carp flesh or might assist in training carp immunity, information on these aspects is limited. The review also provides a quick guide to researchers and feed companies interested in exploring the potential of PFAs in C. carpio aquaculture. Potential PFAs that could be valuable for cyprinids, but not yet explored are also listed.
... The antimicrobial activity of star anise extract may be attributed to its essential oils, particularly the anethole present in the dried fruit [23], [24]. Tea tree oil exhibits a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that can be principally attributed to terpinen-4-ol [25][26][27], while the present study reported less inhibitory action of tea tree oil. Phenethyl alcohol or phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) is a naturally occurring aromatic compound that is found in various flowers including rose, hyacinth, neroli, ylang-ylang, geranium, and champaca [26][27][28]]. ...
Cow urine shows a synergistic effect with various naturally occurring oils and herbs. In this study, we analyzed how the antibacterial activity of cow urine gets enhanced in the presence of essential oils. The observations suggested that 0.5% or 1% essential oil in combination with cow urine makes cow urine activity better than raw cow urine. Essential oils contain active components and phenolic-like compounds as active ingredients that enhance their antibacterial properties. These active components degrade the bacterial cell wall and inhibit bacterial survival in the oil's environment. A total of 15 samples were prepared from cow urine (CU+0.5% E.O. and CU+1% E.O.). The mixture of cow urine and essential oils were processed and shows better activities than raw cow urine. The activity of all these samples is because of phenolic groups present in cow urine and essential oils. The activity is carried out by agar well diffusion technique against various bacterial isolates and the zone of inhibition was measured in mm. The essential oils of Ginger, Spearmint, Star anise, and Clove were found highly effective in the presence of Cow Urine against the Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis. It has been concluded from the present study that the (treated) cow urine enhances the activity of essential oils and showed a synergistic effect against the bacterial isolates.
... Therefore, it is likely that the enzymatic functions in these two clades have diverged after the differentiation of Apiaceae plants occurred. Phenylpropenes, including asarones (7, 8), croweacin (11), and nothoapiole (6), which have ortho-methoxy functionality on the benzene ring, have been found in different plant families, such as Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, and Acoraceae ( Figure 1a) (Brophy et al., 1997;Hermes et al., 2021;Ito et al., 1999;Singh et al., 2005). The biochemical activities of the other uncharacterized proteins, having orthomethylating activity of phenylpropene substrates in a wide variety of plant species, remain unknown and will require additional studies to resolve. ...
The phenylpropene volatiles, dillapiole and apiole, impart one of the characteristic aromas of dill (Anethum graveolens) weeds. However, very few studies have investigated the chemical composition of volatile compounds from different developmental stages and plant parts of A. graveolens. In this study, we examined the distribution of volatile phenylpropenes, including dillapiole, in dill plants at various developmental stages. We observed that young dill seedlings accumulate high levels of dillapiole and apiole, whereas a negligible proportion was found in the flowering plants and dry seeds. Based on transcriptomics and co‐expression approaches with phenylpropene biosynthetic genes, we identified dill cDNA encoding S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine‐dependent O‐methyltransferase 1 (AgOMT1), an enzyme that can convert 6‐ and 2‐hydroxymyristicin to dillapiole and apiole, respectively, via the methylation of the ortho‐hydroxy group. The AgOMT1 protein shows an apparent Km value of 3.5 μM for 6‐hydroxymyristicin and is 75% identical to the anise (Pimpinella anisum) O‐methyltransferase (PaAIMT1) that can convert isoeugenol to methylisoeugenol via methylation of the hydroxy group at the para‐position of the benzene ring. AgOMT1 showed a preference for 6‐hydroxymyristicin, whereas PaAIMT1 displayed a large preference for isoeugenol. In vitro mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that substituting only a few residues can substantially affect the substrate specificity of these enzymes. Other plants belonging to the Apiaceae family contained homologous O‐methyltransferase (OMT) proteins highly similar to AgOMT1, converting 6‐hydroxymyristicin to dillapiole. Our results indicate that apiaceous phenylpropene OMTs with ortho‐methylating activity evolved independently of phenylpropene OMTs of other plants and the enzymatic function of AgOMT1 and PaAIMT1 diverged recently.
... It is one of the annual herbs grown in different regions worldwide. It is used as an herb or spice for food flavor, seeds and leaves are the main [68], as well as a potent antifungal effect against Saccharomyces cerevisiae [69]. The Dill extracts and volatile oil with their diverse bioactive ingredients exhibited various therapeutic properties including anti-hypercholesterolaemic, antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimicrobial, and antispasmodic [70]. ...
Medicinal herbs have an essential function in health and therapy. Bioactives of medicinal plants showed fewer side effects than manufactured drugs and their antioxidant properties are responsible for their different therapeutic properties. Essential oils (EOs) are an aromatic mixture of active components with a strong aroma obtained from aromatic plants. Natural EOs are composed of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and phenolics. Because of their volatility, EOs are easily extracted from a variety of natural sources using the steam distillation method. Essential oils are one of the important therapeutic ingredients used in developing new therapeutic vehicles because of their anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetic, anticancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, and aromatherapy capabilities. This review includes different literature to survey the nature of essential oils, therapeutic potentials, and the key components of various essential oils.
... This may give an indication that C. aegyptiaca is a limonene-rich plant, compared with some other plants. For instance, essential oil of dill seeds was reported to be 9.34% [46]; and (44.1% or 16.6% or 16.0%) in Anethum graveolens seeds; according to results published by other investigators [47][48][49]. But citrus limonene exceeded these levels, and was reported to range between 51.97% in Sour Orange oil and 95.32% in Lime oil [36]. ...
The herb, Conyza aegyptiaca L., was subjected to hydrodistillation process to extract the essential oil from the whole dry plant material. Larvae and adult stages of the mosquito, Anopheles pharoensis, and the housefly, Musca domes-tica, were used as test model organisms representing two dipterous insect pests of medical importance. Under standard bioassay test methods, the LC50 of the oil accounted to 37.8 ppm and 0.087 mg/cm 2 against larvae and adults of An. pharoensis, respectively. These toxicity parameters were found to be 71.8 ppm as LC50 and 0.125 µg/insect as LD50 against larvae and adults of M. domestica, respectively. Using GC/MS analysis, we identified 19 compounds constituting ca. 97% of phytochemicals present in the oil, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and esters. Limonene constituted about 50% of the plant oil (48.79%), followed by (E)-β-Ocimene (8.66%), Germacrene D (7.54%) and β-pinene (6.91%). The occurrence of the other constituents ranged between 0.27% and 5.29%. It was concluded that the potency of C. aegyptiaca oil refers mainly to the presence of limonene. The findings of this study may encourage more research aiming at investigation of eco-friendly biopesticides based on botanical resources.
... Essential oils extracted from dill seed have been proven to possess antibacterial and antifungal activities in the pharmacological and agriculture field. [10][11][12][13][14][15] According to a previous report, dill seed essential oil (DSEO) inhibits fungal pathogen (Aspergillus flavus) growth by affecting the plasma membrane and mitochondrial membrane, which causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in fungal cells. 15 DSEO can also remarkably suppress S sclerotiorum, causing morphological alterations of hyphae and sclerotia. ...
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a notorious fungal pathogen with a broad host range, including many important crops. A previous study showed dill seed essential oil (DSEO) could inhibit S sclerotiorum pathogenicity and protect canola production. However, the molecular basis of DSEO anti-fungal activity is still not well studied. To investigate the mechanism of DSEO anti-fungal activity, RNA-sequencing was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of S sclerotiorum in response to DSEO treatment. A total of 2470, 3218, and 3793 DEGs were identified in S sclerotiorum after being treated by DSEO for 0.5, 1, and 2 h, respectively. These genes that express changes in the early stage are more likely affected directly by DSEO. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these genes were mainly related to transmembrane transport, cell membrane, ribosome biogenesis, and proteasome complex. DSEO treatment primarily affected the membrane part of the fungal cell, particularly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane at 0.5 and 1-hour treatment. In addition, a bunch of DEGs associated with the proteasome pathway was markedly enriched at 2 h of treatment. It is speculated that DSEO achieves antifungal effects by influencing these targets or pathways. The information obtained in this study expanded the understanding of the antifungal mechanism of DSEO and enriched the resources available for interpreting its mechanism at molecular level.
... (2002); Al -Zuhair, et al. (1996) Estos autores mencionan que la actividad farmacológica de cardamomo es la siguiente: tos y bronquitis, colagogo, inhibe la replicación de los virus, antimicrobianos, antimicótico, carminativo, aromático, indicado en casos de dispepsia crónica no inflamatoria; en animales de experimentación puede causar aumento de la secreción biliar y reducción de la producción de jugo gástrico, efectos hipoglucemiantes y antihiperglucemiantes en ratas con estreptozotocina. (De et al., 2001;Kyu y Young, 2002;Koch et al., 2007;Singh et al., 2006). Persea americana mejor conocido como "aguacate" es un fruto de color verde oscuro y en ocasiones morado oscuro casi negro dependiendo de la variedad y grado de madurez. ...
The human race has used various medicinal plants as an alternative or complement
to the treatments for various conditions including periodontal disease. It was reported that
plants such as Castela texana and Cinnamomum verum, containing compounds with
antimicrobial activity. The term periodontitis, is used to define inflammation of the tissues
supporting the teeth, usually a progressively destructive change, with loss of bone and
periodontal ligament by extension of inflammation from the gum. It is a bacterial disease
that affects 5-20% of adults between 30 and 60, around the world. One of the bacteria
involved in chronic and aggressive periodontitis, considered as the main causative agent
is Porphyromonas gingivalis. This, microorganism has virulence factors that provide great
potential to colonize and invade periodontal tissues, modulate the host immune response,
enabling the development of a chronic inflammatory response, and to collaborate with the
processes of destruction of periodontal tissue and alveolar bone. The objective of this
study was to determine the biological activity of the methanol extracts of Castela texana,
Elettaria cardamomum, Illicium verum, Persea americana var. “Criollo”,
Persea americana var. “Hass” and aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum in
Porphyromonas gingivalis. Furthermore, nanomechanical morphological characterization
of the biological activity of the methanol extract of Castela texana and the aqueous extract
of Cinnamomum verum by Atomic Force Microscopy compared to antibiotics used in
periodontal treatment. The results indicate that the methanol extract of Castela texana and
aqueous extract of Cinnamomum verum showed higher biological activity in
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Atomic Force Microscopy allowed us to study, characterize
and analyze the morphological and nanomechanical properties of
Porphyromonas gingivalis in the presence of treatments and this we provided information
that may be useful to better understand the interactions of treatments with plant extracts,
when compared to treatment with antibiotics. These study results provide perspectives on
the way to finding new alternative antimicrobial therapy related to periodontal diseases.
Keywords: Periodontal disease, Porphyromonas gingivalis, biological activity, Castela texana, Cinnamomum verum, Elettaria cardamomum, Illicium verum, Persea americana var. “Criollo”, Persea americana var. “Hass”, nanomechanical characterization, Atomic Force Microscopy.
... Chemical compounds of dill essence are carvone, limonene, dillapiole and linalool [19]. ...
Increasing attention is being paid to use of organic fertilizers such as manure and vermicompost which can increased yield and protect the environment. Replacing chemical fertilizers with manures has the benefit of low production cost and imparts beneficial effects on soil. Then an experiment was conducted during 2013 to measure effects of organic fertilizers on essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Use of organic fertilizers beneficially affected seed yield, percent of essential oil, and essential oil yield. Essential oil percent was highest due to treatment with compost tea applied to the soil compared to foliar application. The combination of 20 t•ha-1 of manure and 7 t•ha-1 of vermicompost, without compost tea,producedthe maximum essential oil yield (23.85 kg•ha-1). The GC-MS analysis of dill essential oil indicated 94% of essential oil compounds were made up of: carvone, α-phellandrene, p-cymene, dillapiole and trans-dihydrocarvone. The maximum value of carvone (73.58%) was obtained by application of 20 t•ha-1 of manure and 15 t•ha-1 of vermicompost and compost tea in form of soil application.
... They also reported that the carvone concentration (34.62%) was lower than that of limonene (40.69%) in immature seeds. Singh et al. [45] noted that the major components of dill mature seed oils were carvone (55.2%), limonene (16.6%), dill apiole (43.2%) and linoleic acid (23.1%). In addition, Sharopov et al. [46] reported that the major components of dill aerial oils were carvone (51.7%), trans-dihydrocarvone (14.7%), dill ether (13.2%), α-phellandrene (8.1%), and limonene (6.9%). ...
Background
In sustainable agriculture, the use of farmyard manure (FYM) is of great interest to environmental security and is effective as a good nitrogen source for sustainable crop production. Therefore, determining the effective doses of FYM that will be an alternative to chemical fertilizers, is also important to improve soil fertility and produce healthy products. This study aimed to determine the effects of FYM and ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizers on the biological value and essential oil content of dill ( Anethum graveolens L.).
Methods
Different doses FYM (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 t ha ⁻¹ ) and AN (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha ⁻¹ ) were applied by sowing and compared to a control group (no manure). We evaluated the chemical constituents as well as the biological activities of dill herbs and seeds growing at various doses of FYM and AN fertilizers.
Results
The most abundant components of essential oils were found to be dill apiole (11.96 ± 0.83 and 18.65 ± 1.89%) and carvotanacetone (15.90 ± 2.34 and 21.76 ± 1.62%) in the leaves and seeds, respectively. Limonene (9.01 ± 1.11%), 4-isopropyltoluen (8.24 ± 0.89%), dill ether (9.13 ± 1.12%) and mycrene (7.44 ± 0.68%) were major essential oils components in herbs. The highest concentration of the essential oil components was determined as 12.5–15 t ha ⁻¹ in FYM and 90 AN applications. From the effective concentration (EC 50 ) of the samples, it was seen that 60 kg ha ⁻¹ AN infusion, 120 kg ha ⁻¹ AN decoction as well as 7.5 t ha ⁻¹ FYM and 10 t ha ⁻¹ FYM essential oils had the highest DPPH, ABTS ⁺ and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity as shown by the lowest value of EC 50 compared to the control. Although the antioxidant activities of the samples were significantly lower than those of the reference antioxidant gallic acid, it was evident that they did show the antioxidative potential for hydrogen and a single electron donor activities, thus could serve as free radical scavengers, and act as reductant. In particular, the highest total phenolic content (18.36 ± 0.35 mg g ⁻¹ ) was found in the infusion extract after applying the 60 kg ha ⁻¹ AN fertilizer. Essential oils extracted from the seeds also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . The highest antibacterial activity against all tested microbial species was observed with the 10 t ha ⁻¹ FYM application.
Conclusion
The findings of the study suggest that the application of FYM has promising effects on dill leaf, seed, and herb and can be considered as a suitable substitute for chemical fertilizers when growing dill, a plant with increasing importance and demand.
Anethum graveolens, a fragrant herb belonging to the Apiaceae family, is extensively cultivated as a spice and flavoring crop. Dill, the common name for Anethum graveolens, is an aromatic plant extensively used in traditional medicine and culinary practices. The plant’s parts and extracts are widely employed in traditional medicines, as food supplements, antimicrobial and insecticidal agents, and in the beverage industry, owing to its distinctive aroma, antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial properties, and other biological activities. The essential oil and aerial portions of the plant are widely utilized in food products globally. This review describes the recent advancements regarding the essential oils and other metabolites of Anethum graveolens, their biological properties, and their applications in medicinal, condiment, food, and feed industries. This review explores the bioactive metabolites present in Dill and their potential applications across various industries.
Common pistachio psyllid, is one of the most important pests of pistachio in Iran. In this study, the effect of spirotetramate
(SP), salicylic acid (SA), methanolic and n-hexane extracts of walnut husk (MW & NW, respectively), methanolic and nhexane
extracts
of
dill
seed
(MD
&
ND,
respectively)
and
the
combined
application
spirotetramate
with
these
compounds
(SP
+
SA,
SP
+
MW,
SP
+
NW,
SP
+
MD
and
SP
+
ND)
were
studied
on
pistachio
psyllid
population
during
two
years.
Distilled
water
was
also
considered
as
a
control.
The
amount
of
secondary
compounds
(total
phenol
and
flavonoid
contents)
in
pistachio
leaves
in
different
treatments
was
determined.
In
the
first
year, the highest percentage of population reduction of pistachio
psyllid was observed in combined treatment of spirotetramate and methanolic extract of dill seed (SP + MD) with an average
of -91.26 ± 3.21 % and in the second year in methanolic extract of dill seed (MD) with an average of 36.70 ± 8.43% and SP
+ MD combined treatment with an average of -35.17 ± 17.9%. In both years, the combined use of n-hexanic extract of green
walnut husk with spirotratram (SP + NW) reduced significantly the population of pistachio psyllids compared to the use of
spirotratram alone. The amount of total phenol and flavonoid compounds in the leaves of pistachio trees treated with the
studied compounds showed a significant difference. The highest level of total phenol was obtained in SP + MD treatment
(75.48 ± 1.94) that showed significant differences with SP, MD and SP + ND treatments. The results of this study during two
years showed that methanolic extract of dill seed in combination with spirotetramate (SP + MD) had the greatest effect in the
population control of pistachio psylla nymphs and therefore can be considered in the integrated management programmes of
this pest.
This research explores the formulation of a novel perfume derived from the extraction of jasmine flowers and orange peel, emphasizing the reduction of skin irritation. The study employs a dual extraction method, combining solvent extraction for jasmine flowers and cold-press extraction for orange peel, to preserve the natural fragrance compounds and beneficial properties. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the chemical compositions of the extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS). Subsequently, various formulations were developed and subjected to dermatological testing to evaluate their potential for causing skin irritation. The results indicate that the optimized formulation, incorporating specific ratios of jasmine and orange extracts, significantly minimizes skin irritation compared to commercial synthetic fragrances. The perfume not only provides a pleasing and lasting scent but also demonstrates enhanced skin compatibility, making it suitable for sensitive skin. This research contributes to the development of natural, skin-friendly perfumes and offers insights into sustainable extraction methods for the fragrance industry. Key findings highlight the importance of balancing natural ingredients to achieve both olfactory appeal and dermatological safety. The implications of this study extend to the broader cosmetics and personal care industries, encouraging the adoption of gentler, nature-derived formulations..
Dill, also known as Anethum graveolens, is a botanical species with an annual life cycle and a branching structure. It is a significant part of Ayurvedic medicine and is used as a spice, flavor enhancer, and essential oil supplier. Dill seeds have carminative, stomachic, and diuretic properties. The volatile components of dill seeds and plants are diverse, with carvone being the main odorant. Other substances found in seeds include steroids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins. Dill is used in traditional herbal therapy to treat various ailments, including respiratory issues, stomach discomfort, digestive disorders, and low blood sugar and cholesterol. It also has pharmacological benefits, including hypolipidemic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-infertility benefits. Numerous studies have confirmed these effects.
The present study investigated the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from Anethum graveolens seeds, one of the under explored crop. The evaluation for antimicrobial activity revealed that the essential oil exhibited MIC value of 0.02% (v/v) against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, 0.05% (v/v) against S. aureus, 0.1% (v/v) against Listeria monocytogenes, 0.5% (v/v) against Escherichia coli and 1.0% (v/v) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Essential also exhibited the antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The current study also investigated the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using A. graveolens leaves extracts followed by their role in free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activity. It was observed that the silver nanoparticles exhibited a free radical scavenging IC value of 40 µg ± 3 per ml of DPPH. Moreover, the plant extract used for silver nanoparticle biosynthesis also mitigated the toxic effect of silver at 1mM to 10mM. Thus, the present study indicates that the A. graveolens seeds being rich source of various volatile compounds can be explored for its antimicrobial properties whereas the plant extract could be used for alienating the heavy metal stress based oxidative stress and bioremediation.
The utilization of bio fertilizers is a promising choice for economical horticulture, and bio fertilizer applications are the most ideal choice, as they fundamentally expanded medicinal ointment content and complete creation of umbellate family plants and dill particularly contrasted with other compost applications. The instruments through which bio fertilizers can decidedly affect dill plant development could be through the union of plant chemicals, nitrogen obsession, decrease of root film potential, and the combination of certain compounds that tweak the degree of plant chemicals like the disintegration of inorganic phosphate. Also, mineralization of organophosphates, which makes phosphorus more accessible to plants, we infer that cultivating designs treated with bio fertilizers are incredible choices for cultivators searching for cleaner, all the more harmless to the ecosystem systems to expand their pay by working on medicinal balm and quality. السم ا د الحيىي-الشبث ونبات Anethum Graveolens L الخصائص. الجبىري عبذالجادر بذوي عامر 1 حسن دمحم حاجم 2 1 العراق كركىك، المهني، الحعليم كركىك، جربية مذيرية 2 قسم الطبية النباجات والصناعية، كلية الزراع ة-الحىيجة، جامعة كركىك العراق ، الخالصة اسخخذاو ان األمزم، انخُبر انحُىَت األسمذة اسخخذامبث وحعذ االلخصبدَت، نهشراعت ًا واعذ ا خُبرً انحُىَت األسمذة اسخخذاو ُعذ َ خبنُت انجىدة عبنُت مىخجبث ولذمج انعطزٌ انشَج واوخبس انبذور اوببث مه ساد وانعطزَت انطبُت انىببحبث عهً انحُىَت األسمذة انكُمبوَبث مه فٍ انىببحبث جذور ومسبعذة انحُىَت واألوشطت نهخزبت انبُىنىجٍ انخىىع عهً حأرُزي خالل مه انضبرة، انشراعُت نهذوببن لببهُخهب وسَبدة ، انمخبحت األشكبل إنً انمخىفزة غُز األشكبل مه وححىَههب ، انمهمت انغذائُت انعىبصز إنً انىصىل حىسع وححسُه ، انبُئُت انسالمت وحعشَش ببسخخذاو انعطزٌ انشَج مه وانعطزَت انطبُت انىببحبث إوخبس أصبح .حُذ انجذور محخىي وححسُه انبذور محصىل نضمبن أسبسُت عمهُت انحُىَت األسمذة NPK خالل مه انىببث ومى عهً إَجببٍ حأرُز وإحذاد وحزبُج ، انىببحُت انهزمىوبث حخهُك N2 انىببحُت انهزمىوبث بعض إطالق ًب وأَض ، طبُعت مه GA3 و IAA أن َمكه وانخٍ انعىبصز وامخصبص انىببث ومى ححفش انضىئٍ انخمزُم وعمهُت انغذائُت .
Coriander Sativum, commonly known as coriander or cilantro, is an herb widely used in various culinary traditions around the world. Apart from its culinary applications, coriander also possesses diverse chemical compounds that contribute to its bioactive potential. This review aims to provide an overview of the chemical diversity present in coriander and explore its potential health benefits. Key compounds such as linalool, coriandrin, and α-pinene have been identified in coriander, which exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Furthermore, coriander has shown potential in managing diabetes, cardiovascular health, and digestive disorders. This review consolidates the existing knowledge on the bioactive potential of coriander and highlights the importance of further research to fully unlock its therapeutic applications.
In the study, the antimicrobial effect of ethanol: water (1:1 v/v), methanol: water (1:1 v/v) and water extracts of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) plants were determined by well diffusion method and antioxidant activity by DPPH• radical removal method. As test microorganisms, Aspergillus niger mold and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria were used and the inhibition zone was measured only in S. aureus ATCC 25923. In DPPH• radical scavenging analysis, the antioxidant capacity of the samples was lower than the controls, and the IC50 values of Trolox, BHA, dill, coriander and purslane were 41.63 µg/mL, 154.15 µg/mL, 683.45 µg/mL, 903.33 µg/mL, 525.99 µg/mL respectively. Among the plants studied, purslane had the highest antioxidant activity, while coriander had the lowest antioxidant activity. As a result, it was determined that the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activity values belonged to the purslane plant.
Background:
Alpinia calcarata (AC) Roscoe of Zingiberaceae popularly known as lesser galangal has a widespread occurrence in China, India, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Essential oil (Eoil) was obtained from leaves/rhizomes of AC via hydro-distillation process.
Methods:
To identify chemical ingredients in oil from leaves/rhizomes of AC through GC/MS technique for volatile components and their anti-oxidant, inflammatory/diabetic activities.
Results:
The 38 and 65 components were found to make up 99.9 and 99.6 %, respectively in total of Eoil composition of AC leaves/rhizomes. Key chemical constituents were eucalyptol (28.7 % in leaves; 25.4 % in rhizomes), camphor (12.8 % in leaves; 4.2 % in rhizomes), and carotol (9.8 % in leaves; 5.6 % in rhizomes) found in oil of AC leaves/rhizomes. Colorimetric assay showed anti-oxidant activities in leaves and rhizomes are IC50 =71.01±0.71 μg/mL and IC50 =73.83±0.49 μg/mL, respectively in the Eoils. Eoils had high anti-oxidant capabilities in IC50 -values of AC-L-Eoil=43.09±0.82&AC-Rh-Eoil=68.11±0.87 in reducing power in μg/mL was found. Albumin test of rhizome oil had IC50 -values of 15.19±0.25 μg/mL. Concentrations range of 7.81 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL in the Eoils of AC leaves and rhizome, respectively by α-glucosidase inhibition assay.
Conclusion:
Our findings demonstrated that leaf oil was slightly more promising results than rhizome oil of AC extract, which was ultimately showed medicinal potential of secondary metabolites with anti-oxidant, diabetic/inflammatory activities. Further, Eoils of AC have a wide range of pharmacological potential and promising anti-diabetic effects.
Biodegradable material incorporated with antifungal essential oil has become an alternative food preservation approach to reduce plastic waste. Essential oils of Amomum testaceum, Anethum graveolens, Piper longum, Kaempferia galanga, and Zanthoxylum limonella were tested for their antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. A. graveolens essential oil demonstrated the highest inhibition zone diameter of 43.51 mm against A. niger after seven days comparing to those obtained from other essential oils ranging from 10.02 mm to 26.13 mm. The volatile compounds of A. graveolens essential oil were identified with major compounds such as carvone, trans-dihydrocarvone, limonene, and α-acorenol. The pineapple nanocellulose-gellan gum (PNC-GG) films incorporated with A. graveolens oil were formulated and tested for its physical and chemical properties. Addition of A. graveolens essential oil in PNC-GG films improved mechanical strength and decreased flexibility while solubility, water vapour permeability, and thermal stability slightly changed. PNC-GG films incorporated with A. graveolens essential oil were also tested as bread packaging inhibiting A. niger. The results indicated that no visible mycelial growth of A. niger was detected during 3-week storage. Therefore, the PNC-GG films incorporated with A. graveolens essential oil were recommended as biodegradable packaging material against A. niger in bread also extending its shelf life.
Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) belong to the Apiaceae family This plant is extracted either in the form of powders or oils from different parts of the plant, including the leaves, seeds, flowers, or the aerial part of the plant. It contains many activity secondary metabolism compounds. These compounds are of nutritional, medicinal and natural therapeutic value. They are considered high antioxidants that are used as a treatment for humans or as flavorings for foods. The aim of the review know the pharmaceutical and biological characteristics of dill.
Biofilm-associated bacteria, especially ESKAPE pathogens ( Enterococcus faecium , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baumannii , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterobacter spp.), are a serious challenge worldwide. Due to the lack of discovery of novel antibiotics, in the past two decades, it has become necessary to search for new antibiotics or to study synergy with the existing antibiotics so as to counter life-threatening infections. Nature-derived compounds/based products are more efficient than the chemically synthesized ones with less resistance and lower side effects. In this descriptive review, we discuss the most promising therapeutics for the treatment of ESKAPE-related biofilms. The first aspect includes different types of natural agents [botanical drugs, essential oils (EOs), antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, and endolysins] effective against ESKAPE pathogens. The second part of the review deals with special references to EOs/essential oil components (EOCs) (with some exclusive examples), mode of action (via interfering in the quorum-sensing pathways, disruption of biofilm and their inhibitory concentrations, expression of genes that are involved, other virulence factors), existing in literature so far. Moreover, different essential oils and their major constituents were critically discussed using in vivo models to target ESKAPE pathogens along with the studies involving existing antibiotics.
Synthetic chemicals are used to protect crops and agricultural products, thereby producing high yields. However, intensive use of these synthetic chemicals significantly affects the environment and sustainable agriculture production. Moreover, direct or indirect exposure to these synthetic chemicals may cause acute or chronic toxicity in humans and animals. Due to their biodegradability, low toxicity, and being environmentally friendly, secondary metabolites derived from plant sources are being studied as a sustainable approach. Apiaceae family crops are a good source of bioactive phytochemicals. Many studies have found that Apiaceae extracts and essential oils possess various biocidal activities: antibacterial, antifungal, herbicidal, insecticidal or repellent, and larvicidal activities, among others. These various potent bioactivities make the Apiaceae an excellent alternative source for synthetic chemicals. In this context, the present review highlights the biocidal activities of some Apiaceae species and their potential applications in agriculture to protect the plant and agricultural products against pests, weeds, phytopathogens, and foodborne and food spoilage microorganisms.
Peach fruit is susceptible to decay caused by Monilinia fructicola infection. Synthetic fungicides are effective for inhibiting this pathogen and rot rate, but more and more attentions to the safety and pollution that chemicals compel us to find other methods to control M. fructicola disease. Natural volatile organic compound was considered as a potential way to reduce pathogen infection. 1-Octen-3-ol, a natural product from plant or fungi, can inhibit several pathogens growth. In this study, it is found that 1-octen-3-ol fumigation not only inhibited development of M. fructicola in vitro but also effectively reduced brown rot caused by the pathogen in vivo. The results showed 37.20, 55.80 and 74.40 μg mL⁻¹ 1-octen-3-ol fumigation could inhibit the extension of M. fructicola hyphae and significantly reduce the ergosterol content of mycelium. The results of microscopy, it can be seen that 1-octen-3-ol destroyed the hyphae morphology and cell structure. The spore apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decreased. Moreover, 55.80 μg mL⁻¹ 1-octen-3-ol fumigation could significantly reduce disease incidence and lesion diameter of fruit. Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities were enhanced, and expression of ICS1, NPR1, TGA1, PR1 were up-regulated, as well as down-regulation of AOS, COI1 and MYC2. These results indicate that 1-octen-3-ol treatment is a promising approach to control brown rot, which is related to the activation of salicylic acid (SA) signal to enhance fruit disease resistance besides direct destruction of pathogen.
Essential oils stand for a class of fragrance bearing secondary metabolites consisting of terpenes, terpenoids, shikimates, phenylpropenes, etc. Apiole (1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene), commonly known as parsley apiole, belongs to the phenylpropene class of bioactives. It mainly occurs in Apiaceae, Piperaceae, and Myristicaceae plant families. However, Petroselinum crispum (Miller) A.W. Hill, Piper aduncum L, Anethum graveolens L. (dill), Ocimum basilicum L., and Pastinaca hirsute have been ranked as the top source of apiole. Apiole has been largely extracted from plants via hydrodistillation, Steam distillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, supercritical fluid type extraction, and headspace volatiles (HS). The intake of apiole affects the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, cures chronic breast lactation, and regulates menstrual cycle. On a clinical basis, apiole can act as antioxidant, antifungal, anticancerous, abortifacient, acaricidal, phytotoxic, antitumor, and antiproliferative agents. Besides abortion, its long-term or excessive intake can cause acute or chronic problems related to the liver, kidney, irritation, or anemia. This chapter provides brief but up-to-date information regarding the occurrence, extraction, biogenesis, and therapeutic prospectus of apiole.
Present work described the effect of natural stabilizers on Ca/P on naturally synthesised and Eco-friendly Nano-HAP powders.Nano- powders were preparedemploying wet chemical precipitation method by adjusting Ca/P between 1.5 to2.2,using different Natural Stabilisers (NSs)such as Rice Water (RcW), Soya Milk (SM), Tea Decoction (TD), Tulsi Leaves (TL), Soya Leaves (SL), Rose Petals (RP), Spinach Leaves (SpL), Gum Kondagogu (GKg) and Aloe Vera (AlV)as precursors. The pH of the powders was varying from 8.1 to 12.8.In this paper, the average crystallite sizes of the samples, pH, therate of reaction, initial temperature and Ca/P of synthesised powders are reported.
A large number of essential oils (EOs) have been proposed as natural antioxidants
in foods. They are added to minimize the oxidation effects in diverse
meat matrices, showing promising results by inhibiting oxidation processes.
Moreover, its addition in meat products induces changes in physicochemical
and sensory properties, such as color, texture stability, pH, flavor among
others, which are of great importance in the meat technology. In this review,
the main physicochemical and sensory effects caused in different meat
matrices by the addition of diverse EOs were analyzed in two parts, by
reviewing strategies to add EOs and main changes reported. EOs are
a good antioxidant source, and for their application in meat matrices is
suggested to test different doses which could avoid negative effects on the
physicochemical and sensory properties, as well as including toxicological
assays to find an effective and safe dose.
Food preservation is becoming more complex. New food products are being introduced onto the market. Generally these require longer shelf-lives and greater assurance of freedom from foodborne pathogenic organisms. The search for new substances to be used in food preservation is hampered by regulatory restrictions. Consequently a great deal of time and money may be required to develop a new chemical preservative and to get it approved especially in view of the public pressure against chemical additives in general. Such obstacles provide new opportunities for those seeking alternative routes in the search for new food preservatives. The excessive use of chemical preservatives, some of which are suspect because of their supposed or potential toxicity, has resulted in increasing pressure on food manufacturers to either completely remove chemical preservatives from their food products or to adopt more ‘natural’ alternatives for the maintenance or extension of a product’s shelf life. There is considerable interest in the possible use of such natural alternatives as food additives either to prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens or to delay the onset of food spoilage. Many naturally occurring compounds, such as phenols (phenolic acid, polyphenols, tannins), and organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric) have been considered in this context. Many spices and herbs and extracts possess antimicrobial activity, almost invariably due to the essential oil fraction (Deans and Ritchie, 1987). Thus the essential oils of citrus fruits exhibit antibacterial activity to foodborne bacteria (Dabbah et al., 1970) and moulds (Akgul and Kivanc, 1989) so too have the essential oils of many other plants such as oregano, thyme (Salmeron et al., 1990;Paster et al., 1990), sage, rosemary, clove, coriander etc. (Farag et al., 1989; Aureli et al., 1992; Stecchini et al., 1993). The antibacterial and antimycotic effects of garlic and onion have been well documented also (Mantis et al., 1978; Sharma et al., 1979; Saleem and Al-Delaimy, 1982; Conner and Beuchat, 1984a,b).
Adams, R. P. 2007. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry, 4th Edition. Allured Publ., Carol Stream, IL
Is out of print, but you can obtain a free pdf of it at
www.juniperus.org
Twenty-four wild and 19 cultivated caraway (Carum carvi L.) populations/cultivars were cultivated at Mikkeli, Finland (61°44'N, 27°18'E) during 1990-1991. Twenty-eight of the populations studied were of Northern European origin and 15 were of Central European origin. Clear agrobotanical differences were observed between the wild and cultivated populations. The cultivated populations were characterized by a 10-14 days longer growing period, differences in rosette growth habit, size and weight of seeds (fruit) and a higher and more constant germination capacity of the seeds. The oil content of both groups of caraway seeds showed great variations (2.3–7.6%). The average oil content of the wild and the cultivated forms were 5.0% and 5.1% respectively. The highest oil contents (7.6% and 7.5%) were found in a cultivated Swiss and a wild Finnish population. The oil content of the wild Finnish populations was significantly higher (5.3%, n=13), than those of the Finnish cultivated forms (4.8%, n=6). The main components of the oil were carvone (40–60%) and limonene (38–54%). Especially high carvone contents were found in a Norwegian and an Icelandic population (60%). The carvone/limonene ratio of the wild populations from the northern parts of Finland was higher than that from the southern parts of the country. Also, the populations from the higher elevations in the Alps had high carvone/limonene ratios.
Acute toxicities of 34 naturally occurring monoterpenoids were evaluated against 3 important arthropod pest species; the larva of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte; the adult of the twospotted spider mite. Tetranychus urticae Koch; and the adult house fly. Musca domestica L. Potential larvicidal or acaricidal activities of each monoterpenoid were determined by topical application, leaf-dip method, soil bioassay, and greenhouse pot tests. Phytotoxicity was also tested on a corn plant. Citronellic acid and thymol were the most topically toxic against the house fly, and citronellol and thujone were the most effective on the western corn rootworm. Most of the monoterpenoids were lethal to the twospotted spider mite at high concentrations; carvomenthenol and terpinen-4-ol were especially effective. A wide range of monoterpenoids showed some larvicidal activity against the western corn rootworm in the soil bioassay. Perillaldehyde, the most toxic (LC50 = 3 micrograms/g) in soil, was only 1/3 as toxic as carbofuran, a commercial soil insecticide (LC50 = 1 microgram/g). Selected monoterpenoids also effectively protected corn roots from attack by the western corn rootworm larvae under greenhouse conditions. alpha-Terpineol was the best monoterpenoid in the greenhouse pot test. The acute toxicity of monoterpenoids was low relative to conventional insecticides. Some monoterpenoids were phytotoxic to corn roots and leaves. l-Carvone was the most phytotoxic, whereas pulegone was the safest. The results with thymyl ethyl ether, one of the synthetic derivatives of thymol, showed a potential of derivatization to reduce monoterpenoid phytotoxicity.
The kinetic behaviour of polyphenols common in fruits as free radical scavengers was studied using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). After addi‐tion of different standard concentrations to DPPH· (0·025 g litre⁻¹), the percentage of remaining DPPH• was determined at different times from the absorbances at 515 nm. The percentage remaining DPPH• against reaction time followed a multiplicative model equation: ln [DPPHREM•]=b ln t+ln a. The slopes of these equations may be useful parameters to define the antioxidant capacity. The steeper the slope, the lower the amount of antioxidant necessary to decrease by 50% the initial DPPH• concentration (EC50). This parameter, EC50, is widely used to measure antioxidant power, but it does not takes into account the reaction time. Time needed to reach the steady state to the concentration corresponding at EC50 (TEC50) was calculated, and antiradical efficiency (AE) was proposed as a new parameter to characterise the antioxidant compounds where AE=1/EC50TEC50. It was shown that AE is more discriminatory than EC50. AE values are more useful because they also take into account the reaction time. The results have shown that the order of the AE (×10⁻³) in the compounds tested was: ascorbic acid (11·44)>caffeic acid (2·75)⩾gallic acid (2·62)>tannic acid (0·57)⩾DL‐α‐tocopherol (0·52)>rutin (0·21)⩾quercetin (0·19)>ferulic acid (0·12)⩾3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole, BHA (0·10)>resveratrol (0·05). © 1998 SCI.
An easy and fast test has been designed to compare the total free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) of various food samples. Black and green teas from different countries, and wines of different brands were studied and compared as examples of coloured liquids (water‐ and methanol‐soluble); oils from different sources were used as examples of lipidic foodstuffs; apples of different varieties and spinach were analysed as solid foods. Dilutions of extracts of the described foodstuffs were prepared and aliquots of each dilution were spotted onto TLC silica gel layers in the form of a dot‐blot test: layers were stained with a methanolic solution of the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical. Dots of extracts of foodstuffs with RSC turned yellow, with a colour intensity depending on the RSC compounds present in the dilutions. After 1 h staining, the intensity of the yellow colour was measured with a chromameter (b* parameter) at one of the dilutions at which the colour value was linearly correlated to the concentration of the sample. According to these readings the different samples were organised in decreasing order of b* values, an order which corresponded to the decreasing order of RSC as determined by spectrophotometric methods. The dot‐blot test was sensitive enough to detect differences of RSC between varieties and brands of water‐ or methanol‐soluble products, but was not adequate for lipid‐based compounds. The test was also able to follow the variation of RSC during food processing as in, for example, the heat‐treatment of spinach. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural antioxidants have recently gained increased interest because of the belief that natural food ingredients are better and safer than synthetic ones. The review presents the results on stabilisation of the main edible oils with different types of natural antioxidants, Sources of natural antioxidants are spices, herbs, teas, oils, seeds, cereals, cocoa shell, grains, fruits, vegetables, enzymes, proteins. Researchers concentrate on ascorbic acid, tocopherols and carotenoids as well as on plant extracts containing various individual antioxidants such as flavonoids (quercetin, kaemferol, myricetin), catechins or phenols (carnosol, rosmanol, rosamaridiphenol) and phenolic acids (carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid). Ascorbyl palmitate is regarded as a 'natural' antioxidant because it is hydrolysed in the body to ascorbic and palmitic acids. Among the herbs of the Lamiaceae family, rosemary has been more extensively studied and its extracts are the first marketed natural antioxidants. Oregano, which belongs to the same family, has gained the interest of many research groups as a potent antioxidant in lipid systems. The review concerns the following main topics: stabilisation of oil with individual natural antioxidants, interaction of antioxidants with synergists, stabilisation of oil with extracts or dry materials from different plant sources (e.g. herbs and spices), stabilisation at frying temperatures and in emulsions.
Four natural plant compounds (limonin, S (+) and R (-) carvone, and cucurbitacin) and one insect pheromone (verbenone) were evaluated for antifeedant activity against the pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Herbst), on Pinus strobus seedlings and for toxic activity against the pathogenic fungus, Leptographium procerum (Kendrick) Wingfield, which is vectored by H. pales to P. strobus. All compounds demonstrated significant antifeedant activity in a choice test on treated pine seedlings, but none completely eliminated feeding. Only cucurbitacin elicited a linear dose-response relationship, with significant activity occurring at concentrations as low as 0.10 μg/ml. The other compounds significantly reduced feeding at concentrations as low as 1 μg/ml (the lowest concentration at which they were tested). Total feeding activity was unaffected for all but one treatment (S (+) carvone at 1 μg/ml) when compared with feeding on the untreated control seedlings. It is, therefore, unlikely that the compounds in this study were toxic to the weevils during the 2 d evaluation period. In the fungitoxin test, all compounds except cucurbitacin suppressed germination of L. procerum spores. R (-) carvone was the most effective, allowing only 5% germination at 1 μg/ml, compared to 96% germination in the water solvent.
Products of browning reaction of glucosamine were prepared from glucosamine-HCl by incubating it at 37°C for 0-30 days, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning, aminosugar contents, pH, moisture and total nitrogen contents of the products were measured. In addition, the brown products prepared from glucosamine by incubation at 37°C for 0, 15 and 30 days were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-15, and the antioxidative activity, reducing power, degree of browning and pH of each fraction were also measured.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) When white powder of free glucosamine was allowed to stand for 3 days at 37°C, it transformed to a brown paste.
2) The strongest antioxidative activity was observed in the product obtained after incubation between 20 and 30 days.
3) The increase in antioxidative activity of the products of browning reaction was accompanied by the increase in the degree of browning.
4) The brown products prepared from glucosamine by long incubation were fractionated into fractions according to their molecular weights.
Antioxidative activity was detected in the fractions corresponding to intermediate molecular weight.
As a search for natural antioxidants from plant materials, strong antioxidative activity was observed in leaf waxes extracted from Eucalyptus species. A novel type of antioxidant was isolated from the leaf wax of Eucalyptus globulus and identified as n-tritriacontan-16, 18-dione. Antioxidative activities were determined by different methods; a thiocyanate method, a thiobarbituric acid method, a total carbonyl value method and a weighing test. The antioxidant showed remarkable antioxidative activity in a water/alcohol system and was more effective than α-tocopherol and BHA; however, it has no antioxidative activity in an oil system.
1,3-disubstituted aliphatic and aromatic symmetrical and unsymmetrical thioureas were synthesised by novel routes and the antifungal activities of these compounds against two plant pathogens, Pyricularia oryzae and Drechslera oryzae were studied in Czapek-Dox medium at four different concentrations using acetone as the control and the structure-activity relationship among the substituted thioureas is reported. © 1998 SCI.
The inhibitory and lethal effects of synthetic versions of compounds found in common herbs and spices were compared on a food spoilage yeast Debaromyces hansenii. Separate treatments of trans‐anethole, carvacrol, eugenol, and thymol were investigated in potato dextrose broth (PDB) suspension cultures. Inhibitory activity was studied for all compounds at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm over a 55 h incubation while lethality was investigated for trans‐anethole, carvacrol, and thymol at 100 and 125 ppm over a four day incubation. All compounds exhibited at least minor inhibitory activity at a concentration of 25 ppm. During the 55 h incubation period, the minimum concentration for total inhibition by trans‐anethole was 75 ppm, while that for carvacrol and thymol was 100 ppm. The maximum level of eugenol examined, 100 ppm, did not completely inhibit outgrowth. Growth curve data were described by the logistic equation which provided for quantitative comparison of inhibition. Lethality was achieved with trans‐anethole, carvacrol, and thymol at 100 and 125 ppm as determined by colony forming units (CFU) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) over four days incubation. These findings demonstrate an approach for quantitatively describing inhibition and evaluating the lethal effects of synthetic versions of plant metabolites on D. hansenii. This research may prove useful in future studies identifying active compounds, determining their effective concentrations, and providing strategies for the development of food applications.
The analysis of the δ13CPDB-values and the enantiomeric distribution in combination with the composition of the essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) at various developing stages of different plant parts allows us to draw valuable conclusions about the biosynthesis of the monoterpenes in the entire plant. The composition of the essential oil is different for the various plant parts and changes significantly during the ripening of the dill umbels. While α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, dill ether and carvone occur enantiomerically pure in all investigated plant parts and during all stages of maturity, both enantiomers of limonene are detected. The enantiomeric composition of limonene is different for the various plant parts and changes during the development of the umbels. The δ13CPDB-values of the different monoterpenes also change with development. (R)-Limonene and carvone show absolutely the same behaviour in their δ13CPDB-values during the whole development of the umbels up to the seeds. In addition the δ13CPDB-values themselves are absolutely the same. Also α-phellandrene and dill ether show the same behaviour in their δ13CPDB-values, but the δ13CPDB-values themselves differ around 1.5–2‰. Based on the results of these investigations, a biochemical pathway of the monoterpenes in dill is postulated, according to which a very close biogenetic relationship is established for limonene and carvone and also for α-phellandrene and dill ether. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incubation of rat liver mitochondrial suspensions in the presence of low concentrations of ascorbic acid results in the formation of lipide peroxides and the oxidation of the ascorbic acid. There is a quantitative relationship between the two reactions.The effects of added iron salts and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the system have been studied. The results suggest that the mechanism involved is non-enzymic and consists of a cooxidation of ascorbic acid and unsaturated fat mediated by a metal ion.
The antioxidant activity (AA) of acetone oleoresins (AcO) and deodorised acetone extracts (DAE) of sage (Salvia officinalis L.), savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and borage (Borago officinalis L.) were tested in refined, bleached and deodorised rapeseed oil applying the Schaal Oven Test and weight gain methods at 80 °C and the Rancimat method at 120 °C. The additives (0.1 wt-%) of plant extracts stabilised rapeseed oil efficiently against its autoxidation; their effect was higher than that of the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (0.02%). AcO and DAE obtained from the same herbal material extracted a different AA. The activity of sage and borage DAE was lower than that of AcO obtained from the same herb, whereas the AA of savory DAE was higher than that of savory AcO. The effect of the extracts on the oil oxidation rate measured by the Rancimat method was less significant. In that case higher concentrations (0.5 wt-%) of sage and savory AcO were needed to achieve a more distinct oil stabilisation.
A kinetic analysis was performed to evaluate the antioxidant behavior of α- and γ-to-copherols (5—2000 ppm) in purified triacylglycerols obtained from sunflower oil (TGSO) and soybean oil (TGSBO) at 100 °C. Different kinetic parameters were determined, viz. the stabilization factor as a measure of effectiveness, the oxidation rate ratio as a measure of strength, and the antioxidant activity which combines the other two parameters. In the low concentration range (up to 400 ppm in TGSBO and up to 700 ppm in TGSO) α-tocopherol was a more active antioxidant than γ-tocopherol whereas the latter was more active at higher concentrations. It has been found that the different activity of the tocopherols is not due to their participation in chain initiation reactions, but that the loss of antioxidant activity at high tocopherol concentrations is due to their consumption in side reactions. The rates of these reactions are higher in TGSBO than in TGSO. Both α-tocopherol itself and its radicals participated more readily in side reactions than γ-tocopherol and its radicals. Both α- and γ-tocopherol reduce lipid hydroperoxides, thus generating alkoxyl radicals which are able to amplify the rate of lipid oxidation by participating in chain propagation reactions.
There is a renewed interest in the antimicrobial properties of spices. In vitro activities of several ground spices, their water and alcohol extracts, and their essential oils have been demonstrated in culture media. Studies in the last decade confirm growth inhibition of gram positive and gram negative food borne bacteria, yeast and mold by garlic, onion, cinnamon, cloves, thyme, sage and other spices. Effects in foods are limited to observations in pickles, bread, rice, and meat products. In general, higher spice levels are required to effect inhibition in foods than in culture media. Fat, protein, and water contents in foods affect microbial resistance as does salt content. Very few studies report on the effect of spices on spores, and on microbial inhibition in conjunction with preservatives and food processes. Of the recognized antimicrobial components in spices, the majority are phenol compounds with a molecular weight of 150 to 160 containing a hydroxyl group. Eugenol, carvacrol and thymol have been identified as the major antimicrobial compounds in cloves, cinnamon, sage and oregano.
Natural antioxidants have recently gained increased interest because of the belief that natural food ingredients are better and safer than synthetic ones. The review presents the results on stabilisation of the main edible oils with different types of natural antioxidants. Sources of natural antioxidants are spices, herbs, teas, oils, seeds, cereals, cocoa shell, grains, fruits, vegetables, enzymes, proteins. Researchers concentrate on ascorbic acid, tocopherols and carotenoids as well as on plant extracts containing various individual antioxidants such as flavonoids (quercetin, kaemferol, myricetin), catechins or phenols (carnosol, rosmanol, rosamaridiphenol) and phenolic acids (carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid). Ascorbyl palmitate is regarded as a 'natural' antioxidant because it is hydrolysed in the body to ascorbic and palmitic acids. Among the herbs of the Lamiaceae family, rosemary has been more extensively studied and its extracts are the first marketed natural antioxidants. Oregano, which belongs to the same family, has gained the interest of many research groups as a potent antioxidant in lipid systems. The review concerns the following main topics: stabilisation of oil with individual natural antioxidants, interaction of antioxidants with synergists, stabilisation of oil with extracts or dry materials from different plant sources (e.g. herbs and spices), stabilisation at frying temperatures and in emulsions.
The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Mentha spicata L. and Anethum sowa Roxb. (Indian dill) were studied. The major chemical constituents of the hydrodistilled essential oils and their major isolates from cultivated M. spicata and A. sowa were identified by IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR and GC: (S)-(−)-limonene (27.3%) and (S)-(−)-carvone (56.6%) (representing 83.9% of the spearmint oil) and (R)-(+)-limonene (21.4%), dihydrocarvone (5.0%), (R)-(+)-carvone (50.4%) and dillapiole (17.7%) (together 76.9% in Indian dill oil), respectively. In vitro bioactivity evaluation of the isolated oil components revealed that both the optical isomers of carvone were active against a wide spectrum of human pathogenic fungi and bacteria tested. (R)-(+)-limonene showed comparable bioactivity profile over the (S)-(−)-isomer. The activity of these monoterpene enantiomers was found to be comparable to the bioactivity of the oils in which they occurred. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The kinetic behaviour of polyphenols common in fruits as free radical scavengers was studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•). After addi-tion of different standard concentrations to DPPH· (0·025 g litre−1), the percentage of remaining DPPH• was determined at different times from the absorbances at 515 nm. The percentage remaining DPPH• against reaction time followed a multiplicative model equation: ln [DPPHREM•]=b ln t+ln a. The slopes of these equations may be useful parameters to define the antioxidant capacity. The steeper the slope, the lower the amount of antioxidant necessary to decrease by 50% the initial DPPH• concentration (EC50). This parameter, EC50, is widely used to measure antioxidant power, but it does not takes into account the reaction time. Time needed to reach the steady state to the concentration corresponding at EC50 (TEC50) was calculated, and antiradical efficiency (AE) was proposed as a new parameter to characterise the antioxidant compounds where AE=1/EC50TEC50. It was shown that AE is more discriminatory than EC50. AE values are more useful because they also take into account the reaction time. The results have shown that the order of the AE (×10−3) in the compounds tested was: ascorbic acid (11·44)>caffeic acid (2·75)⩾gallic acid (2·62)>tannic acid (0·57)⩾DL-α-tocopherol (0·52)>rutin (0·21)⩾quercetin (0·19)>ferulic acid (0·12)⩾3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, BHA (0·10)>resveratrol (0·05). © 1998 SCI.
The free radical scavenging capacity of a wide range of plant oil extracts, principally those used in traditional European herbal medicine (with novel therapeutic potential for patients with degenerative disorders of the CNS), has been compared in vitro. The antioxidant capacity of individual plant extracts was determined via three complementary assay procedures, based on: (i) attenuation of the generation of ABTS+ radical (quantitated colorimetrically), by a metmyoglobin catalyst/hydrogen peroxide system; (ii) inhibition of iodophenol enhanced chemiluminescence by a horseradish peroxidase/perborate/luminol system; (iii) protection of a target enzyme (human brain alanyl aminopeptidase, activity quantitated via fluorimetric assay) against oxidative damage by OH or O−2 generated by Co60γ radiolysis. In assays (i) and (ii), only three plant extracts (cinnamon, pimento, bay) showed substantial antioxidant activity, although the two assays yielded quantitatively different values of antioxidant activity (Trolox equivalent values of 16–25 M (method ii) and 0.25–2.1 M (method (i)). None of the plant extracts investigated showed significant antioxidant protective activity against OH or O−2 species in assay (iii). The data obtained thus demonstrate that the apparent antioxidant capacity of putative free radical scavenging agents depends entirely on the assay method utilized and particular free radical species generated. We therefore suggest that antioxidant capacity determined by a single assay method (particularly via competitive assay with ABTS+) should be interpreted with some caution. This conclusion may be of particular potential importance in clinical chemistry, in view of the current interest in the assessment of the antioxidant status of tissues of patients with a variety of disorders.
In field tests carried out over several years, 26 accessions of dill were compared to four annual and seven biennial caraway varieties concerning seed harvest yield, essential oil content and composition. Essential oil contents and carvone ratio in the essential oil are similar in caraway and dill, so harvest yield figures are crucial whether dill can be regarded as an alternative carvone source or not. Dill seed yields were low, 400–600 kg/ha in one year and 200 kg/ha and less in the other year due to seed shattering, compared to 900 kg/ha in biennial caraway, and 1250 kg/ha in annual caraway. Essential oil content was 3.4–4% with dill, 2.8–3.3% in annual and 3.9–5% in biennial caraway. In dill, the carvone content in the seeds was largely independent of the essential oil content, approximately 11 mg/g seeds, whereas different oil contents were due to varying limonene amounts. Minor essential oil components were observed in a proportion of 2% in biennial caraway, 3.5% in annual caraway and 7% in dill. In caraway, cis- and trans-dihydrocarvone and some isomers of carveol and dihydrocarveol were present in the range 0.5–1% each, whereas in dill, cis-dihydrocarvone (3%) and α-phellandrene (2%) were most abundant. Apiole and myristicin were absent in most samples, but were found in proportions of 0.2–11% in dill chemotypes where they were present. Solvent extraction of the crushed seeds with hexane, a method using triple extraction and ultrasonic treatment, led to nearly identical results as hydrodistillation with dill, but to carvone values 16% lower with caraway.
Gas-liquid chromatography was used to determine the essential oil compositions of thyme, cumin, clove, caraway, rosemary, and sage. The basic components of these oils were thymol, cumin aldehyde, eugenol, carvonc, borneol and thujonc, respectively. The antifungal potential of the oils against Aspergillus parasiticus were investigated. The essential oils caused complete inhibition of both mycelial growth and aflatoxin production. The effectiveness followed the sequence: thyme > cumin > clove > caraway > rosemary > sage. The major components of the essential oils produced an inhibitory effect at minimum inhibitory concentrations equal to those obtained with the oils.
The nonvolatile fraction of the dichloromethane extract of ginger rhizomes exhibited a strong antioxidative activity using linoleic acid as the substrate in ethanol-phosphate buffer solution. The fraction was purified by chromatographic techniques to provide five gingerol related compounds and eight diarylheptanoids. Among them, 12 compounds exhibited higher activity than alpha-tocopherol. The activity was probably dependent upon side chain structures and substitution patterns on the benzene ring.
Throughout the years numerous investigations concerning the inhibition of microorganisms by spices, herbs, their extracts, essential oils and various constituents have been reported. Many of these materials possess significant antimicrobial activity, which in many cases is due primarily to a particular constituent. Interpretation and comparison of results of various studies is complicated by variations in the methodology used for the determination of antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity varies depending on the microorganism, the spice or herb and the test medium. These and other factors are examined in the light of their effect on the outcome of the test method.
The monoterpenes (R)-(−)-carvone and (S)-(+)-carvone inhibited sprout growth in a model system consisting of sprouts growing
from potato eye pieces. The sprout tissue was not necrotic after carvone treatment and the inhibition was reversible, since
after treatment the sprouts showed regrowth either by continued top growth or by branching. However, the effect of both isomers
on sprout growth differed, and (S)-(+)-carvone inhibited the elongation of the sprouts sooner than did (R)-(−)-carvone. This
might be explained by a faster uptake of the former, since the concentration of (S)-(+)-carvone and its derivatives was twice
as high during the first 4 days compared with (R)-(−)-carvone-treated sprouts.
The sprouts were able to reduce (R)-(−)-carvone mainly into neodihydrocarveol, and (S)-(+)-carvone into neoisodihydrocarveol;
in addition hydroxylated compounds were also detected.
The antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of oregano, dittany, thyme, marjoram, spearmint, lavender and basil were tested
in lard stored at 75°C. The concentration of extracts in lard varied from 0.01 to 0.20%. Oregano extract was found to be the
most effective in stabilizing lard, followed by thyme, dittany, marjoram and lavender extracts, in a decreasing order. The
induction period of lard increased with antioxidant concentration. After the induction period, peroxide formation proceeded
rapidly, following pseudo-zero order reaction kinetics. The rate of the reaction decreased slightly with increasing plant
extract concentration. Combined addition of plant extracts in lard showed a low synergistic action between thyme extract and
spearmint extract.
Potato seed tubers may suffer from premature sprouting during storage, thus limiting their suitability for cultivation. Commonly
used sprout suppressant treatments negatively affect but viability and therefore a reliable method to inhibit bud development
must still be found for seed tubers. The monoterpene carvone ((S)-(+)-carvone) was tested in small scale experiments. The
vapour of this compound fully inhibited bud growth of tubers cv. Monalisa stored at 23°C without affecting bud viability throughout
6 months of treatment. The most effective range of carvone vapour concentrations was between 0.34 and 1.06 μmol mol−1. With these qualities we can expect carvone to become a suitable sprout suppressant for seed tubers.
The antiradical activities of various antioxidants were determined using the free radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). In its radical form. DPPH* has an absorption band at 515 nm which dissappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. Twenty compounds were reacted with the DPPH* and shown to follow one of three possible reaction kinetic types. Ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and isoeugenol reacted quickly with the DPPH* reaching a steady state immediately. Rosmarinic acid and δ-tocopherol reacted a little slower and reached a steady state within 30 min. The remaining compounds reacted more progressively with the DPPH* reaching a steady state from 1 to 6 h. Caffeic acid, gentisic acid and gallic acid showed the highest antiradical activities with a stoichiometry of 4 to 6 reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Vanillin, phenol, γ-resorcylic acid and vanillic acid were found to be poor antiradical compounds. The stoichiometry for the other 13 phenolic compounds varied from one to three reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the experimental results.
Fifteen essential oil components were screened for their antifungal activity towards Penicillium hirsutum. From these, carvone, cuminaldehyde, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, salicylaldehyde and benzaldehyde were selected as the most potent inhibitors of in vitro growth. Growth inhibition by carvone was found to be reversible. Exposure to cuminaldehyde, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and salicylaldehyde caused irreversible inhibition of fungal growth. Storage of tulip bulbs in atmospheres containing cuminaldehyde, perillaldehyde, salicylaldehyde or carvone resulted in a significant reduction of the natural Penicillium infection. Dipping tulip bulbs in an aqueous solution of 3.9 mM cinnamaldehyde gave a 40-fold reduction of the fungal population but did not affect the bacterial population. Treatment of tulip bulbs with carvone, cuminaldehyde, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde or salicylaldehyde had no effect on the total stalk length or the flowering capacity of tulip bulbs.
Carvacrol, (+)-carvone, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde were tested for their inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, their toxicity to Photobacterium leiognathi was determined, utilizing a bioluminescence assay. Their effects on the cell surface were investigated by measuring the uptake of 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN), by measuring their sensitization of bacterial suspensions toward detergents and lysozyme, and by analyzing material released from cells upon treatment by these agents. Carvacrol, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibited E. coli and S. typhimurium at 1-3 mM, whereas (+)-carvone was less inhibitory. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was the most inhibitory component toward P. leiognathi. Carvacrol and thymol disintegrated the outer membrane and released outer membrane-associated material from the cells to the external medium; such release by (+)-carvone or trans-cinnamaldehyde was negligible. Of the tested components, carvacrol and thymol decreased the intracellular ATP pool off. coli and also increased extracellular ATP, indicating disruptive action on the cytoplasmic membrane.
An easy and fast test has been designed to compare the total free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) of various food samples. Black and green teas from different countries, and wines of different brands were studied and compared as examples of coloured liquids (water- and methanol-soluble); oils from different sources were used as examples of lipidic foodstuffs; apples of different varieties and spinach were analysed as solid foods. Dilutions of extracts of the described foodstuffs were prepared and aliquots of each dilution were spotted onto TLC silica gel layers in the form of a dot-blot test: layers were stained with a methanolic solution of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical. Dots of extracts of foodstuffs with RSC turned yellow, with a colour intensity depending on the RSC compounds present in the dilutions. After 1 h staining, the intensity of the yellow colour was measured with a chromameter (b* parameter) at one of the dilutions at which the colour value was linearly correlated to the concentration of the sample. According to these readings the different samples were organised in decreasing order of b* values, an order which corresponded to the decreasing order of RSC as determined by spectrophotometric methods. The dot-blot test was sensitive enough to detect differences of RSC between varieties and brands of water- or methanol-soluble products, but was not adequate for lipid-based compounds. The test was also able to follow the variation of RSC during food processing as in, for example, the heat-treatment of spinach. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of Fusarium sulphureum was inhibited by S-(+)-carvone administered via the gas phase. Under the same conditions, the related fungus F. solani var. coeruleum was not inhibited. In liquid medium, both fungi were found to convert S-(+)-carvone with the same rate, mainly into isodihydrocarvone, isodihydrocarveol and neoisodihydrocarveol. Only a slight difference in the relative amounts of the bioconversion products was observed. Since the bioconversion products did not inhibit the growth of the fungi to the same extent as S-(+)-carvone, the process can be considered as a detoxification mechanism. The bioconversion as such cannot account for the observed difference in growth inhibition.
Butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene are used extensively as food antioxidants. It is estimated that man
consumes ca. 0.1 mg/kg body wt daily of these antioxidants. At levels 500 times this level (50 mg/kg/day), both butylated
hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene appear to be free of any obviously injurious effects. However, at larger doses
(500 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene result in certain pathological, enzyme, and lipid
alterations in both rodents and monkeys, and butylated hydroxytoluene, in some cases, has been reported to have certain teratogenic
and carcinogenic effects upon rodents. These alterations appear to differ markedly between rodents and monkeys, apparently
as a result of differences which exist in the metabolism and excretion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene
by these two species. However, in both animal species, the alterations appear to be physiological responses which are reversible
upon removal of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from the diet. Long term chronic ingestion of butylated
hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene may be beneficial in sparing vitamin E and in modifying the acute toxicity of
a number of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals.
Carcinogenicity tests showed that addition of the antioxidant BHA to the diet of F344 rats induced high incidences of papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach of both sexes. Male hamsters given BHA for 24 weeks also developed papilloma showing downward growth into the submucosa of the forestomach. These results indicate that BHA should be classified in the category of "sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity" as judged by IARC criteria. The 3-tert isomer of BHA seemed to be responsible for the carcinogenicity of crude BHA in the forestomach of rats. BHT was not found to be carcinogenic in rats or mice. In two-stage carcinogenesis in rats after appropriate initiation, BHA enhanced carcinogenesis in the forestomach and urinary bladder of rats, but inhibited carcinogenesis in the liver. BHT enhanced the induction of urinary bladder tumors and inhibited that of liver tumors, but had no effect on carcinogenesis in the forestomach. BHT could be a promoter of thyroid carcinogenesis. Sodium L-ascorbate enhanced forestomach and urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Ethoxyquin enhanced kidney and urinary bladder carcinogenesis, but inhibited liver carcinogenesis. Thus, these antioxidants modify two-stage chemical carcinogenesis in the forestomach, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, and thyroid, but show organ-specific differences in effects.
Some monoterpenes and their carbonylated products were evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal properties. The carbonylation of tested monoterpenes was shown to increase the bacteriostatic and fungistatic activities specifically by the contact method. Concerning the killing effects, only (1R,2S,5R)-isopulegol, its carbonylated products, and (R)-carvone showed significant bactericidal activities, particularly against Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia coli above a concentration of 10 microliters/ml. A fungicidal efficiency of (1R,2S,5R)-isopulegol and (R)-carvone against Aspergillus niger was also noted. It seems that the presence of an oxygenated function in the framework increases the antimicrobial properties. However, monoterpenes were more active using a micro-atmosphere method.
This article is a review of the fundamental chemistry of the tocopherols and tocotrienols relevant to their antioxidant action. Despite the general agreement that alpha-tocopherol is the most efficient antioxidant and vitamin E homologue in vivo, there was always a considerable discrepancy in its "absolute" and "relative" antioxidant effectiveness in vitro, especially when compared to gamma-tocopherol. Many chemical, physical, biochemical, physicochemical, and other factors seem responsible for the observed discrepancy between the relative antioxidant potencies of the tocopherols in vivo and in vitro. This paper aims at highlighting some possible reasons for the observed differences between the tocopherols (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-) in relation to their interactions with the important chemical species involved in lipid peroxidation, specifically trace metal ions, singlet oxygen, nitrogen oxides, and antioxidant synergists. Although literature reports related to the chemistry of the tocotrienols are quite meager, they also were included in the discussion in virtue of their structural and functional resemblance to the tocopherols.
The antioxidant properties of 24 hydroxy-flavones were evaluated. Results show that 2',3',4'-OH substitution on the B ring plays a crucial role in radical scavenger activity in the DPPH assay and in the inhibitory effect on pereoxydation of tissue lipids in the MDA test. The formation of stable radicals for this type of compounds has been studied by ESR. In addition, it has been found that 7-hydroxy-flavones are potent competitive inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. It is proposed that the C-7 OH of flavones may take the place of the C-2 or C-6 OH of xanthine in the active site of the enzyme. A C-4' OH or C-4' OMe substitution on the 7-hydroxy flavones is not favourable to a fit in the active site. The 2',3',4'-trihydroxy-flavones inhibited XO by another process, which remains to be determined. In summary, this study provides evidence that hydroxy-flavones exhibit interesting antioxidant properties expressed either by the capacity to scavenge free radicals (for 2',3',4'-trihydroxy-flavones) or to competitively inhibit xanthine oxidase (for 7-hydroxy-flavones). These compounds may be drug candidates for treating pathologies related to free radical oxidation.
This study introduces a simple direct antioxidant assay, based on the reduction of the ABTS.+ radical cation, and compares it with the myoglobin/ABTS.+ assay. The methods give closely similar results, establishing that the antioxidants studied to date in the latter assay act by scavenging the ABTS.+ radical cation and not by inhibiting its formation through reduction of ferryl myoglobin or reaction with H2O2.