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A study into the antimicrobial effects of cloves (Syzgium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using disc-diffusion assay
Abstract
Purpose
This paper is aimed at food science or biology students planning a practical independent study into the antimicrobial properties of spices and academic staff wishing to develop a straightforward and reproducible practical activity.
Design/methodology/approach
Disc‐diffusion assays are used to investigate the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon and cloves against two bacteria Escherichia coli B and staphylococcus albus and a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the spices and alcoholic extracts of their essential oils are examined. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of alcoholic extracts of both spices and oils are also determined.
Findings
Both spices demonstrated microbial inhibitory effects; alcoholic extracts had greater activity than aqueous extracts. Additionally, essential oils had greater activity than the spices. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were smaller with the oils than with the spices.
Research limitations/implications
Although the research for this paper involved just two spices, such is the size of the plant kingdom that there are wide opportunities for further investigations using this procedure.
Practical implications
Disc‐assays were found to be a simple, cheap and reproducible practical method. For this paper, micro‐organisms available for educational purposes were used; however, other organisms could be investigated depending upon available microbiological expertise and facilities.
Originality/value
The results demonstrate that the antimicrobial effects of spices and particularly their essential oils can be examined using disc‐diffusion assay. The method provides many opportunities for student investigation.
... The result showed essential oil from T. hyemalis inhibited with the range of 19.6 mm to 45 mm. The existence of variations in the inhibition zone can be assumed that due to differences in the number of molecules and chemical type of molecules in the plant materials [12,13]. In this study the essential oil extracted from C. zeylanicum bark demonstrated strong antifungal and antibacterial activity next to T. schimperi. ...
... However, the present study results were better than reported by (Gulay-Kirbasilar et al., [15]). This may be due to variations in climate and soil composition in which the plant growing [12,13]. ...
... In this case, the solvent extract of E. camaldulensis is better than the hydrodistiled essential oil against tested organism. According to Masotti et al., [13]) and Angioni et al., [12]), the extraction product can vary in quality, quantity and in composition according to the type of extraction method. ...
Background:
To evaluate the in vitro activities of Ethiopian Thymus schimperi with other three hydro distilled essential oils against Dermatophytes (Tricophyton spp. and Microsporum spp.) and other pathogenic micro organisms.
Methods:
The studies were carried out using Agar disk diffusion method for screening the most effective essential oils and Agar dilution to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the essential oils.
Results:
Essential oils of T. schimperi and Cinnamomum zeylanicum were highly active against tested organisms. The MIC were in the range of 0.08 μl/ml to 0.31 μl/ml for T. schimperi, 0.31 μl/ml to 0.16 μl/ml for C. zeylanicum, 2.5 μl/ml to1.25 μl/ml for Citrus limon and 5 μl/ml to 2.5 μl/ml for Eucalyptus camaldulensis against Tricophyton spp. and Microsporum spp. T. schimperi and C. zeylanicum oils also showed antimicrobial effect against Candida albicans, Aspegilus niger, Rhodotorula rubra, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp., Bacillus spp. and Streptococci.
Conclusions:
The Ethiopian T. schimperi oil had pronounced antifungal and antibacterial activities against all the tested microbes. Therefore, it is required further investigation in order to identify the active compounds and their clinical applications for treatment of tested organisms.
... The liquor was centrifuged, filtered and sterilized with the solution of 0.5g/ml as the drug concentration. Standard disc diffusion methodology (Maidment et al., 2006), was used to test the concoction against E. coli strains. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), of herbal solution for susceptible E. coli was determined as follows: Starting with the 0.5g/ml concentration, seven serial dilutions were prepared in LB agar (0.5g/ml, 0.2g/ml, 0.1g/ml, 0.05g/ml, 0.025g/ml, 0.0125g/ml, and 0.0g/ml). ...
... UPEC isolates were assessed for hemolysis activity on blood agar plates (supplemented with 5% sheep blood), using standard methods (Maidment et al., 2006). ...
In order to define the virulence factors between Chinese herb-resistant uropathogenic E. coli and susceptible strains, the UPEC isolates were classified into two groups according to its resistance to Chinese herbs.
The susceptibility profile of strains was determined by disk diffusion method. PCR systems were used to detect genes encoding papC, Aer, hly and cnf1. Isolated human urothelial cells were incubated in vitro and investigated with light microscope immunohistochemistry. Adhesion of E. coli to urothelial cells was studied in vitro.
The results showed that, among the 105 UPEC isolates, 18 were resistant to the herbal concoction. Cnf1 and papC occurred in ≥66.7%, of herb-resistant isolates, while, hly and Aer occurred in 22.2% and 27.8% of strains respectively. Only one gene (Cnf1) occurred in >40%, of Herb-susceptible isolates. Other genes were also found in susceptible isolates: papC (20.7%), hly (11.5%), and Aer (6.9%). Light microscopy and immunochemical investigations demonstrated the normal pelvic transitional epithelial cells cultured. The adherence of strains in both groups increased in 30 min., and reached its peak at 60, (Susceptible E. coli) or 120 min., (Resistant E. coli). The adhesion of the susceptible bacteria to human uroepithelial cells was significantly lower compared with that of the resistant E. coli (p<0.05).
These findings revealed that, Chinese herb-resistant uropathogenic E. coli isolates that are hemolytic, and have Aer, papC, hly, Cnf1 genes are more able to be uropathogenic and adherent.
... (Rukayadi et al., 2006). Kulit kayu manis mengandung cinnamaldehyde sebagai anti fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), antimikroba gram positif (Staphylococcus albus) dan gram negatif (Escericia coli) (Maidment et al., 2006;Friedman et al., 2002). Anwar et al. (2004a) telah mencoba mengeliminasi Cmm dari lot benih tomat hingga > 99% terbebas dari infeksi Cmm d e ngan 0.5% minyak cengkeh tanpa menurunkan kualitas benih. ...
... Penetrasi Cmm ke bagian dalam benih tomat inokulasi buatan diduga masuk melalui hilum dan mikropil benih, karena permeabilitas TD TD TD TD kulit benih yang tertinggi berada pada kedua bagian tersebut (Anwar et al., 2004a). Senyawa eugenol pada minyak cengkeh merupakan anti-mikroba dengan spektrum yang luas (Friedman et al., 2002;Maidment et al., 2006;Nurdin et al., 2001) dan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri gram positif maupun gram negatif (Burt, 2004;Arora and Keur, 1999;Dorman and Deans, 2001). Minyak cengkeh 0.25% telah menunjukkan daya hambat terhadap Cmm secara in vitro dengan metode difusi agar, tetapi untuk eliminasi Cmm dari benih tomat terinfeksi diperlukan konsentrasi lebih tinggi yaitu 0.5%. ...
Objectives of experiments were to evaluate (1) in vitro inhibitory effects of plant extracts on Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), (2) inhibitory effects of plant extracts on Cmm infected tomato seeds, and (3) effectiveness of seed treatment plus plant extracts to eliminate Cmm. After evaluating 20 plant extracts, curcuma rhizome and betel vine leaf extract, cinnamon and clove oil were selected for further test. Tomato seeds were artifi cially inoculated with Cmm to obtain high level of infection. Part of the seeds were dipped in either suspension of selected extracts for 20 minutes and the others were matriconditioned using a mixture of burned rice hull (at 22 0C and RH 60-70%) plus either of plant extracts oils, respectively. Elimination of Cmm level from infected seeds was observed at 10 days after treatments. Results of the experiment indicated curcuma extract, betel vine extract, cinnamon oil or clove oil showed in vitro inhibitory effects on Cmm. Moreover, dipping infected seeds in either 5% of curcuma, betel vine extract, or 0.5% of clove oil or matriconditioning plus these extracts oils were effective to eliminate Cmm from infected seeds. These treatments may potentially be used and developed commercially for eliminating seedborne Cmm on infected tomato seeds.
... After a rigorous assessment of relevant publications, 91 studies published since 2000 were identified as eligible for inclusion in this investigation (Abu-Darwish et al., 2012;Akarca et al., 2019;Akdemir Evrendilek, 2015;Aliakbarlu et al., 2013;Al-Nabulsi et al., 2020;Al-Saghir, 2009;Alizadeh Sani et al., 2017;Andleeb et al., 2014;Awaisheh, 2013;Ayala-Zavala et al., 2013;Baali et al., 2019;Bahadori et al., 2016;Bayoub et al., 2010;Bhavya et al., 2020;Bonilla & Sobral, 2016;Boukhebti et al., 2011;Bouyahya et al., 2019;Butkhup & Samappito, 2011;Campana et al., 2017;Cansian et al., 2010;Celikel & Kavas, 2008;Ceylan et al., 2014;de Oliveira et al., 2012;Deka et al., 2016;Djenane et al., 2012;Dobre et al., 2011;Eissa et al., 2012;El Abdouni Khayari et al., 2016;Elgayyar et al., 2001;Elshafie et al., 2016;El-Shenawy et al., 2015;Feng et al., 2017;Fernández-López et al., 2005;Ferreira et al., 2019;Fidan et al., 2019;Frank et al., 2018;Ghabraie et al., 2016;Golestani et al., 2015;Gonelimali et al., 2018;Goñi et al., 2009;Gupta et al., 2008;György, 2010;Hayouni et al., 2008;Huang et al., 2014;Hussein et al., 2018;Ibrahim, 2014;Chobba et al., 2012;Irkin & Korukluoglu, 2009;Iseppi et al., 2019;Iturriaga et al., 2012;Keskin et al., 2010;Kim et al., 2004Kim et al., , 2017Kobus-Cisowska et al., 2019;Kulaksiz et al., 2018;Kumaravel & Martina, 2011;Liang et al., 2019;Liaqat et al., 2017;López et al., 2005;Lv et al., 2011;Maidment et al., 2006;Martac & Podea, 2012;Mathlouthi et al., 2012;Mau et al., 2001;Melo et al., 2015;Mihaly Cozmuta et al., 2015;Mishra & Behal, 2010;Mith et al., 2014;Moosavi-Nasab et al., 2016;Moreira et al., 2005;Nimje et al., 2013;Olaimat et al., 2019;Özkan et al., 2003;Ozogul et al., 2015;Park et al., 2016;Patil & Shanmgam, 2016;Pesavento et al., 2015;Pľuchtová et al., 2018;Prabuseenivasan et al., 2006;Ramdan et al., 2018;Rana et al., 2014;Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2018Shahbazi, 2015;Silveira et al., 2012Silveira et al., , 2019Sofia et al., 2007;Thanissery et al., 2014;Zhang et al., 2019Zhang et al., , 2016. The information collected from the chosen studies includes article identification, plant species, plant portion used, extraction method including its parameters such as temperature and solvent, antimicrobial susceptibility test, extract or EO dosage applied ("LogDose"; %w/v or %v/v), bacterium, strain, inoculum size, inhibition diameter value (ID [mm]), and MIC value ("LogMIC"; mg/mL for extracts and μL/mL for EOs). ...
Essential oils (EOs) are a class of natural products that exhibit potent antimicrobial properties against a broad spectrum of bacteria. Inhibition diameters (IDs) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are the typical measures of antimicrobial activity for extracts and EOs obtained from Cinnamomum, Salvia, and Mentha species. This study used a meta‐analytical regression analysis to investigate the correlation between ID and MIC measurements and the variability in antimicrobial susceptibility tests. By utilizing pooled ID models, this study revealed significant differences in foodborne pathogens’ susceptibility to extracts, which were dependent on both the plant species and the methodology employed (p < .05). Cassia showed the highest efficacy against Salmonella spp., exhibiting a pooled ID of 26.24 mm, while cinnamon demonstrated the highest efficacy against Bacillus cereus, with a pooled ID of 23.35 mm. Mint extract showed the greatest efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, cinnamon extract demonstrated the lowest effect against Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli, with a pooled ID of only 8.07 mm, whereas its EOs were the most effective against this bacterial strain. The study found that plant species influenced the MIC, while the methodology did not affect MIC measurements (p > .05). An inverse correlation between ID and MIC measurements was identified (p < .0001). These findings suggest that extracts and EOs obtained from Cinnamomum, Salvia, and Mentha spp. have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. The study highlights the importance of considering various factors that may influence ID and MIC measurements when assessing the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
... Following 30 min incubation, a single sterile paper disc was placed on the agars loaded with 10 µL of the test samples. After 72 h incubation at 37 °C, the plates were scanned and digitally [72]. ...
Background
Parallel to the growth of the oral healthcare market, there is a constantly increasing demand for natural products as well. Many customers prefer products that contain fewer toxic agents, therefore providing an environmentally friendly solution with the benefit of smaller risk to the user. Medieval and early modern medicinal knowledge might be useful when looking for natural, herbal-based components to develop modern products. Along with these considerations we created, tested, and compared an entirely natural mouthwash, named Herba Dei.
Methods
The manufacturing procedure was standardized, and the created tincture was evaluated by GC/MS analysis for active compounds, experimentally tested in cell-based cytotoxicity, salivary protein integrity, cell-free antioxidant activity, anti-bacterial and anti-viral assays, and compared with three market-leading mouthwashes.
Results
Our tincture did not show significant damage in the cytotoxicity assays to keratinocyte and Vero E6 cells and did not disrupt the low molecular weight salivary proteins. Its radical scavenging capacity surpassed that of two tested, partly natural, and synthetic mouthwashes, while its antibacterial activity was comparable to the tested products, or higher in the bacterial aerobic respiratory assay. The active compounds responsible for the effects include naturally occurring phenylpropanoids, terpenes, and terpenoids. Our mouthwash proved to be effective in vitro in lowering the copy number of SARS-CoV-2 in circumstances mimicking the salivary environment.
Conclusions
The developed product might be a useful tool to impede the transmission and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in interpersonal contact and aerosol-generating conditions. Our mouthwash can help reduce the oral bacterial flora and has an antioxidant activity that facilitates wound healing and prevents adverse effects of smoke in the oral cavity.
... & L.M. Perry) in the Myrtaceae family. They are used in Chinese medicine or functional food and worldwide and have antimicrobial and immuneenhancing properties [4,5]. In industry, cloves are also used to make cosmetics [6]. ...
The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry) on the mouse skin using a UVB-induced skin injury mouse model. The serum, liver, and skin indexes of mice were determined by kits, H&E tissue staining, and qPCR assay. The compound composition of cloves was determined by HPLC. The results showed that cloves increased the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the skin and then maintained the sodium and potassium pump in the damaged skin muscle membrane. Cloves alleviated the oxidative stress injury induced by UVB irradiation by normalizing the related oxidative stress indexes (T-SOD, CAT, AGEs, and H2O2) in serum and skin. Inhibition of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and increased activation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 occurred after treatment with cloves, which ultimately reduced the inflammatory damage to the body. Further results showed that cloves upregulate SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GSH, IL-10, IκB-α, AMPK, SIRT1, LKB1, PGC-1α, APPL1, and FoxO1 and downregulate NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-6, and mTOR mRNA expression in the skin tissues of UVB-damaged mice. The results of composition analysis showed that the five most abundant compounds in cloves are rutin, isoquercitrin, ferulic acid, dihydroquercetin, and quercitrin. Cloves regulate the skin sarcomembrane Na+-K+-ATPase through these five compounds, and because they regulate the oxidation, inflammation, and ATP energy consumption of the body, they subsequently protect the skin from UVB damage.
... The MDR strains were sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of CZ. India Lima EO, et al. [29] Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagraphytes, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum CZ inhibited 80% of the dermatophyte strains tested and produced inhibition zones more than 10 mm in diameter Brazil Maidment C, et al. [30] Escherichia [50] showed that CZ bark essential oil was slightly less effective than either dphenothrin or pyrethrum against eggs and adult females of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays. ...
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume or Ceylon cinnamon is a native medicinal and aromatic plant in Sri Lanka, which has been used extensively in treatment of various diseases in traditional systems of medicine in Asia. It is also a household remedy for primary care in aches, pains and certain other diseases. The claimed health benefits have been extensively tested using modern scientific methods to validate the health properties. It has been used clinically for treatment and management of diseases and in health foods, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The pharmacological properties tested and reported from C. zeylanicum bark, leaf and essential oils are discussed with special reference to antioxidant, anti-diabetic, antilipidemic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, immunomodulatory, antibiotic, antinociceptive, analgesic, cardioprotective, antihypertensive, gastroprotective, skin protection, skin whitening and anti-ageing properties, including clinical studies and toxicology.
... The air dried disc were placed upon different agar plates seeded with Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The plates were then incubated at 37 O C for 24 hours, the zone of growth inhibition around the disc were measured after 18 to 24 hours of incubation.The sensitivity of the microbes species to the plant extract were determined by measuring the size of zone of inhibition (including diameter of disc), on the agar surface around the disc [14]. ...
Antioxidants are well known to slow the process of aging. Also it plays a significant role in slowing down skin related problems like wrinkles and pigmentation. In present study a polyherbal antioxidant cream is formulated using ethanolic extracts of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), and Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts was assessed by FRAP assay & TAC assay. Plant extracts were evaluated for total phenol and flavonoid content which is responsible for antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was also studied using disc diffusion method. O/W emulsion based cream was formulated using all the three plant extracts. Formulated cream was tested for antioxidant activity, and it was found that cream showed better antioxidant potential in comparison to individual extracts. This effect may be due to synergistic effect. Formulated cream was also tested for its stability and other physical properties. The cream showed good stability at room temperature with a pH that is suitable for the skin & showed no irritancy. Plant extracts used in cream also possess antibacterial activity; hence it can be beneficial for prevention of skin infection also
... (Maidment, Dyson, & Haysom, 2006). ...
A pilot study was conducted to identify the bioactive phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum mindanaense. This research was done in line with the thrust of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources Administrative Order (DAO) to characterize and assess the potentials of the 19 Cinnamomum species endemic in the Philippines. Crude extract was tested for the presence of sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and tannins. The antibacterial activity, as indicated by diameter of zone of inhibition, was tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (a gram-positive bacterium) and Chloramphenicol (a commercial antibiotic) at 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml extract concentrations in eight replications. Phytochemical analysis showed that C. mindanaense bark is rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenes. Bark extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity. ANOVA test showed significant group differences [F(4,35)=277.08, p<0.001]. Using post hoc Tukey's Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test, antibacterial activity of Chloramphenicol treatment was significantly higher than those effected by 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, or 100 mg/ml bark extract concentration (p<0.001). Extract concentrations of 75 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml were found not significantly different (p=0.564); also between 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml concentrations (p=0.059). Highly significant difference was found between concentrations of 100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, and 75 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml (p<0.001). Plot of zone of inhibition (y) against treatment concentration (x) suggests linear relationship. Further study was recommended to address this observation and to validate findings by increasing the number of replications.
... Bactericidal effect of 500 C calcined BaTiO 3 NPs was test against two different clinically isolated human pathogenic organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Escherchia coli by disc diffusion method against. 9 Control experiments were also carried out in the presence of known standard antibiotics (Tetracycline). Sterilized Muller Hinton agar was poured in petriplate, after solidification the bacterial strain was swabbed uniformly onto the individual plates using sterile cotton swabs. ...
Barium Titanate (BaTiO 3) is a very useful material most widely used in modern electronics and technical devices because of its excellent properties. In the present work barium titanate nano particles were synthesized at two different calcination temperatures by a simple wet chemical method using barium chloride (BaCl 2), titanium dioxide (TiO 2) and oxalic acid as starting materials. The XRD patterns of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles calcined at 500 C showed cubic structure whereas samples calcined at 900 C showed tetragonal structure. EDS spectrum revealed the presence of Barium, Titanium and oxide in the sample. SEM and TEM micrographs revealed the presence of spherical and rod shape structure. Bactericidal effect of BaTiO 3 nanoparticles was also tested against the human pathogenic bacteria by disc diffusion method and found to be effective to some extent.
... The agar well diffusion method was employed to determine the antimicrobial activities of the tested gram negative bacterial pathogens. This assay was found to be a simple, cheap and reproducible practical method (Maidment et al., 2006). A suspension of each sample tested micro-organism diluted prior to 10 -1 , 10 -2 and 10 -3 (1 ml of 10 8 cells/ml) was spread on a solid agar medium in Petri dishes (Mueller-Hinton agar). ...
The increasing emergence of drug resistant pathogens has prompted research into novel
treatments to encounter the prevalence of persistent infections. Cyanobacteria of
freshwater habitats have rarely been explored for their antibacterial and antioxidant
potential. Therefore in the present investigation we had selected eight different
cyanobacterial strains for their active antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. All the
cyanobacteria used for the research were showed very good growth and biomass
production. All the isolates were showed maximum metabolite production on 20th day of
growth period. The most significant increase was observed in young clusters. Maximum
metabolite production was observed in Lyngbya sp. Oscillatoria sp. Phormidium sp,
Calothrix sp followed by Nostoc sp. Anabaena sp. produced meager metabolite and also
for Phytochemical analysis. The biosynthetic information on the chemical structures
unique to these organisms will be very valuable for gene manipulation aimed at creating
new therapeutic agents, and in the near future they will achieve the same position as
Streptomyces and other Actinomycetes we have today.
... In vitro antibacterial activities of T. foenum-graecum extracts were determined by the agar disk diffusion method according to Ghalem and Mohamed (2009). Disk assays were found to be a simple, cheap and reproducible practical method (Maidment et al., 2006). The inocula grown in the nutrient broth at 37ºC for 24 h were diluted to approximately 10 6 CFU/ml in nutrient broth. ...
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. is a medicinal plant known for its various pharmacological properties,
including the anti-bacterial and the anti-microbial effects. This study aimed to determine and compare
the antibacterial activities of extracts of two Tunisian T. foenum-greacum populations, diploid (2n=16)
and its induced autotetraploid (4n=32). Aqueous and organic extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanolic fractions) prepared from seeds and leaves were assayed to determine their antibacterial
potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis,
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium using agar disk diffusion method. The minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The
results showed that the organic extracts had no antibacterial potential against the tested bacteria
contrary to the aqueous extracts. The extracts prepared from the seeds were more active compared
to those prepared from the leaves against all tested strains. And the induced autotetraploid population
presented an antibacterial activity higher than that of the diploid population.
... diameter) were soaked in extract and placed on the inoculated plates and allowed to dry for 15 min, then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The diameters of the inhibition zones were measured in millimeters 22,23 . ...
Epiphyllum oxypetalum is a species of cactus and one of the most commonly grown of the Epiphyllum species. It is one of the under-utilized resources available in the tropical regions of the globe and can be used as a substitute for digitalis. The Shoshone Indian tribe calls the night blooming Cereus "Pain in the heart" and used it for heart pain. Scanty work was reported on the phytochemical properties of leaf extract and no documented research work was reported on its leaf and flower for assessment of nutritive value and antimicrobial properties. Thus, the present investigation was carried out to access the nutritive values, phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial potentials of leaf extracts. The nutritive values of plant showed significant presence of proteins (14 mg/g), fatty acids (4.6 mg/g), and vitamins (0.18 mg/g), while carbohydrates were found to be absent. Phytochemical analysis of Epiphyllum oxypetalum showed the presence of saponins, phenolic compounds, steroids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, and resins while reducing sugars, alkaloids, flavanoids, sterols, phlobatanins and acidic compounds were absent. Since reducing sugars are absent, plant leaf can be used as a diet supplement to diabetic patients. Assessment of antimicrobial properties was done by using three solvent systems, (Petroleum ether, Acetone and Ethanol). All solvent systems at different concentrations were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal capacity against selected bacterial and fungal pathogens; Maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited by acetone and petroleum ether (14mm) leaf extracts for Escherichia coli, acetone (14mm) for Staphylococcus aureus, acetone (11mm) and ethanol (10mm) for Klebsiella pneumonia and petroleum ether (12mm) for Bacillus subtilis. All the three leaf extracts were found to be ineffective against fungal strains (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae) tested.
... Reductones have also been reported to react with certain precursors of peroxide, thus preventing peroxide formation. 27 The presence of antioxidants in the sample, would result in the reduction of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ by donating an electron. The amount of Fe 2+ complex can then be monitored by measuring the absorbance at 700nm. ...
The in vitro synergistic antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the aqueous and methanolic extract of combined plant extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves and Garcinia kola seeds was investigated. In vitro antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH, ABTS and Reducing Power assays and antibacterial activity of various plant extract concentrations were carried out by disc diffusion method. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of the mixture showed IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging as 48.8 and 45.3μg/ml respectively. The IC50 values of ABTS radical scavenging for methanolic and aqueous extracts was 146.8 and 192.3μg/ml of plant extract respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was higher compared to aqueous extract. The methanolic extract of the plants showed antibacterial capabilities with zone of inhibition values ranging from 9.6 ± 0.4mm at 50μg/ml against Proteus sp to 19.8 ± 0.7mm at 200μg/ml against Streptococcus sp. This investigation thus suggests that methanolic extracts of being plants exert more antioxidant and antibacterial activities compared to aqueous extracts.
... Bactericidal effect of 500 C calcined BaTiO 3 NPs was test against two different clinically isolated human pathogenic organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Escherchia coli by disc diffusion method against. 9 Control experiments were also carried out in the presence of known standard antibiotics (Tetracycline). Sterilized Muller Hinton agar was poured in petriplate, after solidification the bacterial strain was swabbed uniformly onto the individual plates using sterile cotton swabs. ...
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) is a very useful material most widely used in modern electronics and technical devices becauseof its excellent properties. In the present work barium titanate nano particles were synthesized at two different calcinationtemperatures by a simple wet chemical method using barium chloride (BaCl2), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and oxalic acid
as starting materials. The XRD patterns of BaTiO3 nanoparticles calcined at 500 �C showed cubic structure whereas
samples calcined at 900 �C showed tetragonal structure. EDS spectrum revealed the presence of Barium, Titanium andoxide in the sample. SEM and TEM micrographs revealed the presence of spherical and rod shape structure. Bactericidaleffect of BaTiO3 nanoparticles was also tested against the human pathogenic bacteria by disc diffusion method and foundto be effective to some extent.
... Disc diffusion technique 24 involved placing the two sterile 13 mm diffusion discs loaded with the anti-microbial agent on to each prepared agar spread plate inoculated with the microbe under test. 24 The plates were then inverted and incubated for 24 h at 378C for coagulase-negative staphylococcus, E. coli 8879 (NCIMB 8879), S. aureus (NCIMB 9518), Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus megaterium or 308C for E. coli B and S. cerevisiae. ...
High incidence of resistance to pharmaceutical antibiotics among microbes in hospital environments prompts the search for
alternative sources of anti-microbial chemicals. A largely underexploited resource in this regard is plants used in traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM). In this investigation, anti-microbial properties of water extracts of two herbs used in TCM—Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang Qin) and Coptis chinensis Franch (Huang Lian)—against Escherichia coli B, coagulase-negative staphylococcus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined using the disc diffusion method with water as a negative control and vancomycin as the positive control for
coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Coptis chinensis appeared more potent than S. baicalensis against the three microbes used in the main experiments. Against E. coli B, the mean width and standard error of the kill zone was 3.9 ± 0.6 and 13.3 ± 0.7 mm for S. baicalensis and C. chinensis, respectively. Against coagulase-negative staphylococcus, the mean kill zone widths were 6.6 ± 1.1 and 11.0 ± 1.0 mm for
S. baicalensis and C. chinensis, respectively. Against S. cerevisiae, the mean kill zone widths were 8.4 ± 1.0 and 12.6 ± 1.4 mm for S. baicalensis and C. chinensis, respectively. When compared with the positive control, C. chinensis was comparable in effect to vancomycin against coagulase-negative staphylococcus, whereas S. baicalensis was less effective than vancomycin. Further experiments investigated the use of herbs in combination and minimum inhibitory
concentration. A limited number of further tests were conducted with other bacteria; E. coli 8879 (NCIMB 8879), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIMB 9518), Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus megaterium; both herbs killed all of the other bacteria, but C. chinensis appeared more potent than S. baicalensis. Diffusion disc technique provided a useful method to evaluate the anti-microbial effects of the two herbs, both of which
showed promise as new anti-microbial agents.
... It was then was centrifuged, filtered and sterilized with a solution of 0.5 g/mL as the drug concentration. Standard disc diffusion methodology (6) was used to test the concoction against strains. ...
Background:
Plasmid transfer among bacteria provides a means for dissemination of resistance. Plasmid Analysis has made it possible to track plasmids that induce resistance in bacterial population.
Objectives:
To screen the presence of herb-resistance plasmid in Escherichia coli strains and determine the transferability of this resistance plasmid directly from E. coli to the Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and methods:
The donor strain E. coli CP9 and recipient strain S. aureus RN450RF were isolated from UTI patients. E. coli CP9 was highly resistant to herbal concoction. Isolates of S. aureus RN450RF were fully susceptible. Total plasmid DNA was prepared and transferred into E. coli DH5α. Transconjugants were selected on agar plates containing serial dilutions of herbal concoction. Resistance plasmid was transferred to susceptible S. aureus RN450RFin triple replicas. The mating experiments were repeated twice.
Results:
The identified 45 kb herb-resistance plasmid could be transferred from E. coli CP9 isolates to E. coli DH5α. As a consequence E. coli DH5α transconjugant MIC increased from 0.0125 g/mL to 0.25 g/mL. The plasmid was easily transferred from E. coli CP9 strain to S. aureus RN450RF with a mean transfer rate of 1×10(-2) transconjugants/recipient. The E. coli donor and the S. aureus RN450RF transconjugant contained a plasmid of the same size, which was absent in the recipient before mating. Susceptibility testing showed that the S. aureus RN450RF transconjugant was resistant to herbal concoction.
Conclusions:
E. coli herb-resistance plasmid can replicate and be expressed in S. aureus.
... The MDR strains were sensitive to the antimicrobial activity of CZ. India Lima EO, et al. [29] Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagraphytes, Microsporum canis and Epidermophyton floccosum CZ inhibited 80% of the dermatophyte strains tested and produced inhibition zones more than 10 mm in diameter Brazil Maidment C, et al. [30] Escherichia [50] showed that CZ bark essential oil was slightly less effective than either dphenothrin or pyrethrum against eggs and adult females of human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, using direct contact and vapour phase toxicity bioassays. ...
In traditional medicine Cinnamon is considered a remedy for respiratory, digestive and gynaecological ailments. In-vitro and in-vivo studies from different parts of the world have demonstrated numerous beneficial medicinal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ). This paper aims to systematically review the scientific literature and provide a comprehensive summary on the potential medicinal benefits of CZ.
A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in the following databases; PubMed, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus for studies published before 31st December 2012. The following keywords were used: "Cinnamomum zeylanicum", "Ceylon cinnamon", "True cinnamon" and "Sri Lankan cinnamon". To obtain additional data a manual search was performed using the reference lists of included articles.
The literature search identified the following number of articles in the respective databases; PubMed=54, Web of Science=76 and SciVerse Scopus=591. Thirteen additional articles were identified by searching reference lists. After removing duplicates the total number of articles included in the present review is 70. The beneficial health effects of CZ identified were; a) anti-microbial and anti-parasitic activity, b) lowering of blood glucose, blood pressure and serum cholesterol, c) anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenging properties, d) inhibition of tau aggregation and filament formation (hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease), e) inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis, f) anti-secretagogue and anti-gastric ulcer effects, g) anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, h) wound healing properties and i) hepato-protective effects. The studies reported minimal toxic and adverse effects.
The available in-vitro and in-vivo evidence suggests that CZ has many beneficial health effects. However, since data on humans are sparse, randomized controlled trials in humans will be necessary to determine whether these effects have public health implications.
... In vitro antibacterial activity of P. atlantica essential oil was determined by the agar disc diffusion method according to Benhassaini et al. (2003). Disc assays were found to be a simple, cheap and reproducible practical method (Maidment et al., 2006). 18 ml of sterilized Mueller Hinton agar medium was taken in each Petri dish and then spread with a suspension of the tested micro-organism (average concentration is 10 6 cells/ml). ...
The essential oil from the gum of Pistacia atlantica Desf. grown in Algeria was obtained by the hydrodistillation method, and its antimicrobial activities against the growth of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes were evaluated using three different methods; agar disc diffusion and dilution broth methods and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) which was subsequently, determined. The results of the study revealed that essential oil resin of P. atlantica has antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria which are resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents, and they were considerably dependent on concentration.
... The agar disc diffusion method was employed to determine the antimicrobial activities of the essential oil. Disc-assay was found to be a simple, cheap and reproducible practical method (Maidment et al., 2006). A suspension of each sample tested micro-organism diluted prior to 10 -1 , 10 -2 and 10 -3 -(1 ml of 10 8 cells/ml) was spread on a solid agar medium in Petri dishes (Mueller-Hinton agar). ...
The hydrodistilled essential oils from Pistacia vera.L stem exudates have been tested against three bacteria (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus spp) using three methods: agar disc diffusion, determination of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and in the liquid phase by Maruzella method. The results obtained showed that essential oil resin of P. vera L. has antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria (E. coli and Proteus spp.) as well as gram positive bacteria (S. aureus), when Proteus spp. was the greatest inhibited of all the strains tested.
Diffusion methods, including agar disk-diffusion and agar well-diffusion, as well as dilution methods such as broth and agar dilution, are frequently employed to evaluate the antimicrobial capacity of extracts and essential oils (EOs) derived from Origanum L., Syzygium aromaticum, and Citrus L. The results are reported as inhibition diameters (IDs) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), respectively. In order to investigate potential sources of variability in antimicrobial susceptibility testing results and to assess whether a correlation exists between ID and MIC measurements, meta-analytical regression models were built using in vitro data obtained through a systematic literature search. The pooled ID models revealed varied bacterial susceptibilities to the extracts and in some cases, the plant species and methodology utilised impacted the measurements obtained (p < 0.05). Lemon and orange extracts were found to be most effective against E. coli (24.4 ± 1.21 and 16.5 ± 0.84 mm, respectively), while oregano extracts exhibited the highest level of effectiveness against B. cereus (22.3 ± 1.73 mm). Clove extracts were observed to be most effective against B. cereus and demonstrated the general trend that the well-diffusion method tends to produce higher ID (20.5 ± 1.36 mm) than the disk-diffusion method (16.3 ± 1.40 mm). Although the plant species had an impact on MIC, there is no evidence to suggest that the methodology employed had an effect on MIC (p > 0.05). The ID–MIC model revealed an inverse correlation (R² = 47.7%) and highlighted the fact that the extract dose highly modulated the relationship (p < 0.0001). The findings of this study encourage the use of extracts and EOs derived from Origanum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Citrus to prevent bacterial growth. Additionally, this study underscores several variables that can impact ID and MIC measurements and expose the correlation between the two types of results.
The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) peel extract as a reductant for indigo dyeing. Dried persimmon peel was water extracted and its sugar contents and functionalities were determined. Its reducing power was studied in terms of redox potential of the indigo bath and color strength (K/S value) of the ramie fabrics dyed in the indigo reduction bath. Total sugar content of the extract was 74.3%. Antioxidant capacity reached up to 86.0% at 3.5 μg/mL of the extract concentration. The persimmon peel extract had an effect on indigo reduction and the maximum color strength was obtained within one or two day. At 2–3% of the extract concentration, the redox potential of the indigo bath was maintained in the range of − 550 ~ − 600 mV for 10 days. With increase in the extract concentration, reduction state lasted for longer time and higher color strength was obtained. The persimmon peel extract can be used for indigo reduction dyeing as a sustainable, nontoxic, biodegradable alternative to sodium dithionite.
The antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the ethanol extract of pomegranate flowers were evaluated and used in the present study. Antioxidant activities were studied by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, total antioxidant capacity methods. The total phenolic contents of flower were analyzed by Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Antimicrobial activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of valid against 8 antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains including two species of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Shigella spp. were investigated. The extract was primarily screened for their possible antibacterial effects using disc diffusion methods. The antioxidant activity of extraction was investigated, including the scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (27.92 μg ml⁻¹ as EC50 value), the total phenolic contents (40.8 ± 1.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g⁻¹ of extract), total flavonoid contents (64 ± 38 mg quercetin equivalent g l⁻¹ of extract), and reducing power [there were significant differences between extract and BHT (P < 0.05)]. The potential antibacterial activities at different concentrations of the extract were elucidated. The extract displayed variable degrees of antibacterial activities on different bacteria and the highest amount of total phenol and also a significant antioxidant activity.
Pimenta dioica is a variety of sweet pepper used as a spice and its
leaves are used for traditional culinary purpose. Epiphyllum
oxypetalum is a species of cactus and can be used as a substitute for
digitalis. Scanty work has been reported on the phytochemical
properties, assessment of nutritive value and bio-therapeutical
potentials of these two important medicinal plants. Thus, the present
investigation was carried out to access and compare the nutritive
values, phytochemical constituents and biotherapeutic potentials of leaf
extracts of both the plants. The nutritive values showed significant
presence of proteins (12 mg/g and 14 mg/g), fatty acids (5.8 mg/g and
4.6 mg/g), and vitamins (0.12mg/g and 0.18 mg/g) in Pimenta dioica
and Epiphyllum oxypetalum respectively while carbohydrates were
found to be absent in both the plants. Phytochemical analysis of both the plants showed the
presence of saponins, phenolic compounds, steroids, glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, and
resins. Three solvent systems, (aqueous, acetone and methanol) were studied for Pimenta
dioica leaf extract. Maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited by methanol leaf extracts in
increasing order for Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, and
Staphylococcus aureus. Lesser inhibitory zones were obtained by acetone leaf extracts. Three solvent systems, (ethanol, acetone and petroleum ether) were studied for Epiphyllum oxypetallum leaf extract. Maximum zone of inhibition was exhibited by acetone and
petroleum ether (14mm) leaf extracts for Escherichia coli, acetone (14mm) for
Staphylococcus aureus, acetone (11mm) and ethanol (10mm) for Klebsiella pneumonia and
petroleum ether (12mm) for Bacillus subtilis. Leaf extracts of both the plants were found to
be ineffective against fungal strains tested. Present investigation revealed that Pimenta dioica
and Epiphyllum oxypetalum leaves could be a very useful resource as biotherapeutic agents.
Background and objective: Ammi majus belongs to family Apiaceae is an important plant used in a different country traditionally for treatment bacterial infection. This study aimed to investigate in vitro antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Ammi majus seed extracts against six isolated Gram-positive bacteria. Methods: The antibacterial activity of seed extracts were screened by disk diffusion and agar overlay bioautography method and their activities were further determined by minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the microtiter plate crystal violet assay. The quantity of bound bacteria was determined by measuring absorbance at (OD630 nm) using microtiter plate reader. Results: Ethanol 80% and ethyl acetate extracts showed variable activity against all isolated bacteria while petroleum ether extract revealed resistance against studied bacteria. Streptococcus mitis showed more pronounced sensitivity against both extracts by disk diffusion (12 mm and 10 mm) and bioautography method with minimum inhibitory concentration 7.8125 mg/ml of ethanol 80% and 15.625 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extracts. Ethanol 80% and ethyl acetate extract significantly reduced biofilm formation as compared to control, showed antibiofilm activity at 0.4883-62.5 mg/ml and exhibited strongest antibiofim activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: Ammi majus seed extracts revealed highest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus species and strongest antibiofilm activity on Staphylococcus species.
Objective:
To study the preventive effect of herbal formulation on experimental murine urinary tract infection (UTI) induced by Dr Escherichia coli 11128.
Methods:
E. coli 11128 carrying Dr fifimbriae was isolated from patients with chronic pyelonephritis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of herbal solution for E. coli 11128 was determined for further studies. Forty C3H/HeJ mice were divided into the herb-treated group (n=20, given Chinese herbs by gavage at an average dose of 20 g/kg body weight daily 3 days before inoculation), and control group (n=20, given the same amount of distilled water by gavage). Three and 6 days after infection, bacteria were counted in the urine and the kidneys of the mice. Kidney histopathologic changes were evaluated. Neutrophils infifiltration and accumulation were detected.
Results:
The MIC value of herbal solution was 0.1 g/mL for the E. coli 11128. In herb-treated mice, there was a significant reduction in bacterial counts in urine and colonization densities of kidneys. Microscopic studies revealed signs of inflflammation in kidneys. In herb-treated mice, herbal administration resulted in signifificantly reduced neutrophilic infifiltrates (P<0.05). The semi-quantitative scores for renal lesions were significantly lower (P<0.05).
Conclusion:
Prophylactic administration of herbal formulation potentiated the effect in partially preventing experimental murine ascending UTI.
In this paper, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by a wet chemical method. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and photoluminescence. The average crystal size of the prepared ZnO nanopowder was determined by XRD. UV absorption spectrum revealed three bands at 448 nm, 536 nm and 818 nm respectively. The quality and purity of ZnO nanomaterial crystalline samples were confirmed by photoluminescence spectra. Disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of various classes of antibiotics in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles.
Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported from different parts of the world.The main aim of present research work is to investigate Invitro antimicrobial activity, anthelmintic activity and Preliminary screening for phytochemical constituents of the hydroalcoholic extract of Coriandrum sativum, Cassia occidentalis, Carica papaya, Moringa foetida). Anti- microbial assay was evaluated using Nutrient agar medium and Disc diffusion method at different concentrations (50,100,150,500mg/ml) and the results were compared with therapeutically used antibiotics. Rapid formation of Inhibition zones within 24 hours of incubation was obtained with Hydroalcoholic extract 50mg/ml. Anthelmintic activity was evaluated using adult Indian earthworms, Pheretima posthuma and Tubifex tubifex, having anatomical and physiological resemblance with intestinal round worms parasite. The earthworms were washed in normal saline solution before they were released in to 10ml of respective formulation as follows, vehicle (2%v/v Tween 80 in normal saline) and piperazine citrate (10mg/ml)and prototypes(10,20,50mg/ml). All the Investigations on Hydroalcoholic extract exhibited Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic activity at 20mg/ml with significant activity (P<0.05). The MIC of Hydroalcoholic was determined using the parameters like time of paralysis and time of death with the extract at concentrations of 10,20,50mg/ml.The extract exhibited significant anthelmintic activity at highest concentrations of 50mg/ml as compared with piperazine citrate (10mg/ml) as standard reference and distilled water as control.Herbal drugs and synthetic drugs were equally effective in helminthic infestations but Hydroalcoholic extract of Indian medicinal plants exhibits potentiality and have maximum anthelmintic activity.
Gardenia gummifera Linn. of the family Rubiaceae has been considered as an important plant in the traditional Ayurveda. The Gardenia gummifera Linn. leaf was extracted serially by the solvents of increasing polarity (Petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol). The present investigation was to examine the in vitro antioxidant potential of various extracts of leaf of Gardenia gummifera Linn. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, superoxide radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, cerium (IV) amaranth dye assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Property (FRAP) assay and total antioxidant capacity. In all the assays, the ethanolic extract of Gardenia gummifera Linn. is more effective in free radical scavenging activity than that of other two extracts. So, the in vitro studies clearly showed that the ethanolic extract of Gardenia gummifera Linn. has significant antioxidant activity. The quantitative estimation showed that ethanolic extract contains higher phenolic content than the other extracts.
This study reports comparison between bio and wet chemical synthesis of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPS) biological synthesis by using cell free supernatant some isolate of bacillus cereus that have ability to convert zinc acetate to ZnO (NPS). On the other hand, wet chemical synthesis using zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as a surrogate. In this report we used two methods for improve antibiotics that effect against pathogenic bacteria. The present investigation describes the maximum zone of inhibition was observed in the bio ZnO NPs (5 μL) with antibiotics kanamycin (K).The effects of some antibiotics have more affected with ZnO nanoparticles about without and bacteria become more sensitive to some antibiotics in the same concentration.
This is an extended work on the biosynthesis of noble metal nanoparticles using dried clove buds. Here microwave assistance is taken not only for accelerating the reaction rate but also for denaturing the proteins and other enzymes, which will prevent obtaining desired functionalized nanoparticles. FTIR studies infer that nanoparticles thus obtained are found adsorbed with water soluble organic moieties, mostly flavonoids. The bathochromic shift from 320 nm in ultra-violet range indicates the involvement of water soluble bio-moieties of the clove in the formation of AgNP. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum confirmed that the AgNP are crystalline in nature. The surface morphology is studied using FESEM, TEM and AFM techniques infer that the AgNP are well dispersed, roughly spherical in shape and are in the range of 30–60 nm. The AgNP with the organic moiety will have synergic antimicrobial action.
Objective
To investigate invitro antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of the aqueous and methanolic extract of Mollugo nudicaulis leaves (MN).Methods
The total phenolic and flavonoids content was quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride method respectively. Invitro antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assays and antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method.ResultsThe phytochemical tests of Mollugo nudicaulis revealed the presence of alkaloid, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugar in the both aqueous and methanolic extracts. Terpenoids were absent in both aqueous and methanolic extract of Mollugo nudicaulis. The total phenolics content of the methanolic and aqueous extract of leaves was 47.01 ± 0.8 and 46.4 ± 0.05 mg/100 g. The total flavonoid content was 41.3 ± 0.04 and 36.2 ± 0.01 mg/100 g respectively. The methanolic and aqueous extract of leaves showed IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging as 48 and 190 μg/ml respectively. The IC50 values of ABTS radical scavenging for methanolic of aqueous extracts was 83 and 198.3 μg/ml of plant extract respectively. The total phenolics and flavonoids content and invitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was higher compared with aqueous extract. The methanolic extract of Mollugo nudicaulis used to determine antibacterial activity against bacterial species namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp, Streptococcus sp, Entrobacter sp.Conclusion
This investigation suggests that the methanolic extracts of Mollugo nudicaulis possess potential antioxidant and antibacterial compounds.
The oxidative damage of lipid, protein and DNA is known to be involved in chronic inflammation as well as metastasis. It has been highlighted for searching natural compounds without toxicity to prevent development of these diseases. Thus, it was investigated whether eugenol can inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity as well as antioxidant effect. Eugenol was contained as a major ingredient in herbs such as clove and Magnoliae Flos. The direct scavenging effects of eugenol on DPPH radical, hydrogen peroxide, reducing power, lipid peroxidation and genomic DNA damage related to oxidative stress were evaluated in cell free system. It was observed that eugenol specifically exhibited higher inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide than other reactive oxygen species, and also blocked DNA oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by hydroxyl radical. In addition, the inhibitory effects of eugenol on the activity and expression of MMP-9 activity related to metastasis were determined using gelatin zymography and western-blot. The data showed that it inhibited MMP-9 activities in PMA-stimulated HT1080 cells. Furthermore, it was found that eugenol exerts inhibitory effects on MMP-9 via inactivation of ERK. Therefore, these results suggest that eugenol could be available as an excellent agent for prevention of metasasis related to oxidative stress.
Background:
Many Chinese herbal formulations are used in the treatment of urinary tract infection. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistant to Chinese herbs have been identified rarely. Report here is a case in which Chinese herbs-resistant E. coli isolate was identified.
Case:
The strain of E. coli C16 was isolated from urine of a 72-year-old woman with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Standard disc diffusion methodology was used to test the Chinese herbal decoction against E. coli C16. The minimum inhibitory concentration value was 0.1 g/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentration value was 0.2 g/mL. The decoction was orally administered for 4 weeks.
Results:
The therapeutic regimen was well tolerated initially. At the end of 4 weeks, the disease relapsed. E. coli C16 was isolated again, which was resistant to herbal solution.
Conclusions:
This case illustrates that excessive exposure to Chinese herbs used in unchanging standard formulations can also lead to bacterial resistance. Appropriate clinical use of Chinese herbs is imperative.
In the present study, Apis mellifera propolis and essential oils (EOs) obtained from aromatic plants were evaluated as alternative antimicrobials. We aimed to establish the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) from Apis mellifera and of EOs from Caryophyllus aromaticus, Zingiber officinale, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Mentha piperita against 32 Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains from human clinical specimens. The antimicrobials were diluted in agar and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were found whereas MIC90% values were calculated. Time-kill curve assays using mixtures containing one quarter of MIC90% for EEP with all EOs as well cinnamon EO were performed. The cinnamon EO was found to be the most efficient, with MIC90% values of 1.22 and 0.96 mg x mL-1 respectively against S. aureus and E. coli, whereas MIC90% of EEP were 1.86 and 20.12 mg x mL-1 respectively against S. aureus and E. coli. The combinations of EEP with ginger and mint EOs, and cinnamon with ginger and clove EOs, showed synergistic effects. Consequently, further studies are necessary to confirm these activities in vivo and to evaluate the phytochemical characteristics of natural products.
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important foodborne and environmental pathogen that can produce toxins in foods and cause infections in soft tissues. S. aureus that have developed resistance to the conventional antimicrobials are commonly called Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Their prevalence is believed to be due to the widespread use of antibiotics. Therefore, natural antimicrobials are in urgent demand as alternatives to conventional antibiotics to treat S. aureus infections. In this review, natural antimicrobials from plant, animal and microbiological origins are discussed, including their mode of action and mechanisms of bacterial resistance, major components, chemical structure, effectiveness, synergistic effects and future prospects.
To investigate the antibacterial effect of the crude latex of Argemone ochroleuca (A. ochroleuca) as antibacterial potential against a range of human pathogenic bacteria.
This study was carried out at King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from January to March 2010. Seventeen ml of fresh latex from A. ochroleuca Sweet was collected, and the antibacterial activity of crude and diluted latex were examined using one ml of standardized inoculum suspension, and using the agar diffusion method test against Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. All inoculated plates were incubated aerobically at 290C for 48 hours. The diameter of the zones of inhibition was measured to the nearest mm.
The crude latex of A. ochroleuca exhibited a potent antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains examined. The zones of inhibition against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 9.30 - 40.3 mm along with their respective minimum inhibitory concentration values 100 ul/ml.
The observable inhibition on selected bacteria by latex of A. ochroleuca makes it a promising alternative as a potential source of natural antibacterial.
High incidence of resistance to pharmaceutical antibiotics among microbes in hospital environments prompts the search for
alternative sources of anti-microbial chemicals. A largely underexploited resource in this regard is plants used in traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM). In this investigation, anti-microbial properties of water extracts of two herbs used in TCM—Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang Qin) and Coptis chinensis Franch (Huang Lian)—against Escherichia coli B, coagulase-negative staphylococcus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined using the disc diffusion method with water as a negative control and vancomycin as the positive control for
coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Coptis chinensis appeared more potent than S. baicalensis against the three microbes used in the main experiments. Against E. coli B, the mean width and standard error of the kill zone was 3.9 ± 0.6 and 13.3 ± 0.7 mm for S. baicalensis and C. chinensis, respectively. Against coagulase-negative staphylococcus, the mean kill zone widths were 6.6 ± 1.1 and 11.0 ± 1.0 mm for
S. baicalensis and C. chinensis, respectively. Against S. cerevisiae, the mean kill zone widths were 8.4 ± 1.0 and 12.6 ± 1.4 mm for S. baicalensis and C. chinensis, respectively. When compared with the positive control, C. chinensis was comparable in effect to vancomycin against coagulase-negative staphylococcus, whereas S. baicalensis was less effective than vancomycin. Further experiments investigated the use of herbs in combination and minimum inhibitory
concentration. A limited number of further tests were conducted with other bacteria; E. coli 8879 (NCIMB 8879), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIMB 9518), Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus megaterium; both herbs killed all of the other bacteria, but C. chinensis appeared more potent than S. baicalensis. Diffusion disc technique provided a useful method to evaluate the anti-microbial effects of the two herbs, both of which
showed promise as new anti-microbial agents.
In traditional medicine Cinnamon is considered a remedy for respiratory, digestive and gynaecological ailments. In-vitro and in-vivo studies from different parts of the world have demonstrated numerous beneficial medicinal effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (CZ). This paper aims to systematically review the scientific literature and provide a comprehensive summary on the potential medicinal benefits of CZ.
A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in the following databases; PubMed, Web of Science, SciVerse Scopus for studies published before 31st December 2012. The following keywords were used: "Cinnamomum zeylanicum", "Ceylon cinnamon", "True cinnamon" and "Sri Lankan cinnamon". To obtain additional data a manual search was performed using the reference lists of included articles.
The literature search identified the following number of articles in the respective databases; PubMed=54, Web of Science=76 and SciVerse Scopus=591. Thirteen additional articles were identified by searching reference lists. After removing duplicates the total number of articles included in the present review is 70. The beneficial health effects of CZ identified were; a) anti-microbial and anti-parasitic activity, b) lowering of blood glucose, blood pressure and serum cholesterol, c) anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenging properties, d) inhibition of tau aggregation and filament formation (hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease), e) inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis, f) anti-secretagogue and anti-gastric ulcer effects, g) anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, h) wound healing properties and i) hepato-protective effects. The studies reported minimal toxic and adverse effects.
The available in-vitro and in-vivo evidence suggests that CZ has many beneficial health effects. However, since data on humans are sparse, randomized controlled trials in humans will be necessary to determine whether these effects have public health implications.
An improved method of sample preparation was used in a microplate assay to evaluate the bactericidal activity levels of 96 essential oils and 23 oil compounds against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica obtained from food and clinical sources. Bactericidal activity (BA50) was defined as the percentage of the sample in the assay mixture that resulted in a 50% decrease in CFU relative to a buffer control. Twenty-seven oils and 12 compounds were active against all four species of bacteria. The oils that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.009) were marigold, ginger root, jasmine, patchouli, gardenia, cedarwood, carrot seed, celery seed, mugwort, spikenard, and orange bitter oils; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.046 to 0.14) were oregano, thyme, cinnamon, palmarosa, bay leaf, clove bud, lemon grass, and allspice oils; those that were most active against L monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.092) were gardenia, cedarwood, bay leaf, clove bud, oregano, cinnamon, allspice, thyme, and patchouli oils; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.045 to 0.14) were thyme, oregano, cinnamon, clove bud, allspice, bay leaf, palmarosa, and marjoram oils. The oil compounds that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.034) were cinnamaldehyde, estragole, carvacrol, benzaldehyde, citral, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, carvone R, and geranyl acetate; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.28) were carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, citral, perillaldehyde, and estragole; those that were most active against L monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.019 to 0.43) were cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, citral, geraniol, perillaldehyde, carvone S, estragole, and salicylaldehyde; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.034 to 0.21) were thymol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, terpineol, perillaldehyde, and estragole. The possible significance of these results with regard to food microbiology is discussed.
Dictionary of Food Ingredients is a concise, easy-to-use resource covering over 1,000 food ingredients and additives, including natural ingredients, FDA-approved artificial ingredients, and compounds used in food processing. Organized alphabetically, definitions cover functionality, chemical properties, and applications, and thorough cross-referencing allows readers to follow related and similar ingredients. A section based on the Code of Federal Regulations lists food ingredients according to their US approval status, and a bibliography pinpoints further information.
This revised and updated fifth edition features a new section, “Food Definitions and Formulations,” and a thoroughly expanded list of food ingredients approved for use in the European Union, with E numbers. In addition, the fifth edition provides new information on existing and more recently approved ingredients.
The Dictionary is an unparalleled source of information, providing practical, scientific, and regulatory information on every important ingredient and category. This resource will be of value to food scientists, ingredient suppliers, dietitians, extension specialists, food customer service personnel, and students.
From this study it is appeared that addition of cardamom, cinnamon and clove powders or their volatile oils to cookies had a distinctive effect in extending shelf life of cookies by suppressing growth of microorganisms. The antimicrobial effect of cardamom, cinnamon and clove volatile oils were determined in comparison with phenol. The inhibitory effect against "some selected microorganisms" of cardamom, cinnamon and clove volatile oils increased with increasing their concentrations. The inhibitory effect of these volatile oils can be ranked as follows: clove oil > cinnamon oil > cardamom oil. From the organoleptic evaluation of different cookie treatments during 8 months storage at ambient temperature, it could be concluded that, addition of cardamom, cinnamon and clove powders had inferior effect on most quality attributes of cookies in comparison with additions of their volatile oils which improved cookies quality. During storage of cookies treatments under study, many changes were happened in overall quality attributes, the lowest depression in overall scores was noticed for cookies made with clove volatile oil while, the highest depression was for cookies mixed with cardamom powder.
For more than two decades, this work has remained the leading advanced textbook and easy-to-use reference on food chemistry and technology. Its fourth edition has been extensively re-written and enlarged, now also covering topics such as BSE detection or acrylamide. Food allergies, alcoholic drinks, or phystosterols are now treated more extensively. Proven features of the prior editions are maintained: Contains more than 600 tables, almost 500 figures, and about 1100 structural formulae of food components - Logically organized according to food constituents and commodities - Comprehensive subject index. These features provide students and researchers in food science, food technology, agricultural chemistry and nutrition with in-depth insight into food chemistry and technology. They also make the book a valuable on-the-job reference for chemists, food chemists, food technologists, engineers, biochemists, nutritionists, and analytical chemists in food and agricultural research, food industry, nutrition, food control, and service laboratories. From reviews of the first edition "Few books on food chemistry treat the subject as exhaustively-researchers will find it to be a useful source of information. It is easy to read and the material is systematically presented." JACS.
Objective
To investigate invitro antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of the aqueous and methanolic extract of Mollugo nudicaulis leaves (MN).Methods
The total phenolic and flavonoids content was quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride method respectively. Invitro antioxidant activity was carried out by DPPH, ABTS and reducing power assays and antimicrobial activity was carried out by disc diffusion method.ResultsThe phytochemical tests of Mollugo nudicaulis revealed the presence of alkaloid, steroids, flavonoids and reducing sugar in the both aqueous and methanolic extracts. Terpenoids were absent in both aqueous and methanolic extract of Mollugo nudicaulis. The total phenolics content of the methanolic and aqueous extract of leaves was 47.01 ± 0.8 and 46.4 ± 0.05 mg/100 g. The total flavonoid content was 41.3 ± 0.04 and 36.2 ± 0.01 mg/100 g respectively. The methanolic and aqueous extract of leaves showed IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging as 48 and 190 μg/ml respectively. The IC50 values of ABTS radical scavenging for methanolic of aqueous extracts was 83 and 198.3 μg/ml of plant extract respectively. The total phenolics and flavonoids content and invitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract was higher compared with aqueous extract. The methanolic extract of Mollugo nudicaulis used to determine antibacterial activity against bacterial species namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp, Streptococcus sp, Entrobacter sp.Conclusion
This investigation suggests that the methanolic extracts of Mollugo nudicaulis possess potential antioxidant and antibacterial compounds.
The oxidative damage of lipid, protein and DNA is known to be involved in chronic inflammation as well as metastasis. It has been highlighted for searching natural compounds without toxicity to prevent development of these diseases. Thus, it was investigated whether eugenol can inhibit matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and activity as well as antioxidant effect. Eugenol was contained as a major ingredient in herbs such as clove and Magnoliae Flos. The direct scavenging effects of eugenol on DPPH radical, hydrogen peroxide, reducing power, lipid peroxidation and genomic DNA damage related to oxidative stress were evaluated in cell free system. It was observed that eugenol specifically exhibited higher inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide than other reactive oxygen species, and also blocked DNA oxidation and lipid peroxidation induced by hydroxyl radical. In addition, the inhibitory effects of eugenol on the activity and expression of MMP-9 activity related to metastasis were determined using gelatin zymography and western-blot. The data showed that it inhibited MMP-9 activities in PMA-stimulated HT1080 cells. Furthermore, it was found that eugenol exerts inhibitory effects on MMP-9 via inactivation of ERK. Therefore, these results suggest that eugenol could be available as an excellent agent for prevention of metasasis related to oxidative stress.
This paper describes methods for investigating the antibiotic properties of garlic
Background:
Many Chinese herbal formulations are used in the treatment of urinary tract infection. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistant to Chinese herbs have been identified rarely. Report here is a case in which Chinese herbs-resistant E. coli isolate was identified.
Case:
The strain of E. coli C16 was isolated from urine of a 72-year-old woman with a diagnosis of pyelonephritis. Standard disc diffusion methodology was used to test the Chinese herbal decoction against E. coli C16. The minimum inhibitory concentration value was 0.1 g/mL. The minimum bactericidal concentration value was 0.2 g/mL. The decoction was orally administered for 4 weeks.
Results:
The therapeutic regimen was well tolerated initially. At the end of 4 weeks, the disease relapsed. E. coli C16 was isolated again, which was resistant to herbal solution.
Conclusions:
This case illustrates that excessive exposure to Chinese herbs used in unchanging standard formulations can also lead to bacterial resistance. Appropriate clinical use of Chinese herbs is imperative.
Survival or growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Tryptose Broth supplemented with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25 or 0.3% sodium propionate was determined when the pH of the medium was 5.0 or 5.6 and incubation was at 4, 13, 21 and 35 degrees C. The pathogen grew in all controls, propionate-free broth, except at 4 degrees C and pH 5.0. At pH 5.6 and 4, 13, 21 and 35 degrees C the bacterium grew in the presence of all propionate concentrations used in this study. The higher concentrations permitted only minimal growth with smallest ultimate populations and longest generation times. Reducing the pH to 5.0 served to minimize growth further at 13, 21 and 35 degrees C than that observed at the same temperatures but at pH 5.6. The extent of growth was directly proportional to the propionate concentrations; at high concentrations, propionate caused a gradual decrease in populations and/or prolonged the lag phase. At 35 degrees C, a concentration of 0.25% did not allow growth, whereas 0.3% caused inactivation of the pathogen after 80 h of incubation. At 4 degrees C and pH 5.0, all concentrations of sodium propionate caused a gradual decrease in populations during the incubation period.
In vitro studies have demonstrated antibacterial activity of essential oils (EOs) against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella dysenteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus at levels between 0.2 and 10 microl ml(-1). Gram-negative organisms are slightly less susceptible than gram-positive bacteria. A number of EO components has been identified as effective antibacterials, e.g. carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.05-5 microl ml(-1) in vitro. A higher concentration is needed to achieve the same effect in foods. Studies with fresh meat, meat products, fish, milk, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and cooked rice have shown that the concentration needed to achieve a significant antibacterial effect is around 0.5-20 microl g(-1) in foods and about 0.1-10 microl ml(-1) in solutions for washing fruit and vegetables. EOs comprise a large number of components and it is likely that their mode of action involves several targets in the bacterial cell. The hydrophobicity of EOs enables them to partition in the lipids of the cell membrane and mitochondria, rendering them permeable and leading to leakage of cell contents. Physical conditions that improve the action of EOs are low pH, low temperature and low oxygen levels. Synergism has been observed between carvacrol and its precursor p-cymene and between cinnamaldehyde and eugenol. Synergy between EO components and mild preservation methods has also been observed. Some EO components are legally registered flavourings in the EU and the USA. Undesirable organoleptic effects can be limited by careful selection of EOs according to the type of food.
Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine Food ChemistryAntimicrobials occurring naturally in foods
- T Bartram
- Robinson
- London
- H D Belitz
- W Grosch
Bartram, T. (1998), Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, Robinson, London. Belitz, H.D. and Grosch, W. (1999), Food Chemistry, Springer–Verlag, Berlin. Beuchat, L.R. and Golden, D.A. (1989), ''Antimicrobials occurring naturally in foods'', Food Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 134–42.
Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine
- T Bartram
- London Robinson
- H D Belitz
- W Grosch
Bartram, T. (1998), Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, Robinson, London.
Belitz, H.D. and Grosch, W. (1999), Food Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Antimicrobials occurring naturally in foods
- L R Beuchat
- D A Golden
Beuchat, L.R. and Golden, D.A. (1989), ''Antimicrobials occurring naturally in foods'', Food
Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 134-42.
Corresponding author Clem Maidment can be contacted at: clem_maidment@hotmail.com To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.com Or visit our web site for further details
- M Toussant-Samat
Toussant-Samat, M. (1992), History of Food, Blackwell, Oxford.
US Environmental Protection Agency (2005), ''Pesticides: regulating pesticides, cinnamaldehyde
(040506) fact sheet'', Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA, available at: http://epa.gov/
pesticides/biopesticies/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_040506.htm.
Corresponding author
Clem Maidment can be contacted at: clem_maidment@hotmail.com
To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight.com
Or visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints
NFS
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Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine
- T Bartram