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The Amphibians and Reptiles of the Yucatan Peninsula
... El individuo representa el primer registro de la especie para el departamento de Alta Verapaz, norte de Guatemala. Todos los individuos fueron identificados por medio de las guías de campo de Lee (1996) y Campbell (1998. La corroboración de la identificación de los individuos la hizo José Rogelio Cedeño Vásquez curador de la colección herpetológica del Museo de Zoología del Colegio de la Frontera Sur. ...
... La corroboración de la identificación de los individuos la hizo José Rogelio Cedeño Vásquez curador de la colección herpetológica del Museo de Zoología del Colegio de la Frontera Sur. Todos los individuos fueron fotografiados en vida (a excepción del espécimen de Poptún que fue fotografiado ya preservado) y colectados de forma manual; sacrificados utilizando anestesia local (lidocaína), y depositados en la colección de referencia de anfibios y reptiles La culebra rayada yucateca, Coniophanes schmidti (Dipsadidae) se distribuye principalmente en la Península de Yucatán y el estado de Chiapas, México; así como en el norte de Belice y en el norte del departamento de Petén, Guatemala ( Fig. 1) (Lee, 1996;Campbell, 1998;Köhler, 2008). En el área de Petén la especie se distribuye desde el municipio de La Libertad y por toda la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya (RBM) (Lee, 1996;Campbell, 1998). ...
... Todos los individuos fueron fotografiados en vida (a excepción del espécimen de Poptún que fue fotografiado ya preservado) y colectados de forma manual; sacrificados utilizando anestesia local (lidocaína), y depositados en la colección de referencia de anfibios y reptiles La culebra rayada yucateca, Coniophanes schmidti (Dipsadidae) se distribuye principalmente en la Península de Yucatán y el estado de Chiapas, México; así como en el norte de Belice y en el norte del departamento de Petén, Guatemala ( Fig. 1) (Lee, 1996;Campbell, 1998;Köhler, 2008). En el área de Petén la especie se distribuye desde el municipio de La Libertad y por toda la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya (RBM) (Lee, 1996;Campbell, 1998). Aparenta seguir la restricción geográfica conocida como el arco húmedo de Petén o arco del Lacandón, que se extiende desde la Sierra del Lacandón en La Libertad, Petén hasta el área de Montañas Mayas en Belice (Marshall, 2007). ...
... Adults can reach a total length of about 270-430 mm, with males being larger than females (Campbell, 1998). It is a common, diurnal, terrestrial lizard that may be found in mature and secondary forest (Campbell, 1998;Lee, 1996). It tends to occupy deeper forest and more shaded locations sites than other Holcosus species (Lee, 1996). ...
... It is a common, diurnal, terrestrial lizard that may be found in mature and secondary forest (Campbell, 1998;Lee, 1996). It tends to occupy deeper forest and more shaded locations sites than other Holcosus species (Lee, 1996). However, it can also be found in banana, cacao, and coconut plantations (Savage, 2002). ...
... Central American Whiptail predominantly feeds on invertebrates, primarily orthopterans and araneid spiders, but occasionally consumes small frogs (Lee, 1996;Savage, 2002). Large individuals readily consume small leaf litter frogs (and possibly small lizards) that are flushed out during their search for invertebrate prey (Savage, 2002;Leenders, 2019). ...
En Costa Rica, hay 88 especies de lagartijas, incluidas especies de forrajeo activo como la chisbala centroamericana, Holcosus festivus, y cazadoras al acecho como el anolis común, Anolis humilis. Observamos un evento de depredación entre estas dos especies en la Estación Biológica La Selva, en las tierras bajas del norte de Costa Rica. Un juvenil de la chisbala capturó y consumió a un juvenil de anolis en el suelo de este bosque lluvioso. Los patrones de actividad principales del anolis común y de la chisbala probablemente conducen a encuentros frecuentes entre estas dos especies. A pesar de ello, sorprende que esta interacción depredadora no se haya observado ni informado anteriormente, y actualmente no está claro cuán a menudo o cuán significativos podrían ser los anolis para la dieta de la chisbala.
... Yucatecan Cantils (Agkistrodon russeolus Gloyd 1972 [Serpentes: Viperidae], or Wolpoch, the Mayan name), are medium-sized (total length up to 1050 mm), relatively uncommon pitviper snakes, endemic to the Yucatá n Peninsula (YP; Porras et al. 2013). The species is represented apparently by disjunct populations, with most known records from the dry northern portion of the YP and few records from relatively moist areas in the southern and northeastern portions (Gloyd and Conant 1990;Lee 1996;Rautsaw et al. 2022). In the most recent reassessment of the conservation status of the cantils, Porras et al. (2013) classified A. russeolus as an endangered species applying International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria and placed it in the high vulnerability category to extinction according to the environmental vulnerability score index. ...
... Agkistrodon russeolus is an understudied and scarcely collected species; thus, current knowledge on its natural history and ecology is considerably limited (Gloyd and Conant 1990;Lee 1996;Heimes 2016). For example, there are only three anecdotal reports on its feeding habits (Hoevers and Henderson 1974;Henderson 1978;Lee 1996), all reporting unidentified mammals as prey items, although it has been suggested that much like other cantils it possibly feeds on other types of prey (Gloyd and Conant 1990;Lee 1996;Heimes 2016). ...
... Agkistrodon russeolus is an understudied and scarcely collected species; thus, current knowledge on its natural history and ecology is considerably limited (Gloyd and Conant 1990;Lee 1996;Heimes 2016). For example, there are only three anecdotal reports on its feeding habits (Hoevers and Henderson 1974;Henderson 1978;Lee 1996), all reporting unidentified mammals as prey items, although it has been suggested that much like other cantils it possibly feeds on other types of prey (Gloyd and Conant 1990;Lee 1996;Heimes 2016). In this study, we investigated the dietary composition of A. russeolus and examined how it varies within and among populations according to snake morphological characteristics (age, body size, sex, and color morph), climatic season, and geographical region across much of its range. ...
Detailed studies on the natural history of snakes are essential for ecological hypothesis-driven research and effective conservation. Herein, we studied the diet composition and morphology of Yucatecan Cantils (Agkistrodon russeolus Gloyd 1972 [Serpentes: Viperidae]), an understudied viperid species endemic to the Yucatán Peninsula. We collected data from live free-ranging snakes; freshly road-killed snakes and snakes deliberately killed by local villagers; and museum specimens and literature sources. We compared their age classes, sexes, and color morphs. Data came from snakes from Yucatán, Quintana Roo, and Campeche in Mexico, and two records were from northern Belize, comprising most of the species' distribution range. Examination of 76 individuals resulted in 77 prey items from 68 snakes. Results indicated that A. russeolus is a generalist-opportunistic predator that feeds on a wide variety of vertebrates, but primarily on lizards and small mammals and less frequently on birds, snakes, and anurans. Geographic patterns in the diet and morphology of A. russeolus were evident: snakes from the coastal region were smaller in body size and less heavy bodied and with a heavily lizard-based diet, whereas snakes from both dry and moist forest regions were larger and heavier and their diet was primarily mammal based. We did not detect differences in diet composition among age classes because lizards and mammals were eaten at all stages of life, but an “ontogenetic telescope” was evident; that is, the importance of mammals increases with snake body size and the spectrum of prey types consumed also broadens. Males had longer tails than females, and females were light colored more often than males, but other morphological characteristics were similar between the sexes. The sexes and color morphs did not differ in diet composition. We did not detect dietary composition variations between seasons, and our data indicate that this species can feed year-round opportunistically. Because of increasing environmental pressures within its range, studies are urgently needed to elucidate other critical aspects of the ecology of this viperid species.
... El complejo de especies Holcosus undulatus es un grupo de lagartijas que se distribuye desde Nayarit, en la vertiente del Pacífico, y Tamaulipas, por la vertiente del Golfo de México, pasando por la Península de Yucatán, hasta Costa Rica (Lee, 1996). Este complejo fue recientemente evaluado por Meza-Lázaro y Nieto-Montes de Oca (2015), en donde varios taxones se elevaron a especie, incluyendo a Holcosus gaigeae, la cual es una lagartija diurna de tamaño pequeño y cuerpo moderadamente robusto, con una distribución restringida a la porción mexicana de la Península de Yucatán (González-Sánchez et al., 2017). ...
... Al igual que el resto de las especies del complejo H. undulatus, se considera que H. gaigeae es de hábitos insectívoros, alimentándose de invertebrados que encuentra entre la hojarasca, y es una especie ovípara que deposita alrededor de 5 huevos durante el verano y otoño (Lee, 1996). En relación con su depredación, se ha observado que los principales depredadores del género Holcosus son las serpientes, lagartijas (género Xenosaurus), anfibios (género Dermophis) y aves de presa diurnas (Buteo spp; Avalos-Vela et al., 2020;Nahuat-Cervera et al., 2020). ...
... Las lagartijas del género Holcosus forrajean activamente durante el día, buscando a sus presas en diferentes microhábitats terrestres (e.g., la hojarasca en el suelo de la selva; Lee, 1996). Las arañas del género Pardosa habitan sobre el sustrato y son abundantes en el estado de Yucatán (Pinkus-Rendón, 2010;Arana-Gamboa et al., 2014), por lo que se considera que pueden constituir una presa común para esta lagartija. ...
Abstract- Holcosus gaigeae is a small-sized lizard with a moderately robust body that has restricted distribution to the Mexican portion of the Yucatan Peninsula. The information about the ecology and natural history is limited. In this work, we report observations of predation, diet, and reproduction of H. gaigeae in different portions of the states of Campeche and Yucatan, in Mexico, providing new information about the ecological aspects of this species. Keywords.-Breeding season, endemic species, Lycosidae, natural history.
Resumen.-Holcosus gaigeae es una lagartija de tamaño pequeño y cuerpo moderadamente robusto que tiene una distribución restringida a la porción Mexicana de la Península de Yucatán. La información existente acerca de su ecología e historia natural es limitada. En este escrito se presentan observaciones de depredación, dieta y reproducción de H. gaigeae en diferentes porciones de los estados de Yucatán y Campeche, en México, las cuales aportan nueva información acerca de los aspectos ecológicos de esta especie.
... Guatemala and Belize, this species is rare, and the last verified records date from the mid-1990s according to published sources (Lee 1996;Campbell 1998;Platt and Rainwater 1998). ...
... However, the region has been poorly studied, and the reptile inventory remains incomplete (Lazcano-Barrero et al. 1992;Hernández-Ordóñez et al. 2014). Previous publications suggest the presence of C. angustatus in the Selva Lacandona (e.g., Lazcano-Barrero et al. 1992;Lee 1996;Hernández-Ordoñez et al. 2015). Legler and Vogt (2013) included the Selva Lacandona within the distribution range of C. angustatus, and Ramírez et al. (2015) reported the presence of the species in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, which is located in the same region. ...
... We used information from previous records available on the GBIF platform (GBIF 2021) to delineate the current distribution of C. angustatus in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. We also added information from scientific collections (e.g., El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Instituto de Historia Natural y Ecología) and the scientific literature (e.g., Lee 1996;Ravell-Ley et al. 2017;Vásquez-Cruz and Reynoso-Martínez 2020). Only reliable information and accurate coordinates coming from scientific institutions and published articles were considered; these data are summarized in Appendix Table A1 and in Figure 1A. ...
We document the first verifiable records of Claudius angustatus Cope, 1865 in the Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Three individuals were observed in different types of anthropic land covers. These records are the most recent observations of C. angustatus in the southeastern zone of its range in more than 20 years, thus representing the southernmost known occurrences of this species. With these records we confirm the long-suspected presence of C. angustatus in the region, increasing the number of reptile species in the Selva Lacandona to 91.
... Cada reporte se clasificó en alguna de las siguientes categorías, las cuales se determinaron con base en los usos encontrados en la revisión de literatura: "Alimento" (consumo de tortugas y sus partes), "Crianza" (mantenimiento y reproducción de tortugas con fines de consumo), "Mascota" (mantenimiento de tortugas cautivas como animal de compañía), "Medicinal" (uso de tortugas y sus partes como tratamientos medicinales), "Ornamental" (uso de tortugas y sus partes como adornos en el hogar) y "Ritual o ceremonial" (uso de tortugas y sus partes en rituales o ceremonias tradicionales). Se revisó la distribución de cada especie en la península de Yucatán mediante literatura especializada (Lee, 1996;Legler y Vogt, 2013;González-Sánchez et al., 4 2017), para identificar las especies nativas, endémicas o introducidas en la región. ...
... La familia Kinosternidae presentó la mayor riqueza, con cuatro especies, en contraste con las familias Dermatemydidae y Geoemydidae, con una especie cada una, lo que concuerda con la riqueza de estas familias en el área peninsular, donde Kinosternidae tiene la mayor riqueza, mientras que Chelydridae, Dermatemydidae y Geoemydidae se componen por solo una especie en esta región (Legler y Vogt, 2013;González-Sánchez et al., 2017). La única especie de tortuga continental nativa de la que no se tuvo registro de aprovechamiento fue la Tortuga Lagarto o Chiquiguao (Chelydra rossignonii), ya que esta especie es muy poco común en la región, con una distribución restringida a la porción sur del estado de Campeche (Lee, 1996(Lee, , 2000 En cuanto a las categorías de uso, la categoría "Alimento" albergó el mayor número de especies utilizadas (9), seguido por la categoría "Medicinal" (7) y la de "Mascota" (6), mientras que las categorías "Crianza" y "Ornamental" solo fueron representadas por una especie. La Tortuga de Caja Yucateca y la Tortuga Jicotea se encontraron en el 83% (5) de las categorías analizadas, mientras que tres especies solo presentaron una categoría de uso (Tabla 1). ...
... Otro uso que tuvo un importante número de menciones fue la categoría "Medicinal", donde la principal parte del cuerpo utilizada fue la sangre, la cual se toma con la finalidad de tratar el asma y el acecido. Las especies registradas se han reconocido previamente como de uso medicinal por las comunidades mayas antiguas y modernas (Lee, 1996;Cupul-Cicero et al., 2019), y donde destacan las Tortuga de Caja Yucateca y las Tortugas de Pecho Quebrado, que son utilizadas como tratamiento contra el asma, recibiendo el nombre maya yucateco Kok áak; derivando de kok, que uno de sus significados es "asma", y áak, que es "tortuga", por lo que se especula que este nombre significa "tortuga del asma". Esto se puede deber a las características físicas de las tortugas, como el hecho de que cierran completamente su caparazón, similar a la sensación de un ataque de asma, o a su naturaleza semiacuática en el caso de las del género Kinosternon, que los mayas pudieron relacionar la sensación de ahogamiento de El resto de las categorías presentaron un bajo número de registros. ...
Las tortugas formaron parte importante en la cultura de los pueblos antiguos, sin embargo, en la actualidad son pocos los lugares donde se reconoce la interacción del ser humano con este grupo de reptiles, sin existir estudios enfocados en conocer los usos generales que hoy en día se les brinda a las tortugas en la región yucateca. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión sistemática de los usos que le brindan las poblaciones mayas modernas a las tortugas dulceacuícolas y terrestres en la península de Yucatán, México. Se elaboró un listado de especies de tortugas aprovechadas mediante una búsqueda minuciosa de estudios etnobiológicos y observa-ciones ocasionales realizados en el área. Se establecieron las categorías de uso, su distribución y su estatus de conservación en la normatividad mexicana e internacional. Se encontraron 15 estudios en donde se indicó el uso de tortugas continentales por comunidades mayas yucatecas. Se identificaron 10 especies, repartidas en siete géneros y cinco familias. La Tortuga Jicotea (Trachemys venusta) fue la especie con mayor número de menciones. Las categorías "Alimento", "Medicinal" y "Mascota" fueron las que tuvieron un mayor número de registros. Siete especies están protegidas en la normatividad mexicana, dos se consideran amenazadas a nivel internacional y seis especies tienen un alto puntaje de vulnerabilidad ambiental. El elevado número de reportes del uso de tortugas en el área de estudio demuestra la importancia de estos reptiles en la vida diaria de las poblaciones mayas actuales, así como resalta la necesidad de realizar más estudios para conocer con mayor detalle el aprovechamiento de estas especies y poder generar estrategias que fomenten la conservación de las tortugas continentales, a la par de mantener las costumbres y tradiciones de los pueblos originarios.
Turtles were an important part of the culture of ancient populations, however, currently, there are few places where human interaction with this group of reptiles is recognized, without studies focused on knowing the general use that turtles today have in the Yucatecan region. The objective of this work was to realize a systematic review of the use and exploitation that modern Mayan populations provide to freshwater and land turtles in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. A list of turtle species was compiled through a thorough search of ethnobiological studies and occasional observations carried out in the study area. We determined the categories of use, their distribution and their conservation status in the Mexican and international regulations. Fifteen (15) studies were found where were the use of continental turtles by Yucatec Mayan communities was indicated. Ten (10) species were identified, distributed in seven genera and five families. The Meso-American Slider (Trachemys venusta) was the most mentioned species. The “Food”, “Medicinal” and “Pet” categories were the ones with the highest number of records. Seven species are protected in Mexican regulations, two are considered internationally threatened and six species have a high score of environmental vulnerability. The high number of reports of use and exploitation of continental turtles in the study area demonstrates the importance of these reptiles in the daily life of modern Mayan populations, as well as highlights the need for studies to known more in detail about the use of these species and to generate strategies that promote the conservation of the continental turtles and to kept the customs and traditions of the native peoples.
... ;Lee (1996);Kime et al. (2000);Lescure & Marty (2000)1983;Zimmerman & Bogart (1984); de Carvalho et al.(2019a); Carvalho et al. ); Schneider et al. (1988); Márquez et al. (1995); Lescure & Marty (2000); Angulo et al. (2003); de Carvalho et al. 1980b); Cannatella & Duellman (1984); Márquez et al. (1995); Lescure & Marty (2000); Duellman (2005); Funk et al. et al. (2000); Bernal et al. Heyer (1976); Heyer et al. (1990); Márquez et al. ...
... Heyer (1976); Duellman (1978); de Sá et al. et al. (2000); Bernal et al. (2004); Tárano (2010); de Sá et al. Heyer (1976); Heyer (1978); Heyer et al. (1990); Márquez et al. (1995); Lescure & Marty (2000); Kwet et al. (2001); Heyer & Reid (2003); Bernal et al. (2004); Gomes dos Santos & Rossa-Feres (2007); Silva et al. (2008); 1994); Márquez et al. (1995); Lescure & Marty (2000)Heyer (1976);Lee (1996); de Sá et al. Bogart (1984);Márquez et al. (1995);Heyer et al. (1996); Lescure & Marty (2000); Toledo et al. (2005); de Sá et al. (2014); da Silva et al. ); Zimmerman & Bogart (1984); Kime et al. (2000); Lescure & Marty (2000); Duellman (2005); Heyer (2005); de Sá et al. 1994); Lescure & Marty (2000); Duellman (2005); Tárano (2010); de Sá et al. (2014); Ganzoni et al. 1960); Straughan & Heyer (1976); de Sá et al. Bogart (1988); Lescure & Marty (2000); de Sá et al. 1960); Heyer (2005); de Sá et al. 1979); Zimmerman (1983); Lescure & Marty (2000); de Sá et al. ...
... Leptodactylus wagneri LC IND BRA, ECU, PER, VEN Straughan & Heyer (1976); ; Duellman (1978); Schlüter (1980b); Zimmerman (1983); Zimmerman & Bogart (1984) Lee (1996); Akopyan et al. (2018) ...
Vocalizations are one of the most important communication modalities in amphibian biology, and advertisement call is the type of vocalization mostly emitted by anurans (frogs and toads). In the present study, we carried out a scientometric analysis of the advertisement call in species of anurans in Colombia to determine the state of knowledge of this science in the country. We recorded the number of call descriptions and its trend throughout more than 60 years; in addition, we identified how many species there are with the call described per taxonomic family, geographic units and threat status. According to our review, between 1958 and June 30 of 2021, at least 296 studies have been published that describe the advertisement call of 307 species (of 785 in the country); only 130 descriptions come from recordings to individuals in Colombian populations. Leptodactylidae and Hylidae are the families with the highest percentage of species whose call has been described (84.6% and 68.4%, respectively). On the contrary, Bufonidae (19.5%) and Craugastoridae (12.9%) exhibit a low percentage of described calls. The Central and Eastern cordilleras were the regions with the best knowledge of advertisement calls, while the least known were the Caribbean – interAndean valleys, Orinoquía, and Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. In terms of the threat status, the species with the least concern (LC) were the ones that presented the highest number of species with the call described. Despite an increase in the most recent two decades, our findings still reveal notable gaps in knowledge of the advertisement calls in Colombian anurans, which constitutes an incentive to develop future research on this subject. Finally, based on this meta-analysis, we highlight some recommendations that we hope that we hope stimulate new studies in ecoacoustics, using anurans in Colombia as a study model.
... The literature on the reproductive biology for this species is based on a handful of primary data sources (Orton, 1943;Starrett, 1960;Stuart, 1961;Fouquette and Rossman, 1963;James, 1966;Nelson and Nickerson, 1966;Foster and McDiarmid, 1983;Sandoval et al., 2015;Stynoski and Sasa, 2018), which have been repeated verbatim, or with little added information, in regional synoptic guides (e.g., Lee, 1996;Campbell, 1998;Savage, 2002;Fouquette, 2005;Kö hler, 2011;Dodd, 2013;Lemos-Espinal and Dixon, 2013;Lemos-Espinal et al., 2018). Most sources report that this species exhibits dramatic sexual size dimorphism (SSD) with much larger females than males (e.g., Fouquette, 1969). ...
... From the Mexican states of San Luis Potosí and Nuevo Le´on, Lemos-Espinal et al. (2018;Lemos-Espinal and Dixon, 2013) reported that the maximum SVL of females is 88 mm and that adult males averaged 60-65 mm, values that were likely derived from Fouquette (1969). From the Yucatá n Peninsula, Lee (1996) reported an adult SVL range of 60-65 mm SVL, and that females are substantially larger than males. Campbell (1998) reported from northern Guatemala, the Yucatá n, and Belize, that males reach 65-75 mm in SVL and females 70-80 mm in SVL, but no reference material was mentioned for these size ranges. ...
... In Guerrero, Fouquette and Rossman (1963) collected a series of specimens during breeding aggregations that formed shortly after a storm on 19 July 1960. From the Yucatá n Peninsula, Lee (1996) found tadpoles (Gosner stage 25;Gosner, 1960) in early October and suggested that reproduction may also occur later in the rainy season. In Nuevo Le´on, Lemos-Espinal et al. (2018) suggested that this species will call and mate at any time during the year because of the unpredictability of rain and that tadpole development ranges from 1 to 3 mo. ...
For this study, we examined a large sample of museum specimens to ascertain the reproductive ecology of Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Mexican Burrowing Toad) in México. Seasonal aboveground activity was highest during May to August, which tracks monthly rainfall patterns across the region. Contrary to previous assertions, mean body sizes were similar between males and females but females attained larger maximum sizes. Male testis size was largest in May, tadpoles appeared in June, and juveniles were present in July, indicating that most breeding begins in May following the first heavy rains of the year. Few specimens possessed food in their stomachs suggesting that aboveground activity may be more devoted to reproduction than to foraging. The timing of reproduction was variable because most gravid females were encountered during May to August, but some were also present in October and January. Clutch size was estimated to range from 630 to 7,700 eggs, which was positively correlated with female body size. Size to sexual maturity in both males and females was reached in 8–9 mo after metamorphosis and at much smaller minimum and average sizes than previously reported. Adult body size was negatively related to latitude, such that the largest specimens were from the most southern latitudes, especially for males. The reproductive ecology of R. dorsalis resembles distantly related burrowing anurans more so than their close aquatic relatives in Pipidae.
... Así mismo, se determinó el Puntaje de Vulnerabilidad Ambiental (EVS, por sus siglas en inglés) para cada especie, donde se presentan valores de 3 a 20 y se clasifican en vulnerabilidad ambiental baja (3-9), media (10-13) y alta (14-20), acorde a información ecológica y su distribución geográfica (Wilson et al., 2013a, b). Así mismo, se revisó literatura especializada (Lee, 1996(Lee, , 2000González-Sánchez et al., 2017) para conocer la distribución de las especies de anfibios y reptiles en la Península de Yucatán y reconocer especies endémicas o especies no nativas. ...
... El orden con mayor riqueza fue Anura, el cual alberga el 95% de las 18 especies con distribución en Yucatán. Así mismo, la familia Hylidae fue la que tuvo el mayor número de especies, la cual alberga el 44% (8 especies) de los anuros que habitan en Yucatán (Lee, 1996(Lee, , 2000González-Sánchez et al., 2017). ...
... Al igual que con los anfibios, los cuerpos de agua favorecieron la presencia de reptiles con hábitos acuáticos (e.g. las tortugas del género Kinosternon y Trachemys), o aquellas asociadas a cuerpos de agua, como Basiliscus vittatus y Drymobius margaritiferus (Lee, 1996;2000;Calderón-Mandujano et al., 2008). Se registró el 47% de los reptiles con distribución potencial (58 especies) en el área de estudio. ...
La urbanización genera una gran variedad de impactos al medio ambiente que se consideran entre las principales causas de la disminución de las poblaciones de anfibios y reptiles, sin embargo, las áreas verdes dentro y a los alrededores de las ciudades amortiguan este impacto y se consideran un refugio para la flora y fauna. Pese a esto, muy pocos estudios se han centrado en conocer las especies que habitan las áreas verdes urbanas, por lo que el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la riqueza de anfibios y reptiles en parques recreativos ecológicos de la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán, México. Se realizaron visitas ocasionales diurnas y nocturnas en cinco parques dentro y a las periferias de la ciudad de Mérida, implementando la inspección por encuentros visual por tiempo limitado. Para completar el listado de especies se revisó la plataforma iNaturalist. Se determinó su distribución y su estatus de conservación según la normatividad mexicana e internacional, y se evaluó la asociación entre localidades con base en la ocurrencia de especies. Durante el trabajo de campo se registraron 37 especies, donde 10 fueron anfibios y 27 reptiles. En adición, se obtuvieron tres especies más por medio de la plataforma iNaturalist. Siete especies se consideraron endémicas de la Península de Yucatán, y seis se consideran no nativas de esta región. Nueve especies se encuentran en la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 y tres poseen un alto puntaje de vulnerabilidad ambiental. Se observó una asociación entre los parques ubicados a la periferia y los parques inmersos en la ciudad. Es importante considerar a las áreas verdes inmersas en las áreas urbanas como hábitats para los anfibios y reptiles, sin embargo, también es necesario evaluar su efectividad en la conservación de estas especies.
... Parentheses enclose the number of exotic and translocated species for that taxon. Lee (1996), Sexton and Brown (1977), Stuart (1955) Harris and Kluge (1984), Lee (1996), Sunyer et al. (2013), Thomas (1975) 24E/16T 29 4 5 9 2 6 9 10 -America due to the highly popular pet trade and agricultural practices. On the other hand, translocations have more obscure origins, and certainly some of those could have occurred in pre-Columbian times, like translocations of iguanid lizards onto several islands in the Sea of Cortes (also called the Gulf of California, or Mar de Cortés in Spanish) by the Seri society. ...
... Parentheses enclose the number of exotic and translocated species for that taxon. Lee (1996), Sexton and Brown (1977), Stuart (1955) Harris and Kluge (1984), Lee (1996), Sunyer et al. (2013), Thomas (1975) 24E/16T 29 4 5 9 2 6 9 10 -America due to the highly popular pet trade and agricultural practices. On the other hand, translocations have more obscure origins, and certainly some of those could have occurred in pre-Columbian times, like translocations of iguanid lizards onto several islands in the Sea of Cortes (also called the Gulf of California, or Mar de Cortés in Spanish) by the Seri society. ...
... Allison's Anole is listed by Álvarez-Romero et al. (2008) as being exotic in Mexico. Lee (1996) considered its occurrence on Cozumel Island doubtful, and González-Sánchez et al. (2017) reported that the only populations of this species in Mexico occur on the cays of Banco Chinchorro, Quintana Roo. Anolis allisoni also can be found on other Caribbean islands, such as Half Moon Cay, Belize (Schmidt 1941) and on Islas de Barbareta, Recent evidence (Glor et al. 2005) indicated that A. allisoni is native to Cuba. ...
Among the principal causes producing detrimental effects on global biodiversity are introductions of alien species. Very few attempts to control introduced amphibians and reptiles in Middle America (Mexico and Central America) can be identified, so listings are provided for 24 exotic species, 16 translocated species, and 11 species that were removed from the introduced species listing because of lack of substantiating evidence that they are from established populations. Biosecurity methods are also identified that can be applied for preventing, controlling, and managing introduced and especially invasive species.
... Although the primary function of venom tends to be prey subjugation-with venom complexity increasing according to dietary breadth (Holding et al., 2021)-it may also serve as a digestive aid for bulky prey items, a lubricant during ingestion, or a form of defense (Kardong, 2002;Kazandjian et al., 2021). Conophis lineatus is a diurnal species that forages by active pursuit, nook-probing, and excavation (Henderson and Binder, 1981;Lee, 1996;Savage, 2002;Scott, jr, 1983;Stafford and Henderson, 2006;Wellman, 1963). Overall, C. lineatus appears to feed indiscriminately and, thus, possesses a large, documented prey breadth including anurans, lizards, snakes, avian eggs, small mammals, and arthropods (reviewed by Pérez-Alvarado and Vásquez-Cruz, 2021; Stafford and Henderson, 2006). ...
... Despite their limitations, the best evidence available on the biological effects and perhaps function of Conophis venom may come from envenomation case reports. Although Conophis is well-known for its potent bite-as can be gathered from the numerous anecdotal reports in the literature (Campbell, 1998;Ditmars, 1931;Greding jr., 1972;Gutiérrez and Sasa, 2002;HerpetoNica, 2015;Johanbocke, 1974;Johnson, 1988;Lee, 1996;Marineros, 2000;McCranie, 2011;Mertens, 1952;Savage, 2002;Scott, jr, 1983;Taylor and Smith, 1938;Weinstein et al., 2011;Wellman, 1963)-no detailed medical case studies are published (Table 1; Document S2). Of those reports, bite symptoms varied widely from uncomplicated mechanical trauma from the teeth (no envenoming, 24%) to somewhat severe local envenomings of which the most commonly reported symptoms included: substantial local edema (65%) that may extend to the entire bitten extremity, pain (65%), and persistent bleeding (56%) at the bite site (see Document S2 for more details). ...
[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.11.009] Most traditional research on snake venoms has focused on front-fanged snake families (Viperidae, Elapidae, and Atractaspididae). However, venom is now generally accepted as being a much more broadly possessed trait within snakes, including species traditionally considered harmless. Unfortunately, due to historical inertia and methodological challenges, the toxin repertoires of non-front-fanged snake families (e.g., Colubridae, Dipsadidae, and Natricidae) have been heavily neglected despite the knowledge of numerous species capable of inflicting medically relevant envenomations. Integrating proteomic data for validation, we perform a de novo assembly and analysis of the Duvernoy's venom gland transcriptome of the Central American Road Guarder (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae: Conophis lineatus), a species known for its potent bite. We identified 28 putative toxin transcripts from 13 toxin families in the Duvernoy's venom gland transcriptome, comprising 63.7% of total transcriptome expression. In addition to ubiquitous snake toxin families, we proteomically confirmed several atypical venom components. The most highly expressed toxins (55.6% of total toxin expression) were recently described snake venom matrix metalloproteases (svMMPs), with 48.0% of svMMP expression contributable to a novel svMMP isoform. We investigate the evolution of the new svMMP isoform in the context of rear-fanged snakes using phylogenetics. Finally, we examine the morphology of the venom apparatus using μCT and explore how the venom relates to autecology and the highly hemorrhagic effects seen in human envenomations. Importantly, we provide the most complete venom characterization of this medically relevant snake species to date, producing insights into the effects and evolution of its venom, and point to future research directions to better understand the venoms of ‘harmless’ non-front-fanged snakes.
... The Banded Calico Snake, Oxyrhopus petolarius (Linnaeus 1758), generally is terrestrial and nocturnal, but occasional records document arboreal and diurnal activity. It is widely distributed throughout Central and tropical South America (Lee 1996(Lee , 2000Lynch 2009;McCrainie 2011). In Colombia, this snake occurs in almost all lowland ecoregions from Amazonian rainforests to the dry tropical forests of the upper Cauca River, in the Caribbean lowlands, and the upper Magdalena Basin (Lynch 2009). ...
... It is a generalist predator, with a diet that includes small mammals, lizards, and birds Nogueira et al. 2013;Caldeira et al. 2014), but occasionally other prey, such as amphibians, other snakes, bird eggs, and bats (Rodríguez-França and Amorim 2012; Gaiarsa et al. 2013). These snakes overpower prey using a presumably weak venom introduced by rear fangs (Lee 1996(Lee , 2000, although the venom appears to be highly toxic to anoles (Anolis spp.; Boos 2001). Herein we report an incidence of predation by O. petolarius on the Middle American Ameiva, Holcosus festivus (Lichtenstein 1856) in a premontane humid forest in the middle Magdalena River Valley of Colombia. ...
... Propone a Sudamérica, de Venezuela a Buenos Aires como rangos de distribución de la especie. Lee (1996), la define como una serpiente tropical no venenosa de gran tamaño. La cabeza en forma triangular, si es vista desde la parte dorsal se distingue del cuello. ...
La Boa constrictor es una de las especies de serpientes que presenta una amplia
distribución a lo largo y ancho de Latino América. A dicha especie diferentes autores le han asignado varias subespecies, de las cuales las siguientes son comúnmente aceptadas (B c. constrictor, B. c amarali, B. c. sabogae, B. c. imperator, B. c. occidentalis, B. c. nebulosus, B. c. orophias).
En territorio mexicano la Boa constrictor se distribuye desde la parte norte del país, ambas costas, la porción sureste, algunos estados del centro, además de las islas Tres Marías y la isla de Cozumel, siendo en ésta última al parecer, una especie introducida. A la fecha se han descrito tres subespecies: B. c. imperator Daudin (1803), B. c. mexicana Jan (1863) y B. c. sigma Smith (1943); sin embargo, diferentes autores proponen sinonimia entre las tres subespecies, denominando a estos taxones como B. c. imperator, generalmente basados en la descripción de un número reducido de caracteres morfológicos, además de la distribución geográfica de la serpiente.
Las descripciones originales de las tres subespecies descritas para México fueron
realizadas en tiempos donde los criterios o caracteres taxonómicos no eran uniformes. Durante los últimos años no se ha realizado corroboración alguna sobre su denominación ni distribución geográfica. Por otra parte los conceptos y la visión predominante de lo que se consideraba una especie en los años en que se realizaron las descripciones originales de las tres subespecies, han cambiado. A lo largo del tiempo los conceptos de especie se han modificado, redefinidos e incluso se han propuesto nuevas definiciones. Aunado a esto y a la falta de la universalidad de un concepto válido de especie y subespecie, la situación taxonómica de estos organismos es incierta, es por ello que el presente trabajo propone un análisis taxonómico de las subespecies de Boa constrictor descritas para territorio mexicano, mediante el uso de los diferentes caracteres morfológicos.
... This bovine species weighs more than half a ton. The Komodo dragon has a deadly lizard venom, which it delivers to its prey through its bite ( Figure 4) [17][18]. The venom of these lizards has a content and effect very similar to that of some venomous snakes, even when the symptoms tend to be much less severe and the bite does not pose a fatal risk. ...
... This bovine species weighs more than half a ton. The Komodo dragon has a deadly lizard venom, which it delivers to its prey through its bite ( Figure 4) [17][18]. The name "Komodo dragon" was given because of its robust and frightening appearance. ...
... One of the species with the highest number of records as host of acanthocephalans was Rhinella marina, which was reported with high prevalence (97%) (Toledo et al. 2017). Rhinella marina is distributed from Texas through Mexico and Central America and extends all the way to Brazil (Campbell 1998;Lee 1996;Espínola-Novelo et al. 2017). It has become an invasive species in several countries around the world, including islands, with reported occurrences in Australia, the southern United States, Hawaii, Fiji, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Europe. ...
Acanthocephalans constitute a small taxonomic group related to rotifers and specialized in a parasitic lifestyle. Anurans act as paratenic and definitive hosts and infections always occur trophically. Our objective is to describe and summarize the richness of acanthocephalans in Neotropical anurans. We conducted a literature review in the main research databases, compiling data published until August 2021. We identified 66 articles with records of acanthoceph-alan-anuran association, 53.03% were carried out in Brazil. We detected 108 species of anurans from 11 families parasitized by acanthocephalans. With the exception of Bufonidae, Hylidae and Leptodactylidae, which are relatively well-studied families, interaction with acanthocephalans remains largely unexplored for most anuran species. We found six families of acanthocephalans: Centrorhynchidae, Echinorhynchidae, Oligacanthorhynchidae, Cavisomidae, Neoechinor-hynchidae and Plagiorhynchidae. Centrorhynchidae and Echinorhynchidae presented the largest number of taxa associated with anurans. The largest number of records corresponded to acanthocephalans in the larval stage (cystacanths), for which anurans act as paratenic hosts. We observed a lack of specific taxonomic resolution in the identifications of most reports, because a large part of the records in the larval stage make morphological identification difficult. Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, Ecuador and Peru are the countries with the most records, while Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile and Uruguay exhibited the lowest publication numbers, resulting in gaps in the distribution of acanthocephalans. We expanded the known number of anuran species parasitized by acanthocephalans, compared to the last published review. Overall, we aim to contribute to the understanding of diversity within this intriguing but understudied group.
... One of the species with the highest number of records as host of acanthocephalans was Rhinella marina, which was reported with high prevalence (97%) (Toledo et al. 2017). Rhinella marina is distributed from Texas through Mexico and Central America and extends all the way to Brazil (Campbell 1998;Lee 1996;Espínola-Novelo et al. 2017). It has become an invasive species in several countries around the world, including islands, with reported occurrences in Australia, the southern United States, Hawaii, Fiji, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Europe. ...
Acanthocephalans constitute a small taxonomic group related to rotifers and specialized in a parasitic lifestyle. Anurans act as paratenic and definitive hosts and infections always occur trophically. Our objective is to describe and summarize the richness of acanthocephalans in Neotropical anurans. We conducted a literature review in the main research databases, compiling data published until August 2021. We identified 66 articles with records of acanthocephalan-anuran association, 53.03% were carried out in Brazil. We detected 108 species of anurans from 11 families parasitized by acanthocephalans. With the exception of Bufonidae, Hylidae and Leptodactylidae, which are relatively well-studied families, interaction with acanthocephalans remains largely unexplored for most anuran species. We found six families of acanthocephalans: Centrorhynchidae, Echinorhynchidae, Oligacanthorhynchidae, Cavisomidae, Neoechinorhynchidae and Plagiorhynchidae. Centrorhynchidae and Echinorhynchidae presented the largest number of taxa associated with anurans. The largest number of records corresponded to acanthocephalans in the larval stage (cystacanths), for which anurans act as paratenic hosts. We observed a lack of specific taxonomic resolution in the identifications of most reports, because a large part of the records in the larval stage make morphological identification difficult. Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, Ecuador and Peru are the countries with the most records, while Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile and Uruguay exhibited the lowest publication numbers, resulting in gaps in the distribution of acanthocephalans. We expanded the known number of anuran species parasitized by acanthocephalans, compared to the last published review. Overall, we aim to contribute to the understanding of diversity within this intriguing but understudied group.
... A preferência da Iguana-verde pelo substrato árvore deve ser em decorrência ao seu comportamento arborícola, descrito na natureza como predominante (BRATTSTROM, 1965;HEATH, 1966;HILLIS;LEE, 1997;SHINE, 2005;CALDWELL, 2008). Geralmente as iguanas são descritas pelo seu comportamento arborícola, descendo ao solo apenas em períodos reprodutivos, para colocarem seus ovos (HATANO et al., 2001;SHINE, 2005). ...
Iguana iguana é popularmente conhecida como Iguana-verde, pertencente à família Iguanidae com distribuição Neotropical na Amazônia, Pantanal, Cerrado e Caatinga. Iguana iguana tem hábitos diurnos e arborícolas, podem ser encontradas no solo, próximas a corpos d'água, são ectotérmicos, dependentes das condições ambientais para controlar a temperatura corporal e regular seu metabolismo. A maior parte das atividades e interações diárias está relacionada ao ambiente térmico, sendo descritos, em sua maioria, para ambientes naturais. Assim, o nosso objetivo é descrever os aspectos básicos do comportamento de Iguana iguana em áreas urbanas do município de Altamira, PA e relacionar esses comportamentos ao tipo de substrato. Com 600 minutos de observação as Iguanas-verdes apresentaram poucas ações de motilidade e preferência por árvores. Possivelmente devido ao comportamento intrínseco. No entanto, as iguanas apresentaram algumas incursões em ambientes abertos, possivelmente em decorrência da baixa abundância de predadores, em comparação ao ambiente natural, do ambiente urbano. Palavras-chave: Iguana-verde, seleção de substrato, áreas urbanas, termorregulação, lagartos. Iguana iguana is popularly known as Green Iguana, belonging to the Iguanidae family with Neotropical distribution in the Amazon, Pantanal, Cerrado and Caatinga. Iguana iguana has diurnal and arboreal habits, can be found in the soil, close to water bodies, are ectothermic, dependent on environmental conditions to control body temperature and regulate its metabolism. Most of the activities and daily interactions are related to the thermal environment, being mostly described for natural environments. Thus, our objective is to describe the basic aspects of the behavior of Iguana iguana in urban areas of the municipality of Altamira, PA and to relate these behaviors to the type of substrate. After 600 minutes of observation, the Green Iguanas showed few motility and preference for trees. Possibly due to intrinsic behavior. However, iguanas showed some incursions in open environments, possibly due to the low abundance of predators, in comparison to the natural environment, of the urban environment.
... H. frenatus is observed at night on walls and ceilings of buildings hunting for prey insects attracted by artificial lights. This gecko has an adult average snout-vent length of 40-0 mm and a life span of 1-3 years (Lee 1996). ...
House geckos share living quarters with humans in the tropical and subtropical regions inhabited by these reptiles. Gecko behavior, biological traits, continuous exposure to suspended particulate matter 0 µm in diameter (PM10) and dust, as well as status as exotic species, motivated the choice of these species to examine environmental exposure to ambient air pollutants, in particular metals, and subsequent accumulation in these organisms. One part of the study was conducted in Tamaulipas (Mexico) where Hemydactylus frenatus is abundant in urban and industrial environments, the other part was conducted in Andalucia (Spain) where Tarentola mauritanica is found in similar environments. Adult geckos were collected on buildings in locations affected by various air pollution sources. For both species, higher metal contents were observed in whole-body (including digestive tracts) analysis and were markedly different between collection sites. Contents in tails, digestive tracts, and carcasses without digestive tracts were not correlated. Based on contamination factor values, bioaccumulation in H. frenatus tissues occurred for 12 of the 15 metals analyzed. Data suggest that H. frenatus might serve as a biomonitor for Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Li, and V, whereas T. mauritanica might be a biomonitor for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Cr. To our knowledge, metal contents for H. frenatus are reported here for the first time. House gecko data could be integrated into a highly representative monitoring system and health risk assessments related to air quality in residential areas.
... Turtle K. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766), and potentially Creaser's Mud Turtle K. creaseri Hartweg, 1934 in extreme northern Belize (Legler and Vogt, 2013;TTWG, 2021). Members of the genus Claudius are thought to be rare within Guatemala and Belize, with the last verified records dating from the mid-1990s according to published sources (Lee, 1996;Campbell, 1998;Platt and Rainwater, 1998;Cervantes-López et al., 2021). ...
... From 2012 to 2019, we photographed five lizards, three snakes, and one amphibian on Calabash Caye. Three of the lizards (Fig. 2) and two of the snakes (Fig. 3) were described previously as common on Calabash Caye or other islands of Turneffe Atoll (Henderson, 1976a;Zisman, 1992;Lee, 1996;Platt et al., 1999). These are the Common Spiny-Tailed Iguana (Ctenosaura similis Gray; Fig (Boback, 2005). ...
Each year from 2012 to 2019, during a 12-day period in November or December, we photographed common herpetofauna on Calabash Caye, a small mangrove-dominated island on the eastern edge of Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Turneffe Atoll is home to the newest, largest, and most biodiverse marine protected area in Belize. Calabash Caye exemplifies the islands on Turneffe’s eastern edge whose elevated beach ridges enable the development of coastal strand plain and littoral forest habitats, which are among the most threatened habitats in the world. As no herpetofaunal survey has been published for Turneffe in over twenty years, and as the herpetofauna is a conspicuous indicator of the health of terrestrial ecological communities on islands, we leveraged our annual field excursions to Calabash Caye to compile a photographic record of the island’s reptiles and amphibians. In multiple years, we documented the presence of five lizards (Anolis sagrei mayensis, Aspidoscelis cozumela, Ctenosaura similis, Phyllodactylus tuberculosus, and the invasive species Hemidactylus frenatus), three snakes (Boa imperator, Leptophis mexicanus hoeversi, and Coniophanes schmidti), and one amphibian (Incilius valliceps). This represents the first report of A. cozumela, H. frenatus, C. schmidti, and I. valliceps on Calabash Caye or on any island in Turneffe Atoll; H. frenatus, C. schmidti, and I. valliceps have never been reported on any of the Belizean cayes. We did not observe four species that have previously been reported on Calabash Caye: Brown Basilisk (Basiliscus vittatus), Mesoamerican Cane Toad (Rhinella horribilis), Mayan Skink (Marisora lineola; formerly Mabuya unimarginata), or a blindsnake, provisionally identified as Indotyphlops braminus. We also include photos of Anolis allisoni, Ctenosaura similis, and Anolis sagrei mayensis obtained during four single-day excursions to Half Moon Caye on Lighthouse Atoll; this represents three of four species reported from that location during the 1990s.
... Para identificar rápidamente las especies en el campo se creó una compilación fotográfica basada en una colección de referencia con especímenes recolectados durante abril de 2003. Estos fueron determinados hasta especie utilizando claves taxonómicas especializadas (Shannon y Werler, 1955;Savage, 1975;Flores-Villela et al., 1987;Flores-Villela et al., 1995;Lee 1996;Campbell y Savage, 2000). Durante la fase de campo, los especímenes que presentaron dificultad para su determinación fueron fotografiados, sacrificados, montados, preservados en formol al 10% y después transferidos al alcohol al 70% y depositados en la Colección Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles, Instituto de Biología, unam en la Ciudad de México, para ser determinados taxonómicamente por un experto. ...
En el presente estudio se describe el uso del microhábitat de las especies más comunes de anfibios y reptiles que habitan fragmentos de Selva Alta Perennifolia en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Con muestreos de 576 horas hombre a lo largo de 108 transectos se evaluaron 2,120 microhábitats en los cuales se registraron 17 especies de anfibios y 31 de reptiles. De manera general, las especies usaron diferencialmente los gradientes ambientales disponibles en los fragmentos de la selva. Se determinó que las especies típicas de potrero que entran a la selva, ocupan microhábitats con rangos ambientales muy restringidos, reduciendo la competencia espacial con especies típicas de selva. Es probable que las especies que ocupan actualmente los fragmentos remanentes de la selva alta se encuentren ocupando lugares subóptimos del nicho debido a la perturbación causada por la pérdida y fragmentación del hábitat. Para poder entender la estructura y composición actual de la herpetofauna que habita la selva alta de Los Tuxtlas y los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen en la estructuración de comunidades y cadenas tróficas (sensu Jennings et al., 1992; Whiles et al., 2006) es necesario realizar estudios acerca de la partición de recursos entre especies a diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales, así como la disponibilidad de presas y preferencias alimenticias.
... Some food items reported for Drymarchon melanurus by other authors.Lee, 1996;Campbell, 1998 ...
We report predation by the Central American Indigo Snake (Drymarchon melanurus) on the Western Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis proximus). In addition, we describe certain aspects related to the biology of each species and provide a brief description of the study site. Resumen En este documento reportamos la depredación entre dos especies simpátricas, víbora negra (Drymarchon melanurus) como depredador y la culebra jarretera occidental (Thamnophis proximus) como presa. Además se describen algunos aspectos relacionados a la biología de cada especie y una breve descripción del área sitio.
... There are numerous records of Tretanorhinus nigroluteus from southern Mexico throughout Central America to Panama, and a disjunct report southward in Colombia (Barquero & Arguedas, 2019). Along with the rare and mysterious ecology of these aquatic snakes inhabiting both fresh and brackish waters, this species is also characterized by having notorious morphological variation in scale counts and coloration patterns (Lee, 1996;Savage, 2002). Five subspecies have been proposed: T. n. nigroluteus, T. n. lateralis, T. n. mertensi, T. n. dichromaticus, and T. n. obscurus, with only the first two being currently recognized (Wilson & Meyer, 1985;Henderson & Hoevers, 1979). ...
Aquatic species are among the least studied groups of snakes in Colombia. This is mainly due to their ecology, which makes some species difficult to survey, resulting mostly in fortuitous encounters. Within this group is the genus Tretanorhinus, for which there are records of two species in Colombia: T. mocquardi and T. taeniatus, along with a possible third one: T. nigroluteus. The presence of T. nigroluteus in Colombia has been problematic, since records are based on misidentifications and incomplete information. Here we extend the distribution of this species to the Pacific region of Colombia and discuss the uncertainty of the previous record. We also compare the morphological variation of the only Colombian specimen currently known with individuals of Central America, finding that this individual differs in having a black dorsal ground color without punctulations and a darkened belly. Nonetheless, we consider this combination of scales and color as a previously unknown intraspecific variation. Finally, we report for the first time the presence of dome-shaped cephalic mechanoreceptor sensilla for the genus, quantify its density and size for six cephalic scales, and discuss the possible taxonomic value of these structures.
... Entre los Saharia de la India, se utilizan las cenizas del caparazón de Pangshura tentoria (Spinks et al., 2004) para enfermedades respiratorias y para quemaduras (Mahawar y Jaroli, 2007 Orión, marcada como uno de los puntos de origen de la humanidad, se relacionaba con una tortuga (Freidel et al., 1993). En un mural de Bonampak, se representa a unos músicos celebrando lo que se ha interpretado como una victoria militar; varios de ellos están tocando tambores elaborados con caparazones de tortuga (Lee, 1996 El 64% de las personas mencionó haberlas comido y que fueron parte de su sustento alimenticio en el pasado. El 20% de las mencionó nunca haberlas comido, porque no se les apetecía visualmente y el 16% mencionó haberla probado una vez, explicando que podrían volver a comerlas. ...
Se realizó un estudio en la comunidad de Playón de la Gloria, Marqués de Comillas, Chiapas, México, con la finalidad de analizar el conocimiento local que existe sobre las tortugas. Se realizaron tres salidas de campo en donde se aplicaron 50 entrevistas semiestructuradas acerca de la taxonomía local, los usos y las prácticas asociadas a las tortugas y los conocimientos ecológicos locales. Se reconocieron seis etnotaxones de los cuales, los géneros Kinosternon y Chelydra incluyeron a más de una especie. El etnotaxón más mencionado corresponde a la tortuga casquito o pochitoque (Kinosternon spp.) y el menos mencionado fue el de la tortuga mojina o pan-tanera (Rhinoclemmys areolata). El 46% de los entrevistados percibe a las tortugas como parte del ecosistema y considera que las tortugas cumplen una función importante. Los pobladores indicaron cinco categorías de uso ornamental, medicinal, recreativo, comercial y gastronómico. El uso más mencionado fue el ornamental. En cuanto a los aspectos ecológicos se encontraron conocimientos acerca del hábitat, la temporalidad, la reproducción y la abundancia de las tortugas. Los conocimientos locales de los pobladores en Playón de la Gloria hacia las tortugas han sido suficientes, sustanciales y utilitarios. Un aspecto a resaltar, es la mención de la disminución histórica de las densidades de las diferentes poblaciones de estos vertebrados por el aprovechamiento ilegal no controlado. A su vez, de los seis géneros de tortugas que tienen una importancia de uso en esta localidad, cinco se encuentran bajo alguna categoría de riesgo, de acuerdo con criterios nacionales e internacionales. Considerando lo anterior, es necesario trabajar en conjunto con los habitantes de Playón de la Gloria (y localidades aledañas) para integrar sus conocimientos y percepciones a las propuestas de conservación en la región.
... It also has reached South America (Argentina, Chile), Central America (Panama), and the Caribbean (Cuba and Puerto Rico) (Lee 2000;Townsend and Krysko 2003;Kraus 2009). In Mexico, it has been recorded all along the Gulf Coast, including the states of Tabasco, Veracruz, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan (Sáenz 1996;Lee 1996;Álvarez-Romero et al. 2005Álvarez-Romero et al. , 2008a, and recently it has been documented in the northern states of Chihuahua, Sonora, and Coahuila (Lemos-Espinal et al. 2015;CONABIO 2016). This widely introduced species has achieved a broad but scattered distribution elsewhere in the country (Fig. 1), and continues to colonize new areas. ...
... We observed that female L. julioi lay their eggs between May and June; this is within the range reported for L. serratus (Lee, 1996;Köhler, 1999). There is no information on the timing of copulation. ...
... According to the guild classification system proposed for anuran advertisement calls (Emmrich et al., 2020), A. terranova has an advertisement call of the guild E type, which corresponding to multi, uniform and no modulated notes. The advertisement call of A. terranova is similar to that of its sister species A. callidryas (Duellman, 1970;Lee, 1996); both show one or two notes and their call durations and dominant frequencies overlap. Likewise, when the call characteristics of A. terranova are compared with the other species of the A. callidryas group, several similarities are observed (Table 2). ...
Based on collected specimens and phylogenetic information, we provide the first record of the Colombian red eyed tree frog, Agalychnis terranova, from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia. This species is known from several localities on the middle Magdalena river valley and the Pacific lowlands. With this new record, the known geographic distribution of this frog is extended about 370 km north-west from its previous northernmost record. Additionally, we describe for the first time the tonal advertisement call of this species, which consisted of one or two notes with a total duration of 0.52 s
and dominant frequency of about 1.74 kHz.
... The diet of D. melanurus is known to be very diverse, with prey known to include small mammals (Platt et al. 2016), bats (Powell et al. 2011), birds and their eggs (Lazcano et al. 2005;Fernández and Delisle 2018;Platt et al. 2016), anurans (Henderson and Hoevers 1977;Leary and Razafindratsita 1998;Villa et al. 2015;Javier-Vázquez et al. 2020), fish and eels (Sunyer and Leonardi 2015;Vásquez-Cruz and Fuentes-Minor 2018), hatchling tortoises (Lazcano et al. 2005), lizards (Lee 1996), and other snakes (Stuart 1948;Duellman 1963), including venomous species and apparently conspecifics (McCranie 2011). Although not dietary specialists, snakes in particular are known to be a regular component in the opportunistic diet of indigo snakes (Stuart 1949;Stevenson 2010;Goetz et al. 2018), and some species may even possess physiological resistance to the venoms of sympatric snakes (e.g., rattlesnakes) on which they prey (Goetz et al. 2019). ...
Here we present natural history and morphological data for a single D. melanurus on
Utila Island, Honduras, including details of a predation attempt on a Central American Boa (Boa imperator), novel evidence of a prey species, a Mexican Parrot Snake (L. mexicanus), obtained from a fecal sample, and notes on ectoparasites. While reviewing the literature, we compiled a reference table listing 17 species of snakes in the diet of D. melanurus. As best we can tell, our record is the second published predation attempt by D. melanurus on B. imperator (Duellman 1963) and the first record of L. mexicanus in the species’ diet. These records provide novel data on the diet of D. melanurus from a rarely known insular portion in its range.
... Asimismo, cuando fue posible se entrevistó al H-men, que es el curandero u hombre más sabio capacitado para curar tanto enfermedades naturales (de tipo fisiológico) así como sobrenaturales (enfermedades de filiación cultural). Para la identificación correcta de las especies reportadas con valor de uso terapéutico por parte de los entrevistados se usaron guías de campo para mamíferos (Reid, 2009), aves (Howell y Webb, 1995;MacKinnon, 2017), anfibios y reptiles (Lee, 1996). Asimismo, durante la entrevista se realizó el registro fotográfico de los especímenes aprovechados durante el estudio y/o partes de estos como evidencia de uso en las comunidades (Padua et al., 1993). ...
According to the World Health Organization, traditional medicine comprises knowledge and practices that seek to treat diseases to improve health using various therapeutic resources such as plants, animals, minerals, prayers and clean. In this sense, the objective of this work was to document the use of wild animals by indigenous Mayans to treat health problems. From 2011 to 2015 we worked in six Mayan communities in the State of Campeche, Mexico. Through interviews with local inhabitants (N=240); the use of 60 species of wild animals used as a therapeutic resource was recorded, which are grouped into eight biological groups: arachnids (1), insects (5), annelids (1), molluscs (1), fish (1), reptiles (12), birds (15) and mammals (25).In general, 24 parts and/or derivatives (whole animal, meat, feathers, thorns, poison, blood, etc.) are used to treat 39 types of ailments and diseases, among which are those of cultural affiliation. The use of wild animals as a therapeutic resource is an essential practice that indigenous Mayans perform today as part of the health-disease process.
... This study aims to extend the genetic characterization of lizard species in two additional Biosphere Reserves in Mesoamerica: La Sepultura and Montes Azules Biosphere Reserves, both in Chiapas state, Mexico. From a biotic perspective, Chiapas is an area of transition between the herpetofauna of Mexico and that of Central America, along with the one of the Yucatan Peninsula (Lee 1996). Its herpetofauna, is the second largest among all the states in Mexico. ...
A combined approach based on karyology and DNA taxonomy allowed us to characterize the taxonomic peculiarities in 10 Mesoamerican lizard species, belonging to six genera and five families, inhabiting two Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico: La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve, and Montes Azules Biosphere. The karyotypes of four species, Phyllodactylus sp. 3 ( P. tuberculosus species group) (2n = 38), Holcosus festivus (Lichtenstein et von Martens, 1856) (2n = 50), Anolis lemurinus Cope, 1861 (2n = 40), and A. uniformis Cope, 1885 (2n = 29–30) are described for the first time, the last one showing a particular X 1 X 1 X 2 X 2 /X 1 X 2 Y condition. In Aspidoscelis deppii (Wiegmann, 1834) (2n = 50) and Anolis capito Peters, 1863 (2n = 42), we found a different karyotype from the ones previously reported for these species. Moreover, in A. capito , the cytogenetic observation is concurrent with a considerable genetic divergence (9%) at the studied mtDNA marker (MT-ND2), which is indicative of a putative new cryptic species. The skink Scincella cherriei (Cope, 1893), showed high values of genetic divergence (5.2% at 16S gene) between the specimens from Montes Azules and those from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, comparable to the values typical of sister species in skinks. A lower level of genetic divergence, compatible with an intraspecific phylogeographic structure, has been identified in Lepidophyma flavimaculatum Duméril, 1851. These new data identify taxa that urgently require more in-depth taxonomic studies especially in these areas where habitat alteration is proceeding at an alarming rate.
... Anolis sagrei is a diurnal invasive lizard widely distributed in the Yucatán Peninsula, generally associated with areas that present human disturbance (Lee 1996;Álvarez-Romero et al. 2008). There are previous records of nocturnal foraging activity associated with artificial light for Anolis sagrei in Bahamas (Schwartz & Henderson, 1991), Florida, USA (Meshaka et al., 2004), Quintana Roo, México (Badillo-Saldaña et al., 2016), Guatemala (Brown & Arrivillaga, 2017), and Yucatan and Campeche, México (pers. ...
Resumen.— Se reporta la observación de cópula nocturna en Anolis sagrei bajo luz artificial; además de las conductas alimenticias,
las conductas reproductivas también pueden ser afectadas por la luz artificial nocturna en esta especie invasora explotadora de
ambientes urbanos.
Abstract.— Nocturnal copulation of Anolis sagrei under artificial light is reported; aside from feeding behaviors, reproductive
behaviors can also be affected by artificial night light on this invasive urban exploiter species.
... Asimismo, cuando fue posible se entrevistó al H-men, que es el curandero u hombre más sabio capacitado para curar tanto enfermedades naturales (de tipo fisiológico) así como sobrenaturales (enfermedades de filiación cultural). Para la identificación correcta de las especies reportadas con valor de uso terapéutico por parte de los entrevistados se usaron guías de campo para mamíferos (Reid, 2009), aves (Howell y Webb, 1995;MacKinnon, 2017), anfibios y reptiles (Lee, 1996). Asimismo, durante la entrevista se realizó el registro fotográfico de los especímenes aprovechados durante el estudio y/o partes de estos como evidencia de uso en las comunidades (Padua et al., 1993). ...
Editores LA EDICIÓN E IMPRESIÓN DE ESTE LIBRO FUE APOYADA POR EL PROYECTO P/PFCE-2019-07MSU0001H-05, DES CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS, UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE CHIAPAS "Este programa es público ajeno a cualquier partido político. Queda prohibido el uso para fines distintos a los establecidos en el programa"
... La identificación de los individuos colectados y liberados se realizó por experiencia personal, así como por la utilización de claves dicotómicas y guías de campo: Flores-Villela et al. (1995), Flores-Villela y Canseco-Márquez, 2004, Lee et al. (2007, Lee (1996), Calderón-Mandujano et al. (2005), Cedeño-Vázquez et al. (2006) y Pérez-Higareda y Smith (1991). En este reporte se incluyen los cambios taxonómicos y nombres comunes referidos en Liner (1994Liner ( , 2007. ...
The present study consisted of monitoring diversity within the Atasta bypass project's environmental system, located within the protected natural area called the Laguna de Terminos flora and fauna protection area (APFF). Due to the high construction specifications of this bypass, the evaluation and monitoring of the state of biodiversity (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and crustaceans) were a fundamental part of knowing the situation of the area and establishing the necessary mitigation strategies to reduce the various environmental impacts that the project will cause.
... In the Yucatán Peninsula, Mayans used crocodiles for food, medical, and cultural purposes (e.g., crocodile's jaws were placed on altars and teeth were used to manufacture necklaces; Zamudio et al., 2004). Crocodile's teeth were also found as ornaments in Mayan archeological sites (Lee, 1996). In a study conducted in Quintana Roo, it was observed that crocodile hunting by the contemporary Mayans was an infrequent activity, but as time went by, it became a daily task due to the demand for crocodile hides (Zamudio et al., 2004). ...
The success of crocodile conservation programs highly depends on local people’s views, perceptions, and knowledge regarding these reptiles. The present study assessed these variables across the Nichupté lagoon through semi-structured interviews. Answers were grouped into three categories: thoughts regarding the presence of crocodiles in the area, locals’ perception on crocodiles, and local knowledge on crocodiles. Most of the 221 people interviewed showed no aversion to crocodiles, 93.2% knew about the presence of crocodiles in the lagoon, and 98.1% mentioned that it is essential to conserve these reptiles. On the other hand, 77.5% (men) and 70.5% (women) agreed that “it is fine” to share the lagoon with crocodiles. Concerning people’s perceptions about crocodiles, “Quiet”, “Indispensable” and “Interesting” were the most frequent answers. Regarding the local knowledge, we found a positive, statistically significant correlation between this variable and education, with those having high school degrees mentioning "Habitat" and those with college degrees mentioning "Reptile" more frequently. Conservation policies should be redesigned to include continuous environmental education programs that promote positive attitudes towards crocodile species. They should also include measures to guarantee the dissemination of necessary information to protect human and crocodile lives, is essential to consolidate conservation programs.
... Los individuos se identificaron en el sitio, los que no fue posible identificar in situ, fueron colectados de forma directa bajo el permiso federal SGPA/DGVS/0599/19, una vez en el laboratorio fueron sacrificados por una sobredosis de etanol al 20%, fijados con formaldehido al 10% y conservados en alcohol etílico al 70% (Angulo et al. 2006). Los ejemplares fueron depositados en la Colección de Anfibios y Reptiles de Tabasco (CART) perteneciente a la División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT) e identificados con claves taxonómicas y literatura especializadas para cada especie (Duellman y Hoyt 1961;Duellman 1963Duellman , 1970Duellman , 2001Lee 1996;Köhler 2011;Canseco-Márquez et al. 2017). ...
Autor de correspondencia: L. Ríos-Rodas [ari1707@hotmail.com] > Recibido el 28 de septiembre de 2020-Aceptado el 18 de noviembre de 2020 Ríos-Rodas, L., Zenteno-Ruíz, C.E., Pérez-De la Cruz, M., Arriaga-Weiss, S.L., Jiménez-Pérez, N.C., Bustos-Zagal, M.G. 2020. Anfibios riparios en dos ecosistemas tropicales del sureste de México. Ecosistemas 29(3):2098. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2098 Anfibios riparios en dos ecosistemas tropicales del sureste de México. Se analizó la diversidad y composición de la comunidad de anfibios riparios, así como, su relación con variables ambientales en vegetación primaria y secundaria. Para la búsqueda de los individuos y la toma de los datos se establecieron diez transectos de banda sobre un arroyo que atraviesa ambos tipos de vegetación, los cuales fueron muestreados mensualmente durante un año, realizando recorridos diurnos y nocturnos. Se registró un total de 924 individuos pertenecientes a 18 especies, 14 géneros y cinco familias, siendo Hylidae la mejor representada con ocho especies. En la vegetación primaria se registró la mayor abundancia con 492 individuos y la menor riqueza con 13 especies, mientras que en la vegetación secundaria se registró la menor abundancia con 432 individuos y la mayor riqueza con 15 especies. De acuerdo con el índice de diversidad verdadera, el mayor valor de diversidad se registró en la vegetación secundaria (1 D= 5.95) y el menor en vegetación primaria (1 D= 4.98), con una similitud de 74%, compartiendo 10 especies. Craugastor berkenbuschii fue la especie dominante en ambos tipos de vegetación, con el 47% de la abundancia total. Se registraron tres especies exclusivas para vegetación primaria y cinco para vegetación secundaria. El análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC) explicó el 75.3% de la varianza de los datos, correlacionando significativamente a la comunidad de anfibios con la cobertura arbórea y la profundidad de la hojarasca. Palabras claves: anuros; arroyo; vegetación primaria; vegetación secundaria; variables Ríos-Rodas, L., Zenteno-Ruíz, C.E., Pérez-De la Cruz, M., Arriaga-Weiss, S.L., Jiménez-Pérez, N.C., Bustos-Zagal, M.G. 2020. Riparian amphibians in two tropical ecosystems of southeastern Mexico. Ecosistemas 29(3):2098. https://doi.org/10.7818/ECOS.2098 Riparian amphibians in two tropical ecosystems of southeastern Mexico. The diversity and composition of the riparian amphibian community was analyzed , as well as its relationship with environmental variables in primary and secondary vegetation. To search for individuals and collect data, ten band transects were established on a stream that crosses both types of vegetation, which were sampled monthly for one year, making day and night tours. A total of 924 individuals belonging to 18 species, 14 genera and five families were registered, with Hylidae being the best represented with eight species. In primary vegetation the highest abundance was recorded with 492 individuals and the lowest richness with 13 species, while in secondary vegetation the lowest abundance was recorded with 432 individuals and the highest richness with 15 species. According to the true diversity index, the highest diversity value was recorded in secondary vegetation (1D = 5.95) and the lowest in primary vegetation (1D = 4.98), with a similarity of 74%, sharing 10 species. Craugastor berkenbuschii was the dominant species in both types of vegetation, with 47% of the total abundance. Three exclusive species were recorded for primary vegetation and five for secondary vegetation. The canonical correspondence analysis (ACC) explained 75.3% of the variance of the data, significantly correlating the amphibian community with the tree cover and the depth of the litter.
... Los individuos se identificaron en el sitio, los que no fue posible identificar in situ, fueron colectados de forma directa bajo el permiso federal SGPA/DGVS/0599/19, una vez en el laboratorio fueron sacrificados por una sobredosis de etanol al 20%, fijados con formaldehido al 10% y conservados en alcohol etílico al 70% (Angulo et al. 2006). Los ejemplares fueron depositados en la Colección de Anfibios y Reptiles de Tabasco (CART) perteneciente a la División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT) e identificados con claves taxonómicas y literatura especializadas para cada especie (Duellman y Hoyt 1961;Duellman 1963Duellman , 1970Duellman , 2001Lee 1996;Köhler 2011;Canseco-Márquez et al. 2017). ...
Anfibios riparios en dos ecosistemas tropicales del sureste de México. Se analizó la diversidad y composición de la comunidad de anfibios riparios, así como, su relación con variables ambientales en vegetación primaria y secundaria. Para la búsqueda de los individuos y la toma de los datos se establecieron diez transectos de banda sobre un arroyo que atraviesa ambos tipos de vegetación, los cuales fueron muestreados mensualmente durante un año, realizando recorridos diurnos y nocturnos. Se registró un total de 924 individuos pertenecientes a 18 especies, 14 géneros y cinco familias, siendo Hylidae la mejor representada con ocho especies. En la vegetación primaria se registró la mayor abundancia con 492 individuos y la menor riqueza con 13 especies, mientras que en la vegetación secundaria se registró la menor abundancia con 432 individuos y la mayor riqueza con 15 especies. De acuerdo con el índice de diversidad verdadera, el mayor valor de diversidad se registró en la vegetación secundaria (1D= 5.95) y el menor en vegetación primaria (1D= 4.98), con una similitud de 74%, compartiendo 10 especies. Craugastor berkenbuschii fue la especie dominante en ambos tipos de vegetación, con el 47% de la abundancia total. Se registraron tres especies exclusivas para vegetación primaria y cinco para vegetación secundaria. El análisis de correspondencia canónica (ACC) explicó el 75.3% de la varianza de los datos, correlacionando significativamente a la comunidad de anfibios con la cobertura arbórea y la profundidad de la hojarasca.
... This study aims to extend the genetic characterization of lizard species in two additional Biosphere Reserves in Mesoamerica: La Sepultura and Montes Azules Biosphere Reserves, both in Chiapas state, Mexico. From a biotic perspective, Chiapas is an area of transition between the herpetofauna of Mexico and that of Central America, along with the one of the Yucatan Peninsula (Lee 1996). Its herpetofauna, is the second largest among all the states in Mexico. ...
A combined approach based on karyology and DNA taxonomy allowed us to characterize the taxonomic peculiarities in 10 Mesoamerican lizard species, belonging to six genera and five families, inhabiting two Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico: La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve, and Montes Azules Biosphere. The karyotypes of four species, Phyllodactylus sp. 3 ( P. tuberculosus species group) (2n = 38), Holcosus festivus (Lichtenstein et von Martens, 1856) (2n = 50), Anolis lemurinus Cope, 1861 (2n = 40), and A. uniformis Cope, 1885 (2n = 29–30) are described for the first time, the last one showing a particular X 1 X 1 X 2 X 2 /X 1 X 2 Y condition. In Aspidoscelis deppii (Wiegmann, 1834) (2n = 50) and Anolis capito Peters, 1863 (2n = 42), we found a different karyotype from the ones previously reported for these species. Moreover, in A. capito , the cytogenetic observation is concurrent with a considerable genetic divergence (9%) at the studied mtDNA marker (MT-ND2), which is indicative of a putative new cryptic species. The skink Scincella cherriei (Cope, 1893), showed high values of genetic divergence (5.2% at 16S gene) between the specimens from Montes Azules and those from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, comparable to the values typical of sister species in skinks. A lower level of genetic divergence, compatible with an intraspecific phylogeographic structure, has been identified in Lepidophyma flavimaculatum Duméril, 1851. These new data identify taxa that urgently require more in-depth taxonomic studies especially in these areas where habitat alteration is proceeding at an alarming rate.
... Todas las puestas se ubicaron en el envés de las hojas, seis de ellas en piperáceas Piper hispidum y Piper sp., mientras que las dos restantes en la misma hoja de un ejemplar de Yucca elephantipes. Ocaña-Díaz et al. -Puesta de huevos Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni El tamaño de la puesta registrada para la Ranita de Cristal Norteña en este estudio fue similar a lo reportado por otros autores, donde se han observado de 10 a 50 huevos (Greer & Wells, 1980;Villa, 1984;Lee, 1996;Delia et al., 2013;Salazar-Nicholls & del Pino, 2015). A pesar de que los primeros registros de puestas en el área de estudio se realizaran a finales del mes de agosto, muy probablemente como lo sugiere Delia et al. (2010), en la región central de Veracruz, las vocalizaciones de cortejo de los machos, así como las primeras puestas ocurran durante principios de junio con el incremento de las lluvias en la región. ...
We report the clutch size, as well as some aspects of the oviposition site and the development stage of the eggs of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni in central Veracruz.
... This study aims to extend the genetic characterization of lizard species in two additional Biosphere Reserves in Mesoamerica: La Sepultura and Montes Azules Biosphere Reserves, both in Chiapas state, Mexico. From a biotic perspective, Chiapas is an area of transition between the herpetofauna of Mexico and that of Central America, along with the one of the Yucatan Peninsula (Lee 1996). Its herpetofauna, is the second largest among all the states in Mexico. ...
A combined approach based on karyology and DNA taxonomy allowed us to characterize the taxonomic peculiarities in 10 Mesoamerican lizard species, belonging to six genera and five families, inhabiting two Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas, Mexico: La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve, and Montes Azules Biosphere. The karyotypes of four species, Phyllodactylus sp. 3 (P. tuberculosus species group) (2n = 38), Holcosus festivus (Lichtenstein et von Martens, 1856) (2n = 50), Anolis lemurinus Cope, 1861 (2n = 40), and A. uniformis Cope, 1885 (2n = 29-30) are described for the first time, the last one showing a peculiar X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y condition. In Aspidoscelis deppii (Wiegmann, 1834) (2n = 50) and Anolis capito Peters, 1863 (2n = 42), we found a different karyotype respect to the ones previously reported for these species. Moreover, in A. capito, the cytogenetic observation is concurrent with a considerable genetic divergence (9 %) at the studied mtDNA marker (MT-ND2), which is indicative of a putative new cryptic species. The skink Scincella cherriei (Cope, 1893), showed high values of genetic divergence (5.2 % at 16S gene) between the specimens from Montes Azules and those from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, comparable to the values typical of sister species in skinks. A lower level of genetic divergence, compatible with an intraspecific phylogeographic structure, has been identified in Lepidophyma flavimaculatum Duméril, 1851. These new data identify taxa that urgently require more in-depth taxonomic studies especially in these areas where habitat alteration is proceeding at an alarming rate.
... To accomplish this, locality data from natural history collections such as Sistema Nacional de Información sobre la Biodiversisdad (CONABIO, www.conabio.org.mx), the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, www.gbif.org), data reported in literature (Lee, 1996(Lee, , 2000Campbell, 1999;Köhler, 2003Köhler, , 2010 and the Colección Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles (CNAR), Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, were used. ...
Loltún cave in Yucatán peninsula is an important fossil site. The cave preserves Pleistocene fauna and lithic tools, and it is among the few sites with amphibian and reptile fossils of the Mexican Pleistocene. We used the fossil amphibians and reptiles community to reconstruct the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Loltún cave in the Late Pleistocene. The Pleistocene amphibian and reptiles community in Loltún cave consists of one frog, three lizards, five snakes and one turtle. Applying the Habitat Weighting method to the fossil herpetofaunal assemblage, we inferred a vegetation mosaic non-analog with the present one, comprising evergreen seasonal forest, tropical deciduous forest and scrub forest, in contrast to the tropical semi-deciduous forest found nowadays around Loltún cave. Using the Mutual Climatic Range (MCR) method we inferred a mean annual temperature of 25.33 °C and a mean annual precipitation of 1183.74 mm; the temperature was 1.47 °C lower and the MAP was 85.14 mm higher than the present climate condition. Is the first time that a paleoclimatic reconstruction using amphibians and reptiles in a tropical region is made using the MCR method. Our results are in concordance with other paleoclimatic inferences using fossil pollen as a proxy, extending the use of the MCR method to different climatic regions. We found a range shift of the iguanid Ctenosaura subgenus Loganiosaura during the Late Pleistocene, of 446.4 km north of the present distribution, surely given by the climatic and vegetation structure changes in the past. RESUMEN En la península de Yucatán, la gruta de Loltún es un sitio importante por la presencia de fauna pleistocénica junto con herramientas líticas. Este es uno de los pocos sitios con fósiles de anfibios y reptiles del Pleistoceno en el sur de México. Se utilizó la comunidad fósil de anfibios y reptiles para reconstruir el paleoambiente y paleoclima de la gruta de Loltún para el Pleistoceno Tardío, debido a que la herpetofauna presenta características importantes para la reconstrucción de ambientes pasados. La comunidad de anfibios y reptiles del Pleistoceno Tardío de la gruta de Loltún consiste en un anuro, tres saurios, cinco serpientes y una tortuga. Por medio de la aplicación del método de Ponderación de Hábitat para la comunidad herpetofaunística fósil, se pudo inferir que existió un mosaico de vegetación, no análogo con el presente, constituido de selva perennifolia, bosque tropical caducifolio y matorral xerófito, en contraposición al bosque tropical subcaducifolio presente en la actualidad. También, se infirió una temperatura promedio anual de 25.33 °C y una precipitación promedio anual de 1,183.74 mm, siendo 1.47 °C inferior y 85.14 mm superior a las condiciones climáticas actuales; para estas estimaciones se usó el método de Intervalo Climático Mutuo (ICM). Es la primera vez que se realiza una reconstrucción paleoclimática utilizando el método de ICM con anfibios y reptiles en una región tropical. Nuestros resultados concuerdan con las inferencias paleoclimáticas realizadas con polen fósil, extendiendo el uso del método ICM a diferentes regiones climáticas. Se infiere un cambio en la distribución de Ctenosaura subgénero Loganiosaura durante el Pleistoceno, 446.4 km más al norte de su distribución actual, lo cual seguramente fue producido por los cambios en la estructura de la vegetación y los cambios climáticos.
... La rana de Vaillant (Lithobates vaillanti) es una especie de tamaño mediano que alcanza una longitud máxima de hocico-orificio de 94 mm y 125 mm en machos y hembras respectivamente (Lee, 1996). Lithobates vaillanti se distribuye desde el sur de Veracruz y el sureste de Oaxaca, México, hasta Panamá; también ampliamente en el noroeste de América del Sur (al sureste de Ecuador) (Köhler, 2010 No pudimos determinar la especie de bufónido ingerido por L. vaillanti. ...
PREDATION OF Lithobates vaillanti ON Incilius valliceps IN VERACRUZ, MEXICO. During that night we only observed several juvenile individuals of Incilius valliceps. Therefore, it is likely that the bufonid ingested by L. vaillanti belongs to this species. This is the first record of a member of the Bufonidae family in the natural diet of L. vaillanti.
Survey of bats in the Columbia River Forest Reserve, Belize
RESUMEN
El estudio del aprovechamiento animal en las ciudades mayas de tierras bajas ha ido en considerable aumento durante los últimos años, incorporando metodologías que han permitido discernir prácticas de cacería, manejo, y cautiverio de algunas especies. En Palenque, los estudios zooarqueológicos poseen una tradición netamente biológica, los cuáles han sido relevantes para entender el aprovechamiento de la fauna en el sitio. Sin embargo, orientados casi en su totalidad en identificar las especies encontradas, carecen de un enfoque social. Desde 2016, el Proyecto Regional Palenque (PREP) ha llevado a cabo estudios zooarqueológicos en el Grupo IV de Palenque, un conjunto habitacional de élite del clásico tardío, en dónde a través de la flotación de sedimentos se ha recuperado una variada fauna, principalmente peces dulceacuícolas, así como restos botánicos que nos permite una interpretación más detallada de los paleopaisajes que rodeaban los asentamientos y discernir prácticas de manejo de poblaciones animales dentro y en los alrededores de las ciudades mayas.
ABSTRACT
Anuran amphibians exhibit a great diversity of reproductive modes. The behaviors of laying eggs in the water or on terrestrial habitats involve different adaptations and terrestriality evolved independently in the group. Morphological differences between males and females and female fecundity are important traits related to the reproductive modes. However, basic information on biology is not available for many species, hampering studies on ecology and evolution of anurans. Thus, the aims of this thesis were to study the biology of one species with arboreal reproductive mode and investigate the interplay among arboreal modes, fecundity and sexual dimorphism in anurans. In the first chapter, we describe the reproductive biology of Dendropsophus haddadi, a species endemic to the Atlantic forest. Two populations were studied in Maceió, Alagoas state, northeastern Brazil. Individuals were observed perched on the vegetation, approximately 3-5 m high, at the margins of temporary water bodies. Males were territorial, emitted calls, visual signs, and engaged in fights. Clutches were found on trunks, leaves and twigs above the water. Number of eggs was positively correlated with clutch size and our observations suggest that, in the absence of rains, females may protect the eggs against desiccation by joining them right after oviposition. This form of parental care is a novelty for the genus. Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) results from natural and sexual selection pressures on both sexes and fecundity is an important selective pressure on female size. Thus, in the second chapter, we investigated the influence of the oviposition site on SSD and female fecundity in Anura and in the Hylidae family. We analyzed 385 anuran species (32 families) exhibiting aquatic (271), arboreal (48), terrestrail hidden (35), and terrestrail exposed (31) clutches. For Hylidae, we analyzed 221 species with aquatic (175), arboreal (30) and hidden (16) clutches. Mean SSD did not vary among species with different oviposition sites; in general, males were ca. 20% smaller than females, what could be related to cloacal juxtaposition and fertilization success. Nonetheless, in species with hidden clutches, males and females tended to have similar body sizes, what could be explained by restrictions to female size increase because of space limitation to amplectant pairs. We also tested the hypothesis that females with arboreal clutches may suffer restrictions to fecundity increase to offset the costs of carrying amplectan males. In general, fecundity was smaller in arboreal breeders compared to that of aquatic breeders. However, in hylids, fecundity tended to be smaller in arboreal breeders compared to all other oviposition sites, what suggests that arboreality may restrict female fecundity increase. Our findings for Anura and Hylidae showed the complex relationship among oviposition site, fecundity and SSD in frogs, suggesting that the reproductive microhabitat may also influence female size and fecundity. Thus, degree and direction of SSD in anurans may result from complex mechanisms operating at different evolutionary scales.
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