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Semantically Redundant Language--A Case Study
Abstract
In this article, I discuss the concept of semantically redundant language through a case study of the Te Rauparaha Maori haka.
I suggest that current linguistic theories cannot give a full account of ritualized speech events, of which the haka is an
example, as these theories are based on a traditional dyadic model of interaction involving a specific addresser and addressee.
I describe the speech event from the perspective of Speech Act Theory and show how the existence of the locution, illocution,
and perlocution of an utterance in certain social contexts becomes unclear. In ritualized speech events, non-verbal elements
of communication are more important than linguistic meaning. Linguistic meaning is downgraded in terms of value, in that what
is said and the words of the utterance are less important than the fact that they have been uttered and the manner in which
they have been delivered. I call this kind of language ‘semantically redundant language’ and suggest that there are varying
degrees of this dependent on the social context within which an utterance is performed. Thus, semantic redundancy is greater
in highly formalized, ritual scenarios, and less obvious in ‘normal’ dyadic interaction.
... Komunikasi antar individu memerlukan suatu medium, yaitu bahasa. Teori bahasa mengutarakan bahwa bahasa dilandaskan atas dasar interaksi untuk mengomunikasikan suatu ide dari penutur ke mitra tutur sehingga dapat dipahami bersama (Rizza, 2009). Untuk mengutarakan maksud pembicaraan ini diperlukan strategi dari kompetensi komunikatif pemakai bahasa. ...
p> Abstract: The purprose of this studi is to describe the form, function, and strategies of expressive speech in the 2019 presidential election debate. Using a qualitative approach with this type of pragmatic research. The data is in the form of expressive speech in the 2019 presidential election debate video which has been written language along with the context. The data studied were in the form of speech in the 2019 presidential election debate which included the form, fungction, and strategi of delivery expressive speech. The data source in this study is the 2019 presidential election debate video downloaded via youtube. Based on the data analysis, three things were concluded. First, there are four forms of expressive speech, namely anger, criticism, praise, and expression of desire. Second, the function of expressive speech includes expressing annoyance, offense, protesting, regretting, evaluating, feeling proud, gratitude, acceptance, hope, and belief. Third, direct and indirect delivery strategies.
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini mendeskripsikan wujud, fungsi, dan strategi tuturan ekspresif dalam debat pilpres 2019. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian pragmatik. Data berupa tuturan ekspresif di video debat pilpres tahun 2019 yang telah di bahasa tuliskan beserta konteksnya. Data yang diteliti berupa tuturan dalam debat pilpres 2019 yang meliputi wujud, fungsi, dan strategi penyampaian tuturan ekspresif. Sumber data video debat pilpres 2019 yang diunduh melalui youtube . Berdasarkan analisis data disimpulkan tiga hal. Pertama , ditemukan empat wujud tuturan ekspresif, yaitu marah, kritik, pujian, dan pengungkapan keinginan . Kedua , fungsi tuturan ekspresif meliputi mengungkapkan rasa kesal, rasa tersinggung, memprotes, menyayangkan, mengevaluasi, rasa bangga, rasa syukur, penerimaan, harapan, dan keyakinan. Ketiga , strategi penyampaian secara langsung dan tidak langsung.
... A speaker's linguistic cues -their vocal quality (Laver 1968) or use of specific rhetorical strategies (e.g. Rizza 2009Rizza , 2012; Mendoza-Denton 2011) -serve sociocultural signalling functions that inform how hearers decode the messenger's physical (weight and height) and social (race, gender, SES and age) identities. These linguistic cues are used to assess who is an ideal victim (Christie 2018(Christie [1968) and thus worthy of public concern. ...
In the wake of 'Black Lives Matter' , this paper examines the concept of testimonial injustice and the prejudicial stances held towards victims that diminishes the credibility of their claims and the social support they receive from the public. To explore this concept, the following work revisits the widely parodied U.S. originating broadcast news report, The Bed Intruder. In the broadcast, victims of a home invasion and attempted rape deliver a public call that outlines the conditions of their victimhood and the potential threat to the community. A rhetorical stylistic analysis of the victims' testimonial discourse and a thematic analysis of a sample of YouTube videos that reappropriate and parody their discourse are conducted. The analyses highlight the memetic elements of the video parodies that acknowledge the victimisation and yet strategically misconstrue events in ways that 1) render the victims and their claims less credible and 2) fail to provide them with the moral concern such an acknowledgement deserves.
... In Tantucci (2020) are discussed the desiderata for a cross-disciplinary paradigm. Among them, it is proposed to account operationally for a gradient 'surplus approach' to address whether the problematisation of (an-)other mind(s) is overtly codified as redundant structure (Rizza 2009) or additional element to the mere 'co-actional' (cf. Reich 2011; Tantucci 2016b, 2017b, 2020) meaning of the utterance. ...
This study is based on a novel model of analysis proposed in (Author 2018) that combines results from experimental research in theory of mind (ToM) (Goldman 2006; Apperly 2010; Wilkinson & Ball 2012) with the notion of intersubjectivity in usage-based linguistics (i.a. Verhagen 2005; Nuyts 2012; Traugott 2012). This framework is based on a mismatch between interaction as mere 'co-action' vs. interaction as spontaneously communicated awareness of an(other) mind(s). We provide two case studies centred on the first language acquisition of the aspectual/evidential marker 过 guo and the sentence-final particle 吧 ba in Mandarin. A combination of multiple correspondence analysis and mixed effects logistic regression of spontaneous use of the two markers indicates that, beyond expressions of joint attention, children's ToM ability progressively underpins 'ad-hoc' generalised instantiations of extended intersubjectivity. Extended intersubjectivity underpins the socio-cognitive skill to overtly problematise what a general persona would act, feel, know, or potentially think in a specific context (Author 2018). This usage-based model further supports the evolutionary hypothesis of a shift from dyadic to collective intentionality (cf. Tomasello 2019: 7).
... Moreover supporters chant recently has been a worldwide trend beyond sports, especially football. The chant message can express a psichological feeling, social petition, support, and event a mockery to demoralize the the the opponent [1]. Supporter chant is originated from the creativity and fanaticism of Hooligans (supporters of football in England). ...
... It is based on the premise that the problematisation of another agent's 'face' is cognitively more demanding than mere 2 It is acknowledged that redundant language is of prime importance in an analysis of the performance of speech events and social awareness of ritualised behaviour (cf. Rizza 2009) are characterised by the awareness that one's individual desires may be a possible threat for one's own and others' face needs (e.g. Brown & Levinson 1987;Yu 1997). The social clash between interested 'language-for action' and the awareness of Ad/r's face is the dimension where ToM comes into play as a gradient mechanism of 'codified awareness of the other(s)'. ...
This paper combines research results centred on theory of mind (ToM) from cognitive and developmental psychology (e.g. Goldman 2006; Wilkinson & Ball 2012; Apperly 2010) with the notion of intersubjectivity in usage-based linguistics (i.a. Verhagen 2005; Traugott 2012; Nuyts 2012). It identifies some of the controversies in the literature from both domains and suggests the desiderata for a hybrid approach to intersubjectivity, which is distinctively designed to tackle applied research in social and cognitive sciences. This model is based on a mismatch between interaction as mere 'co-action' vs interaction as spontaneously communicated awareness of an(other) mind(s). It provides a case study centred on the first language acquisition of pre-nominal usage of this/that and such. From respectively a distinctive collexeme (Gries and Stefanowitsch 2004a) and behavioural profile analysis (Gries 2010) will emerge that beyond expressions of joint attention, children ToM ability progressively underpins 'ad-hoc' generalised instantiations based on extended intersubjectivity (E-I), viz. the socio-cognitive skill to problematise what a general persona would act, feel or think in a specific context.
Due to the dominance of English as the international language of scientific communication, second language (L2) academic writers with different first languages (L1s) need to enhance their L2 pragmatic competence and make rhetorical and stylistic accommodations to publish their academic work in English-medium journals. Hedging strategies, among other things, are one of the important indicators of L2 pragmatic competence in academic writing. With Crompton’s taxonomy of hedges as the conceptual framework and by referring to the interview findings, we built two purpose-driven corpora and analysed the use of the hedging devices in the conclusion section of applied linguistics research articles written in English by Chinese and Anglophone scholars from intercultural perspectives. We attempted to answer an overarching question: “To what extent did the two groups of academic writers differ in hedging?” Results indicate that: 1) overall, Anglophone academic English writers used more hedges than their Chinese counterparts; 2) Chinese and Anglophone writers did not show statistically significant differences in the frequency of using most of the categories of hedges except for only one subcategory (namely, the “I/we+non-factive verb” structure); 3) both groups showed a similar pattern in the choice of various categories of hedges; 4) there were differences in linguistic expressions between the two groups in the use of hedging. These results are discussed in relation to intercultural rhetoric and L2 academic writer pragmatic competence.
In this article I discuss an example of verbal dueling in Hip Hop culture from the perspective of Bakhtin's (1984) notion of the carnival. Both carnival and Hip Hop are subversive in that they seek to represent alternative realities to the dominant status quo. This is illustrated and embodied in a variety of ways in the datum: the discourse strategy of "Signifying" (a feature of duels within Hip Hop culture) is inherently carnivalesque in its focus on skillful, mocking uses of language; the alteration and patterning of the formal features of the language of the duel are representative of subversion on a larger social scale; manner of performance and display of one's linguistic skill and expertise are paramount and supersede propositional content in terms of importance; the identity of the performers is also altered. I argue that performance of verbal dueling within Hip Hop Culture bears close similarities to the ritual festivities, textual parodies, and Billingsgate language of carnival. Carnivalesque subversion, as embodied in the language of verbal dueling, is arguably a human universal.
In this article, I discuss Death Row Statements from the perspective of ludic language within the context of ritual. Beyond its role as a form of deterrent, means of punishment or manifestation of state power, execution can be seen to function as a form of community ritual, where individuals who are a threat to society are removed. Execution has many ritual features, from its liminal spatio-temporal context to the precise ordering of events and, with reference to Huizinga’s conception of ‘play’ (encompassing serious activities such as litigation, war and trade), can be considered a ludic activity. I argue that the ludic nature of execution is manifested in the language of the last words of the condemned. Employing Cook’s taxonomy of the features of Language Play (dealing with both serious and light-hearted uses of language), I discuss the effect that the ludic nature of state execution has on the formal, semantic and pragmatic nature of the language. I argue that Death Row Statements represent a discourse of play in relation to both the language of last statements and the character of the event.
This article applies conversation analysis to classroom talk-in-interaction where pupils respond to poetry they have heard. The phenomenon of repeating in discussion details from the poem, including patterns of delivery, is considered and named echo to distinguish it from quotation in writing. The phenomenon is significant to the pedagogy of literary study given the existing tacit and unexamined assumption that when pupils repeat textual details verbally this has equivalence with quotation in writing. Three episodes drawn from a single sequence of classroom interaction are presented together with a transcript of the stimulus heard poem. Each is accompanied by an interpretive commentary. It appears that echo in classroom discussions of poetry performs actions distinct from quotation in writing, for example that the acts of presenting and analysing textual detail occur simultaneously. The innovation of the research lies in the inclusion of the transcript-rendered poem as a turn in the sequence of interaction: as a verbally oriented method, conversation analysis provides an apt means of rendering response to poetry presented in the oral mode. More broadly, the discussion is consistent with the emergent popularity of conversation analysis as a method for considering classroom interactions with a view to reflecting on subtle aspects of learning.
The Sinhalese exorcism rituals are perhaps the most complex and the most magnificent in performance still extant. For this second edition, the author has written a new preface and introduction in which he argues that the techniques of healing in Sri Lanka and the aesthetics of this healing cannot be reduced to Western psychoanalytic or psychotherapeutic terms, and develops new and original approaches to ritual and the aesthetic in general.
This book offers a new approach towards the definition and understanding of magic. Basing the analysis in the Indian city of Banaras, where magic is a familiar part of everyday life, it reviews the major theories that have explained (or explained away) magic over the last century. It argues that all of these theories leave out something critical, namely what it calls "magical consciousness"-a special state of awareness of magicians and their clients which, though extraordinary, is also perfectly natural.
Sometimes we mean something by our utterances, sometimes we do not. If Jennifer responds to the question “How is the weather
in Helsinki?” by answering “It is snowing” she means by her utterance that it is snowing in Helsinki. If she utters the same
sentence in order to practice pronunciation, then she means nothing. What is the reason for that difference?1
Haka! The Dance of a Noble People
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The Pocket Guide to Manwatching
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Tongues of Men and Angels: The Religious Language of PentecostalismAustin on locutionary and illocutionary acts
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