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A Diary of the French Revolution
From the Sons of Liberty to British reformers, Irish patriots, French Jacobins, Haitian revolutionaries and American Democrats, the greatest social movements of the Age of Atlantic Revolutions grew as part of a common, interrelated pattern. In this new transnational history, Micah Alpaugh demonstrates the connections between the most prominent causes of the era, as they drew upon each other's models to seek unprecedented changes in government. As Friends of Freedom, activists shared ideas and strategies internationally, creating a chain of broad-based campaigns that mobilized the American Revolution, British Parliamentary Reform, Irish nationalism, movements for religious freedom, abolitionism, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and American party politics. Rather than a series of distinct national histories, Alpaugh shows how these movements jointly responded to the Atlantic trends of their era to create a new way to alter or overthrow governments: mobilizing massive social movements.
This article concerns the relationship between Lily's Bart's personation of Sir Joshua Reynolds's Mrs. Lloyd in the famous tableau vivant in The House of Mirth and Edith Wharton's kinship, particularly that with her sister-in-law Mary Cadwalader Jones. Joanna Lloyd (née Leigh) married Richard Bennett Lloyd, a major Maryland slaveholder, in London in 1775. Richard Bennett Lloyd's family had a direct kin relationship with Mary Cadwalader Jones. In her memoirs Jones ignores this fact. It is suggested that Edith Wharton knew of this relationship and that it gave her the idea of contrasting the socially and financially secure Mrs. Lloyd with the insecure and doomed Lily Bart. In this article I explore a new historical context for Reynolds's painting in relation to the antebellum elite.
American merchant networks facilitated, and were in turn transformed by, the War for Independence. They also played a crucial role in the establishment of financial and political institutions in the new republic. John Carter (a.k.a. John Barker Church) and Jeremiah Wadsworth were among the foremost merchants and financiers of the Revolutionary era. This article follows their careers from the beginning of their wartime activities through to the end of the Federalist Era in 1800. It explains how they created and manipulated networks of supply and credit, and how they invested the proceeds of their success in the years after the war. Through this case study, the article demonstrates how wartime requirements reshaped merchant networks, not simply by increasing risk and encouraging retrenchment, but by creating influxes of credit and pressures for expansion. It argues that war led to increased inequality among merchants in terms of wealth and credit. Furthermore, this increased inequality impacted the nature of postwar finance and commerce. It shaped the economic and political structures of the new republic, in part through the agency of successful merchants like Carter and Wadsworth.
Gouverneur Morris landed in Le Havre in late January 1789. He had just completed the challenging task of drafting the American Constitution that was to secure the future of the Young Nation and thus emerged as one of the Founding Fathers. He arrived in France with mixed views of the country and its inhabitants. His Diary is replete with references to and criticisms of a people considered as unqualified for self-government. He considered himself as the genuine representative of a natural aristocracy whose views had prevailed at the Philadelphia Convention, guaranteeing the control of the lower instincts of the mob thanks to a document protecting the nation from an excess of democracy. He therefore viewed the revolution brewing in France with a monarchist’s eye. In spite of his young age, his experience helped him to become aware of the realities of the revolutionary process: he gave a faithful account of the French nation on the brink of collapse while remaining enthusiastic about the forthcoming Atlantic revolution that would soon shake the political foundations of the whole European continent; yet he harbored great doubts as to the possibility for the French to follow in the steps of the American people.
This analysis of Paine's rhetoric concentrates on the dilemma of a propagrandist for the French Revolution trapped in a maze of political and moral distractions.
The economic relations between the United States and France were at the heart of the « Atlantic Dream » of the Enlightenment and of many French Revolutionaries in the 1780s. On both sides of the Atlantic, a desire to deepen economic ties between the two « regenerated » nations was kindled by the ideological potentials of republicanism in the United States and of the « reform monarchy » at the end of the ancien régime and opening years of the Revolution.This article examines an overlooked element in the « master narrative » of historians who have focused on the degradation of the political and economic ties between the two nations after 1787 : the American financial debt toward France grew in significance with the awareness of the proportions of the deficit of the French state. From the announcement by Calonne of the catastrophic state of the French state’s finances until the « Quasi‑War » of 1798, the American debt played a growing role in the disillusionment of the French revolutionaries toward the « Atlantic Revolution. »
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