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The role of outdoor recreation in family enrichment
Abstract
The family is the fundamental unit in society and perhaps the oldest and most important of all human institutions. Several studies have indicated a positive correlation between strong, successful families and family participation in outdoor recreational activities. This paper addresses the role of structured outdoor recreation programming in family enrichment. Findings from two studies based in the United States are presented: one on the effect of a one-day family outdoor adventure program on parental and child perceptions of family functioning and the other from a qualitative inquiry into the meaning of family residential camping experiences. The first study collected both quantitative and qualitative data from 24 families who participated in an 8-hour outdoor adventure program. The second study utilized structured interviews with 11 families participating in a residential camp experience. Findings from both studies demonstrate that structured outdoor family recreation programming has a strong positive relationship with family strength. Furthermore, findings indicate that the type of outdoor adventure activities being used in the treatment of dysfunctional and maladaptive families is also effective in providing family enrichment experiences.
... The limited research in this field has shown that families encounter constraints to leisure and outdoor recreation owing to life cycle stages, parenting arrangements, lack of spare time, and financial and accessibility reasons (Agate et al., 2011;Claxton and Perry-Jenkins 2008;Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002;Pennington-Gray and Kerstetter, 2002;Shaw and Dawson, 2001). Cultural reasons also may influence participation or non-participation in specific activities or at specific settings, especially when the natural environment and unstructured activities are involved (Shaull and Gramann, 1998). ...
... It's largely people dependent and also the management structure and so perhaps there is a conservator who is in charge of that conservancy has got young kids, then there might be more of a focus. (DOC 4) In terms of identifying activities that are 'family-friendly', camping was considered by all managers as one of the most important family outdoor recreation activities; this reflects the focus of family recreation literature on family camping (Agate and Covey, 2007;Burch Jr., 2009;Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002). According to DOC staff, brochures specifically focused on camping were developed as an outcome of DOC research into constraints to participation in camping, and these brochures have proven extremely popular. ...
... International research in the field of park visitation has indicated that use of parks is likely to increase where not only park awareness is high, but also where awareness of what parks have to offer to individuals and groups is increased (Griffin and Archer, 2006). Therefore, the issue of expectations and assumptions needs to be addressed more emphatically since, as the family leisure literature suggests (Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002), there are indeed characteristics common to most families that need to be taken into consideration if park managers are to encourage more people to enjoy the outdoors. What findings emerging from DOC and families interviews suggest is that managing opportunities using ROS is adequate but that this needs to be combined with strategies of promotion that target particular groups within societyin this case families. ...
Families face real challenges when engaging in active forms of leisure. Apart from issues of time and money, other barriers often prevent families from engaging in leisure activities outside the home. One particular form of active leisure that has been shown to provide benefits for family life is outdoor recreation. However, outdoor recreation activities may pose further challenges for family engagement as they often require specific skills and knowledge for safe participation. The purpose of this paper is to examine how management of outdoor recreation spaces, such as national parks or regional parks, contributes to general family outdoor recreation participation. This research presents findings from interviews with 22 families and 10 outdoor park managers from the New Zealand cities of Wellington and Dunedin. The findings indicate that family-oriented marketing practices and information strategies could improve participation when lack of finances, time and energy prevent family recreation activities.
... The limited research in this field has shown that families encounter constraints to leisure and outdoor recreation owing to life cycle stages, parenting arrangements, lack of spare time, and financial and accessibility reasons (Agate et al., 2011;Claxton and Perry-Jenkins 2008;Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002;Pennington-Gray and Kerstetter, 2002;Shaw and Dawson, 2001). Cultural reasons also may influence participation or non-participation in specific activities or at specific settings, especially when the natural environment and unstructured activities are involved (Shaull and Gramann, 1998). ...
... It's largely people dependent and also the management structure and so perhaps there is a conservator who is in charge of that conservancy has got young kids, then there might be more of a focus. (DOC 4) In terms of identifying activities that are 'family-friendly', camping was considered by all managers as one of the most important family outdoor recreation activities; this reflects the focus of family recreation literature on family camping (Agate and Covey, 2007;Burch Jr., 2009;Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002). According to DOC staff, brochures specifically focused on camping were developed as an outcome of DOC research into constraints to participation in camping, and these brochures have proven extremely popular. ...
... International research in the field of park visitation has indicated that use of parks is likely to increase where not only park awareness is high, but also where awareness of what parks have to offer to individuals and groups is increased (Griffin and Archer, 2006). Therefore, the issue of expectations and assumptions needs to be addressed more emphatically since, as the family leisure literature suggests (Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002), there are indeed characteristics common to most families that need to be taken into consideration if park managers are to encourage more people to enjoy the outdoors. What findings emerging from DOC and families interviews suggest is that managing opportunities using ROS is adequate but that this needs to be combined with strategies of promotion that target particular groups within societyin this case families. ...
... Amongst the oft-cited recreation activities is outdoor recreation, particularly camping. Following this strand, several studies have focused on family camps and outdoor adventure programmes to examine the effects and effectiveness of these experiences in providing benefits for family functioning (Agate and Covey 2007;Berman and Davis-Berman 2007;Jansen 2004;Wells, Widmer and McCoy 2004;Huff et al. 2003;Scholl et al. 2003;Freeman and Zabriskie 2002;Kugath 1997;Burch, 1965). Benefits gained from these programmes have been reported as similar to general family leisure benefits, and include enhanced family cohesion, friendship, skill development, adaptability and communication (Wells, Widmer and McCoy 2004;Huff et al. 2003;Freeman and Zabriskie 2002;Zabriskie and McCormick 2001). ...
... Following this strand, several studies have focused on family camps and outdoor adventure programmes to examine the effects and effectiveness of these experiences in providing benefits for family functioning (Agate and Covey 2007;Berman and Davis-Berman 2007;Jansen 2004;Wells, Widmer and McCoy 2004;Huff et al. 2003;Scholl et al. 2003;Freeman and Zabriskie 2002;Kugath 1997;Burch, 1965). Benefits gained from these programmes have been reported as similar to general family leisure benefits, and include enhanced family cohesion, friendship, skill development, adaptability and communication (Wells, Widmer and McCoy 2004;Huff et al. 2003;Freeman and Zabriskie 2002;Zabriskie and McCormick 2001). Few studies, however, have gone outside these formally constituted spaces of nature-based leisure, where facilitators and organizers tailor the leisure and recreation experience to achieve certain goals. ...
... In general terms, families have been shown to encounter constraints to leisure and outdoor recreation owing to lifecycle stage, single parent status, lack of spare time, and financial and accessibility reasons (Freeman and Zabriskie 2002;Pennington-Gray and Kerstetter 2002;Shaw and Dawson 2001). There may be cultural reasons also for participation or non-participation in specific activities or at specific settings, particularly when the natural environment and unstructured activities are involved (Shaull and Gramann 1998). ...
... Qualitative studies make similar observations time and again, whether the context is family recreation, outdoor learning, or outdoor therapy: Participating in adventure activities in natural settings is argued to be beneficial for families due to the novel environment assisting the families in becoming aware of previously undiscovered familial resources, strengthening emotional bonds between family members, and enhancing communication between family members (Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002;Huff et al., 2003;Overholt, 2019). Some mechanisms of change may involve improved listening skills among the family members, the practice of taking "time-outs" from heated discussions, and learning to communicate in an assertive manner when required (Liermann and Norton, 2016). ...
... The holistic nature of adventure therapy and the various benefits related to working with groups of families (Swank and Daire, 2010) very much apply to our work as well. The focus on the resources of the families that they perhaps were not aware of to begin with is another common factor between SMOT and the previous work (Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002;Huff et al., 2003;Overholt, 2019). There are also parallels with the Adlerian approach (Christian et al., 2017): it is of central importance to us to always keep the needs of the participants in mind and to use intentional concepts (ones that refer to mental states) as explanations of behavior. ...
Mentalization-based family therapy and family rehabilitation represent a rich variety of approaches for assisting families with difficult interaction patterns. On the other hand, adventure therapy methods have been successfully used with families to offer them empowering experiences of succeeding together against difficult odds and to improve communication between family members. Further, the health promoting qualities of spending time outdoors are now well established and recognized. The Nordic approach to mentalization-based family rehabilitation combines adventure, outdoor, and systemic therapy. We provide three examples of nature-based family rehabilitation practices that are delivered as brief, multi-family psychological interventions taking place in nearby nature and aiming to support sustainable, systemic change. The current contribution is a description of clinical practice, not a systematic review or a formal evaluation. We propose that recontextualizing mentalization-based family rehabilitation to the outdoors can not only provide added health benefits, but also strengthen intra-familial attuned interaction and emotional connectedness. The outdoor adventure provides the families with embodied, multisensory experiences of verbal and, especially, non-verbal interaction that can be usefully examined through the lens of theory of mentalization. The concreteness of adventure experiences is particularly beneficial for families that have difficulties in verbal communication and/or utilizing executive functions, perhaps due to neuropsychiatric traits, intellectual disabilities, or learning difficulties. Furthermore, outdoor adventure can support the participants’ connectedness to nature.
... Turizm işletmelerinde, çocuklar için sunulan ve aile odaklı olan hizmetler söz konusu olduğunda, temel deneyimin ötesine geçen bir hizmet algısı oluşabilir ve Öİ artabilir (Habibah vd., 2015;Song vd., 2020). Ebeveynler, çocuklarının hem eğlenebileceği hem de eğitilebileceği, özellikle de güvenli, ilgi çekici ve zenginleştirici bir deneyim sunan ortamları değerli bulurlar (Freeman & Zabriskie, 2002;Salama vd., 2022). Araştırmalar (Borun & Dritsas, 1997;Filene, 2010;Shine & Acosta, 2000), ailelerin ve çocukların ihtiyaçlarına hitap eden alanlar gibi imkanlar sunan müzeleri ziyaret için daha fazla istekli olduklarını göstermiştir. ...
z Bu çalışmanın amacı, ziyaretçilerin müze giriş ücretlerine yönelik ödeme yapma istekliliğini (Öİ) etkileyen unsurları ve sosyo-demografik faktörlerin müzede ek hizmetler sağlandığında Öİ üzerindeki etkilerinin nasıl olduğunu belirlemektir. Bu çalışmada nicel bir yöntem benimsenmiştir ve Mevlana Müzesi'ni ziyaret eden yerli turistlerden elde edilen 578 anket verileri analiz edilmiştir. Analizler için STATA programı kullanılmış ve tobit regresyon ve marjinal etki analizleri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, daha yüksek gelir, eğitim seviyesi ve yaşın Öİ ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, daha fazla harcanabilir gelire ve eğitim seviyesine sahip bireylerin kültürel kurumları maddi olarak desteklemeye daha istekli olduklarını tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, müzede sunulan ek hizmetlerin algılanan değeri artırarak özellikle aileler ve eğitici veya etkileyici deneyim arayışında olan ziyaretçiler arasında Öİ'ni yükselttiği ortaya konmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, müze yönetimi açısından, kültürel mirasa duyulan saygıyı korurken ziyaretçi memnuniyetini artıracak şekilde finansal sürdürülebilirlik ve erişilebilirlik dengesini sağlayan özelleştirilmiş hizmet sunumları ve hedefli fiyatlandırma stratejilerinin potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, farklı müze türlerinde bu dinamikleri inceleyerek, çeşitli kültürel kurumlara yönelik fiyatlandırma yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Müze, ödeme istekliliği, STATA, turizm.
Abstract This study aims to identify the factors influencing visitors' willingness to pay (WTP) for museum entrance fees and examine how socio-demographic factors affect WTP when additional services are provided in the museum. A quantitative approach was adopted, analyzing data from 578 surveys collected from domestic tourists visiting the Mevlana Museum. The STATA program was used for analyses, applying Tobit regression and marginal effect analyses. Findings indicate that higher income, education level, and age are positively associated with WTP. Individuals with higher disposable income and education levels were more willing to financially support cultural institutions. Moreover, the perceived value of additional services in the museum increased WTP, particularly among families and visitors seeking educational or impactful experiences. These results highlight the potential for customized service offerings and targeted pricing strategies that enhance visitor satisfaction while maintaining respect for cultural heritage, ensuring financial sustainability and accessibility. Future research could explore these dynamics across different museum types, contributing to the development of pricing approaches for various cultural institutions.
... Despite differences in participant-and program characteristics, an overall improvement in family relationships, measured as family functioning, family cohesion, and attachment relationship were observed in all studies after the program period. These findings were expected, as family involvement has been identified as an additional value to adolescent therapy programs [35], and structured outdoor family recreation programming has shown a positive effect on family strength [36]. A comprehensive review has also provided evidence supporting the effectiveness of systemic interventions, which include family therapy or other family-based approaches, for recovery from child abuse and neglect; conduct problems, emotional problems, eating disorders, somatic problems, and first episode psychosis [16]. ...
Outdoor therapy and family-based therapy are suggested to be promising interventions for the treatment of mental health problems. The aim of the present scoping review was to systematically map the concept, content, and outcome of combining family- and outdoor-based therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems. The Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA guidelines were applied. Eligible qualitative and quantitative studies were screened, included, and extracted for data. Seven studies were included. Findings from these studies indicated that family-based outdoor therapy programs have a positive impact on family- and peer relationships, adolescent behavior, mental health, self-perceptions (self-concept), school success, social engagement, and delinquency rates. However, participant characteristics, study design, and content and mode of delivery of the interventions varied substantially, hence preventing detailed comparison of outcomes across studies. In addition, most of the studies included few participants and lacked population diversity and comparable control groups. Although important ethical concerns were raised, such as non-voluntary participation in some of the programs, there was a lack of reporting on safety. This review indicates that a combination of family- and outdoor-based therapy may benefit mental health among children and adolescents, but due to the limited number of studies eligible for inclusion and high levels of heterogeneity, it was difficult to draw firm conclusions. Thus, future theory-based studies using robust designs are warranted.
... Off-highway vehicles have a long history in Appalachia, which includes cultural, agricultural, and recreational themes (Cole et al. 2016;Snyder 2014). In the case of OHV trails used over time, they may even be passed down from generation to generation much like a tradition or rite of passage (Freeman and Zabriskie 2002). Having access to those trails crosses into a connection with one's family history. ...
Outdoor recreation entails a careful balance between environmental impact and economic impact, particularly in rural Appalachian transitional economies. Outdoor recreation annually brings millions of dollars into rural areas in Central Appalachia by utilizing the natural features of the region for recreation. However, uneven development has fomented long-standing environmental injustices as extraction industries utilize unparalleled control over the natural environment and its use. In this article, the researchers examine Kentucky off-highway vehicle (OHV) use patterns as they pertain to the environment alongside their generalized household economic expenditures per trip. Off-highway vehicle users represent a legitimate claim to public land use, and thus findings of this article reinforce the need for caution in balancing the economic impacts and environmental costs of outdoor recreation, including OHV use.
... Participants with children tended to travel farther to visit parks, suggesting that parents who want their children to experience outdoor recreation may be less constrained by factors such as distance (Larson et al., 2013;Barnett & Weber, 2008). As other recreation research suggests (Freeman & Zabriskie, 2002), opportunities for family interaction and enrichment can be a key element driving day hiking participation. On the other hand, first time hikers tended to travel shorter distances and were likely to be from the same zip code as the park they visited, indicating that accessibility can be a limiting factor for less experienced recreationists (Shores, Scott, & Floyd, 2007). ...
Day hiking is a popular outdoor recreation activity, yet relatively little is known about hikers and their reasons for participating. Focusing on the popular First Day Hikes initiative, we sought to discover who hikes, why, and how those motivations might differ among sub-groups of hikers. Data were collected using intercept surveys of First Day Hikers (n = 1,934) across three states on January 1, 2016. We identified 10 broader categories of hiking motivations addressing a wide range of physiological and psychological needs. These included enjoying nature (reported by 27% of participants), trying something new (22%), celebrating the new year (19%), learning from others (15%), spending time with family (14%), and exercising (14%). Logistic regression models exploring motivation correlates showed that hikers’ motivations varied across socio-demographic groups (e.g., age, first-time hikers, hikers with children) and influenced the types of hikes selected. Some of these differences were anticipated. For example, compared to other groups, first time hikers were more likely to be motivated by trying something new and hikers with children more likely to be motivated by spending time with family. Models also yielded new insights. Compared to repeat hikers, first time hikers were more likely to hike for exercise and health reasons and older participants were more likely to hike for exercise. Participants who chose easy hikes were more likely to be motivated by learning from others and spending time with family; participants who chose hikes close to home were more likely to be motivated by exercise and celebrating the New Year. Overall, a majority of First Day Hike participants lived within 30 miles of the state park they visited, highlighting the important contributions of local parks (especially state parks) to outdoor recreation. With enhanced knowledge of day hiking motivations, managers will be better equipped to create and advertise hiking opportunities with certain combinations of attributes that offer a variety of desired benefits to diverse constituents. Additional research exploring hiking motivations and preferences will continue to inform marketing and management approaches that appeal to different types of hikers. Subscribe to JPRA
... holidays and outdoor pursuits. Such activities can facilitate adaptability within families, help them to overcome the challenges of late-modern life, develop as a working unit, achieve family equilibrium, and positively influence parental perceptions of FWB (Freeman & Zabriskie, 2002;Goodenough et al., 2015). ...
This study investigates families who choose to co-participate in outdoor adventure holidays, and explores how they benefit from these shared experiences. In so doing, it seeks to determine the role of adventure tourism in developing and enhancing family well-being (FWB). Hyper-modern family life for many is powered by technological hardware, each room in the house replete with on-line pleasures, distractions and identities. In response to this dystopia, some families opt to take adventure holidays together. However, scholarship concerning collective experiences of adventurous leisure, in this case as families, is limited. Using a qualitative whole family approach, 15 (adventure tourist) families were interviewed, totalling 62 interviewees (29 adults and 33 children under 18 years old), in their home environments. Four key themes related to FWB emerged. First, families extended their active lifestyles to adventure holidays and repeatedly mentioned the health and fitness benefits gained from these experiences. Second, adventure holidays facilitated unmediated time together for families. Third, parents harboured ideals of positive personal development for their children in these adventure settings. Fourth, making memories during adventure holidays, and recollecting these post-trip, were integral to family bonding. Further research should consider non-traditional families, and various socio-economic and cultural groups in this context.
... The apparent recruitment and retention of anglers associated with fishing with avid pond owners may result from the presence of family fishing socialization agents, in particular, close family and friends (Dann 1993, Freeman andZabriskie 2002). Cordell (2010) reported youth were most often introduced to outdoor recreation by their parents and close friends. ...
Angling participation has stagnated or declined in many regions, threatening the political and financial support for fisheries management. An-gler recruitment programs aim to counteract these trends, but most are public programs targeting public water bodies. There are about 4.5 million small ponds and lakes in the United States, most of which are privately owned. These systems may play a major yet hidden role in angler recruitment. Using an online survey of avid pond owners and managers, we explored the ideas that private waters are providing youth angling opportunities, increasing fishing participation, and contributing to angler recruitment. Survey results indicated that pond owners are engaged in angler recruitment and retention by providing youth fishing opportunities to friends and family beyond that generally available in traditional recruiting events on public waters. About 90% of respondents had at least one child (persons <18 years old) fish their pond in the past year, most of whom were immediate family and children of friends and neighbors. Pond owners and managers actively fished with children on the property as well as took children fishing on other private and public waters. This process of mentoring and activity reinforcement appeared to lead to angler recruitment in that 75% of children who had fished in respondents' ponds continued to fish on their own. Agencies tasked with addressing angler recruitment and retention rates should consider implementing programs that support youth fishing outreach on privately owned ponds and lakes as another tool to combat declining participation rates.
... According to Pernicano (2010), there is a strong relationship between family functioning and reduced childhood trauma symptomology, so there is a need for innovative familybased interventions to trauma. The role of outdoor recreation in family enrichment has been established (Freeman and Zabriskie 2002), and many agree that the use of outdoor, adventure-based activities used specifically for therapeutic purposes, can play a useful role in engaging the family in the treatment process (Tucker et al. 2016; DeMille and Montgomery 2016). Current research on adventure therapy with families has also looked at the impact and role of family in treatment as well as impact of adventure therapy on attachment. ...
Child abuse is epidemic in the United States and has dire long-term consequences. Innovative interventions are needed to address the negative cognitive, affective and behavioral effects of child abuse. This mixed-method study examined if adventure therapy is 1) an effective mental health intervention for child and adolescent survivors of abuse and neglect, and 2) an effective intervention for families affected by abuse and neglect. The effectiveness of the adventure therapy intervention was measured by a reduction in child trauma symptoms and improved family functioning, as reported via the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), the Family Assessment Device (FAD), as well as qualitative data gathered via family focus groups. Findings showed that trauma-informed adventure therapy with youth and families affected by abuse reduces trauma symptomology in youth and improves family functioning, particularly in the areas of communication, closeness and problem-solving skills.
... The more this attachment period includes time outside, in the appropriate conditions described above, often the stronger and healthier the child and caregiver can be. Being outside as a family strengthens family bonds (Freeman and Zabriskie 2002) therefore including all family members is encouraged. ...
... 1993, p. 25). The bulk of family related leisure research has focused on these benefits, including improved communication among family members, higher quality of family relationships, and enhanced family cohesiveness and strength (Freeman & Zabriskie, 2002;Orthner & Mancini, 1990;Palmer, Freeman, & Zabriskie, 2007). Recently, however, approaches to the theorizing and study of family leisure have been challenged. ...
The purpose of this study was to explore how a community-based, non-clinical recreational center, called Gilda's Club promotes and contributes to healing and health throughout cancer survivorship. Gilda's Club of Toronto is a not-forprofit venue in Ontario, Canada, that serves as a communal meeting place where people living with cancer, as well as their families and friends, can join with others to build physical, social, and emotional support as a supplement to their medical treatment. Semi-structured interviews with twenty-six members of Gilda's Club revealed three main themes that demonstrate the value of this recreational center to survivorship: (1) Dignity, (2) Hope, and (3) Transcendence. Individually and collectively these themes positively influenced cancer survivorship. The findings demonstrate the importance of therapeutic landscapes to cancer survivorship and the contribution of recreation to a holistic understanding of health.
... As Robinson (2008) shows, climbers often take deliberate steps to circumvent the competing discourses of individual risk and responsibilities to dependents and others by avoiding forming close relationships and especially avoiding having children. Of course, our purposive sample may skew the reality here, but the traditional climbers in our story certainly did not avoid relationships with others but they were caught between a number of competing discourses, including those of the necessary and even celebrated discourses of risk-taking (see Dougherty 2007;Ebert and Robinson 2007;Lewis 2004;Stranger 1999) and commitment to the activity (Rinehart and Sydnor 2003;Wheaton 2004;Wheaton and Beal 2003), and those of shared time and shared leisure with children (see Agate et al. 2009;Freeman and Zabrieskie 2002;Harrington 2006), and protecting children from risk and harm both directly (see James, Jenks, and Prout 1998;Lee 2008) and indirectly as a result of harm to the parent (see Coffey 2003;Furedi 1997;Olivier 2006). For parents who climb, then, a weekend of leisure is potentially fraught with the dangers of ostracism, experiences of guilt and contention around a lost leisure identity. ...
This paper employs fictional techniques to convey the competing discourses of parenting and ‘serious’ climbing in relation to time and risk as they are experienced by heterosexual couples with at least one child and a history of commitment to traditional climbing. The resultant story is constructed from data produced by topical life-history interviews with seven white-British, middle-class couples and is interrupted, but not overlaid, by a late-modern and Foucauldian analytic thread through which we posit that the parents must negotiate a number of discourses of modernity in their pursuit of an authentic identity. The story, however, is intended more as dais for sociological dialogue, to allow the situated reader to inhabit the lifeworld and respond to its imagery. The story replicates the parents’ leisure time and space on a typical weekend and shows the contradictory and gendered nature of the discourses experienced by these climbers.
... Research on more inclusive family involvement in WT is limited. Studies and reviews of challenging outdoor recreation programs for families suggest increases in family communication, collective efficacy and a positive correlation to family strength (Huff et al. 2003;Freeman and Zabriske 2002;Wells et al. 2004). Studies specifically examining family involvement in therapeutic wilderness interventions for adolescents have indicated increases in family function although long-term maintenance of change has not been consistently supported (see Bandoroff and Scherer 1994;Pommier and Witt 1995). ...
This exploratory longitudinal case study aimed to identify practical adolescent and family outcomes following participation
in a 21-day wilderness therapy program for adolescents with emotional, behavioral, and substance use problems. Results showed
gender differences in presenting issues pre-treatment, significant positive changes assessed two-months post-treatment in
family functioning, and adolescent behavior and mental health issues. Twelve-month assessments showed maintenance of positive
outcomes coupled with deterioration in some aspects of family functioning and drug and alcohol use. Implications and suggestions
for future research are discussed.
Erken çocukluk dönemi bireyin fiziksel, bilişsel, sosyal-duygusal, dil ve motor gelişimi gibi temel gelişim alanları için kritik dönemdir. Atipik gelişim gösteren çocuklar için bu dönem ayrıca önem arz etmektedir. İnsanın doğaya ait bir canlı oluşu, doğayı evrim sürecinde gelişimimiz için en önemli rehber haline getirmiştir. Nitekim atipik gelişim sürecinde doğanın iyileştirici ve eğitici etkisi göz önünde bulundurularak formel, informel eğitim esnasında doğa temelli etkinlikler uygulanmaktadır. Fen-doğa etkinliklerinin yanı sıra tipik gelişim gösteren çocuklar için de oldukça etkili bulunan; "Orman Banyosu, Macera Terapisi, Doğa Sanatları, Hayvan Destekli Müdahaleler" gibi ekoterapi yöntemleri kullanılabilir. Çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimi yalnızca alan uzmanlarının faaliyetleriyle istenilen hedeflere ulaşılabilecek bir alan olmamakta, çocuğun etkileşime geçtiği herkesin katılımıyla en verimli sonuçların alındığı görülmektedir. Gelişiminin en üstüne çıkabilen çocuklar esenliği yüksek ailelerin katkısıyla bu noktaya ulaşabilmektedir. Bunun için de ebeveynlerin genel iyilik halinin yüksek olması gerekmektedir. Atipik gelişim sahibi çocuğun gelişimi ve eğitiminde en fazla görev alanların anneler olması hem onların sağlığı ve yılmazlık becerileri hem de çocuklarının gelişimi ve eğitimi için annelerin ekoterapi yöntemlerini bilme ve hayatının akışına yerleştirmesini önemli kılmaktadır. Özel gereksinimli çocuk annelerinin çocuklarıyla birlikte geçireceği zamandan yapılandırılmış ya da yapılandırılmamış faaliyetlerden üst düzey verim alabilmesini sağlayan ekoterapi yöntemleri fiziksel, ruhsal, duygusal ve zihinsel açıdan iyi oluşu sağlamaktadır. Çocukların gelişimine, eğitimine katkı sağlayacak her türlü etkinlik ve faaliyetlerin ailelerle iş birliği içerisinde uygulanması gerekmektedir. Bunun için ebeveynlere, özellikle annelere, aile bireylerine çocuklarla birlikte yapabilecekleri doğa temelli etkinlik örnekleri önerilebilir ve uygulama süreci için gerekli yönergeler eğitimciler tarafından verilebilir.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, ziyaretçilerin müze giriş ücretlerine yönelik ödeme yapma istekliliğini (Öİ) etkileyen unsurları ve sosyo-demografik faktörlerin müzede ek hizmetler sağlandığında Öİ üzerindeki etkilerinin nasıl olduğunu belirlemektir. Bu çalışmada nicel bir yöntem benimsenmiştir ve Mevlana Müzesi’ni ziyaret eden yerli turistlerden elde edilen 578 anket verileri analiz edilmiştir. Analizler için STATA programı kullanılmış ve tobit regresyon ve marjinal etki analizleri uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, daha yüksek gelir, eğitim seviyesi ve yaşın Öİ ile pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, daha fazla harcanabilir gelire ve eğitim seviyesine sahip bireylerin kültürel kurumları maddi olarak desteklemeye daha istekli olduklarını tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, müzede sunulan ek hizmetlerin algılanan değeri artırarak özellikle aileler ve eğitici veya etkileyici deneyim arayışında olan ziyaretçiler arasında Öİ’ni yükselttiği ortaya konmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, müze yönetimi açısından, kültürel mirasa duyulan saygıyı korurken ziyaretçi memnuniyetini artıracak şekilde finansal sürdürülebilirlik ve erişilebilirlik dengesini sağlayan özelleştirilmiş hizmet sunumları ve hedefli fiyatlandırma stratejilerinin potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır. Gelecekteki araştırmalar, farklı müze türlerinde bu dinamikleri inceleyerek, çeşitli kültürel kurumlara yönelik fiyatlandırma yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunabilir.
A wealth of studies demonstrate the associations between nature contact and well-being, and gradually, nature-based solutions are becoming more widespread in mental health care and recovery. While emotion-focused therapies generally show promising results, evidence of nature-based family therapy is still scarce. In a forthcoming clinical trial at Sørlandet hospital in Southern Norway, we will compare indoor and outdoor provision of emotion-focused multi-family therapy. The foundation of emotion-focused therapeutic work with families is a deep belief in the healing powers of families, where resources within the “ecosystem” of a given family can be reactivated and nudged towards establishing a greater sense of harmony and connectedness over time. According to a Gibsonian understanding of affordances, humans respond to possibilities and limitations within an environment, where affordances in the context of this article arise from a systemic interplay between nature, participating families and facilitators. In this exploratory inquiry, we are particularly interested in the myriad ways nature may influence four core principles in emotion-focused therapy, including (a) emotion awareness, (b) emotion regulation, (c) reflection on emotion, and (d) emotion transformation. In this perspective article, we propose hypotheses and working metaphors in relation to everything from emotions’ multiple purposes to the delineation of facilitators’ accepting, empathic and curious stance. First and foremost, we attempt to generate a preliminary account of nature’s potentiality to tug at our heartstrings and offer a supportive environment for the novel provision of emotion-focused family therapy in the outdoors.
Family vacation represents a potentially important but understudied context for child development and wellbeing. Using a sample of 9,539 children from 2009–2010 U.S. Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Survey, this study examined the relationship between family vacation taking and child’s life satisfaction. Results showed a positive relationship between family vacation taking and child’s life satisfaction after controlling for child’s socio-demographic, health related and family related variables. Additionally, age moderated the relationship between family vacation taking and life satisfaction, with the relationship being stronger for children aged 14 or older than children aged 13 or younger. Finally, child’s family relationships satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between family vacation taking and life satisfaction for children aged 14 or older, and nearly fully mediated the relationship for children aged 13 or younger. Implications of this study were discussed.
COVID-19 has significantly changed the way families engage in leisure. The influence of public health measures and messaging on leisure put older and younger people alike at increased risk of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and isolation. Despite these similar experiences, ageism and tensions between generations intensified during the pandemic. Thus, it is imperative to encourage strategies that foster connections and solidarity between generations, such as participating in intergenerational family leisure. Intergenerational family leisure can both attenuate negative outcomes heightened or created by the pandemic (i.e. risk reduction) and increase positive experiences (i.e. wellness promotion). However, it is important to recognize that intergenerational family leisure may not be available or ideal for everyone, especially during the pandemic. There are longstanding and pandemic-specific pitfalls to engaging in intergenerational family leisure that need to be considered. Further, the conditions and handling of the COVID-19 pandemic have complicated intergenerational family leisure in paradoxical ways. Many contradictions emerge as people navigate social systems and personal experiences when engaging in intergenerational family leisure in the COVID-19 context. This article critically presents some of the potentials, pitfalls, and paradoxes associated with connecting multiple generations in and through intergenerational family leisure during the pandemic.
The study's aim is to explore the motives encouraging individual family members to participate in adventure tourism activities while on holiday and the benefits they gain from these experiences, using wellbeing as the conceptual lens. The key contributions are to address the gap in literature on family adventure tourists, and apply the subjective wellbeing (SWB) constructs of hedonic wellbeing (HWB) and eudaimonic wellbeing (EWB) to understand these tourists. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 15 families, comprising 62 interviewees in total (29 adults and 33 children under 18 years old). Findings reveal that hedonic themes were high positive affect, and alleviating feelings of distress and boredom. Eudaimonic themes were challenge and negative affect, optimal experiences, accomplishment and personal development. Family influenced the SWB motives facilitating adventure participation and the benefits gained by different members. Also, there were HWB and EWB similarities and differences between parents, younger children and older children.
In the current study, the researchers qualitatively explored the life significance of a university summer outdoor education (OE) course. The data included 15 in-depth interviews with alumni who had participated in one of the university’s summer OE courses over 20 years ago. The researchers interpretively analyzed the interview transcripts and discovered the following significant life impacts: development of interpersonal skills; self-discovery; environmental behaviour change; leisure style change; transfer to others; and increased outdoor knowledge/skills. This study holds practical promise for informing universities and colleges of the long-term implications of OE courses.
The action-oriented nature of adventure-based counseling (ABC) makes it a good therapeutic modality for family counseling settings. Research studies exploring the integration of ABC with families are positively correlated with increased communication, conflict resolution, trust, and intimacy. The author presents adventure-based family communication experience, a series of three ABC activities integrated with Satir’s communication model to use in family counseling sessions. Each activity is described, and thoughts about how to integrate and process the experience with a family are provided.
zet Bu çalışmada informal gezi ortamı olan İzmir Fuar Hayvanat Bahçesini ziyaret eden kişilerin otobiyografik anılarının çeşitli yaş gruplarına göre değişimi incelenmiştir. Çalışma nicel ve nitel yaklaşımların birlikte kullanıldığı karma yöntem kullanılmıştır. İzmir Fuar Hayvanat bahçesini ziyaret etmiş yaş dağılımları farklı olan 42 kişiyle yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veri analizi bölümünde görüşülen kişilerin frekanslarını belirleyebilmek için veriler bilgisayara aktarılıp hesaplanmış ve betimsel analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma için seçilen örneklem, araştırmacıların kolay ulaşabileceği kişilerden oluşturulmuş aynı zamanda ölçüt örnekleme ile desteklenmiştir; İzmir Fuar Hayvanat Bahçesini en az bir kere ziyaret etmiş kişilerle çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda İnformal gezi ortamı olan İzmir Fuar Hayvanat Bahçesini ziyaret eden kişilerden 23 yaşın altında bulunan genç bireylerin anılarını hatırlayamadığı, bireylerin yaşları arttıkça hatırlamalarının ve anılarındaki ayrıntıların arttığı gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca yaşın artışıyla birlikte yaşlı kişilerin daha çok olumlu anılardan bahsettiği ortaya çıkmış olup ergenlik yaş grubuna doğru yaşın azalışıyla olumlu anıların aktarımının da azaldığı tespit edilmiştir; genç bireyler genellikle pis kokuya ve hayvanların dar alanda oluşuna odaklanmıştır. Daha genç bireylerin zamanın şartlarına bağlı olarak daha az anıya sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Abstract The people is a lifelong learner in school and/or out of school. People store semantic information about where they were born, who they are, and information about their specific memories in their autobiographical memories. When a relevant stimulus arrives, it causes the information to be remembered from the autobiographical part of long-term memory. In this study, the autobiographical memories of the visitors of Izmir Fair Zoo were examined according to various age groups. In this study, qualitative research method was applied. Seven open-ended questions were asked to measure the memories of the visitors, and the data were evaluated with descriptive analysis. The interview took place between 10-25 minutes. For this purpose, structured interviews were conducted with 42 people with different age distributions who visited Izmir Fair Zoo. The participants were selected by convenient/criterion sampling that is one of the purposive sampling methods. The criterion was decided as the people who visited Izmir Fair Zoo which was closed at the end of 2007 at least once. As a result of this study, it was clearly seen that autobiographical memory varies according to age in people, visiting İzmir Fair Zoo which is an informal learning environment. Young individuals under the age of 23 could not remember their memories about İzmir Fair Zoo. It was observed that as the age of individuals increased, their recall and details in their memories increased. In addition, with the increase in age, it is revealed that elderly people talk more about positive memories. Younger individuals have fewer memories depending on the circumstances of the time. Young individuals usually focus on stench and the smallness of the cages of animals. The necessities conditions for learning in informal environments were not often provided by İzmir Fair Zoo because it was not designed to teach new information to visitors.
This study explores father-child relationship development through participation in an Outward Bound (OB) family course, using the lens of identity theory. Data were collected through participant observation and in-depth interviews of fathers, children, and instructors (n = 21). Grounded theory techniques were used to portray participant and instructor perceptions of course participation and the subsequent impact on father-child relationships. Specific attention was given to the ways in which the OB course functioned as a perceived disruption to established roles and the ways in which mutually understood roles and obligations were renegotiated in response to the demands of the situation. Elements of fear and care-taking were identified as contributing to this process, and the potential emergence of role conflict was considered. The OB course was found to function as an equalizing experience, enabling fathers and children to reframe their perceptions of one another and positively impact their relationships.
This paper explores the determinants of Quality of Relationship of the families where parents co-reside with their married sons and daughters-in-law. 480 subjects from 120 families, equally drawn from the families belonging to upper middle (60 families or 240 respondents) and lower middle (60 families or 240 respondents) socio-economic strata were interviewed for the purpose. Multiple regression analyses was used to identify the factors which contribute significantly to Quality of Relationship of the families from two socio-economic strata. Findings revealed that work status of daughter-in-law and socio-economic status of the family contribute positively to the Quality of Relationship perceived by the family members. Besides this, it revealed that other relationship dimensions, that is, solidarity, active-recreation orientation, acceptance and caring and emotional support given by parents to children also contribute positively. Conflict and instrumental support given by children to parents were found to contribute negatively to quality of relationship of the families.
Family leisure has been found to be both consensual and conflictual. Research on family leisure has focused mainly on heterosexual married couples with young children and has excluded the voices of older adults. Framed by the model of intergenerational ambivalence (Luscher & Pillemer, 1998), this interpretive study developed an understanding of the role of intergenerational ambivalence in the experience of intergenerational family leisure for grandparents and their adult grandchildren. Fourteen dyads of grandparents and adult grandchildren were interviewed individually and were asked to describe their experience of intergenerational family leisure. Using grounded theory methods, the interviews provided valuable insight into the role that intergenerational ambivalence plays in the experience of family leisure. We suggest that the intergenerational ambivalence model is a useful framework for the study of intergenerational family leisure.
The purpose of this study was to explore the familial impact of participating in a family service expedition. Grounded theory methodology was used. Five families were identified through a criteria-based snowball sampling technique. Based on the data analyses, a core category emerged that encapsulated the meaning and impact of the family service expedition. It was given the description of "family deepening." Emerging theory indicated that experiences that were unique; shared, interactive; purposive; challenging; and required sacrifice contributed to the process of family deepening. The process encompassed and surpassed what was previously captured by the concepts of family strengths, purposive leisure, or family leisure. The deepening process appeared to positively and significantly impact many aspects of the families' lives. These families described a profound process that began, sometimes unwillingly in the early planning stages, culminated in an extended service experience that impacted themselves and others, and continued to define and influence the entire identity of the family for many years to come.
Although family leisure plays a central role in the development of close family bonds, it is not without its challenges and has been found to be both consensual and conflictual. Furthermore, family leisure researchers have neglected the voices of older adults. Building on Shaw's [1997. “Controversies and Contradictions in Family Leisure: An Analysis of Conflicting Paradigms.” Journal of Leisure Research 29 (1): 98–112] call for a contradictory theory of family leisure and framed by the model of intergenerational ambivalence [Luscher, K., and Pillemer, K. 1998. “Intergenerational Ambivalence: A New Approach to the Study of Parent-child Relations in Later Life.” Journal of Marriage and Family 60 (2): 413–425], the purpose of this interpretive study is to address these two significant gaps in the literature and explore how intergenerational ambivalence is experienced in family leisure in three-generation families (grandparents, parents, and adult grandchildren). Sixteen family triads were interviewed and reflected on both the benefits and challenges of family leisure. The findings provide valuable insights into the ambivalence that is experienced in family leisure across generations. The purposive nature and the generative effect of family leisure, along with the norm of non-interference help families to cope with the feelings of ambivalence that are commonly experienced in their relationships.
The purpose of this interpretive study was to explore how the sociospatial context in Canada (rural vs. urban) shaped the perspectives, meanings and experiences of family leisure for three-generation families (grandparents, parents and adult grandchildren). Sixteen family triads were interviewed about their experience of family leisure. Specifically, rural and urban families were compared to understand similarities and differences in their experiences. Family leisure, although not without its challenges, was found to play a central role in the development of close family bonds. Findings are examined within the context of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, Shaw and Dawson's theory of purposive leisure and Rye's conceptualization of the rural idyll and suggest that both rural and urban families value the rural context in the development of family cohesion and the intergenerational transmission of values.
The purpose of this study was to understand the expression of generativity among grandparents and their adult grandchildren through their experiences of family leisure. Fourteen dyads of grandparents and adult grandchildren were interviewed about their experience of family leisure. The findings illustrate the important role that family leisure played in the experience and expression of generativity, evidenced by the reciprocal use of leisure in teaching, mentoring, and creating a family legacy among grandparents and adult grandchildren.
The literature of materials evaluation indicates the lack of the evaluation of the textbook “Summit 2B” for teaching purposes. This study aims to present the retrospective evaluation of this textbook for its suitability for Undergraduate University Students (UUSs). A survey using a checklist and a semi-structured interview were carried out. The data were collected from the TEFL instructors and students after one semester of using the “Summit 2B” as their textbook at Islamic Azad university, Tabriz branch, and Jahad daneshgahi
in Urmia, Iran. Out of 150 participants of the study 10 were instructors and 140 were students. For the survey the checklist of Doaud and Celce-Murcia (1979) based on five criteria of subject matter, vocabulary and structure, exercise, illustration, and physical make-up was employed and distributed among the instructors and students; while, for the interview the researcher-designed questions were used for interviewing the instructors. The quantitative data obtained from the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the qualitative data of the audio-recorded interview were analyzed using the descriptive interpretation of the responses given by the instructors. The results of the study, in general, revealed the suitability of the textbook for UUSs. The findings, in particular, indicated that there are some problems related to the criteria of vocabulary and structure, and physical make-up in relation to the over-loaded pages. The implications
and necessary suggestions for strengthening the weak areas of the textbook are presented.
Research suggests that family involvement in the outdoors can enhance personal relationships (Freeman and Zabriskie, 2002). Yet for women outdoor educators, combining an outdoor career with family relationships is inherently contradictory. Long and/or irregular hours, residentials and increasing work commitments are congruent with traditional notions of career, yet they clash with social constructions of women's primary identities as partners, wives or mothers. Acker (1990) further argues that organisational cultures and career processes are inherently gendered, constructed as gender neutral, but unsuited to the social and material realities of women's embodied lives. In this paper I explore how 21 women outdoor educators constructed connections and disconnections between career and family in outdoor education. In doing so, I uncover how they negotiated their career identities and show how contradictions between home and work were exacerbated due to the centrality of the body to their outdoor education careers.
Off-highway vehicle (OHV) riding is one of the fastest growing recreation activities in the United States. Little research has examined the nature of recreational activity from the perspective of all-terrain vehicle (ATV) riders. Understanding leisure and recreation activity involves exploring how people interpret experiences and how experiences are viewed as meaningful. Nineteen semi-structured interviews with members of ATV clubs in the state of Maine provided data for analysis. The three themes that emerged are connecting with nature, others, and self. This study demonstrates that ATV riders share meanings with other types of outdoor recreationists. Future research should expand into the social aspects of ATV riding and address meanings in the context of related constructs.
Given the prominence of marital dissolution in American life in recent decades, it is important to understand what contributes to or deters it. This article focuses on spouses' shared leisure activities as a possible deterrent. An “attachment hypothesis”— that spouses' shared leisure time is a form of pleasurable interaction that strengthens the attachment between them and helps prevent marital break-up at the time and into the future—is tested in the context of controls for a variety of hypotheses. The empirical tests are supportive of the attachment hypothesis and suggest that, because couples with children have less shared leisure time, children can contribute to marital break-up as well as help prevent it.
The post-1980 decline in the crude divorce rate must be interpreted in the context of the long-term trend and in terms of
what we know about composition effects on crude measures—particularly given shifts in age at marriage and the age composition
effects of the baby boom. Data from the June 1985 Current Population Survey permit more detailed, exposure-specific measurements
as well as the use of separation as the event terminating marriage. Estimates from these data suggest a decline followed by
a recovery. Taking into account well-known levels of underreporting, we find that recent rates imply that about two-thirds
of all first marriages are likely to end in separation or divorce. We examine the persistence of major differences in marital
stability and evaluate the comparative stability of first and second marriages.
The relative increase of non-work time has been a concern in the study of the family. One of the difficulties in assessing the effects of potentially increased paternal interaction with the remainder of the family made possible by the declining hours of work has been the improper mixing of the concepts, “family” and “home.” A scheme for analyzing the location of leisure and the involvement of the family is developed. The scheme is used to highlight prior research related to leisure and the family. Several original findings for a special class of Americans, fathers who camp with their families, are presented. The utility of the analysis is explored and several theoretical implications are suggested.
Outdoor recreation produces many kinds of highly valued social effects. One of these effects appears to be stronger family cohesiveness. Previous research supports the hypothesis that leisure activity and group cohesiveness are related. This study of family campers at St. Croix State Park, Pine County, Minnesota, was designed to test the hypothesis that mutual outdoor recreation helps sustain and increase family cohesiveness by inducing social interaction in the family group. Members of 306 randomly selected families were interviewed in the summer of 1967, and a follow-up questionnaire was sent in the fall. Cohesiveness was measured by ascertaining the amount of intimate communication of troubles, secrets, and mood among family members. Study results provide moderate support for the proposition that outdoor recreation helps maintain and increase family cohesiveness.
The relationship between eight marriage companionship activities and marriage well-being is studied in Sydney, Australia, in Los Angeles, California, and in London, England. Exchange theory is used to predict that the more frequently married males share companionship, the greater their marriage well-being will be. Joint activities are expected to relate to marriage well-being more strongly than are parallel activities. Joint activities are found to be strongly related to marriage well-being in all metropolitan areas, but parallel activities are not. A significant amount of variance in marriage well-being is explained by companionship. A sample of married women in Perth, Australia is brought into the analysis and it is found that the Perth and Sydney respondents have similar responses, and differ somewhat from the other two sets of respondents. It is shown that companionship affects personal happiness, but not as strongly as it affects marriage well-being.
Adventure therapy has been effective in treating many issues involving self-esteem, mental health, and relationships. Thus, the incorporation of families into adventure therapy is a natural evolution of this therapeutic method. After exploring the history, conceptual framework, and research of adventure family therapy, several creative interventions are discussed that can be performed in a marriage and family therapist's office.
Researchers interested in the family as a context for leisure experiences and activities are faced with the difficult and controversial question of how to conceptualize family leisure in terms of factors such as experience, motivation and outcome. In this paper it is argued that the controversies surrounding family leisure research are due primarily to conflicting theoretical paradigms employed by researchers, reflecting different basic assumptions about the family and about gender relations in society. Two broad theoretical paradigms are identified, a social-psychological paradigm and a sociological-feminist paradigm. The strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches are discussed. It is suggested that conceptualizing family leisure as inherently contradictory allows for more inclusive theorizing in which the insights of both paradigmatic approaches can be incorporated. Adopting this conceptualization for future family leisure research may enhance a broader and more inclusive understanding of this important phenomenon.
This study examines the relationship among four types of leisure-activity patterns and the marital satisfaction of 318 married individuals. The magnitude of the relationships between leisure-activity patterns and marital satisfaction is also examined at five marital career stages and at high and low levels of stress. The results indicate that the direction and strength of the relationship between leisure and marital satisfaction are contingent upon the perceived communication during the leisure activity. Joint spousal leisure is negatively related, or unrelated, to marital satisfaction when communication is low to moderate, and positively related when communication is high. We conclude that, contrary to previous research (Orthner, 1975), differences in magnitude in the relationship between leisure-activity patterns and marital satisfaction at various marital career stages has little substantive meaning. High-stress wives and low-stress wives differ substantially on the magnitude of the relationship between the leisure variables and marital satisfaction; the husbands show little difference.
This study examines the relationship of various leisure activity patterns to individuals' overall satisfaction with time spent with their spouse and to global marital accord. Two hundred fifty-one married individuals in a nonclinic sample completed modified versions of two leisure activity measures previously described in the research literature. Results confirmed the importance of leisure activity patterns for marital satisfaction; time spent either in individual activities or with others excluding the spouse was significantly correlated with marital distress. However, factor-analytically derived dimensions of spousal time together accounted for nearly twice the variance in marital distress for wives as they did for husbands. Additional analyses indicated the importance of leisure patterns for marital satisfaction across the family life cycle, in contrast to previous findings. Clinical implications are discussed.
This study explores the relationship between stress in the parent-child relationship and successful pursuit of education and training activities for a sample of female JOBS participants in North Carolina whose children had attained at least preschool age. Using probit regression techniques, a significant negative relationship was found to exist between parent-child stress and successful component completion for these participants. Further assessment probed the contribution of study participants' personal and social strengths and problem-child behaviors as contributors to stress: Lower levels of mastery and higher perceived levels of child problem behaviors were found to be associated with the level of stress in the parent-child relationship. Findings, although preliminary, suggest the desirability of further research examining family dynamics as potential contributors to successful employability outcomes for this and similar populations.
In this article we examine the leisure time expenditures of married women in the paid labor force. Our analysis delineates two categories of leisure activities (active and passive) that are differentially affected by women's work. Using the 1981 Time Use Study (Juster, Hill, Stafford, and Parsons, 1983), we estimate a path model of the amount of leisure time available to married women showing the effects of time spent in paid labor, age, number of children, and time spent on household labor on available leisure time. We estimate that women's responsibilities for paid work and unpaid household labor come at the expense of their leisure time. Paid work time has an estimated negative effect on both active and passive leisure time, while household labor time has an estimated direct negative effect on total leisure time. We speculate that because paid work and household tasks are requisite for most women today they must schedule leisure time around both activities.
Current social psychological definitions of leisure may not adequately capture or describe family leisure. This study used discourse analysis to explore the meanings of family leisure as revealed by parents of preteen children (aged 10-12 years). The data came from a study of 31 families (23 two-parent families and 8 one-parent families) living in Ontario, Canada. Thirty mothers and 23 fathers were interviewed about their family leisure activities, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs about family participation. Analysis showed that family participation was highly valued by all of the parents. However, rather than being freely chosen or intrinsically motivated, family leisure was purposive in that it was organized and facilitated by parents in order to achieve particular short- and long-term goals. One set of goals related to family functioning, including enhanced family communication and cohesion, and a strong sense of family. Another set of goals related to the beneficial outcomes of family activities for children, including learning about healthy lifestyles as well as learning moral values. It is argued that the purposive nature of this form of leisure practice reflects current ideologies about motherhood, fatherhood, and the family in North American society.
The dominant ideologically based view of family leisure as fun for all may obscure the work associated with family activities and the unequal distribution of such work. In this time‐budget and interview study, the time that 46 families spent in family activities was analyzed by examining how much of this time was work and how much was leisure from the parents’ viewpoint. The data show that family activities were often experienced as work or involved a work component. Moreover, the mothers were significantly more likely than the fathers to experience family time (with spouse present) and time with children (with spouse absent) as work and less likely to report these situations to be leisure, x(3, N = 728) 65.07, p < .01, and x(3, N = 510) 34.93, p < .01, respectively. Thus, although family activities have some positive benefits and are valued by parents, they do involve work and this work is unequally divided between women and men. The contradictory aspects of family leisure, especially for women, are discussed in terms of the ethic of care as well as the ideology of familism.
The effects of fifteen barriers to participation were examined among people who expressed a desire for but were unable to participate in a new recreational activity. Work commitments, overcrowding of facilities, and lack of partners were the three main barriers. The effects of barriers were not perceived uniformly across the sample but varied between subgroups defined according to socioeconomic variables: the people most likely to be affected by barriers to participation included the poor, the elderly, and single parents. The extent to which recreation practitioners can and should respond to these kinds of research findings is discussed, and several ways in which the effects of barriers to participation might be modified or alleviated are evaluated.
The Exploring Together Outdoors Program is an Australian program that integrates family therapy interventions with adventure therapy, providing an opportunity for mother/child dyads that have conflictual relationships to develop more positive connections. This paper focuses on a group of four mothers and their four daughters who participated in 2 adventure therapy weekends and a family day 1 year later. A description of program activities focuses on the changed context of mother-child interaction, support and influence of the group, and creation by mother-daughter pairs of more positive narratives about each other. Questionnaires about changed perceptions of competence in self and other, and changed relationships within the mother-child dyad were completed after each occasion. All parties reported important changes in how they saw themselves and the other family member: these changes included more positive feelings for each other, less conflict, more communication, a greater sense of physical competence, and increased personal confidence. These results are discussed in terms of blending certain family therapy practices with adventure therapy, which triggers thoughts about aspects of life quite different from everyday matters, and promotes quite different perspectives from which to view one's parent, one's child, or oneself. Nine tables present comparisons of the mothers' and daughters' responses to nine questions. Appendices include additional tables of responses. (Contains 22 references.) (TD)
Discusses the emotional impact of divorce on children and adolescents and, after reviewing the literature and findings from a five-year longitudinal study, describes the implications of the spiraling divorce rate for practice, research, and social policy. (Author)
This paper examines the relationship between the extent of shared participation of husbands and wives in leisure activities and the extent of communication and task sharing in the marriage. Because marriage is an interactional system and leisure activities vary in their interactional requirements, a theory is proposed linking leisure activity patterns to marital interaction. The hypotheses generated by the theory were tested on a random sample of 223 husbands and 228 wives. The results indicate that interaction in leisure activities is related to interaction in marriage but that this relationship varies over the marital career. Also, it was found that the hypothesized relationship was greater when openness of communication was used as the marital interaction indicator compared to household task sharing. The theory is then reformulated in light of the data analysis.
With a history of effective treatment of individuals and groups, it is a natural evolution for therapeutic adventure to incorporate families into the treatment paradigm. This article looks at the development of adventure family therapy as a specific sub-discipline of therapeutic adventure, including the integration of family therapy theories and a review of the research. Future obstacles, such as scope of practice limitations, lack of theoretical integration in practice, and research limitations are also discussed.
Outdoor recreation produces many kinds of highly valued social effects. One of these effects appears to be stronger family cohesiveness. Previous research supports the hypothesis that leisure activity and group cohesiveness are related. This study of family campers at St. Croix State Park, Pine County, Minnesota, was designed to test the hypothesis that mutual outdoor recreation helps sustain and increase family cohesiveness by inducing social interaction in the family group. Members of 306 randomly selected families were interviewed in the summer of 1967, and a follow-up questionnaire was sent in the fall. Cohesiveness was measured by ascertaining the amount of intimate communication of troubles, secrets, and mood among family members. Study results provide moderate support for the proposition that outdoor recreation helps maintain and increase family cohesiveness.
Examines the relationship between shared leisure activities and family bonding. Prior to the 20th century, family bonding was primarily facilitated through shared work activities while shared leisure activities are now integral to promoting family bonds. Research done during the 1980s indicates that co-participation in leisure activities is positively related to family satisfaction, family interaction, and family stability. Even so, research in the area of leisure and family bonding remains wanting in both quality and quantity. The need is stressed for short term longitudinal studies and more qualitative research on leisure and family bonds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reviews empirical research studies on family and leisure, noting that research in this area has largely been exploratory and descriptive, and presents recommendations for further research. The effects of family factors on leisure behavior and the effects of leisure behavior on marital and family outcomes are discussed. Family factors affecting leisure behavior include the presence of children, spouse/parent employment, and SES. The effects of leisure behavior on the family include quantity of leisure time, leisure activity patterns, and leisure activity forms. It is concluded that leisure behavior is affected by and affects marriage and family factors. Research recommendations include the use of better research methodologies and more sophisticated statistical techniques. (83 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This paper reports a series of studies investigating the reliability and validity of the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD). The results indicated that the FAD has: (a) adequate test-retest reliability, (b) low correlations with social desirability, (c) moderate correlations with other self-report measures of family functioning, and (d) differentiates significantly between clinician-rated healthy and unhealthy families. Cut-off scores for identifying healthy and unhealthy families also were developed which have adequate sensitivity and specificity. Additionally, the relationships between the FAD, Family Unit Inventory, and FACES-II suggests that the cohension and adaptability scales from the FACES-II have a linear relationship with health/pathology.
outdoor adventure experiences, traditionally associated with programs like Outward Bound and Project Adventure, have evolved into specific interventions for a number of therapeutic populations. Once used primarily with dysfunctional adolescents, a series of presentations and writings have emerged that apply these techniques to marriage and family populations. This article presents a brief history and overview of the documented use of adventure experiences in marriage and family therapy and enrichment. Illustrations of actual techniques and recommendations for guiding future studies are also offered.
This study conducted a preliminary test of a model of family leisure functioning by examining the relationship of core and balance family leisure patterns to family cohesion and adaptability. We hypothesized that core family leisure patterns address family needs for stability, facilitate the development of cohesive relationships, and are related to perceptions of family cohesion, whereas balance family leisure patterns address family needs for change, facilitate the development of adaptive skills, and are related to perceptions of family adaptability. Findings from 2 multiple regression analyses provided preliminary support for the model. Conclusions and implications are discussed.
This paper describes the process in which families participate in a wilderness experience. Metaphors such as climbing or paddling a canoe are translated into daily living patterns to deepen individual and family self-knowledge, self-esteem, and intimacy.
Is the recent plateau in crude divorce rates due to compositional changes in the married population or to a fundamental change in the long-term trend of rising marital instability? I use refined measures of period divorce rates to show that the leveling of divorce rates appears to be real. Compositional factors do little to explain the end to the more than century-long pattern of rising divorce. Increases in cohabitation also fail to explain the plateau. New theories are needed to explain the determinants of divorce rates at the population level.
Twilight of authority
- R Nisbet
Nisbet, R. (1975). Twilight of authority. New York: Oxford University Press.
is an associate professor at Brigham Young University. Her primary research focus is studying aspects of outdoor experiences CTRS, is an assistant professor at Brigham Young University. His primary research is focused on family leisure activity patterns and strengthening families
- Patti Freeman
- D Ph
Patti Freeman, Ph.D., is an associate professor at Brigham Young University. Her primary research focus is studying aspects of outdoor experiences. E–mail: patti_freeman@byu.edu Ramon Zabriskie, Ph.D., CTRS, is an assistant professor at Brigham Young University. His primary research is focused on family leisure activity patterns and strengthening families. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning Downloaded by [University of Alberta] at 00:56 31 December 2014
The theoretical foundations for adventure family therapy Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming
- M A Gass
Gass, M. A. (1993). The theoretical foundations for adventure family therapy. In M. A. Gass (Ed.), Adventure therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming (pp. 123–137).
Family functioning and adolescent leisure patterns Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champagne, Illinois. Huff, C The influence of challenging family outdoor recreation on parent–adolescent communication. Unpublished master's thesis Dual–income families
- C D Hood
Hood, C. D. (1992). Family functioning and adolescent leisure patterns. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champagne, Illinois. Huff, C. (2002). The influence of challenging family outdoor recreation on parent–adolescent communication. Unpublished master's thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Institute for Social Research (ISR). (1985/86). Dual–income families. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
Recreation in the family Family Research: A Sixty Year Review
- S R Hawkes
Hawkes, S. R. (1991). Recreation in the family. In S. J. Bahr (Ed.). Family Research: A Sixty Year Review, 1930–1990 (pp. 387–433). New York, N.Y: Lexington Books.
Building family teams: An adventure–based approach to enrichment and intervention Adventure Therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming Leisure location and family centeredness
- C L Clapp
- S M Rudolph
Clapp, C. L., & Rudolph, S. M. (1993). Building family teams: An adventure–based approach to enrichment and intervention. In M. A. Gass (Ed.), Adventure Therapy: Therapeutic applications of adventure programming (pp. 111–121). Dubuque, IA: Kendall Hunt Publishing, Co. Dynes, W. (1977). Leisure location and family centeredness. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(4), 281–290.
America's families and living arrangements. (Publication No. P20–537) Retrieved An estimation of the effects of women's work on available leisure time
- J Fields
- L M Casper
Fields, J., & Casper, L. M. (2001, June). America's families and living arrangements. (Publication No. P20–537). Retrieved June 5, 2002, from U.S. Census Bureau: http://www.census.gov/prod/ 2001pubs/p20–537.pdf Firestone, J., & Shelton, B. A. (1988). An estimation of the effects of women's work on available leisure time. Journal of Family Issues, 9, 478–495.
An examination of family and leisure behavior among families with middle school aged children
- R B Zabriskie
Zabriskie, R. B. (2000). An examination of family and leisure behavior among families with middle school aged children. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
While current researchers are effectively responding to multiple calls for an increase in theory based research, qualitative methodology, longitudinal designs, and children's perspective of family leisure these areas will continue to need attention (Hawkes
- Orthner
- Mancini
Orthner & Mancini, 1990, 1991). While current researchers are effectively responding to multiple calls for an increase in theory based research, qualitative methodology, longitudinal designs, and children's perspective of family leisure these areas will continue to need attention (Hawkes, 1991; Hood, 1992; Huff, 2002; Mactavish & Schleien, 2000; Orthner & Mancini, 1990, 1991;
The family that plays together stays together: Or does it? World Leisure and Recreation
- B Wearring
Wearring, B. (1993). The family that plays together stays together: Or does it? World Leisure and Recreation, 35(3), 25–29.
Strengthening today's families: A challenge to parks and recreation. Parks and Recreation
- D K Orthner
Orthner, D. K. (1998). Strengthening today's families: A challenge to parks and recreation. Parks and Recreation, 33(3), 87–92; 97–98.
A journey through wilderness weekend experiences Unpublished doctoral dissertation Exploring the meaning of family residential camping experiences Impact of differential leisure activities on intra–spousal dynamics
- T G Potter
- Canada
- T G Potter
- N Duenkel
Potter, T. G. (1993). A journey through wilderness weekend experiences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Canada. Potter, T. G., & Duenkel, N. (1997). Exploring the meaning of family residential camping experiences. Unpublished manuscript, Lakehead University, Ontario, Canada. Presvelou, C. (1971). Impact of differential leisure activities on intra–spousal dynamics. Human Relations, 24, 565–574.
A study of the relation between leisure activity patterns and marital satisfaction of urban housewives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Sookmyung Women's University Qualitative research methods for the social sciences Adventures in family therapy
- D H Ahn
Ahn, D. H. (1982). A study of the relation between leisure activity patterns and marital satisfaction of urban housewives. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea. Berg, B. (1989). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. London: Allyn and Bacon. Burg, J. E. (2000). Adventures in family therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 19(3), 18–30.
The relationship between leisure time activity and family cohesiveness Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champagne, Illinois Changes in children's time with parents
- M G Ragheb
- J F Sandberg
- S L Hofferth
Ragheb, M. G. (1975). The relationship between leisure time activity and family cohesiveness. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champagne, Illinois. Sandberg, J. F., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Changes in children's time with parents, U.S. 1981–1997. (Report No. 01–475). University of Michigan: Population Studies Center at the Institute of Social Research.
The effects of family participation in an outdoor adventure program. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Beyond qualitative and quantitative data linking: An example from a mixed method study of family recreation
- S D Kugath
- J B Mactavish
- S J Schleien
Kugath, S. D. (1997). The effects of family participation in an outdoor adventure program. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Mactavish, J. B., & Schleien, S. J. (2000). Beyond qualitative and quantitative data linking: An example from a mixed method study of family recreation. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 34(2), 154– 163.
Grubs and grasshoppers: The influence of challenging recreation on the collective efficacy of families with at–risk youth. Unpublished master's thesis
- M S Wells
Wells, M. S. (2001). Grubs and grasshoppers: The influence of challenging recreation on the collective efficacy of families with at–risk youth. Unpublished master's thesis, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.