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Body culture and nation building: the history of gymnastics in germany in the period of its foundation as a nation‐state
... (Krüger, 1996) (Kang, 2001 (Oh, 1989; (Eisenberg, 1996) (Oh, 1989 (Giddens, 1987 (Giddens, 1987 (Oh, 1989Discussion on the Change of Nationalism in German Gymnastics in the 19th Century: Focusing on Two Nationalists ...
... 이를 통해 민족의 번 영이라는 교육의 목적에 부합하는 학생으로 성장할 수 있도록 지도 하고자 한 것으로 보인다. 이러한 얀의 의도는 당시 독일의 학생들이 거칠고 무정부적이며, 폭력을 수반하는 여러 행동을 행하였으며, 낮 은 수준의 질서와 규율을 가지고 있었다는 점을 통해 짐작할 수 있다(Krüger, 1996). 게다가 이러한 규칙과 질서는 체조에 참여하는 학생들은 그들의 사 회적, 경제적 지위에 상관없이 모두 자유롭고 평등하게 적용되었기 에 많은 학생들이 기꺼이 따랐다. ...
PURPOSE This study examined the process and cause of change in nationalism in German gymnastics in the 19th century.METHODS The study used a literature study method and analyzed data from previous studies. Eleven articles related to the research topic were chosen for domestic research data by searching RISS for "German gymnastics," "Turnen," and "German nationalism." Overseas research data involved seven articles related to this study and were found by searching for "German gymnastics" and "Turnen" in Google Scholar.RESULTS First, German nationalism was originally divided into liberal nationalism and nationalistic nationalism, resulting in nationalistic nationalism after German reunification. Second, Jahn as a liberal nationalist and Spiess as a nationalist attempted to spread their ideas through German gymnastics. Finally, German gymnastics change from Jahn's liberal nationalism to Spiess' nationalistic nationalism was inevitable due to German gymnastics' external background and inherent limitations.CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated the process and cause of the change in the nationalistic characteristics of German gymnastics in the 19th century. Various historical cases that have not yet received attention but are worthy of investigation must be studied.
... The Napoleonic Wars (1803 to 1815) unintentionally encouraged the creation of mass systems of physical education and training across Europe. In Prussia, Friedrich Ludwig Jahn established his own gymnasium and training system during the early 1810s (the Turner system) as a means of strengthening Prussian boys and men as a means of ensuring that the region never suffered humiliating military defeat again (Krüger, 1996). The Turner system went on to become one of the most influential systems of the entire century and was, in time, complimented by other systems emerging from Denmark, Swedish, Czechoslovakia, and Great Britain. ...
... A obra se encontra disponível para consulta no acervo do Centro de Referência em Educação Mário Covas. 6 Para acessar este debate na Europa sobre os métodos de ensino da ginástica e do esporte no fim do século XIX e início do século XX, videKrüger (1996),Lundvall (2015),Welshman (1998),Gori (2015).7 AngeloMosso (1846Mosso ( -1910, professor de fisiologia da Universidade de Turim, foi um dos principais articuladores teóricos de uma reforma da educação física, que defendia uma ginástica recreativa, onde eram realizadas atividades competitivas e lúdicas, dando protagonismo aos "jogos ingleses"(Guazzoni, 2017).8 Paolo Mantegazza (1831-1910), antropólogo, defensor de jogos ao ar livre nas aulas de ginástica(Guazzoni, 2017).9 ...
In this study, we will analyze the representations in gymnastics teaching based on Gymnastica nas aulas, a manual published in 1895 by Manoel Baragiola. He was the teacher responsible for the gymnastics and military exercise classes at Escola Normal de São Paulo and sought to develop a model for classes through debates on gymnastic methods in the country and abroad. In addition to the analysis of the theoretical part of the textbook, other documents, including newspapers, periodicals, minutes of Escola Normal meetings, and management reports, were analyzed to demonstrate the gymnastics rationalization process in the city of São Paulo was based on many references in connected histories subjects and textual productions addressing practices of physical exercises that were distributed mainly in Italy and Brazil.
Keywords
History of Education; Physical Education; Textbooks
... It can be found for reference at Centro de Referência em Educação Mário Covas.6 To access this debate in Europe on the teaching methods of gymnastics and sports in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeKrüger (1996),Lundvall (2015),Welshman (1998),Gori (2015).7 AngeloMosso (1846Mosso ( -1910, professor of physiology at the University of Turin, was one of the main theoretical articulators of a reform of physical education, which advocated recreational gymnastics, where competitive and recreational activities were performing, ensuring protagonism to the "British games" (Guazzoni, 2017).Educação & Realidade, Porto Alegre, v. 47, e120116, 2022. ...
In this study, we will analyze the representations in gymnastics teaching based on Gymnastica nas aulas, a manual published in 1895 by Manoel Baragiola. He was the teacher responsible for the gymnastics and military exercise classes at Escola Normal de São Paulo and sought to develop a model for classes through debates on gymnastic methods in the country and abroad. In addition to the analysis of the theoretical part of the textbook, other documents, including newspapers, periodicals, minutes of Escola Normal meetings, and management reports, were analyzed to demonstrate the gymnastics rationalization process in the city of São Paulo was based on many references in connected histories subjects and textual productions addressing practices of physical exercises that were distributed mainly in Italy and Brazil.
Keywords
History of Education; Physical Education; Textbooks
... Dudley Allen Sarget, die naast het doceren van gymnastiek aan verschillende Amerikaanse universiteiten ook veel toestellen ontwierp, introduceerde de sport In de Verenigde Staten. Na verloop van tijd evolueerde de gymnastieksport tot een competitieve sport (Goodbody, 1982;Krüger, 1996). ...
Ongeveer 250.000 kinderen en volwassen doen in Nederland
aan gymsport. Naast het sportplezier komen er ook incidenten
voor, zoals blijkt uit diverse mediaberichten. Dit onderzoek
beschrijft in welke mate grensoverschrijdend gedrag voorkomt
in alle gymdisciplines en – niveaus. Ook is nagegaan wat de
aard van die misdragingen is en wat ermee is gebeurd als
slachtoffers dit hebben gemeld. In dit grootschalige onderzoek
zijn online vragenlijsten afgenomen onder oud-gymsporters
en huidige gymsporters, zijn tal van interviews gehouden
met gymsporters, ouders, bestuurders, trainers, experts en
documenten bestudeerd die gaan over de opvolging van
meldingen, het beleid en de (tucht)rechtspraak ten aanzien
van grensoverschrijdend gedrag. In dit voor Nederland unieke
sportspecifieke onderzoek worden aanbevelingen gedaan om
de gymsport veiliger en gezonder te maken.
... With this in mind, several studies linking gymnastics clubs, youth and nation building carried out particularly in France and in Germany are inspirational and can definitely be seen as real resources for our analysis (Mosse, 1980;Arnaud, 1987;Defrance, 1987;Krüger, 1996). Furthermore, we will see that, based on a large sample of empirical data and through an approach focused on the territorial distribution of gymnastics clubs, our arguments corroborate the hypothesis already advanced in the literature that gymnastics in nineteenth century Switzerland was above all "an essentially urban, industrial and Protestant phenomenon." ...
The aim of this contribution is to analyse the special role that gymnastics clubs played, under the umbrella of the Société Fédérale de Gymnastique (SFG), in the formation of the Swiss nation and in the representation of a strong and united national youth at a time when the unity represented by the Swiss federal State founded in 1848 was strongly questioned by the conservative opposition. The purpose is mainly based on extensive statistical data gathered within the SFG about its members throughout the country at three particular moments (1873, 1895, and 1907) and on institutional archival funds. Our analysis is based on three successive points: after defining the relationship between the SFG and the Swiss Federal State (founded in 1848) for the unification and defense of the homeland, whether in terms of institutional mimicry or the building of a “national youth,” a second part defines which type of “youth” is specifically targeted by the SFG and what it meant at the time to be a “young” or an “old” gymnast, in particular through the participation of the SFG in the National exhibition of Geneva in 1896. Finally, a last part widens the perspective by highlighting, on one side, the cultural, political, and cantonal constraints on national expansion through youth of Swiss gymnastics and, on the other side, how these constraints have generated unifying and patriotic ambitions and discourses within the SFG.
... In Argentina, Scharagrodsky 22 stated that, in the 1920s, in the face of conflicts on the best physical education method, Argentines opted for a national didactic organization with strong medical influence, allowing and prohibiting specific types of movement. In Germany, Krüger 23 highlighted the role of gymnastics and its civil associations in the construction of national identity since the nineteenth century. In France, Vigarello 24 described a very objective, calculated, mechanical gymnastics, whose motto was body control, in slow dissemination in the nineteenth century. ...
Aim:
This research aimed to understand how Associação Brasileira de Educação (ABE – Brazilian Education Association) constituted visibility strategies for “body education” in Rio de Janeiro city.
Method:
As for methodology, we conducted documentary research whose primary sources were reports and minutes of ABE, newspapers, magazines, and books.
Results:
Our time framework was between 1928 and 1935, a period when ABE organized festivities called “Education Weeks” whose target group was students of Rio de Janeiro schools and their parents.
Conclusion:
It concluded that ABE managed to mobilize schools to demonstrate models of body practices consistent with the principles of a modern school. By alternating strategies such as lectures, courses, public exhibitions, ABE tried to print in the city the auspices of a modern and sanitized life which had not reached significant portions of the Brazilian population in a country that still claimed a more substantial state intervention in the social field. Similarly, public education was incipient and its project was still being drafted in a debate that involved a multitude of voices and agents with their interests. Between tradition and modernity, it would be difficult to organize discourses in two opposite poles. Finally, as in the discourses, in the field of practices, the mere polarization between tradition and modernity definitively does not explain the alliances and conflicts inherent to the various actors in the construction of greater visibility of “body education” by ABE.
... The respective exercises necessary to create this new type of German citizen had to be oriented towards the human "in- itial nature" and the characteristics of "primitive people. " 29 Thus, a specific notion of nature was evoked, a notion of purity, unaffectedness and virginity; yet, this notion of an "initial nature" was largely imagined. Consistent with certain cultural-critical discourses within the German Enlightenment-for example, the work of Johann Gottfried Herder-notions of the "primitive people" and their "initial nature" were synonyms for the unity of mind and body, untouched by artificial civilization. ...
In general, schooling and nation-building are associated with the unifying role of language and history education, since language and culture are perceived as fundamental pillars of the nation. Less discussed—at least regarding the curriculum—is the role of physical education, even if physical education was a highly political issue in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Based on a case study of Switzerland and textbooks for physical education by Adolf Spiess and the activities of Phokion Heinrich Clias for the Bernese school, this article discusses how physical education, distinct from the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries’ care for the body, became a school subject of the nineteenth century compulsory schools and how it was related to the notion of nation and nation-building. It argues that physical education became first part of the “modern” philanthropic education and schooling, was soon taken for granted as an essential curricular component of nation-building and lost thereby the political threat.
... Na Argentina, Pablo Scharagrodsky (2014) afirmou que na década de 1920, diante de conflitos sobre a questão do melhor método de educação física, os argentinos optaram por uma organização didática nacional com forte influência médica, permitindo e proibindo tipos específicos de movimento. Na Alemanha, Michael Krüger (1996) narrou o papel da ginástica e suas associações civis na construção da identidade nacional desde o século XIX. Na França, Georges Vigarello (2003) descreveu uma ginástica mecânica, calculada, bastante objetiva que tinha como lema o controle corporal em uma lenta difusão no século XIX. ...
O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a recepção da imprensa em relação à institucionalização da Educação Física, exemplificada pela criação da “Escola Superior de Educação Physica”. O corpo documental foi construído a partir da imprensa, principalmente, pelo diário Correio Paulistano, possibilitando a formulação de uma narrativa sobre as práticas corporais presentes nos discursos jornalísticos na década de 1930, revelando adesões à modernidade e silêncios em relação a determinadas tradições.
... Though gymnastics has been promoted as a female-appropriate sport in the United States dating back to at least the 19 th Century (see Chisolm, 2007), the sport's feminine perception is a relatively recent phenomenon. Gymnastics was part of the Ancient Olympic Games, which were open only to male competitors, and has been used as both a form of military training (see Olivova, 1981;Combeau-Mari, 2011) and nation building (see Kruger, 1996). Cahn (1994) argues that the sport underwent a "sex change" (p. ...
This study analyzes how U.S.-based NBC announcers portray male gymnasts in comparison to all other male competitors within the primetime broadcast of the Summer Olympic Games. Contrasts were analyzed regarding attributions of success, failure and personality/physicality. Analysis of NBC's primetime coverage of the 2012 London Olympic Summer Games revealed seven (7) significantly-different dialogue trends between male gymnasts and the aggregate of other male Summer Olympians. Specifically, male gymnasts were more likely to have their success (i) credited to athletic skill/strength and (ii) composure and their failure (iii) attributed to a lack of concentration and a (iv) lack of athletic ability compared to the aggregate of other male Olympians. Male gymnasts were also more likely to receive comments about being (v) modest or introverted and have their (vi) emotional state described. Male athletes competing in all sports except for gymnastics were more likely to have their successes (vii) attributed to their experience.
... Jahn's approach needs to be considered in the context of the political and social conditions prevailing at that time. 7 After the Prussian defeat against Napoleon in 1807, the Prussian authorities recognized the need for major reforms of the army. By way of establishing a so-called Volksheer, a militia recruited by the people instead of paid mercenaries, recent losses of manpower should be overcome by making ordinary people fit for fighting in the army. ...
This paper provides a comparative analysis of European gymnastics systems in the nineteenth century against the context of today's World Gymnaestrada, the purely non-competitive, official world event of the International Gymnastics Federation. Framed by the central question ‘Who did what kind of gymnastics for which purposes?’, the paper discusses the original purposes, issues of participation and key principles of several gymnastics systems in nineteenth-century Europe. The paper particularly addresses not only two major gymnastics concepts emerging at that time, namely German Turnen and Swedish gymnastics, but also their adoption and adaptation in Denmark and the Czech region. This comparative, historical analysis provides valuable insights into the essence of the largely under-researched World Gymnaestrada in general, and into one of its core aims, specifically, namely the celebration of the diversity of gymnastics. In spite of dramatic social change, there seems to be a rather stable core in this respect. Yet, different from the original ideas of the nineteenth century, at today's World Gymnaestrada, the different gymnastics concepts are no longer the object of political struggles, but they are celebrated and complement each other.
... Though gymnastics has been promoted as a female-appropriate sport in the United States dating back to at least the 19 th Century (see Chisolm, 2007), the sport's feminine perception is a relatively recent phenomenon. Gymnastics was part of the Ancient Olympic Games, which were open only to male competitors, and has been used as both a form of military training (see Olivova, 1981;Combeau-Mari, 2011) and nation building (see Kruger, 1996). Cahn (1994) argues that the sport underwent a "sex change" (p. ...
Comparative data between skilled and unskilled performances in order to examine mechanical
determinants affecting the level of technical execution can arguably be beneficial to coaches
and sport specialists. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide descriptive and
comparative kinematic data on giant swings backward on the parallel bars judged by
internationally qualified judges as been more or less skillful. Video data was collected utilizing
a 60 Hz video camera. Fourteen giant swings were studied. Results showed no significant
differences between motion patterns of parallel bars giant swings backwards receiving—on a
scale from 0 to 1.0—more than 0.2 (unskilled) and less than 0.2 (skilled) deductions by
internationally qualified judges. However, overall data trends and comparison of the two giants
receiving the most and least deductions showed that different joint motion patterns might exist.
... It is another paradox that the politics of gymnastics is well studied in the 19th-century and inter-war period, but has largely been neglected for its most spectacular development under communism. Research has been carried out as to how the gymnastic movement shaped the national identity in Germany and Austria (Eisenberg, 1996;Krüger, 1996;Langewiesche, 1990;Mosse, 1975Mosse, , 1996Neumann, 1987;Überhorst, 1978;Weber, 1995;Weber and Black, 2000), Skandinavia (Eichberg, 1995a;Trangbaek, 1996), Eastern Europe (Blecking, 1990(Blecking, , 1992Girginov and Bankov, 2000;Liponski, 1996Liponski, , 1999Luh, 1988;Nolte, 2000) or United States (Barney, 1982). Similarly, research has been undertaken into the role played by gymnastics in the construction of gender roles (Bonde, 2000;Ljunggren, 2000;Nolte, 1993;Trangbaek, 1998) and class identity (Weber, 1971). ...
Under communism, the symbolic potential of the body was multiplied in the mass gymnastic displays in order to portray the society as disciplined, strong, happy and beautiful and thus to legitimize its leadership. These gymnastic rituals followed the volkisch tradition of 19th-century mass gymnastics, which aimed at mobilization and homogenization of the `imagined community' of the nation. Behind the symbolic play of the mass gymnastics, there was, as Kracauer pointed out, a deeper relationship between modernity with its mode of production and gymnastics with its mechanization of the body. The relation, however, was not a direct one, mass gymnastic displays were used to aestheticize the mass production and therefore to deny the very logic of instrumental rationality that both the gymnastics and the production were built upon.
... It is another paradox that the politics of gymnastics is well studied in the 19th-century and inter-war period, but has largely been neglected for its most spectacular development under communism. Research has been carried out as to how the gymnastic movement shaped the national identity in Germany and Austria (Eisenberg, 1996;Krüger, 1996;Langewiesche, 1990;Mosse, 1975Mosse, , 1996Neumann, 1987;Überhorst, 1978;Weber, 1995;Weber and Black, 2000), Skandinavia (Eichberg, 1995a;Trangbaek, 1996), Eastern Europe (Blecking, 1990(Blecking, , 1992Girginov and Bankov, 2000;Liponski, 1996Liponski, , 1999Luh, 1988;Nolte, 2000) or United States (Barney, 1982). Similarly, research has been undertaken into the role played by gymnastics in the construction of gender roles (Bonde, 2000;Ljunggren, 2000;Nolte, 1993;Trangbaek, 1998) and class identity (Weber, 1971). ...
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park is Scotland’s most visited
countryside destination. People seek tranquillity in national parks however,
tranquility is often overlooked in park management, particularly when
creating hiking routes. I used GIS mapping to incorporate tranquility into
hiking routes by creating a multi-criteria (layered) map of five factors
which contribute positively (naturalness perception, openness, & proximity
to water), and negatively (road noise, & visual pollutants) towards
tranquility. The result was a series of weighted maps which were used to
calculate optimal hiking routes for different needs. I propose 3 different
paths with the most accessibility, tranquility, and openness. I include
further reflection on the ways in which the park can boost tranquility, such
as traffic calming measures, and the consideration of tranquility in the
design of infrastructure.
Si le sport reste une pratique peu diffusée dans la France de 1914, les sociétés de gymnastique, de tir et de préparation militaire y sont au contraire très nombreuses. Elles visent essentiellement à former des jeunes hommes en bonne santé, en amont de leur service militaire, pour en faire de bons soldats. Il s’agit aussi de leur proposer des loisirs « sains ». Ces structures républicaines d’encadrement du temps libre entre l’école et l’armée permettent aussi de concurrencer les catholiques, qui développent leur propre réseau de patronages. Plus de 6000 associations sont ainsi agréées par le gouvernement à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale. Les sociétés « conscriptives », selon l’expression de Pierre Arnaud, ne disparaissent pas dans l’entre-deux-guerres, malgré l’essor du sport et du pacifisme. Au moins 3000 associations pratiquent encore la préparation militaire à la fin des années 1930.Cette thèse vise donc à prolonger une historiographie déjà riche, en proposant une étude au niveau national, sur toute la période de la Troisième République. L’Union des sociétés de préparation militaire de France, dirigée par Adophe Chéron, a fait l’objet d’une attention particulière. La politique de préparation militaire mise en œuvre laisse voir comment l’institutionnalisation croissante des pratiques conscriptives a largement influencé les premières politiques sportives. L’observation au plus près de la réalité locale des sociétés, notamment grâce à l’étude de sources associatives, fait apparaître la porosité entre les pratiques conscriptives et sportives jusque dans les années 1930. Cette étude menée dans plusieurs départements éclaire ainsi d’un jour nouveau l’histoire des activités physiques et sportives de la France de l’entre-deux-guerres. Enfin, une ébauche de comparatisme au niveau européen permet de replacer cette dynamique française dans une perspective plus large.L’étude de ces associations permet également, par un pas de côté chronologique, d’apporter une contribution à l’histoire de la Première Guerre mondiale. Leur développement, même s’il est limité numériquement, révèle une large militarisation de la société, jusque dans les loisirs juvéniles. 50 000 jeunes hommes reçoivent en effet le « brevet de préparation militaire », mis en place en 1908. Ainsi, des éléments d’une culture militaire sont diffusés, à la fois sur le plan idéologique et sur le plan pratique, avec par exemple l’essor de l’entrainement au tir. Cette culture militaire, construite durant plusieurs décennies, peut fonctionner comme un répertoire pour l’émergence des cultures de guerre, dès la mobilisation de 1914. Dans le même temps, les effectifs malgré tout assez réduits du mouvement préparatiste permettent de relativiser cette idée de militarisation, en soulignant les résistances à ces tentatives d’encadrement. Les pratiques conscriptives se révèlent alors beaucoup plus ambigües que ce qui pourrait apparaître au premier abord.Plus globalement, les sociétés de préparation militaire sont aussi une manifestation de l’essor de l’associationnisme à la fin du XIXe siècle, en particulier dans les campagnes. La sociologie de ces groupes fait apparaître la volonté des classes moyennes et supérieures d’encadrer les loisirs de jeunes hommes des classes populaires salariées. Les instituteurs sont des acteurs essentiels de la diffusion de cette forme associative. Ainsi, au-delà de leur aspect militaire, ces associations sont fondamentalement des espaces de sociabilités réinventées. On peut y lire une tentative de contrôle social, en s’appuyant notamment sur les travaux de Michel Foucault. Néanmoins, cette technologie de pouvoir révèle ses limites : les gymnastes paraissent indisciplinés, indociles, et la tentative d’encadrer leurs loisirs se solde globalement par un échec.
The first half of the twentieth century brought turbulent changes into the political and social scene of Hungary. Within a few decades the country shifted from being a partner in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, to the short-lived Hungarian – and later Soviet – Republic and ultimately to the independent Kingdom of Hungary. These changes strongly affected the ideologies of all fields of life, including landscape architectural and educational theory and practice. This paper discusses evolving Hungarian ideas about designing places for children in the international context of education, by following the changing concepts of play spaces, from designing for physical education and health, to the idea of training soldiers for an approaching war. By tracing the intricate links between these and the history of Hungary in the early twentieth century, the paper argues that the interwoven nature of design theory and the socio-political context of children’s spaces is key in understanding their development.
Gymnastics has a long history founded in entertainment and demonstration of athleticism. Over the course of several centuries, it has evolved into the current sport we know today. The rapid growth in popularity of gymnastics created the need for regulation. Currently the Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG) is the governing body for the sport with eight unique disciplines including women’s artistic gymnastics, men’s artistic gymnastics, acrobatic gymnastics, tumbling and trampoline, rhythmic gymnastics, aerobic gymnastics, Gymnastics for All, and parkour. Each discipline has an individual code of conduct, a code of points, eligibility criteria for participation, and varying requirements of strength, power, and flexibility.
This study uses the case of a German American association in the 1920s as a historical case study to gain a better understanding of the integration of an immigrant group in American society. Philanthropy, membership recruitment tactics, and associational mission are used as analytical categories in the analysis of German Americans’ processes of assimilation against the background of the aftermath of the First World War and Prohibition. Philanthropy and associational membership provide a vantage point for studying dynamics of identity, assimilation, and integration. The study argues that the difficulty of transitioning from a membership of German origin to a membership of second-generation immigrants played a major role in the progressive membership decline of this organization. This study points to challenges of an ethnic-based membership association in maintaining its relevance within an immigrant community in the face major political, social, and economic transformations, while attempting to renew its membership.
Every four years, gymnasts from all corners of the globe come together to demonstrate the diversity of group gymnastics at the World Gymnaestrada, the official non-competitive world event of the International Gymnastics Federation. This chapter focuses on the particular nature of identity that unfolds among the participants in the context of the 2011 Gymnaestrada in Lausanne, Switzerland. Informed by ethnographic principles and drawing on qualitative data, the chapter argues that the World Gymnaestrada provides a unique platform to celebrate a collective, supra-national identity that reveals itself dialogically in both a social and physical sense and that is both episodic and perpetual. The chapter offers valuable insights into the nature of this largely under-researched international event and the particular identity discourses it yields.
Enjoying a surge of national pride, the German media celebrated the 2010 German World Cup team's success in South Africa. A dominant theme in this coverage was the ‘immigration background’ of 11 of the 23 players on the team and their claim to German identity despite their ethnic diversity. Amid debate over the changing nature of German citizenship, the national team's ‘multicultural kickers’ became the focal point for those who wished to re-frame German identity. This article examines German newspaper and magazine coverage of the national soccer team emphasizing the role that media played in constructing competing definitions of the German citizen and nation.
In setting the scene for this paper it is important to clarify the relationship of a highly evolved sport and competition in society to the use of “gymnastics” over time. The conceptual attitude towards the value o f sport in the international community is integral to (and part of) understanding the aesthetic heritage of gymnastics. The value of gymnastics in its various forms at the Games of Antiquity was that it was predominantly an activity which brought communities together to contest prizes at Olympic competitions. At these ancient events the innate human drive to compete and promote physical endeavour through sport may have been judged to bring about the higher-order social benefits of sharing, enjoying and celebrating each other’s differences in peaceful competition. From this, some of the ideals of the Modem Olympic Movement may have emerged and now contribute to the notion of Olympic Legacy and world peace that is currently aspired to. Therefore, if we have a full overview of the aesthetic heritage of gymnastics we may be able to appreciate and judge for ourselves not only the quality of gymnastics performance itself but also, judge for ourselves
in a more informed way the social conditions and constraints that may have been overcome to contribute their special performance to the Olympic arena.
In 1948, the American Military Government worked with Swiss soccer officials to organise Germany's first post-war international matches, three simultaneous German–Swiss intercity games. The American occupation authorities viewed these games as part of their broader efforts to help teach Germans about democracy, as a way for the international community to begin the process of reaccepting Germany and as a way to raise funds for charitable purposes tied to the reconstruction efforts. These games received tremendous popular support in Germany and Switzerland from football officials, the general public and the press. These German–Swiss games also facilitated Germany's return to the international community by forcing one of the most powerful international sport federations to address Germany's exclusion. Through a combination of materials from military governments, football federations and the press, this article examines how states used the internationalism of sport to obtain diplomatic aims. With these three intercity matches, football provided a venue for Germans to participate in relations with other countries while Germany itself remained excluded from the traditional international relations of diplomats.
This article investigates the intersection of space, culture and the moving body in Tel Aviv during the British Mandate of Palestine. Established in 1909 as a garden suburb of Jaffa, by the 1920s Tel Aviv had become the dynamic cultural and economic center of the Jewish community in Palestine. The culture of Tel Aviv was highly influenced by its natural setting but, as the ‘first Hebrew city’, it was also impacted by the processes of urbanization. Through analysis of a variety of developments in the physical culture arena, this article uncovers how the burgeoning metropolis both drew from and shaped the physical environment.
Zur politischen und gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Turner zwischen 1811 und 1871
- D Langewiesche
- .. Fur Volk
- Vaterland
D. Langewiesche, '"... fur Volk und Vaterland kraftig zu wiirken..." Zur politischen und gesellschaftlichen Rolle der Turner zwischen 1811 und 1871' in O. Grupe (ed.), Kulturgut oder Kiirperkult? Sport und Sportwissenschuft im Wandel Tubingen, 1990), pp.22-61, esp. p.52.
Studien iiber die Deutschen
- N Elias
N. Elias, Studien iiber die Deutschen. Machtkiimpfe und Habitusentwicklung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt, 1990, 3. Aufl.), p.210. (trans. E. Dunning and S. Mennell under the title The Germans, Oxford, 1996).
Revolution von oben? Krieg und Nationalstaatsgriindung' in ibid
- D For
- Langewiesche
For example D. Langewiesche, 'Revolution von oben? Krieg und Nationalstaatsgriindung' in ibid, (ed.) Revolution und Krieg. Zur Dynamik historischen Wandels seit dem IS. Jahrhundert (Paderborn, 1989), pp.
was opposed to the Prussian politics of hegemony in Germany and was fighting against Prussia in the German 'brother's war' of 1864 on the side of Austria
- Saxony
Saxony, like Bavaria, was opposed to the Prussian politics of hegemony in Germany and was fighting against Prussia in the German 'brother's war' of 1864 on the side of Austria.
Studien tiber die Deutschen, p.69. Downloaded by
- N Elias
N. Elias, Studien tiber die Deutschen, p.69. Downloaded by [University of Toronto Libraries] at 10:48 03 January 2015