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The Archbold Expeditions to New Guinea: A Preliminary Survey of Archival Materials Held at the American Museum of Natural History, New York City
... Setting the standard as the best and most comprehensive example of such expeditionary source material publication is probably Welsch's (1998) two-volume publication of the records and collections assembled from many different areas of Melanesia by A.B. Lewis, in collecting trips for Chicago's Field Museum from 1909 to 1913, under the auspices of the Joseph N. Field South Pacific Expedition. 24 Michael Cookson (2000) has also published a survey of the papers of the Archbold Expeditions to New Guinea at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and Larry Lake of Messianah College, Pennsylvania is preparing a larger work based on those archival papers. An exceptionally productive project that has published many kinds of source materials about western New Guinea (not just scientific expedition records) is the "Irian Jaya source materials" project which was part of the IRIS ("Upgrading of Irianese scholars in the field of Irian Jaya studies") project, launched jointly in 1991 by three organizations: the Irian Jaya Studies Center (IJSC) in Jayapura, the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) in Jakarta, and the Projects Divison of the Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania (DSALCUL), Faculty of Arts, Leiden University (Netherlands). ...
"Interpretive Essay" 1 of 3 in: "By Aeroplane to Pygmyland: Revisiting the 1926 Dutch and American Expedition to New Guinea" by Paul Michael Taylor. (Smithsonian Institution Libraries Digital Editions) http://www.sil.si.edu/expeditions/1926/ The full website appends to these interpretive essays the annotated and edited multimedia source materials about this historic 1926 expedition. These include expedition diaries by Matthew W. Stirling and Stanley Hedberg, over 700 photographs, and approximately two hours of original film footage.
Matthew W. Stirling (1896-1975) never published, in anything more than incomplete and ephemeral fashion, the American records of the “Stirling Expedition” – the historic 1926 Dutch and American joint expedition to Netherlands New Guinea. The expedition of over 400 participants was carried out from April to December, 1926, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C., USA) and the Indies Committee for Scientific Research (Batavia, Netherlands East Indies). The expedition was initially under Stirling’s leadership though after a series of intrigues, variously described in public accounts of the expedition as a cooperative scientific agreement (or in Stirling’s private letters as “blackmail”1), overall leadership of the expedition was turned over, in June of that year, to the botanist in charge of the Dutch scientific party, Dr. Willem Marius Docters van Leeuwen, director of the Botanical Gardens in Buitenzorg. Americans sources have usually called this expedition the “Stirling Expedition," though Dutch sources sometimes called it the “American-Dutch Expedition” or most commonly the “Dutch-American Expedition” of 1926. It was a major scientific expedition up the Mamberamo River of western New Guinea (and also the last expedition up its Rouffaer or Taritau tributary), in what was formerly called “Irian Jaya” province, in eastern Indonesia.
This introductory essay describes this overall publication of the expedition’s source materials and its goals, suggests some reasons why the publication of such materials contributes to current issues in history and anthropology (in addition to providing historic data), and outlines potential future valuable directions for this project.
Publication Date: 2006
... A timeline of relevant events over the period 1950 to 2000 is shown in Fig. 1 RRA & FIM 1976-19801981-19901991-2000PNGRIS Phase I MASP 1951-19601961-19701971 Surveys period PNGRIS B Historical Records of Australian Science decentralisation and the development of regional and remote areas. 8 In October 1944 a Regional Planning Section was established within the Department of Post-War Reconstruction, under Departmental Secretary H. C. Coombs, one of its objectives being to plan the economic development of northern Australia. ...
Following Papua New Guinea (PNG) Independence in 1975, the new administration approached Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) directly concerning the need to address issues related to food security and village-based agriculture. A subsequent series of collaborative research projects between CSIRO and PNG government departments built upon the existing survey information to provide PNG with one of the earliest national-level, computer-based resource information systems, with widespread applications, particularly in agriculture, forestry, environmental management and planning. Part 1 of this historical review discussed the evolution, conduct and outcomes of the CSIRO integrated surveys over the period 1950-75, while Part 2 describes the subsequent research projects that arose from the surveys and concluded in 2000. In addition, the legacy of CSIRO involvement in land research in PNG is examined in relation to advances made both within individual scientific disciplines and in other relevant technological fields, and to operational challenges and structural change within the organisation.
... Discoveries of other species of New Guinea moss-mice followed over the next decades. After extensive collecting in western New Guinea under the banner of the Third Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (Brass, 1941;Archbold et al., 1942;Cookson, 2000), George Tate and Richard Archbold reported the discovery of another new genus and species of moss-mouse, Microhydromys richardsoni, collected not in montane forest but in lowland hill forest, along the Idenburg River on the northern slopes of the Snow Mountains (Tate and Archbold, 1941). Tate (1951) later reported another new species, described as Pseudohydromys occidentalis, collected during the same expedition in upper montane forests around Lake Habbema, high in the Snow Mountains. ...
Morphological investigations involving nearly all available museum material representing New Guinea “moss-mice” (rodents traditionally classified in the genera Pseudohydromys, Neohydromys, Mayermys, and Microhydromys) reveal outstanding undiagnosed taxic diversity (a minimum of 16 species, versus the eight species previously described) and allow for redefinition of generic boundaries among these little-studied rodents. Apart from Microhydromys Tate and Archbold, 1941 (comprising two species, as recently revised by Helgen et al., in press), herein we recognize two genera of New Guinea moss-mice: Pseudohydromys Rümmler, 1934 (now incorporating Neohydromys Laurie, 1952, Mayermys Laurie and Hill, 1954, and “Microhydromys” musseri Flannery, 1989) and a newly described genus, Mirzamys. Species of Pseudohydromys are recorded from montane areas throughout New Guinea (elevations spanning 600 to at least 3800 meters), including the mountain ranges of the Central Cordillera, the Huon Peninsula, and the North Coastal ranges. We diagnose and review 12 species of Pseudohydromys, including six species described as new. The new genus Mirzamys is erected to accommodate two newly described species of small terrestrial rodents from middle and upper montane forests and subalpine grassland edges (1900–3450 m) in the mountains of central New Guinea. Together these two new species represent a distinctive hydromyin lineage that resembles the terrestrial New Guinea hydromyin genera Pseudohydromys and Paraleptomys in various traits. Ecological attributes of all recognized moss-mice taxa, both previously and newly described, are reviewed in light of all information currently available about their biology.
We examined global records of accessible natural history voucher collections (with publicly available data and reliable locality data) for terrestrial and freshwater vascular plants, fungi, freshwater fishes, birds, mammals, and herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) and highlight areas of the world that would be considered undersampled and sometimes called ‘unexplored’ ( i.e ., have relatively low, or no evidence of, past sampling efforts) under typical Western-scientific descriptions. We also question what ‘unexplored’ may mean in these contexts and explain how replacing the term in favor of more nuanced phrasing ( e.g ., ‘biodiversity blindspots,’ which emphasizes the lack of publicly available data about specimens) can mitigate future misunderstandings of natural history science. We also highlight geographic regions where there are relatively few or no publicly available natural history records to raise awareness about habitats that might be worthy of future natural history research and conservation. A major finding is that many of the areas that appear ‘unexplored’ may be in countries whose collections are not digitized ( i.e ., they don’t have metadata such as GPS coordinates about their voucher specimens publicly available). We call for museums to prioritize digitizing those collections from these ‘biodiversity blindspots’ and for increased funding for museums to aid in these efforts. We also argue for increased scientific infrastructure so that more reference collections with vouchers can be kept in the countries of origin (particularly those countries lacking such infrastructure currently).
Receiving its independence just in 1975 Papua New Guinea (PNG) is still a ‘new’ nation. While PNG as a ‘nation construct’ received its international status it was way too late. PNG is a ‘rural’ country and second-largest island in the world, but it actually is a nation of world records and of global relevance. Already the topography, biodiversity, marine life and the very diverse human society are stunning; humans can be traced back to PNG for easily over 47,000 years. But PNG is not short of problems and challenges. And according to many western nations and their (industrial) performance metrics, PNG gets classified as a failed nation, e.g. by Australia, business people and many colonial scholars alike. But then, PNG is essentially a western experiment that got pushed for Australian cost-savings from the stone age via colonial times straight into globalization and neocolonialism within less than a generation. PNG is modeled with an underlying Westminster governance scheme but lacks a solid tax base and computing power, and is not a typical industrial power house. PNG is a brainchild of the western world, namely colonial nations and adjacent Australia mandated by the UN, and those minds are to blame for any subsequent failure of PNG’s design and PNG itself in the wider ‘Pacific Theater.’ Instead, in PNG a widespread and quite well-to-do society and successful community governance policy is found: tribal rules and the Wantok system. At minimum, it’s resilient, has a proven deep-time sustainability record and actually keeps the nation afloat while most western measures—led by the former colonial powers, development aid and global powerhouses like Australia, UK and the U.S. and now also China—show environmental bankruptcy, including financial and social exploitation. Trying for over 300 years, the western world still cannot comprehend PNG well and the international business community has not progressed well in PNG while the deep times still rule and survive, including sorcery.KeywordsPapua New Guinea (PNG)Failed StatesPolitical experimentsIndependenceGlobalizationGlobal governance
Mathematical approaches assessing similarity in terms of culture, geography, and zoological components were applied to nine online collections of New Guinean necklaces. When mapped in multidimensional space for peoples, no strong clustering of collections was found, and for provinces two collections formed a distinct cluster from the rest. In zoological space there was no clustering, but one collection occupied a distinctly separate space. A highly significant ( p < .001) effect of collection on the zoological species richness was found. There were significant differences ( p < .05) in zoological entropy between several collections, and a degree of uncertainty or surprise in the zoological composition of the necklace collections. The processes behind such patterns are likely complex, and may reflect issues of funding, unconscious bias, and colonial or missionary histories. The methods explored provide diagnostic tools useful for testing the underlying structures and bias of collections.
During the period 1953-69, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) conducted fourteen integrated land resource surveys in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea with the aim of identifying areas suitable for accelerated development. The resulting reconnaissance-level regional survey reports and maps provided extensive baseline information for national development planning. Related disciplinary publications expanded scientific knowledge of land resources and resource use in the wet tropics more generally. Substantial botanical collections carried out during the surveys contributed to building the Papua New Guinea (PNG) national collection at the Lae Herbarium and to the establishment of what is now the Australian National Herbarium.
Before their encounter with the immigrants, the Balim religious life
centered in their honai adat (traditional house). However, since the presence of
divine religions, the center of their ritual and spiritual life is devolving to churches
or mosques, and marginalizes the role of the honai adat. The presence of divine
religions has contributed to peoples way of life, especially in broadening the
perspective of the Balim about human beings. The extent of human relations
perspective has played a major role in relativizing the influence of traditional
values to their ways of thinking and behaving. With few exceptions, the general
color manifested in the relationship between the two belief systems is the
dominance of the divine religions to local one. Conversion to the divine religions
and process of community building in one religion is not merely a faith event,
but also part of the cultural process, part of a strategy to open an access to
a better life in economy, socio-politics, or even in spiritual aspects. In this case,
the divine religions are challenged to present their faces as the ways of salvation
which is humane and civilized.
Aspiciliopsis macrophthalma and 38 species of Placopsis are recognized in the New Zealand mycobiota. Placopsis campbelliana, and P. erosa are newly described. A key to species is given, together with details of synonymy and typification, descriptions of all taxa, their chemistry, distribution, ecology and biogeographical affinities. Lichenicolous fungi parasitising species of Placopsis are recorded. The importance of Placopsis as a fast-growing and active nitrogen-fixer in natural ecosystems is noted as well as the role of certain species in processes of soil consolidation and natural environmental repair processes. The utility of some species for lichenometric studies in recently deglaciated environments of the Southern Hemisphere is also noted.
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