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Shoring the foundations of the destination life cycle model, part 1: Ontological and epistemological considerations
Tourism Geographies
Abstract
Butler's destination life cycle model has been a popular source of research inspiration within tourism geography. After 20 years, the model still stands as the theoretical benchmark. This paper attempts to shore up the model's theoretical foundations by specifying and elaborating upon ontological and epistemological elements. Giddens' structuration theory and Glaser's concept of 'basic social process' are utilized for ontological aspects. Comparative examination of four types of process (human life cycle, product life cycle, port development and ecosuccession) indicated that seven features were of epistemological concern: the unit-entity; its characteristics; its users; stages as conceptual units; change mechanisms; macro-structural conditions; and typical stage sequence. These are discussed in relation to the existing destination area literature. A synthesis presents a modified form of the model and a suggested method for how to incorporate the ontological and epistemological elements into case research.
... • Construir el CVDT de Tandil a través de las adaptaciones sugeridas al MCVDT original (Butler, 1980) por Johnston (2001) Virgen Aguilar (2009), Cáceres (2001), Álvarez Alonso (2004), Rodríguez González (2015) y López Guevara (2011). ...
... Asimismo, ha sido señalada la dificultad en algunos destinos de utilizar la afluencia turística como variable en la construcción del MCVDT, ya que es frecuente que los registros de estos datos estén infravalorados, incompletos o no existan en absoluto. En su reemplazo se han propuesto diferentes variables que permiten la construcción del modelo, siendo la evolución de las unidades o plazas de alojamiento y la tasa de ocupación las más aplicadas en estudios empíricos: esta posición es defendida por varios autores como Virgen Aguilar (2009), Johnston (2001), Cáceres (2001), y López Guevara (2011) Revista Realidad, Tendencias y Desafíos en Turismo | CONDET Año XX Volumen 18 Nº1/ Ene-Jun de 2020 ISSN 01850-4787; e-ISSN 2545-6199 | http://www.condet.edu.ar entre otros. ...
... No obstante ello, se ha sugerido que existen otras variables ligadas al macro y micro entorno del destino, que podrían favorecer o acortar su ciclo de vida. Ejemplos de ellas son la erosión del medio ambiente local, la llegada de desastres naturales o guerras, el desarrollo de destinos sustitutos, la mejora en el acceso al destino, la pérdida de calidad en el suministro turístico o el daño resultante de la masificación, el aumento de la construcción de segundas residencias, la dependencia de un mercado emisor, el apoyo u oposición de la población local a la actividad turística, entre otros (Knowles y Curtis 1999;Johnston, 2001;Soares, Gândara e Ivars-Baidal, 2012). Al respecto, Diedrich y García-Buardes (2009) concluyen, luego de analizar el caso de Belice, que la percepción negativa de la población residente hacia los impactos del turismo puede utilizarse como un indicador de la presencia de la fase de declive. ...
RESUMEN
El artículo analiza la evolución histórica y la situación actual del turismo en Tandil, Argentina tomando como referencia a la Teoría de los Ciclos de Vida de los Destinos Turísticos. Los resultados muestran que la ciudad ha seguido a grandes rasgos el comportamiento sigmoideo descripto por Butler (1980), habiendo sido sus fases establecidas de la siguiente manera: exploración (1919-1943), involucramiento (1944-1981), desarrollo (1982-actualidad).
PALABRAS CLAVE
Tandil - Ciclo de vida de destinos turísticos - Evolución de destinos turísticos - TALC.
... Más recientemente, López Guevara (2011) coincide en utilizar la variable plazas de alojamiento, en conjunto con la ocupación hotelera para la determinación del CVDT. De esta manera, crea una suerte de cuadro de actuación para gestores turísticos con seis escenarios posibles que se resumen en la tabla N°3 presentada a continuación: Continuando con los aportes relacionados con aspectos metodológicos del MCVDT, es posible decir que varios autores (Getz, 1992;Cooper, 1994;Agarwal, 1997;Priestley y Mundet, 1998;Johnston, 2001, entre otros) han señalado que el CVDT varía en función de la escala de análisis utilizada y el segmento de mercado analizado. Esto es importante, ya que en Butler (1980) no hay alusiones ni a la escala de análisis ni a la delimitación temporal a utilizar. ...
... Sin embargo, diversos autores han encontrado que cambios en las condiciones micro o macroestructurales, podrían llegar a favorecer o acortar el ciclo de vida del destino. Ejemplo de ello son la erosión del medio ambiente local, la llegada de desastres naturales y/o guerras, el desarrollo de destinos sustitutos, la mejora en los accesos hacia el destino, la pérdida de calidad en la oferta turística o su desgaste producto de la masificación, el aumento de la construcción de segundas residencias, la dependencia de un mercado emisor, el apoyo o la oposición de la población local, entre otros (Knowles y Curtis 1999;Johnston, 2001;Soares y Gandara, 2010). Con respecto a este último factor, Diedrich y Garcia-Buardes (2009) después de analizar el caso de Belice, llegan a la conclusión de que la percepción negativa de la población residente hacia los impactos del turismo, puede utilizarse como un indicador de declive. ...
... Otras de las críticas que se le hacen a Butler (1980) tiene que ver con la dificultad de diferenciar nítidamente las fases y con el hecho de que éstas sólo son evidenciables post-facto (Haywood, 1986;Cooper y Jackson, 1989). Johnston (2001), por su parte, en base a Priestley y Mundet (1998) y a Russell y Faulkner (1998) agrega que existen eventos que en su acumulación acaban causando cambios de fase en el ciclo de vida. Estos eventos pueden ser de dos tipos. ...
El presente trabajo constituye una revisión en profundidad de la literatura en torno a los modelos de ciclo de vida de los destinos turísticos. Se comienza describiendo el modelo Butler, para luego analizar las críticas que ha recibido de otros autores y las adaptaciones que han sido propuestas. Sobre el final se exponen los modelos Miossec y Chadefaud. Se concluye validando la vigencia del modelo como un marco de referencia importante en la evolución de los espacios turísticos y se destaca la conveniencia de complementarlo con análisis adicionales que apunten a evaluar la sustentabilidad del destino e identifiquen situaciones de alerta y posibles cursos de acción. Palabras clave: ciclo de vida-destinos turísticos-Butler
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ABSTRACT
The present article constitutes an in-depth review of the literature on the life cycle models of tourist destinations. It begins by describing Butler´s model, in order to later analyze the criticisms it has received from other authors and the adaptations that have been proposed. The Miossec´s and Chadefaud´s models are exhibited at the end. It is concluded by ratifying the validity of the model as an important frame of reference in the evolution of tourist spaces and it is emphasized the convenience of complementing it with additional analyzes that aim to assess the sustainability of the destination and identify alert situations as well as possible courses of action.
... También existe una dicotomía aún vigente frente a la utilidad del modelo de cvat: en primer lugar, están quienes lo aprecian como un instrumento descriptivo de las etapas por las que transita el área turística y destacan su importancia como instrumento útil para la planificación turística y la toma de decisiones (Cooper, 1990;Haywood, 1986;Johnston, 2001); en segundo lugar, se encuentra una deficiencia en su aplicabilidad y en argumentos teóricos suficientes que soporten su validez (Haywood, 1986;Hovinen, 2002;Johnston, 2001). ...
... También existe una dicotomía aún vigente frente a la utilidad del modelo de cvat: en primer lugar, están quienes lo aprecian como un instrumento descriptivo de las etapas por las que transita el área turística y destacan su importancia como instrumento útil para la planificación turística y la toma de decisiones (Cooper, 1990;Haywood, 1986;Johnston, 2001); en segundo lugar, se encuentra una deficiencia en su aplicabilidad y en argumentos teóricos suficientes que soporten su validez (Haywood, 1986;Hovinen, 2002;Johnston, 2001). ...
... Haywood (1986) discute que la versatilidad del desarrollo turístico, las variaciones en el crecimiento, los impactos y niveles del desarrollo turístico propician áreas turísticas diferentes y que, por lo tanto, su evolución es distinta: no existen dos ciclos de vida iguales. Esto sin contemplar que no todos los destinos turísticos tienen la misma secuencia de las etapas que plantea el modelo y que no todos los destinos turísticos pasan por todos los estadios, ni tampoco estas áreas cumplen con la secuencia lógica de los estadios propuestos en el modelo (García, 2014;Getz, 1992;Johnston, 2001;Moore y Whitehall, 2005). ...
El cvat hace un análisis de las fases evolutivas del desarrollo turístico a partir de cambios en el crecimiento de la demanda, la expansión del equipamiento turístico, la infraestructura y otros factores que inciden en el destino. Con el propósito de explorar las perspectivas teórica y metodológica del cvat a partir del modelo de Butler y de encontrar enfoques aplicados en áreas protegidas (ap) de uso turístico a la calidad de vida y al bienestar social de la población receptora, se hizo un análisis de las publicaciones disponibles, con bases de datos multidisciplinarias de isi Web of Knowledge y Google Scholar por tema a partir de 1980, año en que se publicó la primera investigación de Butler. Se utilizaron las palabras clave “tourism life cycle” y “tourism area life cycle”. Se identificaron aproximadamente seis estudios empíricos en ap con enfoques y análisis multidisciplinarios. Se concluyó que se han realizado nuevas propuestas significativas al modelo que además se adecúan a las necesidades de cada área turística. También se evidenció que existe una relación directa entre cvat, calidad de vida y bienestar social de la población de acogida. Igualmente, se evidenció una tendencia al uso de la geografía económica evolutiva para el estudio de la evolución de las áreas turísticas.
... Studies have adopted a variety of frameworks to understand tourism development processes, such as the Miossec (1976) model, the Leiper (1979) framework, the Butler (1980) model, and the development spectrum framework advanced by Prideaux (2000). Considering that each tourist destination has a life cycle (Butler 1980;Agarwal 1997;and Johnston 2001), the tourism development process can be divided into meaningful stages and sub-stages. Telfer & Sharpley (2008) point out that the stages a destination goes through in its life cycle normally occur over a long period of time, but some destinations skip several stages. ...
... Rejuvenation is the outcome of successful strategies arising from a period of introspection and of drawing inspiration and lessons from other destinations (Howie 2003). Butler's model has been applied, criticised and modified over the years (Bennett 1995;Agarwal 1997;Johnston 2001;Hovinen 2002;Bennett en Strydom 2005;Rodriguez, Lopez & Estevez 2008). Despite criticisms, the model remains useful as a portrayal of resort development, though it is more descriptive than normative (Johnston 2001). ...
... Butler's model has been applied, criticised and modified over the years (Bennett 1995;Agarwal 1997;Johnston 2001;Hovinen 2002;Bennett en Strydom 2005;Rodriguez, Lopez & Estevez 2008). Despite criticisms, the model remains useful as a portrayal of resort development, though it is more descriptive than normative (Johnston 2001). The life-cycle model works well for resorts where tourism is the principal activity, but less well in more complex places (Howie 2003). ...
... The spatial development of OTA has shifted from a "base source" dominated destination to a "service source" based destination through the development of the necessary post-hoc services to satisfy increased demand. Johnston (2001) and Smith (1988). (Source: Author) Figure 4 shows that the service resources that have been built in the 2nd degree archaeological protected area include almost all Tier types that have been indicated in Johnston's (2001) study. ...
... Johnston (2001) and Smith (1988). (Source: Author) Figure 4 shows that the service resources that have been built in the 2nd degree archaeological protected area include almost all Tier types that have been indicated in Johnston's (2001) study. The extracted satellite images showed that the majority of the structures are Tier 1 type service units that are consisted of accommodation units, souvenirs shops, food and beverages units that are serving directly to tourists and also discotheque -new source creation-which has developed separately from the concentration of other tourism units. ...
Heritage tourism destinations (HTDs) in rural places host not only tourists and tourism service facilities but also negative consequences such as urbanization and overtourism-based spatial transformation on the social, economic, and physical landscape. This paper aims to investigate the ontological groundings of a rehashed overtourism phenomenon by employing an integrative reviewing method of related literature with a focus on rural HTDs and reveal the landscape change by extracting the spatial transformation from satellite images and historical orthophotos of Olympos/Turkey by using semi-automatic classification analysis in QGIS. The findings implicate that the indicators of overtourism can be grounded on the latest levels of the Creative Destruction Model, the Vicious Circle, and the Tourismification approaches, however, still there is a need for reconceptualization of the phenomenon. Moreover, the findings showed that the modus operandi of overtourism-based spatial expansion of tourism service units in protected areas follows a path through the gaps between the two inverse philosophies of protection and use which is critical for stage changes in the evolution process of HTD.
... Since heritage is often treated as a commodity in contemporary society for economic uses, especially as tourism sites (Ashworth & Tunbridge, 2000), the TALC model was deemed relevant for this analysis. Due to the difficulty in identifying the specific tourism stage in which contested heritage forms, based on the reviewed papers and the six phases of the TALC model, a simplified version of the original model (Johnston, 2001) with three eras, namely pre-tourism era, tourism era and posttourism era was applied (Figure 7). According to Johnston (2001), the pre-tourism era is theorized to surpass the exploration phase, extending through into the involvement phase with the domination of an unchanged institution; a tourism era will carry on through the maturity epoch and may even include a post-stagnation phase, and a post-tourism period starts when a new institution begins to dominate at the locale. ...
... Due to the difficulty in identifying the specific tourism stage in which contested heritage forms, based on the reviewed papers and the six phases of the TALC model, a simplified version of the original model (Johnston, 2001) with three eras, namely pre-tourism era, tourism era and posttourism era was applied (Figure 7). According to Johnston (2001), the pre-tourism era is theorized to surpass the exploration phase, extending through into the involvement phase with the domination of an unchanged institution; a tourism era will carry on through the maturity epoch and may even include a post-stagnation phase, and a post-tourism period starts when a new institution begins to dominate at the locale. There were 14 papers investigating contested heritage in the pre-tourism era. ...
Contested heritage has increasingly been studied by scholars over the last two decades in multiple disciplines, however, there is still limited knowledge about what contested heritage is and how it is realized in society. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to produce a systematic literature review on this topic to provide a holistic understanding of contested heritage, and delineate its current state, trends and gaps. Methodologically, four electronic databases were searched, and 102 journal articles published before 2020 were extracted. A content analysis of each article was then conducted to identify key themes and variables for classification. Findings show that while its research often lacks theoretical underpinnings, contested heritage is marked by its diversity and complexity as it becomes a global issue for both tourism and urbanization. By presenting a holistic understanding of contested heritage, this review offers an extensive investigation of the topic area to help move literature pertaining contested heritage forward.
... Since heritage is often treated as a commodity in contemporary society for economic uses, especially as tourism sites (Ashworth & Tunbridge, 2000), the TALC model was deemed relevant for this analysis. Due to the difficulty in identifying the specific tourism stage in which contested heritage forms, based on the reviewed papers and the six phases of the TALC model, a simplified version of the original model (Johnston, 2001) with three eras, namely pre-tourism era, tourism era and posttourism era was applied (Figure 7). According to Johnston (2001), the pre-tourism era is theorized to surpass the exploration phase, extending through into the involvement phase with the domination of an unchanged institution; a tourism era will carry on through the maturity epoch and may even include a post-stagnation phase, and a post-tourism period starts when a new institution begins to dominate at the locale. ...
... Due to the difficulty in identifying the specific tourism stage in which contested heritage forms, based on the reviewed papers and the six phases of the TALC model, a simplified version of the original model (Johnston, 2001) with three eras, namely pre-tourism era, tourism era and posttourism era was applied (Figure 7). According to Johnston (2001), the pre-tourism era is theorized to surpass the exploration phase, extending through into the involvement phase with the domination of an unchanged institution; a tourism era will carry on through the maturity epoch and may even include a post-stagnation phase, and a post-tourism period starts when a new institution begins to dominate at the locale. There were 14 papers investigating contested heritage in the pre-tourism era. ...
Dalian is a particular Chinese city, which was occupied for half a century successively by the British, Japanese, and Russian Empires before 1949, with each imposing its own urban planning and building styles onto the city’s development. Since 1984, with China’s open-door policy and economic reform, dramatic changes have taken place in Dalian, transforming it into a modern and famous tourist destination within the country. However, with its rapid urbanisation, the built heritage is being compromised, and the preservation of colonial legacy has become contested. This paper reviews the unique planning history of Dalian and the challenges the city faces regarding its contested heritage, with a special focus on the case of Dongguan Street, which is a colonial legacy without any official designated status. Conflict arises between those who want to erase what they feel is a humiliating past, to make way for the modern city, and the ones who value the legacy to save the endangered heritage that remains.
... Durante años, el estudio de la evolución de los destinos turísticos ha utilizado como principal herramienta el Modelo del Ciclo de Vida de los Destinos Turísticos (MCVDT), desarrollado por Richard Butler en 1980. Su surgimiento dio lugar a grandes discusiones generando una vasta literatura enfocada tanto en su aplicación como en reformulaciones del modelo y críticas a éste (Diedrich y García, 2009;Agarwal, 2002;Cohen y Shoval, 2004;Vera, 2004;Johnston, 2001;Priestley y Mundet, 1998y Getz, 1992. Extenso ha sido el escrutinio del cual ha sido objeto, y amplias las adaptaciones para cada uno de los contextos donde se ha aplicado, sin olvidar el debate que ha generado tanto dentro de la disciplina del turismo, como en otros campos de conocimiento, entre los que destacan la mercadotecnia y la geografía. ...
... En dicho enfoque, la capacidad de carga turística podría ser representada por una línea horizontal a lo largo del tiempo en el punto de mayor número de visitantes; sin embargo, esta lógica no toma en cuenta las diferencias territoriales, ambientales, socioculturales ni los diversos tipos de turismo que hacen que cada localidad tenga una capacidad de carga diferente (Diedrich y García-Buades 2008). Por su parte, Johnston (2001) se pronunció por la cuantificación de las unidades de alojamiento para determinar la madurez alcanzada por los destinos y poder definir medidas de gestión pertinentes. Agarwal (2002) realizó una revisión de cómo se reestructuran los destinos cuando se encuentran en una fase de declive e introduce toda una teoría de restructuración productiva, la cual cuenta con una amplia aceptación, en gran medida porque facilita el uso del MCVDT en lugares maduros que requieren reposicionarse. ...
Desde su surgimiento, el Modelo del Ciclo de Vida de los Destinos Turísticos
(MCVDT) desarrollado en el año 1980 por Richard Butler, dio lugar a grandes
discusiones y generó una vasta literatura enfocada a su aplicación. Extenso ha sido el
escrutinio del cual ha sido objeto, y amplias sus adaptaciones. En este trabajo, a través de
una revisión bibliográfica, se busca establecer su origen, concepción y tratamiento, que
ha llevado a lo largo de más de tres décadas, con la finalidad de determinar su vigencia
como modelo estratégico de gestión y planeación dentro del ámbito del turismo así como
sus limitantes conceptuales
... Berry (2001, citado en Gore et al., 2022) plantea que los indicadores dependerán de varios factores que serán diferentes en cada región o que dependen del interés del investigador, lo cual no aporta a la discusión. El indicador más utilizado ha sido el de arribo de turistas (Cohen-Hattab y Shoval, 2004;Papatheodorou, 2004;Águilo et al., 2005;Moore y Whitehall;Bardolet y Sheldon, 2008;Zhong et al., 2008;Kapczynski y Szromek, 2008;Lozano et al., 2008;Almeida y Correia, 2010;Pratt, 2011;Albadalejo et al., 2016;Lee y Weaver, 2014;Ma y Hassink, 2014;Fan et al., 2019) siguiéndole el de plazas de alojamiento (Johnston, 2001;Hovinen, 2002;Cáceres y Rodríguez, 2002;Cohen-Hattab y Shoval, 2004;Karplus y Krakover, 2005;Lozano et al., 2008;Henderson, 2008;Virgen, 2009;López, 2011;Diez, 2019). ...
El presente trabajo busca describir los fundamentos teóricos del modelo de Ciclo de Vida del Área Turística (CVAT) de Butler. Por ello, desde una revisión documental, se analiza el interés de diseñar un modelo de CVAT, su actualización para continuar vigente, y las críticas que posicionan a su autor como protagonista en la evolución de destinos turísticos. Se concluye que aplicar un modelo de hace 42 años conlleva a plantearse el diseño de otras propuestas de evaluación competitiva enfocadas a la oferta turística actual, lejos de criterios cuantitativos como la ocupación hotelera o número de llegadas.
... Beyond the afore-mentioned conceptual criticisms and shortcomings, the model is perfectly valid as a descriptive support for a tourism destination (Johnston, 2001) and offers a useful theoretical framework for analysis (Hovinen, 2002). Harrison (1995, p. 137) notes that 'used as an ideal typology (…) it becomes an aid to comparison, a method of measuring where individual destination areas can be placed along a specific development sequence' and, according to Buhalis (2000), it facilitates the understanding of the evolution of tourism products and destinations and offers guidance in strategic decision-making. ...
The competitiveness of tourism destinations depends on their degree of development or maturity. This article uses cluster analysis methods to establish the position in the life cycle of destinations in a pool of 154 countries. The article also explores their evolution between 2007 and 2017 doing a static comparative exercise. The position in the life cycle is determined by using confidence intervals for the means of the main variables. Following a recent and innovative methodology, thresholds are proposed that could potentially allow for a change of phase in the life cycle. Moreover, the article examines the main determinants of the competitiveness of the different destination groups as a function of their life-cycle position.
... The product life cycle theory proposed by Dean (1950) gave rise to Butler's model (1980) that has been criticized by Getz, Priestley, and Mundet, Johnston, Agarwal, Vera, Cohen & Shoval, Diedrich & García-Buades, who opened the way to adaptations according to the context or object of study, as well as its application in the discipline of tourism and knowledge fields between marketing and geography, respectively (Getz, 1992;Priestley & Mundet, 1998;Johnston, 2001;Agarwal, 2002;Vera, 2004;Cohen & Shoval, 2004;Diedrich & García-Buades, 2009). Considering these positions, Butler complements his model subsequent (2006a, 2006b, 2011), adding variables of the tourism industry, where factors such as infrastructure, accessibility, competition, the involvement of local factors, and of course, the marketable scope, are taken into account, generating characteristics described below: Phase 1. Exploration: A small group of visitors interested in the unusual peculiarity of the place is generated due to its cultural and natural circumstances, where there is a shortage of infrastructure and institutionalization. ...
Beaches constitute the most famous attractions at tourist destinations in Mexico, where various activities focused on trade are developed; it is pertinent to know and analyze to project its growth, stagnation, withdrawal, or diversification. The purpose of the research is to perform a comparative analysis of tourism businesses between two tourist destinations in the consolidation phase, Nuevo Vallarta and Cancun, according to the Tourism Lifecycle of Richard Butler's tourist destinations. The methodology used is qualitatively focused on a case study. In the results section, Cancun and Nuevo Vallarta's tourist businesses' similarities and differences are described, marking a similarity in their turns but different in their number. Cancun is the one with the most significant number of tourist businesses. Therefore, the result will serve as input shortly to Cancun or Nuevo Vallarta for future decision-making regarding innovation and strengthening the industry of products and services offered and demanded.
... Zeit Gastgeber (Doxey 1976) Gäste (Cohen 1972) Phase (Butler 1980;Johnston 2001) Ausgehend von der Differenzierung in kollektiven und romantischen Gaze sind Parallelen zu den Ansätzen des Destinationslebenszyklus von BUTLER (vgl. 1980: 7) und der Gästetypologisierung von COHEN (vgl. ...
Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Wahrnehmung des deutschen Kolonialerbes in Namibia aus Sicht deutscher Touristen. Namibia ist das Land in Afrika welches die stärkste Durchdringung mit Elementen der deutschen Kolonialzeit aufweist. Darüber hinaus zeichnet sich dieses Land durch eine sehr hohe touristische Bedeutung des deutschen Quellmarktes aus. Weiterhin ist die gemeinsame koloniale Vergangenheit weder bilateral noch innerhalb Namibias aufgearbeitet, was der Thematik eine gesellschaftspolitische Komponente verleiht. Die Analyse der touristischen Wahrnehmung basiert auf 103 qualitativen Interviews mit deutschen Touristen in Namibia. Neben der Perspektive der Reisenden werden Akteure untersucht, welche den ‚Blick‘ der Touristen lenken und beeinflussen. Dabei kommen eine Inhaltsanalyse von deutschsprachiger Reiseliteratur sowie teilnehmende Beobachtungen bei Stadtführungen mit lokalen Reiseleitern in der Stadt zum Einsatz. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Touristen das Erbe der deutschen Kolonialzeit als sehr heterogenes Phänomen interpretieren. Durch das Aufsummieren der vielfältigen Erfahrungen mit gelebtem und gebautem Kolonialerbe wird die Wahrnehmung geographisch wirksam, da die Eindrücke auf Räume und Menschen übertragen werden und nicht auf punktuellen Elementen verharren. Aufgrund von Unterdrückung und Verbrechen in der Kolonialzeit sehen die befragten Touristen das deutsche Erbe in Namibia als ein ‚schwieriges’ an, das kaum nostalgische Gefühle auslöst, sondern eher zu einer kritischen Auseinandersetzung mit der Geschichte anregt. Der Grad dieser Dissonanz ist stark davon abhängig, in wie weit die koloniale Thematik nach Ansicht der Touristen in aktuellem Bezug steht oder aber als nicht mehr relevante Vergangenheit interpretiert wird. Neben der ‚Dissonanz’ können die Touristen anhand der beiden weiteren Indikatoren ‚Interesse’ – im Sinne einer Auseinandersetzung und Informiertheit – sowie ‚Attraktion‘ – als touristische Bedeutung – typologisiert werden. Die entscheidende Determinante für die Charakterisierung der Befragten stellt das Maß der empfundenen Dissonanz dar. Weiterhin lässt sich eine Differenzierung in Touristen mit einer vorbereiteten und organisierten und solche mit einer unvorbereiteten und spontanen Konfrontation mit dem deutschen Erbe vornehmen. Insgesamt können fünf Typen – ‚klassische Heritage-Touristen’, ‚spontane Heritage-Touristen, ‚Kritiker’, ‚historische motivierte Touristen’ und ‚Sightseeing-Touristen’ – identifiziert werden, wobei den drei erstgenannten eine Wahrnehmung als ‚schwieriges’, dissonantes Erbe immanent ist.
... Estes mesmos fatores já tinham sido identificados no modelo TALC (Tourism Area Life Cycle) proposto por Butler (1980). Verificámos, ainda, que a proposta de Johnston (2001) se enquadrava no pretendido, em termos de variáveis de oferta, pois o agrupamento dessas, em recursos básicos, serviços e governação, apresenta-se como apropriado, para o efeito. O grupo dos recursos básicos, reúne as variáveis ambientais e culturais; os serviços contemplam, as acomodações, as diversões, a saúde e a habitação; e, a governação reúne, as variáveis, serviços públicos, infraestruturas e documentos estruturais. ...
... Therefore, it is quite surprising that this concept persists in tourism. Researchers and practitioners still use it not only colloquially, in general discussions, but they also refer to the concept in both conceptual (Johnston, 2001) and empirical contributions (Cole, 2012). It is also used in comparative studies when describing the development of single or multiple destination cases (e.g. ...
... Najczęściej występujące działania dotyczą modernizacji i dywersyfikacji rodzajów zagospodarowania turystycznego, wzbogacenia oferty form wypoczynku możliwych do uprawiania w danej lokalizacji, kształtowania nowego wizerunku obszaru, eksponującego inne walory niż poprzednio, a tym samym wywołującego ponownie zainteresowanie turystów, które może zaowocować kolejnymi wizytami. Są to działania, które koncentrują się przede wszystkim na ulepszaniu części składowych, tworzących na nowo produkt turystyczny zdegradowanego obszaru, co niestety nie w każdym przypadku przynosi spodziewane efekty, jeszcze bardziej komplikując istniejącą sytuację (HARRISON 2001, JOHNSTON 2001, SCHEYVENS 2002, KACZMAREK 2006, JOHNSON, LEWIS 2007, BOUJROUF, TEBBAA, red. 2011, SMITH, RICHARDS 2012, WEAVER 2012. ...
Celem autorki artykułu jest analiza w ujęciu aksjologicznym procesów demolowania i rewitalizacji miejskiej przestrzeni turystycznej na przykładzie Hawany (Kuba) w kontekście relacji społecznych między turystami a mieszkańcami oraz ocena znaczenia zidentyfikowanych prawidłowości w przebiegu i skutkach tych procesów. W rezultacie analizy zidentyfikowano uwarunkowania demolowania przestrzeni turystycznej w Hawanie, czynniki egzo- i endogeniczne kształtujące ten proces, dwa typy rewitalizacji realizowanej jako działania naprawcze, a także wymieniono cechy relacji między mieszkańcami a turystami. Wyniki badań opatrzono autorskim komentarzem, wskazując elementy relacji społecznych, które powinny być brane pod uwagę przy realizacji procesu rewitalizacji miejskiej przestrzeni turystycznej, aby skutecznie ograniczać istniejące i potencjalne konflikty między mieszkańcami a turystami.
... The most common activities involve the modernization and diversification of tourist infrastructure, extending the offer of recreation available at a given location, creating a new image for the area, highlighting new assets, and making tourists interested and potentially willing to visit. These are activities focused above all on improving those aspects which form the tourist product of the degraded area, do not always bring good results and can complicate the existing situation even further (BOUJROUF & TEB-BAA 2011;HARRISON 2001;JOHNSON & LEWIS 2007;WEAVER 2012;SMITH & RICHARDS 2012;KACZMAREK 2006;SCHEYEVENS 2002;JOHNSTON 2001). ...
The author’s aim is to conduct an ethical analysis of degradation and regeneration processes in tourism space, using the example of Havana, Cuba. This is in the context of social relations between tourists and local inhabitants, as well as assessing the significance of regular patterns in these processes and their impact. As a result of the analysis, the author identified the causes of the ruinisation of tourism space in Havana, the exogenous and endogenous factors which influence this process, two types of regeneration undertaken as remedial action, as well as establishing the relationships between local inhabitants and tourists. The research results are followed by commentary indicating those elements of social relations which should be taken into consideration when starting a process of the urban regeneration of tourism space, in order to relieve present and potential conflicts between the inhabitants and tourists.
... Then, in 1926, construction began on a rail link between Otsuki and Kamiyoshida, further reducing the travel time to Yamanashi from Tokyo. Other improvements in travel infrastructure such as roads and trails were accompanied by accommodation facilities when Lake Yamanaka Hotel opened in 1928, serving as a catalyst to draw new segments of the tourism market to the destination (Johnston 2001). "International standard" hotels were a key component of the central government's policy to attract foreign tourists, with construction funded by low-interest, longterm loans from the Ministry of Finance. ...
This paper uses Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model to track the rise and fall of nature-based tourism (NBT) in Japan through six stages of nature park visitation from “Exploration” to the post-stagnation stages of either “Decline” or “Rejuvenation”. First, “Exploration” examines the marriage of indigenous travel culture with Westernized perceptions of landscape. NBT’s regional development role strengthened in the “Involvement” stage, when systemization of national parks and package tours paved the way for mass tourism. In the postwar era, urban demand for NBT soared; “Development” was increasingly centralized and bundled with land use policies, but by “Consolidation” visitation growth had cooled due to intensifying competition between resorts and from abroad. In the domestic market, inequalities intensified, but overall NBT visitation leveled off, causing “Stagnation”. Public2private consortiums galvanized communities into large-scale development projects epitomized by the Resort Law, but the financial and environmental consequences were disastrous, leading to “Decline”. In the post-bubble era, ecotourism showed potential for “Rejuvenation”, but to be effective it needs more integrative policy objectives, a consistent framework, longterm fiscal commitment, and capacity-building among rural communities. Therefore, this paper proposes a twin ecotourism strategy that promotes grandstand venues such as UNESCO sites while supporting grassroots satoyama/umi areas.
... C.S. Johnston [42] meanwhile refers to three tourist eras in the area analyzed, and places the zone divisions onto the TALC cycle scale. Given that the tourist function is only developing during the two first TALC phases, he defined them as the so-called "Pre-tourism Era". ...
An important problem for the development of tourism in the polar regions is the determination of the limit of tourist traffic that these regions can accept, without risking the degradation of the environment. One such region is Antarctica. This article describes the environmental conditions of Antarctica that decide its attractiveness for tourists, as well as its political and legal status. The factors that determine a tourist reception area of increasing intensity are analyzed. Based on the data of the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO), the volume of tourist traffic was determined, and environmental problems identified, which result from tourism development in Antarctica. The model of R.W. Butler—Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)—was used to analyze the development of tourism. By the middle of the second decade of the 21st century, the number of tourists in the Antarctic region exceeded 40 thousand, which seems to be the largest figure (the “boom phase” in the Butler cycle) in sheer numbers, and which resulted in the introduction of less tourist-friendly behavior, from the point of view of environmental protection. On the basis of IAATO data, the environmental problems that are a consequence of the development of tourism in Antarctica are identified. Reference is made to climate change affecting the area, and on the basis of the Butler cycle, the hypothetical limits of the further development of tourism are described.
... According to these findings, it is clear that the life cycle of a tourism space is usually longer than its life cycle described by the original model; quite often, the development of tourism spaces is a decades' long process. (Johnston, 2001), who intended to 'shore up' Butler's model with different aspects. In Johnston's model, the phases of the life cycle model are not based on demand (a.k.a. the arrival of tourists in the area) but on supply: the development of accommodation facilities. ...
According to recent forecasts, the present trends of urbanisation is predicted to continue in the future. Although there is a constant cycle of urbanisation, suburbanisation and re-urbanisation, the balancing effect of the EU's cohesion policies on regional development is also increasing. Thanks to the positive effect of cohesion funds, underprivileged regions have started to catch up, and the process is further strengthened by the results of today's rapid technologic development. There are targeted EU funds available to support the relocation of industrial sites from big cities. In the meantime, the role of the service sector is constantly growing in urban areas and regional centres, to the detriment of other industrial activities. For the rural population, this means that many employment opportunities formerly available in big cities are gradually being relocated to regional centres, and will be more available and easier accessible for people living outside urban areas. Any change in our lifestyle will inevitably change our use of space. Tourism spaces developed in urban areas work sufficiently in globalised big cities, but not necessarily will be satisfactory in underdeveloped rural regions. The special use of space is one of the key unique features of tourism. Tourism's space use in rural regions is special and quite different from that in urban areas. My current research focuses on the introduction of two special spatial points.
... Posteriormente se definieron tres fases temporales caracterizadas por contener estructuras sociopolíticas muy diferentes, así como modificaciones sustanciales en la forma de utilizar los recursos naturales. Se utilizó como criterio a Johnston (2001a;2001b), el cual sugiere distinguir entre: a) eventos críticos que aparecen de manera repentina, provienen del exterior y provocan cambios rápidos y profundos, y b) procesos graduales que actúan de forma paulatina y acumulativa. La primera fase (1968)(1969)(1970)(1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985) se relaciona con la explotación de los recursos naturales para la pesca; la segunda (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993), se caracteriza por crecientes limitaciones en la explotación de los recursos naturales, impuestas por actores externos, y la tercera (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008), se distingue por el auge del turismo y el intento de establecer un régimen de gobernanza más eficaz y participativo. ...
This article follows an ecological and political approach based on the Sian Ka'n Biosphere Reserve, to analyze the increasing social complexity that has hampered governability and prevented the establishment of effective and socially balanced environmental governance. After setting up the conceptual framework, the governability challenges faced by this natural protected area are analyzed in chronological order and different spatial levels. Emphasis is appointed to conflicts, confronted interests y specific actions taken by the social actors involved. Furthermore, the effectiveness of means taken to ensure participative environment governance and governability of this natural area is evaluated. The necessary information and data was obtained from transcribed an analyzed qualitative interviews to the actors involved preformed from April 2006 to August 2007. This study concludes that there are still no structures and mechanisms capable of conciliating the conflict between the actors. Therefore, these social actors continue to strife individually to impose their own interests; and so, the contradictions and inertias related to social organization continue to greatly hamper Mexico's environmental governance.
... Del mismo modo, se revela como una estrategia clave de cualquier política de reposicionamiento competitivo de acuerdo con Dorta, Simancas y García (2011) o de reconversión con el fin de recuperar su competitividad y reposicionarlos en los mercados turísticos (). Desde el punto de vista teórico, la estrategia de renovación edificatoria de los destinos turísticos consolidados ha venido fundamentalmente desarrollándose en el marco de la teoría del ciclo de vida (Butler, 1980) así como en sus adaptaciones o revisiones más importantes que han contribuido a enriquecer el debate conceptual sobre la distintas formas de evolución teóricas de los destinos turísticos y a incidir en las diferentes formas de extensión del ciclo como parte de las estrategias de «rejuvenecimiento» de estos destinos en masa (Priestley y Mundet 1998; Johnston 2001; Agarwal, 2002 Agarwal, y 2006 Butler, 2006 Los establecimientos turísticos se conciben como verdaderos «activos» de los destinos y como parte de este potencial turístico, la renovación de la oferta turística desempeña un rol muy importante desde una doble vertiente: tanto por prevenir o superar la obsolescencia , el deterioro o la «mala» imagen de las edificaciones turísticas que puede representan una pérdida de calidad turística al destino (incluyendo procesos de demolición y esponjamiento o reconversión), como para incrementar los niveles de excelencia y calidad turística de los destinos incidiendo en la cualificación de la oferta. Si bien es cierto que, por lo general, las referencias académicas disponibles no se centran específicamente en la renovación edificatoria como objetivo principal de las investigaciones, por cuanto abordan un espectro de mayor amplitud, se reconoce en gran parte de las mismas, el potencial de este tipo de estrategia como parte de los procesos de transformación de muchos destinos acusados por este fenómeno. ...
p>Las operaciones de renovación mediante la modernización de la oferta de alojamiento
se constituyen en la actualidad como uno de los ejes de mayor importancia dentro de las
múltiples estrategias de reestructuración para superar la situación de obsolescencia y pérdida
de competitividad de destinos turísticos en fase de declive. Por ello, este documento centrará
su análisis en el proceso de renovación edificatoria del sector de alojamiento de Puerto de la
Cruz (Tenerife), un destino consolidado de los años 60 que arrastra históricamente un proceso
paulatino de pérdida de competitividad. Los resultados obtenidos, revelan que, existe un
importante déficit de renovación, orientándose las reformas hacia la conservación y mantenimiento de las edificaciones con un carácter más paliativo, que por la propia intencionalidad empresarial de mejorar. De este modo, resulta relevante exponer el proceso y las razones más importantes que explican este significativo fracaso.</p
... This overall process of geographical development and change in tourism has been subject of theoretical and practical analysis in many ways in tourism studies, including life cycle analysis in combination with spatial approaches on changing capacities, land-use patterns, infrastructure or the development of second homes (see e.g. Kermath/Thomas 1992;Johnston 2001;Schuckert et al. 2007). The following overview over the literature underlines that various research approaches touch the topic of real estate but no study examined the development of the real estate in relation to the development of destinations or the real estate situation as driving or limiting factor for the development of destinations specifically: ...
... This overall process of geographical development and change in tourism has been subject of theoretical and practical analysis in many ways in tourism studies, including life cycle analysis in combination with spatial approaches on changing capacities, land-use patterns, infrastructure or the development of second homes (see e.g. Kermath/Thomas 1992;Johnston 2001;Schuckert et al. 2007). The following overview over the literature underlines that various research approaches touch the topic of real estate but no study examined the development of the real estate in relation to the development of destinations or the real estate situation as driving or limiting factor for the development of destinations specifically: ...
... The evolution and decline of tourism has not necessarily been associated with the course of one large life cycle; it may undergo several consecutive life cycles connected with the stages of tourism. Johnston (2001) noted that numerous studies have examined destination areas much larger than the resort-city scale of Butler's model. In fact, the sampling site was limited and impractical when applied to multiple site development in the tourism sector. ...
There are over 200 citations according to Butler and Plog's models while only few researches have criticized these models considering the validity of the models in research and their limitation. Therefore, this paper aims to present the limitations of these two models to apply in tourism research. Using a case study of Thailand, the paper illustrates complicated nature of the destination and diversification in tourism activities applying the four characteristics of tourism product from marketing aspect. Finally, it analyzed the applicability of the Chaos Model of tourism in terms of understanding the complexity of tourism in recent situation in comparison to those two models that can be wrong under conditions of how the model was created and their research validity.
... The idea of tourist destination as a social construction is not a dramatically new one, but the development process of destination has been a less conceptualized issue from this perspective. The general process of development and change in tourism have been treated theoretically in various ways in tourism studies, including life cycle analysis and spatial approaches on changing land-use patterns and infrastructure etc. (see Butler, 1980;Johnston, 2001;Keller, 1987;Machlis and Burch, 1983;Miossec, 1976). From the perspectives of constructivism or realism the development of tourism in certain spaces can be understood as a part of larger social and ideological processes producing both the ideas and physical characters of destinations and the practices taking place in tourism development and destinations. ...
The Transformation of a Tourist Destination, Theory and Case Studies on the Production of Local Geographies in Tourism in Finnish Lapland.
... Another approach to governance is that of an institution in the social sciences literature which has not been well integrated with the tourism literature but is similar to the 'longue durée' of Giddens (1979;Johnston, 2001), the 'life-cycle stage' Scott, 2004), or arguably the 'niche' (Laland et al., 1999(Laland et al., , 2000. An institution in these terms is a stable human system in which people can survive and where social learning and transmission of knowledge about the 'rules' occur recursively. ...
... The idea of tourist destination as a social construction is not a dramatically new one, but the development process of destination has been a less conceptualized issue from this perspective. The general process of development and change in tourism have been treated theoretically in various ways in tourism studies, including life cycle analysis and spatial approaches on changing land-use patterns and infrastructure etc. (see Butler, 1980;Johnston, 2001;Keller, 1987;Machlis and Burch, 1983;Miossec, 1976). From the perspectives of constructivism or realism the development of tourism in certain spaces can be understood as a part of larger social and ideological processes producing both the ideas and physical characters of destinations and the practices taking place in tourism development and destinations. ...
Tourism geography and tourism studies have for a long time been interested in tourist destinations, their identity, representations and the changes occurring in them. In the view of the 'spatialisation of social theory', this article discusses the nature of tourist destinations and their representations. Tourist destinations are seen as dynamic, historical units with specific identities, which produce a notion of what the destination is and what it represents at the time.
... Focus on tourist destination change and development has been a core area in tourism studies (see Gilbert 1939Gilbert , 1949Christaller 1963;Miossec 1967;Butler 1980;Shields 1991;Meethan 1996;Johnston 2001;Agarwal 2002). Similarly, the connections between tourism industry and regional development, i.e., relationships between tourism growth and surrounding socio-spatial structures and processes, have interested tourism researchers for a relatively long period of time. ...
... De esta forma el CVDT no posibilita una total comprensión de las dinámicas que se están llevando a cabo en los destinos. Johnston (2001) sugiere que el análisis del ciclo de vida de los destinos requiere la identificación de los mecanismos de cambio (los puntos de ruptura que conducen a la siguiente etapa, que pueden ocurrir rápidamente -eventos críticos-o lentamentetransiciones borrosas). De acuerdo con estos planteamientos, cabe mencionar la aportación reciente de Butler (2011;, que considera que los destinos se ven afectados por factores externos (actitudes, tecnología, política y economía) que muchas veces son los que generan el dinamismo, como también por factores internos (hábitos, gustos, preferencias e inversiones) que provocan la "inercia". ...
The aim of this work is to study the evolution of coastal tourist destinations consolidated from a compared analysis between Balneario Camboriu y Benidorm. These two destinations located in different territorial and touristic contexts, in which are contrasted empirically indicators of destinations evolution and evolutionary dynamics are linked to the resulting land-tourism model in each destination. The analysis allows us to contrast the tenets of classical evolutionary models (Butler, 1980) and incorporate the new approaches of evolutionary economic geography. Research defines the chronological periods of development of both locations to identify factors with the greatest impact on their evolution. An evolution marked mainly by geographical location, urban and tourism planning and management at different scales, the dependence of certain source markets and the influence of macroeconomic factors. A set of interrelated factors that draw disparate paths to the destinations analyzed.
... De esta forma el CVDT no posibilita una total comprensión de las dinámicas que se están llevando a cabo en los destinos. Johnston (2001) sugiere que el análisis del ciclo de vida de los destinos requiere la identificación de los mecanismos de cambio (los puntos de ruptura que conducen a la siguiente etapa, que pueden ocurrir rápidamente -eventos críticos-o lentamentetransiciones borrosas). De acuerdo con estos planteamientos, cabe mencionar la aportación reciente de Butler (2011;, que considera que los destinos se ven afectados por factores externos (actitudes, tecnología, política y economía) que muchas veces son los que generan el dinamismo, como también por factores internos (hábitos, gustos, preferencias e inversiones) que provocan la "inercia". ...
The aim of this work is to study the evolution of coastal tourist destinations consolidated from a compared analysis between Balneario Camboriu y Benidorm. These two destinations located in different territorial and touristic contexts, in which are contrasted empirically indicators of destinations evolution and evolutionary dynamics are linked to the resulting land-tourism model in each destination. The analysis allows us to contrast the tenets of classical evolutionary models (Butler, 1980) and incorporate the new approaches of evolutionary economic geography. Research defines the chronological periods of development of both locations to identify factors with the greatest impact on their evolution. An evolution marked mainly by geographical location, urban and tourism planning and management at different scales, the dependence of certain source markets and the influence of macroeconomic factors. A set of interrelated factors that draw disparate paths to the destinations analyzed.
This study discusses prospects and challenges facing start-up entrepreneurs in language and culture-related tourist attractions in Lombok, Indonesia. Data were collected by observing the operations of tourism entrepreneurs and interviewing the owners, workers, clients, and authorities in the industry. The data were analyzed using a mixed method where tourism sales over one year of business experience were quantitatively analyzed and where prime causes leading to profits and losses were qualitatively explicated. The findings identify six prospective opportunities and five challenges in sustainably establishing language and culture-related tourist attractions as core entrepreneurial businesses. This study enriches our understanding of what micro and small entrepreneurs experience at the early stages of business start-ups and how they respond to uncertainties facing them. The study also provides readers with an understanding of the prospects and the challenges facing small tourist-related entrepreneurs in operations at early start-up stages and serves as a reminder to small businesses about the potential challenges in their business operations. The article also recommends viable management plans to refer to as contingency strategies for probable future challenges. Furthermore, this study attempts to fill a gap in the literature on start-up entrepreneurship in language and culture-related tourist attractions.
Hunting tourism is a form of active tourism, “hunting” can be considered tourist motivation. The foreign hunters involved in the service process developed by the hunters, with the help of the service providers - they experience their experiences. Based on the experience of their relationship with each service element, they develop their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the given service provider. Their experience fundamentally influences and shapes the image of the place of hunting and the given destination or the country. The aim of the dissertation is to examine the interpretive ranges and components of the country image and destination image with the help of the relevant literature, and the relevant image-building elements through the activities of two key players in the game management sector. Part aims to identify exactly how each image-forming element manifests itself in the case of hunting tourism, to shape its image-shaping-building character.
Keywords: hunting, hunting tourism, country image, destination image
Scholarly debate around phoenix tourism offers destination managers scope to chart out the nature of early recovery for those regions that have endured protracted conflict. This provides an opportunity to be able to transition destinations to a more developed and normalised state where tourism is viewed as both a catharsis for communities to heal and a wider tool for economic development. The authors propose in this article a visitor management framework (POCTOS) that focuses on the potential opportunity that exists in post-conflict regions and how that can change and mature over time. Recovery can be deliberately linked to re-packaging the past conflict as tourism experience or not. POCTOS is shaped by concepts such as the life-cycle model, tourism as a form of destination development, destination resilience, and destination capacity toward change. The framework presents “opportunity factors” that are tourist-centric as well as management centric. POCTOS is conceptual and has not been applied in this article to any particular case study. The authors, however, encourage that it be operationalized by researchers to determine its utility as a destination development managerial tool for post-conflict destinations.
Various models and theories have been applied in tourism studies, and almost all the classic theories are derived from Western studies but their application is not only limited to that context. However, the models and theories are from the perspectives of Western scholars, often based on their values and interpretations, which do not necessarily reflect those of Asians. To have a better understanding of Western theories applied in an Asian context, this study took Butler’s tourism area life cycle as an example and compared its research enquiry and application in Western and Asian contexts. This study conducted a two-step analysis, including content analysis and expert reviews. The article makes important theoretical contributions in terms of the generalization of classic models or theories. It should be noted that the same theory or model could be interpreted or applied differently in different cultural contexts.
In fact the affiliation of anthropology to tourism is a cultural affair and its effects such a way that tourism is seen as a widespread interaction between hosts and guests. Garmeh village has been one of the most visited tourist villages in Iran for over fifteen years, hosting tourists from all over the world and by choosing this village as the research field, an analytical look at this issue takes place on two levels, the first level is the economic impact of tourism on the village of Garmeh and the second level is the cultural impact of tourists on this village. The fundamental issue of this research is the emphasis on the generally neglected level in student dissertations, which is the second level. This research is based on qualitative research with an emphasis on ethnography and data collection has been done in five ways: the use of documentation, participatory observation, taking notes, not structured interviews, and shooting and filming. The researcher living inside research field and having an inner and emic view has succeeded in decoding the language of local people. Subsequently, with the implementation of interviews and using the data coding system, the core categories were as follows: Improving livelihoods after tourism, Sustainability of networks and social relationships, belief foreshocks, deprivation, awareness with concern, consumerism and tourism as a leisure ground. However, all of the 42 axial categories were fully described and documented using quotes and photographs.
This title was first published in 2002: This volume follows on from the tradition of humanistic geography to examine tourism from an experiential perspective - examining the experience of the tourists themsleves. By analyzing theories on tourism from anthropology, psychology and culural tourism, it aims to further the geographical debates on interactions which occur in tourism. The text offers a geographical approach which examines how the resulting experience of tourism can reveal something of our relationship with places in general, and also about ourselves.
Purpose
The events and festivals literature relies on theories and models borrowed from tourism studies which may insufficiently account for the unique characteristics of events and festivals. Using four case studies from Australia, United Arab Emirates and the UK, this paper aims to analyse events and festival life cycles using the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) framework (Butler, 1980).
Design/methodology/approach
The paper is conceptual in that it theorises the range of event and festival life cycle trajectories; however, four event case studies are also used to illustrate this approach.
Findings
Findings facilitate an extension of Butler’s model to include additional trajectories and accompanying underpinning critical factors that better explain and predict the nature of events and festivals.
Research limitations/implications
The paper is based on four case studies from the cultural sector which is ideal for developing theory but limits the contexts examined in this paper. The findings are only applicable to recurring events and festivals.
Practical implications
In the new model, seven different pathways, ranging from continued growth to cancellation, suggest potential opportunities and risks for events and festivals. The results are of particular relevance for event managers, who can use the case studies and trajectories as reference points for event growth and consolidation.
Social implications
The case studies reveal that successful events are seen to have strong ties to their local communities and are rooted in the destination.
Originality/value
The paper’s originality is in both the context of utilising diverse international cultural festival and events as case studies and the proposal of seven alternative pathways for events and festivals, which extend Butler’s TALC to the unique context of these temporal phenomena.
Abstract: Tourism has multiple economic benefits for host countries that receive tourists. Policy makers are becoming more and more aware of the importance that appropriate tourism management has to maximise the benefits that tourism flows can bring. However, many developing countries suffer from a lack of an integrated tourism policy. Particular issues are faced in those countries that are dealing with local conflicts (sometimes over many years). These countries often lack investment in tourism resources even though they might have a huge potential and are rich in heritage and cultural assets. Conflict always changes the priorities of nations, and poses many challenges to the policy, and management for developing tourism as a viable economic sector. Post-conflict areas have barriers to tourism development, such as poor or damaged infrastructure, lack of services, low investment, political instability, a need to maximize revenue income, and the lack of planned tourism management. A current example of such a conflict area is Kurdistan. In 2013, the number of tourists were 2,952 027, yet in 2014 and 2015 the number had decreased to 1529434 and 1117501 respectively (General Board of Tourism, Kurdistan Regional Government, 2016). In addition, as a result of popular uprisings that occurred across the Middle East, there was a decline of 8% in tourism growth in these destination regions during 2011 (UNWTO, 2012). There is much research about cultural tourism management issues, challenges, sustainability, but there is a lack of studies undertaken to know how post-conflict issues interact or change or the effects of emergent situations on cultural and heritage tourism planning and management. Kurdistan, which is largely defined as a northern region of modern Iraq, can be considered one of the longest conflict areas since the end of World War 1, and has suffered from neglect of investment in its economic infrastructure over many decades. After the new Kurdistan self-governing region was recognised officially by the Iraqi government in 2003, there has been a sharp increase in the number of tourism arrivals, in particular, in last ten years, due to its location, climate and heritage. Tourism is seen as an important economic sector in Kurdistan and specifically leisure tourism. However, there is still wide scope to increase tourism in Kurdistan based on its diversity of cultures and cultural heritage sites. The UN World Tourism Organization estimated that cultural tourism currently accounts for 37% of the aggregate tourism in the world (Boyd, 2002; McKercher and Cross, 2002). Such potentially profitable tourism resources in Kurdistan has been neglected so far for the purpose of tourism. This paper aims to fill this gap and explore potentials and issues for developing cultural tourism in post conflict areas and in new autonomous regions such as Kurdistan, and to understand what cultural tourist strategy should be designed and implemented to develop tourism sector in Kurdistan to be successful, competitive and sustainable. By looking of the perspective of different stakeholders in Kurdistan, the study can understand the challenges and opportunities in developing cultural tourism in post conflict areas. The paper reports data from a series of focus groups conducted with residents and tourist, and in-depth interviews with policy makers and tourism experts in Erbil, Kurdistan, in 2015.
Download: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/wiwwiwrsa/ersa16p994.htm
The objective of the study is to present the experience of Central and Eastern European countries in the social and economic development, with a particular focus on the tasks of public administration.
The book is addressed to scholars, representatives of local governments and students who study the administration, economy and geography in the conditions of regional development in Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe.
This research will attempt to modify the Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) previously developed by R.W. Butler. The author of the modified TALC introduces the premises of the Threshold Theory by B. Malisz, based on the research of Kozłowski. The effect is creating a model of the Threshold Tourist Area Life Cycle (TTALC). The theoretical model and its course were then tested on the basis of the Functional Urban Area of Kołobrzeg known as FUA. This is one of the most developed types of Polish tourist regions. To confirm its development, threshold crossings identified the thresholds supported by the development of technical infrastructure, accommodation facilities, the number and size of the usable area of the housing, as well as “second houses” and “second apartments” (houses/ apartments in addition to permanent dwellings). The purpose of the study is to test TTALC based on the selected tourist destinations included in the FUA, including the health resorts of Kołobrzeg.
The aim of the paper is to depict the tourism potential of the communes located in the vicinity of the River Vistula (in the Kuyavia-Pomerania and Pomerania Provinces), to perceive that potential as a major factor in socio-economic activation of the region, and finally to study the impact of the Vistula revitalization on the development of tourism especially in relation to the improvement of tourist-centred applications. It can be assumed that the depicted region possesses the necessary potential, both natural and cultural, to develop various types and forms of tourism. Still, this development is conditioned by the current state of tourist-centred preparations and local economy, especially in relation to expenditure on tourism. In addition, one can suppose that the development of tourism will be supported by fulfilling the tasks aimed at the revitalisation of the lower course of the River Vistula, mainly focusing on the E70 waterway fragment. The analysis of the socioeconomic situation together with the tourism potential in the studied region has been enabled by the statistical data provided by the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office (Bank Danych Lokalnych GUS), and by finding documents and analysis relating to the revitalisation of inland waterways in Poland. The collected data refers to 2013.
The purpose of this study is to provide a measurement metrics for competitiveness. The concept of competitiveness is elusive and the conventional measurement metrics currently used are not suitable for small island destinations. The study suggests a new metrics measurement that is based on the concept of economic value, and that is embedded in the rational choice theory. It compares the conventional metrics with the proposed measurement metrics, and aims at providing these more suitable metrics for small island destinations with characteristics such as market and natural vulnerabilities. The study uses ordinary least squares to estimate the coefficients of both the conventional and measurement metrics for comparison purposes. The measurement is applied to several island destinations in the Caribbean, a region highly dependent on tourism development and keenly affected by globalization. The results of the study indicate that the new metrics measurement is more robust and profound in the information and implications that are necessary for policymakers and business managers to measure competitiveness. It suggests a new incentive structure for practitioners in the region that communicates that more is not necessarily better; especially in the context of facing the challenges of improving tourism performance and adjusting to new and often adverse, circumstances.
The paper discusses the applicability of Butler's model of the life cycle of a tourist area in interpreting various development patterns of Slovene tourist resorts. In order to find out similar development patterns a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. As a result, nine clusters were identified. The results show very heterogeneous development of individual resorts. Only in regard to a smaller part of them a pattern similar to the one from Butler's model could be discerned. Lesser importance of those factors of tourism development, which could be related to exceeded carrying capacity, is also a consequence of the fact that tourist resorts in Slovenia in regard to their size cannot be compared to the major European destinations.
Despite more than 30 years of serious research in tourism, there is no indication that these studies will help develop this area into a full-fledged discipline. Many have argued that tourism studies constitute a field of study rather than a discipline. If this is so, is there a likelihood that there will be a grand theory or little theories of tourism in the near future? This paper goes through two broad paradigmatic reviews of tourism studies and critiques them to arrive at the conclusion that'scientification' and 'humanitization' are two processes that are equally to be found in this field. The paradox of tourism studies is that increasing social scientization will lead to increasing reactionary humanitization and this trend is confirmed by the types of conferences are now being held all over the world. In other words, a lot of ontological, epistemological, and methodological issues need to be discussed and this will remain on the top of the agenda of researchers in the near future.
As the global tourism industry continues to expand and to become more complex, it is vital that those in the industry are equipped with a thorough knowledge of all topics involved. New Tourism Consumers Products and Industry: Present and Future Issues provides this comprehensive coverage and more. Written by a team of globally renowned thinkers and researchers, it not only provides a brief historical overview of tourism, but delves deeper, to discuss emerging trends, consumer types and looks at the way the industry itself is changing and developing. It provides the manager of tomorrow with the ability to look beyond normal planning horizons and identify potential opportunities from these changes. New Tourism Consumers Products and Industry: Present and Future Issues is part of a two part set with its companion text, Tourism Dynamics, Challenges and Tools: Present and Future Issues which takes the reader on a logical progression to look at issues relating to the external environment in which the tourism industry functions. Both texts thereby provide the reader with a complete set of tools and knowledge recognise the key areas of growth and change, and the ability to use the new tools and technologies available to develop them and maximise business potential.
Resorts are characterised by constant change. This change can be studied in an internal or external manner. The first refers to the development process of resorts described using the tourist area life cycle by Butler (1980). The latter is often understood as the relationship between resorts and their operating environment. External change can be interpreted using the core-periphery model in regional development. This study examines the development process of resorts and their role in regional development on the local level by means of social and economic changes. The examples used - Levi, Ruka, Saariselkä and Ylläs - are four large resorts in Northern Finland. The first objective is to define the life cycle stage of the resorts. This is a prerequisite for the second objective, which is to examine the social and economic position of the resorts and its change in relation to the respective operating environment. The operating environment refers to the municipalities in which the resorts are located. The study also evaluates the suitability of georeferenced data and regional database of Statistics Finland, FinlandCD and GIS (Geographical Information Systems) technology for analysing resorts. The development of tourism has positively influenced the quantitative and structural features of the population and economy in the resorts in question. As the development process proceeds, the numbers of people, those employed, business premises and jobs have increased. In addition to quantitative features, the demographic structure of the resorts is healthy and the gender structure is balanced. Also, the structure of enterprises has diversified. The resorts are in the development stage of the tourist area life cycle model on national level. Levi has progressed the furthest in its life cycle when comparing the resorts. From the point of view of the municipalities the strong development of resorts has not been sufficient in municipalities other than Kittilä . Levi is located in the municipality of Kittilä. In general, the population of the other municipalities has decreased and recovery from the economic recession has been slower than in Finland on average. Polarisation can be found on the local level: the resorts are developing but the surrounding area is declining. The resorts have differentiated themselves from their operating environments in such a way that their characteristics in terms of population and economy resemble those of core areas - they are cores in a periphery. The role of resorts in regional development on the local level is, however, dynamic. In other words, the position of resorts varies between a core and a periphery in compliance with the stage of their life cycles. During the exploration and involvement stages, the resorts resemble a periphery; from the development to stagnation stage, they resemble a core and from stagnation stage onwards, they resemble either a core or a periphery. The greatest challenge for the future will be to extend the positive economic and social impacts of resorts to a wider geographic area on the local level. This requires distribution of work between the resorts, i.e. cores, and the surrounding area, i.e. periphery, and co-operation both within the tourism industry and between the tourism industry and other industries. In addition, the local operators must be made widely committed in the planning and development processes of tourism from the very beginning.
The concept of life cycle is widely discussed, both in the marketing and the strategic management fields. Nevertheless, operational problems make this concept difficult to put into practice. This article clarifies the life cycle concept and its effective use, especially as it applies to the tourist product. First, the object, the tourist product, is defined, then the life cycle concept is presented and developed by explaining its different stages and their respective strategic implications. Finally, following this conceptual framework, a case study of the Algarve (a province of Portugal) is presented to illustrate the proposed methods for identifying each life cycle stage.
Recent studies on the growth of tourist destinations have been based upon extending the concept of the product life cycle to portray the development of a destination. This study suggests that a general destination life cycle model as proposed by Butler does not apply to most Pacific island destinations. At best, the life cycle model can be used after the fact as a diagnostic tool, but it still can be misleading in the case of Pacific island destinations given the large variation in growth patterns.
Since the early 1970s, the growing attraction of beaches has led to a proliferation of seaside resorts along the Atlantic and Caribbean shores of the Dominican Republic. The distribution of beach resorts reflects a combination of quality and quantity of natural resources, proximity of urban centers and/or airports, and intensity of development efforts exerted by private entrepreneurs and/or government agencies. Both domestic and international tourism are responsible for beachfront urbanization in the Dominican Republic. At least five discrete types of coastal resorts may be identified: 1) the urban balneario, 2) the domestic destination resort, 3) the “integrated” domestic/international destination resort, 4) the “interactive” enclave resort, and 5) the “self-contained” enclave resort. Each of these resort types is characterized by a particular tourist clientele and a distinctive urban morphologic pattern. Although overlap between types may occasionally blur the distinctions, this typology is presented to better understand evolving touristic landscapes
After giving an introduction on tourism development in the country as a background to coastal tourism, examines some geographical factors influencing tourism development on the east coast and the growth of the beach resorts. A classification of the resorts is attempted. Concludes with a discussion on some factors likely to influence the future development of resorts on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.-from Author
Italy, which has historically been one of the world's leading tourist destinations, has experienced a downturn in the flow of international travellers since 1987. This paper traces the evolution of Italy's tourism through an application of the ‘product life cycle’ concept. The analysis is framed into three main sections: first, it illustrates the different products offered by Italy as a tourist destination; second, it examines Italy in light of each life-cycle stage, focusing on its main events; and third, it proposes management suggestions, specifically related to spatial, demand and temporal concerns.
Uses an example of the wet sclerophyll-rainforest (tall open forest/closed forest) ecosystem of Tasmania to examine different models of succession in fire disturbed areas. A number of concepts are evaluated, and qualitative models of succession after fire examined. Emphasis then turns to quantitative models of vegetation dynamics, with appreciations made of Markov models, functional models of stand dynamics, and multivariate methods. -P.J.Jarvis
There are different opinions about the validity and applicability of the theory of product cycles to the service sector and, in particular, tourism. Here, it is argued that the product cycle can be applied to resort areas and tourism development. An Austrian resort example, Heiligenbluton the Grossglockner, is chosen for this purpose. The example of the community of Heiligenblut is particularly interesting because of the convergence of many factors. Endogenous and exogenous factors have led to a boom in tourism at various stages. At each stage the inhabitants or the local administration reacted as positively to the changes as possible. However, the results have not been satisfying. Set-backs and stagnation in tourism occurred repeatedly in the past. As Heiligenblut has attained the stage of maturity in tourism development, further problems have to be anticip´ted. It is maintained here that the formulation of a new tourism policy is necessary. The policies needed for a new boom include solutions to the traffic problems in the village. Moreover, the local acceptance of nearby Hohe Tauern National Park could help to attract new visitor groups and to expand the tourist season. If these policies fail it might turn out that the product cycle of tourism will terminate in Heiligenblut.
Coastal resorts are found in many different geographical contexts and their socio-economic and political settings differ across the world. They also vary in terms of their stage of development; not only by visitor volumes, profiles and expenditure, but also in terms of levels of investment; public sector involvement; and the size and structure of the private sector. This paper aims to examine the implications of the tourist area life cycle for strategic planning in coastal resorts, and to progress the debate on the utility of the life cycle by suggesting a modified framework based on types of growth. The tourist area life cycle is useful as a strategic planning framework for coastal resorts, but it may suffer from the straitjacket of inevitability. To adapt strategies in the light of different types of growth may provide a more helpful approach. -from Author
This article reappraises the Butler model of resort evolution with the addition of a focus on retirement-tourism relationships. The model predicts retirement will emerge as a major factor in resorts as tourism goes into decline, but an examination of trends in Parksville and Qualicum Beach, British Columbia, Canada, revealed retirement has been a feature of those resorts since their early days and has grown alongside tourism. However, an analysis of content of local newspapers revealed that the two communities came to appreciate the retirement sector with their first major downturn in tourism, which in itself partially supports Butler's thesis.RésuméUn réexamen du cycle des lieux de vacances: la connexion de la retraite. Cet article réexamine le modèle Butler pour évaluer des lieux de vacances en considérant surtout le rapport entre le tourisme et la retraite. On prévoit que la retraite deviendra un plus grand facteur pendant que le tourisme baissera. Un examen des tendances à Parksville et à Qualicum Beach, Colombie britannique, Canada, révèle que la retraite s'est développée côte à côte avec le tourisme. L'analyse du contenu des journaux locaux montre pourtant que ces communautés ont commencé à apprécier la retraite au moment de leur première baisse en tourisme, ce qui soutient en partie la thèse de Butler.
This research focuses on the development of contemporary beach resorts in the poststagnation stage of the resort cycle which has not been as closely examined as the earlier ones. But sufficient evidence has now been accumulated to test assertions referring to the model. The Catalan coast, with its long tradition of both international mass tourism and second home development, is particularly suitable for empirical analysis. The paper proposes an alternative model for the expansion of new resorts, with the basic objective of reconciling environmental impact with tourism development.
A supply-side definition of the tourism industry is proposed. The definition is based on recognizing two tiers of tourism businesses: a tier composed of businesses that serve exclusively tourists and a tier composed of businesses that serve a mix of tourists and local residents. These tiers are operationally defined from several Statistics Canada data sources and the Standard Industrial Classification codes. A key strength of this definition is that it permits both conceptualization and measurement of tourism in a way that is consistent with other economic activity. Application of the definition to available 1981/82 data sources resulted in an estimate of the size of Canadian tourism, four times as large as forestry, slightly larger than agriculture, and just under automobile manufacturing.RésuméPour une définition du tourisme: une perspective du marché de l'offre. On propose une définition de l'industrie touristique du côté du marché de l'offre. Cette définition est basée sur l'identification de deux couches d'entreprises touristiques: une couche qui se compose d'entreprises qui sont exclusivement au service des touristes, et une autre couche d'entreprises qui servent un mélange de touristes et d'habitants locaux. L'identification de ces deux couches a été faite de façon opérationnelle, à partir de plusieurs sources de données statistiques canadiennes et à partir de la Classification industrielle standard. Un avantage clef de cette définition est qu'elle permet une conceptualisation aussi bien qu'un mesurage du tourisme qui sont compatibles avec d'autres activités économiques. Une application de la définition aux sources de données disponibles a produit une estimation de l'ampleur du tourisme canadien, qui est quatre fois plus grand que la sylviculture, un peu plus grand que l'agriculture et à peine moins important que l'industrie automobile.
Few applications of Butler's resort cycle have related the role of the state to the activities of foreign tourism operators and the indigenous context in determining the evolution of tourism at various destinations. This paper provides a holistic perspective of the blend of foreign with indigenous factors in shaping the Cypriot tourism industry. While the island's tourism is subject to a considerable degree of influence from transnational firms, the Government has been a key force responsible for emerging developmental patterns. This research stresses the importance of perceiving the growth of tourism at a destination, not as an actor-less development path, but one contingent on the behavior of national institutions and their response to international agents.
This paper seeks to contribute to the debate surrounding the applicability of the resort cycle by testing the model in the context of seaside resort tourism along the south coast of Britain. A brief review of the resort cycle is followed by discussion which focuses on the main methodological problems and limitations. In the second part of this paper, using the resort cycle as the broad research framework, an attempt is made to validate the model empirically, drawing upon the experience of a particular resort: Torbay, one of the most well-established seaside resorts in the UK. The results presented here reinforce the importance of ‘unit of analysis’ and highlight the difficulty of operationalizing the model. In addition, the study findings reveal the critical role of regeneration in continued resort evolution.
The tourist-area life-cycle concept has become accepted in the minds of tourism planners and managers. If the lifecycle concept is to be useful it must be made operational. This paper reviews six major conceptual and measurement decisions necessary to accomplish this task. The applicability of the life cycle to tourism forecasting and marketing strategy is then considered. The article concludes with some thoughts on how tourism planning might be better served if the concept of evolution of a tourist area were based more on a framework of structured analysis and the Darwinian natural selection theory than the life-cycle concept.
Butler's well-documented concept of the tourism destination area life cycle (Butler 1980) was adapted from the marketing notion of the product life cycle and used to examine the rise and decline of tourist resorts and the regions within which they are located. Initially few empirical studies attempted to examine the validity of this concept but published findings of such applications have begun to come forward. Among the studies available, that of Cooper and Jackson (1989) on the Isle of Man demonstrates the descriptive value of the concept and its ability to act as an analytical framework for explaining the evolution of tourism in particular areas. However they do note (Cooper & Jackson 1989 p. 386) that Butler's model is less valuable as a prescriptive tool.
Adventure travel is one of the fastest growing but least understood forms of international tourism. Its role in the economic development of remote world places and its impact on local society, economy, and the environment are not fully comprehended, even though adventure tourism has been adopted enthusiastically by many Third World nations. The paper analyzes adventure travel in Nepal and places it within the theoretical frameworks of tourism models and sustainable development. Building on core-periphery tourism theory, an adventure travel spatial-linkage model is proposed that connects Nepal's remote frontiers with the global tourism economy. Within this model, adventure tourists move through a hierarchy of travel gateways before reaching adventure destinations located among isolated, subsistence populations. This movement produces a unique structure of tourism space that in turn contributes to the formation in Nepal of regional developments such as hilltown gateways, hinterland tourism destinations, and multi-use parklands. An adventure tourism impact model relates tourism problems associated with exceeding social and environmental carrying capacities. It also includes more positive impacts linked to converging the interests of Nepal's national economy, indigenous populations, tourists, and conservation development. With its steady growth, adventure tourism in Nepal will play an increasingly important role for national and local development in the frontier areas.
This research concerns the development of contemporary beach resorts as they evolve from natural beaches to become cities by the sea. Despite many positive aspects to this process, as resorts urbanize, increasing negative effects of development tend to have an impact on the resort quality, with implications for tourists, residents, managements, developers, and governments. Pattaya, Thailand, is one beach resort that has experienced many of the problems typical of this form of development. Analysis of this case reveals some of the underlying causes for the failures of beach resort development. A tentative pattern of beach resort evolution is presented.RésuméL'évolution des stations balnéaires: implications pour la planification. Cette recherche décrit le développement des stations balnéaires modernes, qui évoluent de plages naturelles pour devenir des villes au bord de la mer. Quoique l'urbanisation des plages ait bien des aspects positifs, le développement tend à entraîner des effets de plus en plus négatifs, ce qui a des répercussions sur les touristes, habitants, cadres, promoteurs et gouvernements. Pattaya (Thaïlande) a subi beaucoup de problèmes qui sont typiques dans ce genre de développement. Une analyse du cas montre quelques causes sous-jacentes de l'échec du développement des stations balnéaires. On présente un schéma provisoire de l'évolution des stations.
Although the Grand Tour has been examined by various disciplines, it has rarely been examined from the perspective of tourism studies. This paper begins with a review of previous work and concepts about the tour and then outlines some of its principal features based on an analysis of the primary sources of information: the diaries, letters, and journals of the travelers. Four aspects of the Grand Tour are then examined: the tourists, spatial and temporal aspects of the tour, and the gradual development of a tourist industry. The degree of continuity and change in the character of the tour is assessed and major changes are attributed primarily to the changing social class of the tourists. The 1820s and 1830s are identified as an important transition period in the development of a more formalized tourist industry.RésuméLe grand tour: une phase clef dans l'histoire du tourisme. Quoique le grand tour a été examiné au sein de diverses disciplines, rarement a-t-il été considéré d'une perspective le traitant strictement d'étude de tourisme. Ici, on offre d'abord un aperçu des travaux antécédents, ainsi que des concepts qui en ressortent. Ensuite, on utilise de l'information trillée de sources premiéres, telles que lettres et journaux quotidiens de voyageurs, pour tracer les grandes lignes des caractéristiques de cette activité. On passe alors à un examen de l'expansion graduelle de l'industrie du tourisme, ainsi que des touristes euxmĕmes, tout en soulignant les aspects spatiaux et temporels du grand tour. On évalue le degré de continuité et de changement qui s'observe dans le caractère général du grand tour. Les changements majeurs observés sont attribués aux changements des classes sociales qui y participent comme touristes. Les décennies des années 1820 et 1830 forment une période importante dans l'évolution du grand tour en industrie touristique.
This study adopts a multidisciplinary approach to compiling the history of an important but neglected component of development in Melanesia. It uses historical methodology and data and applies Butler's destination life cycle model as a framework on which to develop a comparative history of tourism in Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. The hypothesis is that while the three island nations have many geographic, climatic, and ethnic similarities, their colonial pasts have been significant factors in explaining why their tourism industries have developed at such widely varying rates. The study concludes that while the life cycle model is a useful theoretical tool, there are weaknesses in its application to colonial and post-colonial societies.RésuméL'application du modèle du cycle de vie en Mélanésie. Cette étude adopte une approche multidisciplinaire pour exposer l'histoire d'un élément important mais négligé du développement en Mélanésie. Afin de comparer l'histoire du tourisme en Papouasie-Nouvell-eGuinée, aux îles Salomon et à Vanuatu, l'étude utilise une méthodologie et des données historiques et applique le modèle du cycle de vie défini par Butler. On formule l'hypothèse que, bien que ces trois îles-nations ont des similitudes géographiques, climatiques et ethniques, leur passé colonial a conduit leurs industries de tourisme respectives à se développer à des degrés bien variés. On conclut que le modèle du “cycle de vie” est un instrument théorique utile, mais il reste des limites à son application aux nations coloniales ou postcoloniales.
Two principal general approaches to tourism are criticized. It is argued against the tendency to over generalize, to propose universal models and to conceive of the dynamics of tourism as a unilinear process. Instead, a multiplicity of types, different typologies and a multilinear approach to the dynamics of tourism should be favored. It is further argued that conceptual schemes should be further elaborated, illustrating the argument by an elaboration of MacCannell's fundamental concepts. The article emphasizes the need for some basic problems in tourism research to be reformulated; it proposes a strategy for research which, while preserving theoretical pluralism and eclecticism, will safeguard continuity and the ability to generalize by developing a common research style for the sociology of tourism.RésuméL'article fait la critique de deux façons principales d'aborder le tourisme: celle de généraliser et de proposer des modèles universelles et celle de voir la dynamique du tourisme comme étant un processus uni-linéaire. On devrait plutôt favoriser une diversité de types, différentes typologies, et une perspective multi-linéaire. On propose enfin l'élaboration des cadres conceptuels, en s'appuyant sur une explication des concepts fondamentaux de MacCannell. L'article insiste sur le besoin d'énoncer de nouveau quelques-uns des problèmes de base dans le tourisme. Il suggère enfin une stratégie de recherche qui, tout en conservant un pluralisme et un éclecticisme théoriques, gardera la continuité et la capacité de généraliser en développant un style commun de recherche pour la sociologie du tourisme
Second homes are a major feature of tourism in much of North America and Western Europe. Unfortunately, many models are not applicable to the unique aspects of cottage tourism. This article examines a widely accepted resort cycle concept in order to determine its applicability to second homes. The study area of Sauble Beach (Ontario, Canada) at first appears to be a clear example of the stagnation and decline stages of the resort cycle. However, the inclusion of the growth of residential development and cottage conversions reveals that despite its substantial decline in conventional tourism, the area is actually experiencing a revival. Consequently, a refinement to the resort cycle is proposed whereby a decline in tourism is counteracted by a stabilization reaction. The stage is portrayed graphically using a proposed associated cycle of the average length of stay by visitors and residents.
Grand Isle, the most popular resort on the Louisiana Gulf Coast, has experienced an increase in shoreline erosion and a decrease in attractiveness in recent decades. Viewing the historical evolution of the resort within the framework of Butler's "resort cycle" reveals that cultural processes are largely responsible for these developments. Individual stages of resort evolution on Grand Isle have been accompanied by changes in settlement patterns, changes in environmental perception, and increasing effort to "fix" a naturally dynamic shoreline. Attempts to maintain a stable beachfront have only heightened the problem and helped propel Grand Isle into the stagnation stage of the resort cycle. Past adherence to the resort evolution model indicates onset of the decline stage. Whether a major beach nourishment/island protection project completed in late 1984 represents more than a temporary rejuvenation of the resort depends upon its effectiveness.
The strategy of industrial diversification into tourism by a peripheral underdeveloped region is considered with reference to Canada's Northwest Territories. A theoretical model of the evolution of the peripheral tourism industry is used to discover whether an ideal strategy exists which could avoid a “centre-periphery conflict”. The article concludes that avoidance of conflict requires maintenance of control over decision making by the peripheral authorities; and industrial development on a scale within the scope of local resources. Lack of local manpower and expertise in tourism is identified as the major block to successful development of a locally controlled industry.
The potential relevance of the concept of a destination life cycle to tourism planning is examined in this paper. Historical analysis of the development of Niagara Falls reveals specific problems in differentiating the hypothetical life-cycle stages of the model. A survey of experts reveals considerable variance of opinion on the question of the current state of the industry. The findings suggest that this resort has evolved into a permanent state of maturity in which aspects of consolidation, stagnation, decline, and rejuvenation are interwoven and constant. “Capacity”, in this context, is a management concept, not an absolute limit, and “rejuvenation” is planning initiative.RésuméLa planification du tourisme et le cycle de vie des destinations. On examine le concept du cycle de vie des destinations et son rapport à la planification du tourisme. Une analyse historique des chutes du Niagara démontre la difficulté de différencier entre les étapes hypothétiques du cycle de vie du modèle. Une enquête auprès des experts fait preuve d'une divergence d'opinion considérable vis-à-vis de la situation actuelle de l'industrie. Les résultats suggèrent que ce lieu de vacances a atteint un état permanent de maturité dans lequel les éléments de consolidation, stagnation, déclin et rajeunissement sont entrelacés et constants. La “capacité”, dans ce contexte, est un concept de gestion plutôt qu'une limite absolute, et le “rajeunissement” est une initiative de planification.
This paper develops a new model which exposes the epistemological characteristics of tourism studies. Various claims and frameworks have been proposed with regard to the epistemology of tourism, mainly centering around the discipline/field debate. A critical review of these is undertaken and the idea that tourism studies is a discipline is rejected. It is proposed that tourism be conceptualized as two fields (the business of tourism and the non-business aspects of tourism) which are approached by four main methods of inquiry. The model provides insights into how tourism studies is developing, the way the tourism world is seen, and the reasons for divisions among academics and between academics and industrialists.RésuméL'indiscipline du tourisme. Cet article développe un nouveau modèle qui explore les caractéristiques épistémologiques de l'étude du tourisme. Plusieurs arguments et structures de pensée ont été proposés pour l'épistémologie du tourisme, se concentrant sur le débat discipline/domaine. On effectue une étude critique des deux termes, et l'idée que l'étude du tourisme est une discipline est rejetée. On propose de conceptualiser la notion du tourisme comme deux domaines distincts—l'industrie du tourisme et l'aspect non commercial du tourisme, pour lequel on utilise quatre méthodes d'enquête. Le modèle permet de comprendre le développement actuel de l'étude du tourisme, la manière de concevoir le monde du tourisme, et les divisions parmi universitaires et entre universitaires et gestionnaires.
This paper focuses on the impact of tourism development on the landscape of the village and presents a general model of the process of ‘touristization’ and landscape change. The model and accompanying discussion seeks to synthesize knowledge and understanding of change in the village as it is metamorphosed by tourism.
Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications. In Part I of the book, "Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis," the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data," the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, "Implications of Grounded Theory," Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory. The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 538-580). Microfiche.
We introduce a new hybrid approach to joint estimation of Value at Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES) for high quantiles of return distributions. We investigate the relative performance of VaR and ES models using daily returns for sixteen stock market indices (eight from developed and eight from emerging markets) prior to and during the 2008 financial crisis. In addition to widely used VaR and ES models, we also study the behavior of conditional and unconditional extreme value (EV) models to generate 99 percent confidence level estimates as well as developing a new loss function that relates tail losses to ES forecasts. Backtesting results show that only our proposed new hybrid and Extreme Value (EV)-based VaR models provide adequate protection in both developed and emerging markets, but that the hybrid approach does this at a significantly lower cost in capital reserves. In ES estimation the hybrid model yields the smallest error statistics surpassing even the EV models, especially in the developed markets.
Tourist Destination Management: Issues, Analysis and Policies
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An Introduction to the Philosophy of Knowledge The Golden Hordes: International Tourism and the Pleasure Periphery
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A stakeholder bene approach to tourism management in a historic city centre
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London: Routledge. Le Pelley, B. and Laws, E. 1998. A stakeholder bene approach to tourism management in a historic city centre. In Embracing and Managing Change in Tourism: International Case Studies, ed. Eric Laws, Bill Faulkner and Gianna Moscardo, pp. 70–94.