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Dredging, environmental issues and port experience in the United States
Abstract
This article discusses the regulatory and operational issues which have recently confronted a number of U.S. ports as a result of their dredging programmers. It describes the environmental concerns which have led community groups to raise legal objections to the traditional practice of ocean dumping of dredged material, the federal/state regulatory framework within which these objections have been considered and recent legislative changes to that framework. The paper describes in some detail the specific case of the Port of New York and New Jersey, which has experienced severe delays in its dredging programme since 1992 (and a resulting loss of business) as well mounting costs for dredged material disposal. The paper concludes that, complicated as the technical problems involving dredged material disposal may be, it is the political and economic issues involved which are likely to be decisive in the eventual outcomes for affected ports.
... gestión costera ambiental, y analizaron los cambios ambientales y socioeconómicos en la costa del Reino Unido mientras que Gibb (1997) exploró el drenaje, las cuestiones ambientales y experiencia portuaria en los Estados Unidos. Además, Kaiser (2008) identificó los cambios ambientales, sensoriamiento remoto y desarrollo de infraestructura sobre la base de un estudio de caso en el puerto de East Port Said en Egipto, y Zhang y Qian (2010) aplicaron procedimientos de evaluación de hábitat al planeamiento de evaluación de impacto ambiental en un estudio de caso del planeamiento del distrito del puerto de Dandon. ...
... a) los puertos son importantes económicamente para los países (Ierland y otros 2000; Poltrack 2000; Kolk y Veem 2002;Cunha 2006; Nicolini y Pinto 2013; y Borriello, 2013), (b) los puertos adoptan el control ambiental para atender su estrategia de negocio, lo que incluye la reducción de costos(Couper 1992; Renis 1993; Wooldridge 1995; Turner y otros 1997;Gibb 1997; Newland 1998; Wooldridge y otros 1999; Marcadon 1999; Ierland y otros 2000; Poltrack 2000; Kolk y Veen 2002; Gulick 2002; Barham 2003; Cunha 2005; Paula y otros 2006; Dalton y otros 2009; Kaiser y otros 2012; Marinski y otros 2012; Cerreta y Toro 2012; Dinswoodie y otros 2012; Borrielo 2013; Olson y Silva 2014; Poustie y Deletic 2014; Kuznetsov y otros 2014; Beškovnik y Bajec 2015; Puiget y otros 2015; Navarro y otros 2015; Walker y otros 2015; Antão y otros 2015; Puente-Rodriguez y otros 2015; y Asgari y otros 2015); (c) algunos aspectos de legitimidad han afectado la gestión de los puertos (Turner y otros 1998; Wooldridge y otros 1999; Marcadon 1999; Ierland y otros 2000; Poltrak 2000; Cunha 2006; Snep y Ottburg 2008; Saengsupavanich y otros 2009; Zhang y Qian 2010; Cerreta y Toro 2012; Nicolini y Pinto 2013; Beuret y Cadoret 2014; y Seguí y otros 2015); (d) algunos aspectos de sustentabilidad han sido insertados en las rutinas de las prácticas gerenciales entre las cuales se encuentran el aprendizaje organizacional, el agua, la energía, la certificación y las áreas protegidas (Wooldridge y otros 1999; Paula y otros2006;, Kaiser 2008; Dalton y otros 2009; Hassler 2011; Hiranandani 2013;, Erdas y otros 2014; Rodrıguez y otros 2014; Poustie y Deletic 2014; y Antão y otros 2015). ...
... Duedall et al., 1977;Edenborn & Litchfield, 1987;Brown et al., 2018). In addition to a history of contamination and coastline alteration (Mahoney & McLaughlin, 1977;Waldhauer et al., 1978;Lodge et al., 2015), the NYBA is home to the largest port on the east coast of the USA (Gibb, 1997). The data used in this study were collected within a ∼900 km 2 area extending east to Fire Island, New York and south to Manasquan Inlet, New Jersey and included the New York-New Jersey harbor estuary ( Figure 1). ...
Humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) exhibit maternally driven fidelity to feeding grounds, and yet occasionally occupy new areas. Humpback whale sightings and mortalities in the New York Bight apex (NYBA) have been increasing over the last decade, providing an opportunity to study this phenomenon in an urban habitat. Whales in this area overlap with human activities, including busy shipping traffic leading into the Port of New York and New Jersey. The site fidelity, population composition and demographics of individual whales were analysed to better inform management in this high-risk area. Whale watching and other opportunistic data collections were used to identify 101 individual humpback whales in the NYBA from spring through autumn, 2012–2018. Although mean occurrence was low (2.5 days), mean occupancy was 37.6 days, and 31.3% of whales returned from one year to the next. Individuals compared with other regional and ocean-basin-wide photo-identification catalogues (N = 52) were primarily resighted at other sites along the US East Coast, including the Gulf of Maine feeding ground. Sightings of mother-calf pairs were rare in the NYBA, suggesting that maternally directed fidelity may not be responsible for the presence of young whales in this area. Other factors including shifts in prey species distribution or changes in population structure more broadly should be investigated.
... It has been realized that segregating large-scale dredging plans from developmental plans would have a considerable effect on economic progress of the nation because the port's efficiency to handle cargo depends on the maintenance dredging (USACE 2015). In lieu of depleting natural sources as the raw material for infrastructure development, Gibb (1997) suggested that the policies should be made to encourage inland utilization of the DS, rather than its offshore disposal. The author also highlighted the increasing environmental concerns raised by the different communities about the ocean disposal of dredge sediments and their effects on the regulatory frameworks. ...
Dredged sediments have been extensively used in various parts of the world for applications related to various infrastructural developmental activities, such as land reclamation, building construction, beach replenishment, habitat restoration, and so on. The vicinity of the megacities to the water bodies and shortage of naturally available raw materials for the developmental activities is mostly responsible for such a paradigm shift from the conventional application of natural resources (soils and rock mass). However, utilization of dredged sediments has largely been constrained because of their heterogeneity and also because most of the earlier studies were site specific; hence, these findings cannot be generalized. This calls for a critical analysis of the outcome of the existing studies related to the application of such sediments based on their comprehensive characterization, in infrastructure development, policies adopted in this context, challenges in terms of handling and disposal, and potential of these sediments to contaminate the ecosystem. As highlighted in this paper, such a critical review of the literature would be mandatory for framing the guidelines in establishing the beneficial usages of the dredged sediments as an artificial resource.
... Dredging is essential to maintain navigation in ports and harbours, as well as for the development of port facilities; However, it also causes a lot of environmental problems (Rasheed and Balchand 2001;Gibb 1997). Dredging operation and disposal of dredging material have been always pointed as the main environmental priorities, and are a big challenge for many ports (HELCOM 2007). ...
Ports’ activities have a significant impact on the marine environment of the Baltic Sea, as well as on port cities. The environmental performance of ports is all the more important because of Baltic Sea's vulnerability. This unique basin is highly sensitive to the environmental impacts of human activities in its catchment area. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the environmental performance of Polish ports. The paper identifies current top environmental priorities of Polish ports, and highlights the progress in the field of environmental management after joining the EU in 2004. As all ports are obliged to meet the legal requirements, a particular attention is drawn to the policy's aim to improve environmental standards beyond those required under legislation. This paper also focuses on experiences, with the implementation of the environmental management systems like ISO 14001 or a similar system. It highlights different attitudes towards EMS process of certification. Moreover, as Polish ports are considered to be significant sources of pollution and greenhouse gas emission in their cities, ports’ initiatives aimed at reducing this negative impact are taken into consideration. The analysis is carried out in comparison with other ports of the Baltic Sea Region.
... A variation toReducing the unexpected impacts and providing an advance warning of environmental problems (Barrow, 2005). However, it can involve minimal public participation (i.e. in Malaysia) and can be excessively time consuming and costly (Barrow, 2005;Morrisey, 1993;Staerdahl et al., 2004) Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) To support the choice of different sediment management options by compiling and evaluating the environmental consequences of each choice[2]It can be a very data-intensive analysis that is complex, time consuming and costly (White, 1993)Risk assessment analysis Examples: dredging risk assessment model applications (DRAMA), riskbased environmental windows, comparative risk assessment, water quality, sediment quality, and ecological risk assessment[3]Its weakness associated with its dual nature of accounting for both probability and severity (Pan, 2009, 1997;Vestola, 2009),[3]¼ (Agius and Porebski, 2008;Alvarez Guerra et al., 2007;Deliman et al., 2002;Liu et al., 2006;Suedel et al., 2008;Zeman et al., 2006),[4]¼ (Howlett et al., 2000;Vianna, 2004),[5]¼ (European EnvironmentAgency, 2003;Langmead et al., 2009;Maxim et al., 2009;Ness et al., 2010). the Port of Dunkirk methodology (Fig. 3) which requires costly data collection and hard to implement (Choueri et al., 2010), might be more appropriate for developing nations. ...
Scientific research has characterized the effects of dredging, an underwater excavation process for navigational purposes or material extraction, and has shown its association with a number of chemical, physical and biological impacts. Due to this, much environmental management has been applied in the dredging industry in order to manage its detrimental effects. However, developing nations may have different approaches towards their dredging environmental management to compare to their companions with higher economic strength. Moreover, scientific evidence to make an informed decision is often lacking, hence affecting the number of research executed at these nations, limiting their efforts to preserve the environment. This paper reviews the dredging environmental impacts and its two important factors, dredging technology and sediment characteristic, that determine the magnitude of impacts through literature review, and discusses the need for a more integrated dredging environmental management to be developed for developing nations.
... Scholars examine regulatory issues associated with particular problems (e.g. dredging: Gibb, 1997; or reception of ship-generated waste facilities: Ball, 1999; Butt, 2007; De Langen and Nijdam, 2008); environmentally friendly seaport development (Kendra, 1997); institutional frameworks to apply coastal zone management (Hershman, 1999; Yarnell, 1999); or monitoring and mapping effective management systems vis-à-vis environmental protection (Wooldridge et al., 1999). The implications of national (Ierland et al., 2000) or port level (e.g. the clean truck programme in Los Angeles and Long Beach Goodchild and Mohan, 2008), environmental regulations on the integration with intermodal chains are also studied. ...
This paper reviews research in port economics, policy and management during the period 1997–2008. In an increasingly international economy, research interest in ports is gradually emerging. This paper examines the developments, themes and characteristics of this research, by reviewing a comprehensive database consisting of all the 395 relevant journal papers on ports that were published during the period 1997–2008. With the use of quantitative and qualitative bibliometric tools, the paper identifies the characteristics of the port research community (such as the authors’ country of affiliation, number of authors involved and international collaboration rates). It also identifies the main characteristics of this emerging scientific research field (such as research approaches, units of analysis, samples of the ports examined and commodities analysed). Finally, the paper develops a content classification that distinguishes the main research subfields, identifies leading papers for these subfields and uses a cross‐citation analysis to analyse the coherence of the port research field.
This paper aims to construe literature-based research to highlight the significance of the relevant terminology in the 'maritime' domain:usage andutilisation. It intends to create a harmony-based information delivery within the literature for information to the stakeholders to understand the global maritime issues, concerns, updates, policies, and laws. Given that, fifty articles are selectedfrom various journals to review the usage of the term ''maritime''in the literature in different contexts,including oceans, ports, shipping and coasts. Results will be based upon the selected literature following the right path in translating the term 'maritime.' The research will analyse the future options for social, political and natural (behavioural) sciences' discourses in the 'maritime' domain under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The idea presented through this paper is that CPEC is a maritime corridor connecting China with Pakistan, Kashgar Port, andGwadar Port.
The book's premise is that all forms of waste are expanding exponentially, and are often of a hazardous nature. The author examines the size of the problem, considers how it is evolving, and assesses the legal and political implications. He then shows that existing solutions to reducing consumption and recycling are limited, and concludes by discussing potential ways forward.
Seaports are a vital part of the maritime transport industry and have a key role in integrated transport chains and regional economies. However, ports are also sites of environmental pollution originating from land-based activities, ship movements and ports’ own activities. It is, therefore, increasingly recognised that economic growth in ports must be balanced with environmental protection and social progress. This has led to enhanced appreciation of the need for sustainable development (SD) in ports. Whilst much has been written about port environmental practices in European and American ports, there is limited synthesis and comparison of sustainable port practices from different parts of the world. Furthermore, in-depth case analysis and critical examination of the practices and challenges of sustainable port development in a globalised era is limited. This paper presents findings from a qualitative multi-case study that aimed to compare sustainable policies and practices of ports in four different continents and to understand the dilemmas, challenges and opportunities they face in attaining SD. This paper reports findings pertaining to the following research questions: (1) What policy frameworks do ports adopt to attain sustainable development? (2) What specific sustainable practices do ports utilise to manage environmental aspects such as air pollution, water quality, ballast water, dredging and disposal of dredged materials, waste disposal, hazardous substances and land/resource use? (3) What are the driving and constraining forces in achieving sustainable development in ports? Port authorities were studied by reviewing documents and secondary data. The following ports were studied: Port of Long Beach (USA), Port of Rotterdam Authority (The Netherlands), Sydney Ports Corporation (Australia) and Transnet Limited that owns and manages South African ports. Findings of the study demonstrate that the SD paradigm has gained momentum, albeit to differing degrees, in the functioning, organisation and the very ethos of case study ports. An important theme from all case studies is that, whilst there is definite progress towards SD, several practices deemed to be sustainable can be controversial and must be critically examined from the perspectives of different stakeholders including shippers, port-related businesses and the local and global community. Lack of data to monitor environmental impacts, economic costs of implementing sustainable practices and complexities of international, regional and national regulations were other constraining factors. On the other hand, reconciling differences between stakeholders and capitalising on economic opportunities, operational efficiencies and cost savings offered by environmental friendliness can advance port SD. Public–private partnerships and policies negotiated by involving all stakeholders were found to foster port sustainability. Most importantly, this study found that, with globalisation, environmental impacts of ports are not always localised. ‘Sustainable’ practices can have unintended consequences in other parts of the world. Therefore, globalisation necessitates a more critical and global analysis of port operations and environment practices in order to be truly sustainable. Although the scope of the research findings is limited to case study ports, the lessons drawn can be constructively applied to any port operating within an institutional system of structured SD.
Innovation, organizational capabilities, and environmental values combine to determine institutional change for a major marine port. This conceptual framework is applied to the case of dredged material management for the Port of New York and New Jersey. During the century under review, the institutional setting has changed significantly with: (1) environmental considerations moving from nearly irrelevant to central: (2) the number of interests and organizations increasing; and (3) the decision processes becoming far more complex. Ultimately, the new institutional setting influences organizations and individual decisions. As a result of the changes, the practice of dredged material disposal in ocean waters has been limited based on the level of bioaccumulation of selected contaminants. In response to institutional changes, ports requiring deepened channels must rapidly innovate to meet new environmental obligations for material disposal in order to enhance organizational capabilities necessary to maintain competitive advantages in maritime commerce. Successful marine ports will anticipate and meet new societal expectations related to the environment as a condition for continued legitimacy. Collectively these changes imply that ports have moved beyond a carefully circumscribed mission of transportation and economic development to that of a prominent user of coastal space with broad obligations to the public.
Disposal options for muddy dredged material, especially if lightly contaminated, is an issue facing many countries, particularly if environmental protection and adherence to the Protocols of the London Dumping Convention is a regulatory requirement. For the case of the oceanic islands of New Zealand, disposal of muddy dredged material has become an issue for the prime city of Auckland. Accordingly, it has been necessary to investigate a suitable marine disposal site outside of the territorial seas in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Ideal properties for such a disposal site include a near flat surface on the continental shelf, with sediments of similar textural characteristics to the material being disposed, a site of non-critical benthic ecology, water depths sufficient to enable the disposal site to be monitored (as required under the London Dumping Convention), a site experiencing low shelf currents, not affected by significant wave agitation, and a site not of cultural significance. The approach for site establishment and gaining consent for disposal activities is reviewed. Preliminary investigations supporting a proposed site on the continental shelf in the EEZ are presented.
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