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The effect of personalizing on response rates and data quality in web surveys
International Journal of Social Research Methodology
Abstract
Personalizing correspondence has often shown to significantly increase survey response rates in mail surveys. This study experimentally tests whether personalization of email invitations acts correspondingly to web survey response rates. Also, it is investigated whether personalization influences data quality. The results of the study, using a large student sample, show that personalization significantly increases the web survey response rate by 8.6 percentage points. The data quality does not appear to be affected in any major way by personalizing the email invitations. However, the analyses do show that respondents of the personalization condition tend to respond with more social desirability bias to sensitive questions. Therefore, it is concluded that personalization has positive effects on the survey response rate, but one should carefully consider whether or not to personalize when a survey on sensitive topics is conducted.
... De minder exclusieve focus op representativiteit voor de nationale populatie maakte dat Koen misschien ook een grotere openheid had ten aanzien van innovatieve surveymethoden zoals online surveys dan vele klassieke surveymethodologen. Samen met collega en "strenge" surveymethodoloog Geert Loosveldt was hij promotor van een baanbrekend methodologisch onderzoeksproject rond websurveys (Heerwegh et al., 2005). Nadien volgden er nog vele publicaties op basis van websurveys samen met David De Coninck (zie bv. ...
... Heerwegh, D., Vanhove, T., Matthijs, K., & Loosveldt, G. (2005). The effect of personalization on response rates and data quality in web surveys. ...
... Vermulst, A. (cosup.) (2005). ...
This Festschrift in honour of Koen Matthijs is published on the occasion of his retirement as Full Professor of Sociology and Demography at the Centre for Sociological Research of KU Leuven (Belgium) as per 1 October 2021.
... Complex task coordination overloads email and hinders coordination effectiveness [11]. Forms and surveys can handle larger numbers of respondents, but they can feel impersonal and have low response rates [3,19,31]. Consequently, communicators are forced to choose between personalized contact with a few, or impersonal broadcasts at scale. However, many conversational turns share content and structure. ...
... This length comparison is notable in that some respondents never got to the second and third questions in the script. We used response rates here not to show a predictable result already established by previous studies [19]: more personalized messages receive higher response rates. Rather, we emphasize that MyriadHub replicates these benefits with less effort than prior work. ...
... Email senders who need to reach a large audience have to choose among impersonal mass messages (e.g., surveys [19,29] or mailing lists [35]), personalized conversations with only a manageable subset of their audience [26,3] or intractable, costly parallel conversations with everyone [11,24]. At the same time, impersonal mass messages make it worse [26] for already overloaded email recipients [13,15,33] and suffer from low response rates [3,31]. ...
Email has scaled our ability to communicate with large groups, but has not equivalently scaled our ability to listen and respond. For example, emailing many people for feedback requires either impersonal surveys or manual effort to hold many similar conversations. To scale personalized conversations, we introduce techniques that exploit similarities across conversations to recycle relevant parts of previous conversations. These techniques reduce the authoring burden, save senders' time, and maintain recipient engagement through personalized responses. We introduce MyriadHub, a mail client where users start conversations and then crowd workers extract underlying conversational patterns and rules to accelerate responses to future similar emails. In a within-subjects experiment comparing MyriadHub to existing mass email techniques, senders spent significantly less time planning events with MyriadHub. In a second experiment comparing MyriadHub to a standard email survey, MyriadHub doubled the recipients' response rate and tripled the number of words in their responses.
... As personalized emails do not differ in response rates significantly (Heerwegh et al., 2005;Trespalacios & Perkins, 2016), the emails were sent without containing the names of the respondents. Respondents might recognize automation in personalized emails, which could also be ineffective since the sender and the potential respondent do not have an intimacy or direct relationship (Heerwegh et al., 2005). ...
... As personalized emails do not differ in response rates significantly (Heerwegh et al., 2005;Trespalacios & Perkins, 2016), the emails were sent without containing the names of the respondents. Respondents might recognize automation in personalized emails, which could also be ineffective since the sender and the potential respondent do not have an intimacy or direct relationship (Heerwegh et al., 2005). For this reason, the invitation emails were not personalized. ...
The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to understand what is the relationship between urban performance and stakeholder salience in urban management. In order to achieve this purpose, this doctoral dissertation was divided into three studies. In the first study, I identified and mapped the intellectual structure and mainstream research on stakeholder theory in the context of urban management by performing bibliometrics using co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and social network analyses of both data on the intellectual structure and mainstream research. I revealed how the intellectual structure has evolved from its two components - urban strategy and urban marketing - into three components of mainstream research - sustainable urban strategy, power of networks, and urban marketing. In the second study, I identified and discussed the construct of stakeholder proposed by Freeman in 1984 in the context of municipal urban management through a review of the mainstream research on stakeholder theory in urban management. There are two main approaches to analyzing urban stakeholders - the typological and the general one. On the one hand, the typological approach splits urban stakeholders into categories; there are twelve main types of urban stakeholders, which are in order of the number of occurrences in literature: (1) governments; (2) industry; (3) citizens; (4) civil society; (5) tourists; (6) academia; (7) union; (8) media; (9) investors; (10) financial institutions; (11) suppliers; and (12) supranational and international organizations. On the other hand, the general approach emphasizes the role of urban projects and partnerships by urban managers instead of separating stakeholders into different types. Finally, in the third study, I analyzed the salience (mediator variable) of four urban-stakeholder types (government, industry, citizens, and civil society) as perceived by urban managers, urban quality of life (dependent variable), and managerial values (independent variable), and stakeholder collaboration (moderator variable), in an integrative model in the urban context. For this, a research model was tested through Bayesian Correlation and Bayesian Regression of 85 responses from a survey collected in 24 cities from Brazil, the United States, and Israel. In this study, I did not identify any statistical relationship between stakeholder salience and urban quality of life, and managerial values did not moderate that relationship. Nonetheless, findings revealed a positive relationship between self-regarding values and stakeholder power and between other-regarding values and legitimacy. The originality of this study is to reveal that there is a possibility of self-regarding values (egoistic culture) and power as well as other-regarding values (altruistic/moralist culture) and legitimacy, two existing relationships disregarding the organizational type. However, further studies should be done to affirm this universality. Also, I proposed a comprehensive agenda for future studies in the three studies.
... Researchers in the hospitality and tourism field conduct studies aiming to discover techniques that can enhance online survey response rate and quality (Cobanoglu et al., 2001;Hung & Law, 2011). Previous research investigated the impact of personalization on the email click rate and completion rate (Heerwegh et al., 2005). Whitcomb and Porter (2004) examined the influence of the background color and graphical design of the email on survey response. ...
... Some of the most common benefits are the low cost and fast response (Ali et al., 2020). Heerwegh et al. (2005) also explains that online surveys can have a more attractive visual appeal than traditional surveys, as well as pop-up instructions. Furthermore, seamless skip patterns can be implemented, which will reduce confusion that may be caused by complicated instructions (Hung & Law, 2011). ...
... There are ample studies where the effectiveness of personalization is being investigated empirically (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011). Among these studies, prior ones focus on personalized vs. nonpersonalized printed materials (e.g., Kreuter, Bull, Clark, & Oswald, 1999), while more recent studies investigate personalization with respect to online communication like web surveys (e.g., Heerwegh et al., 2005), newsletters (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011), online ads (e.g., Lambrecht & Tucker, 2013) and websites (e.g., Bol et al., 2013). In particular, these studies have shown that personalization in web surveys can increase the response rate by 8.6% (Heerwegh et al., 2005) and lead to lower ad avoidance (Baek & Morimoto, 2012). ...
... Among these studies, prior ones focus on personalized vs. nonpersonalized printed materials (e.g., Kreuter, Bull, Clark, & Oswald, 1999), while more recent studies investigate personalization with respect to online communication like web surveys (e.g., Heerwegh et al., 2005), newsletters (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011), online ads (e.g., Lambrecht & Tucker, 2013) and websites (e.g., Bol et al., 2013). In particular, these studies have shown that personalization in web surveys can increase the response rate by 8.6% (Heerwegh et al., 2005) and lead to lower ad avoidance (Baek & Morimoto, 2012). In addition, research by Maslowska, Putte and Smit (2011) reveals a positive effect of personalization on consumers' evaluation of the message. ...
... There are ample studies where the effectiveness of personalization is being investigated empirically (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011). Among these studies, prior ones focus on personalized vs. nonpersonalized printed materials (e.g., Kreuter, Bull, Clark, & Oswald, 1999), while more recent studies investigate personalization with respect to online communication like web surveys (e.g., Heerwegh et al., 2005), newsletters (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011), online ads (e.g., Lambrecht & Tucker, 2013) and websites (e.g., Bol et al., 2013). In particular, these studies have shown that personalization in web surveys can increase the response rate by 8.6% (Heerwegh et al., 2005) and lead to lower ad avoidance (Baek & Morimoto, 2012). ...
... Among these studies, prior ones focus on personalized vs. nonpersonalized printed materials (e.g., Kreuter, Bull, Clark, & Oswald, 1999), while more recent studies investigate personalization with respect to online communication like web surveys (e.g., Heerwegh et al., 2005), newsletters (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011), online ads (e.g., Lambrecht & Tucker, 2013) and websites (e.g., Bol et al., 2013). In particular, these studies have shown that personalization in web surveys can increase the response rate by 8.6% (Heerwegh et al., 2005) and lead to lower ad avoidance (Baek & Morimoto, 2012). In addition, research by Maslowska, Putte and Smit (2011) reveals a positive effect of personalization on consumers' evaluation of the message. ...
This paper investigates the impact that seven marketing activities namely
event sponsorship, celebrity endorsements, advertising, distribution
exclusivity, store atmospherics, brand websites and brand’s social media
have on the brand equity of Haute Couture Brands. Globalization, high
disposable income, economic prosperity and an increasing demand for
luxury labels has contributed to the flourishing demand for Haute Couture
Designer labels. The fashion calendar in India is full of Luxury and
Haute Couture events throughout the year, thereby providing exhaustive
purchase options for the affluent Indian consumer and exacerbating the
market competition. This study attempts to assess the consumer based
brand equity of Haute Couture Labels and apprehend their salience in the
domestic market
... There are ample studies where the effectiveness of personalization is being investigated empirically (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011). Among these studies, prior ones focus on personalized vs. non-personalized printed materials (e.g., Kreuter, Bull, Clark, & Oswald, 1999), while more recent studies investigate personalization with respect to online communication like web surveys (e.g., Heerwegh et al., 2005), newsletters (e.g., Maslowska, Putte, & Smit, 2011), online ads (e.g., and ...
... websites (e.g., Bol et al., 2013). In particular, these studies have shown that personalization in web surveys can increase the response rate by 8.6% (Heerwegh et al., 2005) and lead to lower ad avoidance . In addition, research by Maslowska, Putte and Smit (2011) reveals a positive effect of personalization on consumers' evaluation of the message. ...
The rise of the internet technology has drawn the attention of many luxury marketers and researchers. Digital marketing is regarded as “activities, institutions, and processes facilitated by digital technologies for creating, communicating and delivering value for customers and other stake-holders” (Kannan & Li, 2017, p. 23). Digital marketing enhances value for customers and creates customer equity and firm value (Kannan & Li, 2017). For luxury brands, it is not a big problem to integrate certain digital technologies into their marketing strategies such as marketing research (e.g., big data) and product design (e.g., e-mass customization). However, digital technologies for promotion (e.g., retargeting) and distribution (e.g., e-commerce) can be problematic for luxury brands because the essence of luxury like relative inaccessibility, expensiveness, distance and exclusivity may not be compatible with this practice (Kapferer, 2015). Due to the huge difference between luxury and generic brands, digital marketing strategies that are widely used by generic brands may not be suitable for luxury brands (Dion & Arnould, 2011; Kapferer, 2012; Bjørn-Andersen & Hansen, 2011). However, the effectiveness of many digital marketing strategies remains unknown for luxury brands. Therefore, this dissertation serves the purpose of exploring possible digital marketing strategies for luxury brands, focusing on digital tracking technologies and extrinsic cues in e-commerce. In each chapter, we test the effectiveness a particular digital marketing strategy that has been widely used by generic brands. Additionally, the underlying mechanism will also be unraveled. Furthermore, we also investigate the moderating role of the cultural orientation (i.e., Power Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance) in influencing the effectiveness of these marketing strategies.
... self-identification as FF, reputation of the family within the community, reputation of the firm and its products in the industry). We directly reached out to family members of all the 4,000 firms to increase both the response rate and the quality of the responses (Heerwegh et al., 2005;Pielsticker and Hiebl, 2020). We selected only family members who served in either an advisory or operational committee. ...
Purpose
Past research has advanced a plethora of theoretical arguments on the effect of family ownership on firms’ international expansion and produced mixed empirical results. It is argued that the oversimplified way in which researchers have examined theoretically and tested empirically business families’ socioemotional priorities may explain the state of fragmentation in the literature. This study aims to investigate the differential effects of restricted (short-term and family-centric) versus extended (long-term and business-centric) socioemotional priorities on the extent of family firms’ internationalization to capture more nuanced aspects of the socioemotional wealth concept.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors test the hypotheses through OLS regressions on a sample of 287 family firms.
Findings
The authors find that restricted family-centric socioemotional priorities and extended socioemotional priorities related to the establishment of long-term relationships with business partners are negatively associated with the extent of family firms’ internalization. They also find that extended socioemotional priorities related to long-term orientation and transgenerational control intentions are positively associated with international expansion and that this effect is stronger for younger family firms.
Originality/value
This study disentangles the differential effects of two kinds of socioemotional priorities on family firms’ internationalization, thus developing more fine-grained theoretical arguments about the socioemotional drivers of family firms’ behavior. In addition, the authors directly measure socioemotional priorities instead of relying on indirect governance measures.
... Direct conversation with potential contributors is the best way of setting up a robust wave of responses through snowball sampling. Besides adding trust to the process, a personal conversation is able to highlight the importance of the problem the survey addresses [27]. Additionally, maintaining direct contact with the respondents is crucial for sending reminders to ensure compliance [28]. ...
Background
Although many studies worldwide have reported on violence against health care workers, there is a lack of homogeneous data for understanding the current state of the issue. Conducting a global survey required a robust team organisation structure, unique dissemination strategies, and continual networking to maintain and propagate the pool of survey collaborators and responders. Here we aimed to describe the strategies that helped us carry out a global survey-based study, the lessons learned, and provide a practical roadmap for future large-scale cross-sectional studies.
Methods
We conducted this cross-sectional survey-based study from 6 June to 9 August 2022, basing it on the ‘Hub and Spoke’ model, with a single core team and subgroups in different regions managed by country leads. The key steps included team organisation, strategy formulation for survey dissemination and data collection, social media launch, and conducting a post-survey analysis amongst the collaborators. The core team convened weekly via video conference to discuss the modus operandi. The language barrier was managed through audio translation or by shifting to ‘an interviewer-administered’ questionnaire.
Results
The core team included 11 members from seven countries, followed by 28 country leads from 110 countries. We also gathered 80 regional collaborators who provided feedback and spread the message. The Violence Study of Healthcare Workers and Systems (ViSHWaS) returned 5500 responses globally. Guiding principles garnered through this collaborative project include focusing on effective team organisation, ensuring external validation of survey tool, personalised communication, global networking, timely communication for maintaining momentum, and addressing regional limitations. The post-survey analysis showed that WhatsApp messaging was the most common modality used for survey dissemination, followed by in-person meetings and text messaging. We noted that the successful techniques were direct communication with respondents, regular progress updates, responsiveness to regional and country lead needs, and timely troubleshooting. The most common barriers for the respondents were limitations in language proficiency, technical fallouts, lack of compliance with, and difficulty understanding the questionnaire.
Conclusions
In this global survey-based study of more than 5500 responses from over 110 countries, we noted valuable lessons in team management, survey dissemination, and addressing barriers to collaborative research.
... Using personalized lists of respondents limited the risk of completing the survey by persons other than the recipient. Personalizing correspondence has often been shown to significantly increase survey response rates in web surveys and significantly increase the credibility of the answers, according to Heerwegh et al. [4] and Siuda [5]. This type of response is defined by Siuda [5] as a self-selection survey. ...
This article presents reflections on the consequence of remote work in social welfare professions in
... Further research, including a meta-analysis done by Symons and Johnson (1997), confirms that invoking the self increases systematic processing. Although communication could be personalized to invoke the self in a number of ways, we focus on a simple personalization mechanism that is widely used in practice and in the personalization literature: the inclusion of the recipient's name (Heerwegh, Vanhove, Matthijs, and Loosveldt 2005;Tam and Ho 2006;Yu and Cude 2009;Maslowska, Putte, and Smit 2011;Li and Liu 2017). Including one's name in correspondence invokes the self by suggesting that the information is self-relevant to the recipient. ...
Technology makes it possible for management to personalize communication with individual investors on a broad scale. Building on information processing research, we predict and find that personalized communication prompts investors to process financial information more systematically and rely less on summary measures, such as earnings. Investors receiving more (as opposed to less) personalized communication respond less to management’s myopic decisions that boost short-term performance in their assessments of investment attractiveness, such that they assess a company that increases R&D (at the expense of net income) as more attractive and a company that decreases R&D as less attractive. Further analysis suggests this result is driven by investors with greater experience evaluating financial statements processing the longer-term implications of R&D expenditures for performance more fully when personalization is present. Our paper speaks to investor earnings fixation and myopic behavior from management and provides insights for implementing investor communication strategies.
JEL Classifications: O33; O31; L14; M41; D12; D83.
... Using personalized lists of respondents limited the risk of completing the survey by persons other than the recipient. Personalizing correspondence has often been shown to significantly increase survey response rates in web surveys and significantly increase the credibility of the answers, according to Heerwegh et al. [4] and Siuda [5]. This type of response is defined by Siuda [5] as a self-selection survey. ...
This article presents reflections on the consequence of remote work in social welfare professions in the case of family assistants. Web surveys focused on changes that came with the pandemic crisis in social welfare programs, such as family assistants. The article presents conclusions from the pilot web survey study among family assistants in June 2020 using the Survey Monkey online web survey questionnaire. Family assistants of Lower Silesia (part of the region in Poland) represent a category of professions in the social welfare system in Poland. They are employed in social welfare centers and work in the local community. The assistant has different tasks and eligibility than social workers. The family assistant knows the background of family problems, and, with them, he composes a working plan for better-functioning families. Personal contact with families before the epidemiological crisis has been replaced by remote work, replaced by changed tools, indirect contact with clients, and changing attitudes among workers. All changes have led to a transformation of daily work and organization in the workplace.
... Additionally, an independent t-test was performed, and the results showed no difference between the early and late response groups. This led to the conclusion that non-response bias was not present in the sample (Heerwegh et al., 2005). ...
Food supply chain assurance refers to the measures and processes that are put in place to ensure the safety, quality, and reliability of the food supply chain from farm to fork. Food supply chain assurance aims to minimize the risk of foodborne illnesses, ensure the integrity of the supply chain, and build trust between consumers and producers. Hence, this paper aims to provide empirical evidence on the effects of the dimensions of food security and their impacts on the food supply chain in the context of households in Malaysia. This research primarily focuses on individuals as the unit of analysis, and 498 households in the Klang Valley, Malaysia, were invited to take part in the survey. Subsequently, out of the invited households, 350 responses were received and considered valid for data analysis. The results of this study show that each of the hypotheses is true and that food security in the supply chain is affected by all four aspects of food security: how easy it is to get food, how much food is available, how it is used, and how stable it is. This study is one of the first to help partners in the food security supply chain better understand the effects of food security mechanisms. This will help consumers become more aware of the food security supply chain in the long run.
... Among the information collected overtly and utilized by firms to personalize the message is the individual's name (Nobile & Cantoni, 2021;Tran et al., 2021). It has been found that when individuals spot their name in an email, they pay more attention to the message (Maslowska, Smit, & van den Putte, 2016) resulting in higher probability of opening rate, which in turn generates higher click-through rates, increases sales, and reduces un-subscriptions (Heerwegh, Vanhove, Matthijs, & Loosveldt, 2005;Munz, Jung, & Alter, 2020;Sahni, Wheeler, & Chintagunta, 2018). However, opposite findings highlight the inability of greetings with personal identifiable information to trigger positive responses due to privacy concerns (Li & Liu, 2017;Wattal, Telang, Mukhopadhyay, & Boatwright, 2012). ...
... Joinson and Reips's findings are validated by various other studies: personalization supports response rates (Heerwegh et al. 2005;Dillman et al. 2007;Joinson and Reips 2007;Fatkin 2017; Barron and Yechiam 2002;Muñoz-Leiva et al. 2009). ...
In the modern day, surveys often have very low response rates. This reveals a need for greater understanding of survey research, in order to enable researchers to achieve high response rates. One relevant facet of survey research is reminder timings, or the amount of time between the survey invitation and the reminder. In this study, the researcher investigated a potential reminder timing, analyzing surveys on high school students to discover the day that people stop responding to surveys. The researcher found that in their dataset, people stop responding to surveys after an average of 3 days of the survey being active. This finding may be relevant to informing survey reminder timings in the future, as effective reminders may be placed at the point people stop responding to surveys. There may be more optimal reminder timings, however. More investigation must be done into the ideal point for survey reminders to generate more solid conclusions.
... Respondents were identified through the Family Business Network (FBN), the world's leading organization counting 4000 business families in 65 countries. To obtain the F. Debellis et al. highest possible response rate, we contacted family members of all the 4000 firms via their private email address, allowing a higher response rate, increasing the quality of responses, and reducing errors (Heerwegh et al., 2005;Pielsticker & Hiebl, 2020). To ensure responses of the highest possible quality, we only contacted family members that served in either an advisory or operational committee. ...
Plain English Summary
Ownership does not automatically imply control over corporate action. Rather, it is the influence through representation on the board of directors that really matters. Yet, in one of the most cited studies in the family firm internationalization literature, Sciascia et al. (2012) neglect the prominent role of family directors. Drawing on stewardship and stagnation arguments, they only hypothesize that family ownership and international expansion have an inverted U-shaped relationship. To assess the generalizability of their findings, we test their hypothesis on a different sample. In addition, we extend their study to develop a more complex theoretical foundation of the influence of family representation on the board of directors, and the relative moderating role of firm age and size, on firm internationalization. While unable to replicate the results of their study, we find empirical support for our theoretical arguments. Our study offers two key implications. First, the need for replication studies to contribute to theory development. Second, the different effects of the juxtaposition of family and non-family directors on firm internationalization according to firm age and size.
... limitations. First, we opted for a distribution method known to be less effective than personal invitations, 25 and does not enable a reliable calculation of the response rate. For this study, we were concerned that any more selective recruitment method would introduce bias. ...
Objective: To describe how physicians manage patients with myocardial injury (i.e., a troponin elevation of presumed ischemic origin) after non-cardiac surgery (MINS).
Methods: Web-based survey to physicians distributed between December 2020 and September 2021, including a case scenario of asymptomatic MINS.
Results: Of 103 respondents, 94% were practicing in Canada and 65% were general internists. 97% of respondents would order an ECG; following a normal ECG, 46% of would order an echocardiogram; following a normal echocardiogram, 42% would order myocardial perfusion imaging. Of the respondents, 91% and 90% would initiate ASA and a statin, respectively; 24%, 21%, and 7% would initiate an ACE inhibitor, a beta-blocker, and dabigatran, respectively. Most participants indicated that outpatient follow-up with a medicine specialist within 1–2 months (90%) and 1 year (68%) was appropriate.
Conclusion: Respondents generally agreed that ASA and statins should be prescribed for MINS, and that post-discharge specialist follow-up is warranted. However, opinions regarding the role of cardiac imaging varied.
... Also, this knowledge can contribute to the personalization of products, which is seen as an emerging trend and requirement in new product development, e.g., [35]), in which user experience is a key characteristic [78] and player-centered game design is important [58,67]. By identifying more focused gamer types, our findings also complement the extant literature, by providing opportunities for more personalized correspondence, e.g., to achieve better responses to customer surveys [26] and personalized advertisements on social media [14]. ...
The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel multidimensional typology of free-to-play gamers, based on the theory of consumption values and to test whether these types of gamers differ in their premium content consumer purchasing behavior. The study uses a survey of 839 Czech free-to-play gamers, where the players’ values are tested across 27 items. Factor analysis is used to identify 6 different factors (values) influencing the gamers, which are then used as variables in a cluster analysis to identify 5 distinct gamer types. Results show that each identified gamer type differs not only in gaming (length of gameplay) but also in purchasing behavior (current purchase and future purchase intention, average monthly spend). One new gamer type, previously unidentified in the literature, has been identified (the enthusiasts), alongside the development of additional details for three of the more “standard” game types (economic aesthetes, identification seekers and killers). Gamers from the Czech Republic are used in the sample, limiting the generalizability of the study. The research complements existing gamer typologies by developing an empirically supported view of free-to-play gamers that is based on value, which results in the identification of one new gamer type. We also extend consumption values theory by identifying the multi-dimensional impact of value characteristics on purchase behavior in a context of emerging commercial and social importance.
... Papers Rejected; (Based on the multimedia learning packages; teaching or education of Quantitative and Qualitative Research, or collecting data using Survey Methods) (Bliven, Kaufman, & Spertus 2001;Epstein and Klinkenberg 2002;Heerwegh et al. 2005;Kaplowitz et al. 2004;Reynolds, Jr. and Stiles 2007;West et al. 2006) 6 Note: Several papers overlapped into different categories Visibility of body language allows moderator to pick up on signs of anger, discomfort, remain hidden in on-line format There is an increased willingness to share and discuss sensitive issues due to a greater desire to talk. On-line chat allows larger audiences to join in communication Meeting site is set in a convenient, local area Transportation, ability to follow directions to meeting site, parking become non-issues Participants are presumed to reflect views like those who will be in the study. ...
... Results -Search 2 EBSCO Host Database(s) category arrangementEpstein and Klinkenberg 2002;Heerwegh et al. 2005;Kaplowitz et al. 2004;Reynolds, Jr. and Stiles 2007;West et al. 2006) Note: Several papers overlapped into different categories ...
... The questionnaire was personalised for every participant, meaning that each participant received a different version of the questionnaire based on their displayed learning behaviours. Personalisation of the questionnaires (Heerwegh et al., 2005) was carried out specifically for this study to gain more individualised data from the participants. To illustrate the process, all of the participants were classified into four personalisation behaviours. ...
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We will endeavour to ensure the reputation and quality of this journal with this issue.
... Pou ha u e d'e t e elles les po da ts de aie t se positio e deu fois su u e échelle de Likert 68 Le satisficing et le multitasking se traduisent généralement par un temps de réponse très court consacré à ha ue uestio e ui 'est pas alua le dans notre cas) et par des réponses répétées de type « ne se prononce pas » ou par des réponses mécaniques (par exemple sur une échelle de Likert choisir toujours la même réponse quelle que soit la question). Voir notamment Matthijs et al. (2005) Ce phénomène a été neutralisé à travers un filtrage de tous les questionnaires manquant de résultats ou présentant des réponses mécaniques. est, pour le cabinet du recteur, une autorité. ...
La massification scolaire et les évolutions de l'école et de la société depuis les années 1960 en France ont amené plus de complexité à l'école et engendré de nouvelles tensions dans les établissements scolaires. Ainsi, pour répondre à cette complexité et réduire ces tensions, les personnels de direction des collèges et des lycées doivent ajouter aujourd'hui aux compétences de gestion et d'administration qui figuraient traditionnellement à leur portefeuille de compétences, des compétences nouvelles de leadership référant aux compétences émotionnelles. Il s'agit de passer d'un modèle de commandement à un modèle de gouvernance. Mais, cela se traduit-il effectivement dans la perception que les personnels de direction déclarent posséder de leur maîtrise de ces nouvelles compétences ? Autrement dit, en quoi la perception qu'ont les personnels de direction de leur maîtrise et de l'importance des compétences émotionnelles témoigne-t-elle de l'effectivité du glissement sémantique de l'approche par leadership dans l'Education nationale ? Afin d’explorer cette question, le chercheur a mené une recherche sous forme d'étude de cas auprès de personnels de direction, à partir d'un questionnaire d'enquête. Le questionnaire les a interrogés sur la perception de leur niveau de maîtrise de ces compétences et sur sur le niveau de maîtrise qu'ils jugent nécessaire pour exercer leur fonction.Les répondants ont déclaré d'une part posséder une maîtrise moins élevée des compétences émotionnelles de leadership que de compétences plus techniques, et d'autre part un niveau de maîtrise des compétences émotionnelles de leadership inférieur à celui jugé nécessaire.Une formation permettant de consolider et/ou d'acquérir la maîtrise de ces compétences émotionnelles de leadership semble indispensable pour que le glissement sémantique de l'approche par leadership s'incarne réellement dans les pratiques des personnels de direction et pour que le passage d'un modèle de commandement bureaucratique à un modèle de gouvernance scolaire soit effectif.
... The questionnaire was personalised for every participant, meaning that each participant received a different version of the questionnaire based on their displayed learning behaviours. Personalisation of the questionnaires (Heerwegh et al., 2005) was carried out specifically for this study to gain more individualised data from the participants. To illustrate the process, all of the participants were classified into four personalisation behaviours. ...
Given the large amounts of learning data they generate and their flexible nature, Language Massive Open Online Courses (LMOOCs) allow for the emergence of various forms of personalisation. This study examines how 137 language learners personalised their learning in a Language MOOC on English presentation skills. It also investigates learner-reported reasons that encouraged them to either follow a personalised learning pathway (PLP) suggested to them by the system, or choose to devise their own individual (personal) learning plan (ILP). Data were collected using three instruments: course analytics, personalised questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The results demonstrate that learners used several forms of personalisation, with an ILP being the most prominent. Learners who opted to follow a PLP cited an appropriate level of content as their primary reason for doing so, while those who chose to devise their own ILP cited having control over their learning and individual preferences as their main reasons. We conclude that LMOOC learners were more likely to devise their own learning plan than to follow a recommended plan and that the optimal design for an LMOOC is to combine both types of personalisation.
... Additionally, different personalization effects were found depending on the number of mailouts that had been conducted -the authors of the review speculated that this might have been connected to the fact that various personalization methods were used [11]. Pit Outside the health domain, the impact of personalization has been, e.g., supported by a web-based survey study among students [12]. However, a more recent study on online-surveys from 2016 was not able to find a positive effect of personalized invitation letters on response rate [13]. ...
Background
Participation of general practitioners is crucial for health care studies. However, recruiting them is an ongoing challenge and participation rates of general practitioners around the globe are often low. One feasible and cost-efficient approach to potentially enhance participation rates among general practitioners are personalized invitation letters, since they may increase one’s attention to and appreciation of a study. Still, evidence whether this method actually affects participation is scarce and ambiguous in relation to physicians.
Methods
We undertook a randomized trial in a sample of general practitioners from three German states in the context of a large, observational study on physicians’ coordination and uptake of recommended cardiovascular ambulatory care. An intervention group (n = 757 general practitioners) received a personalized invitation to participate in the observational study, the control group (n = 754 general practitioners) received a generic invitation. Both groups were blinded to group assignment. Eventual participation rates as well as the number and types of responses overall were compared between arms. Besides the main intervention, sociodemographic and geographical context factors were considered as well.
Results
The overall participation rate among physicians was 2.6% (2.8% in the intervention group and 2.4% in the control group). No statistically significant effect of personalization on participation of physicians was found (relative risk to participate when receiving a personalized invitation of 1.17 [95%-CI: 0.62, 2.21]). However, the number of responses to the invitation varied significantly between the geographical regions.
Conclusions
Personalization of first written contact alone did not improve research participation among general practitioners, which was overall very low.
Trial registration
The study in which the trial was embedded has been registered prospectively at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) under registration number DRKS00019219.
... The credit for the high response rate could be attributed to the xRM framework itself, as it enabled creating personalized e-mail messages for each student. This may have had a positive impact on their decision to become a part of the research [64]. ...
This paper explores the role of extended relationship management (xRM) in the higher education ecosystem. With the ultimate goal of the institution’s future sustainable development, the university has developed and implemented a customized model of integrated e-services to foster a relationship with its leading stakeholder group—students. Furthermore, our study introduces a comprehensive model of xRM e-services. The main objective of this paper was to assess students’ behavioral intentions, acceptance, and long-term usage of the xRM e-services. A theoretical model was developed based on the UTAUT2 framework. The evaluation of the acceptance and usage of the xRM e-services was assessed by using a partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) methodology. The results indicate that factors such as habit and effort expectancy have a significant relationship with students’ behavioral intentions, while there is a strong positive influence of their intentions on actual use of the xRM e-services. The emergence of habit as the strongest predictor of behavioral intention indicates that the digitization of traditional touch-points has become an important part of students’ everyday lives at university.
... It has been identified that personalisation of invitations using greetings, titles, and addresses significantly increased response rate (Heerwegh et al., 2006). Requesting assistance from those surveyed is influential in increasing response rate (Groves et al., 1992). ...
The chemical engineering sector faces the challenge of meeting the continuously growing demand for their products and services while at the same time ensuring that the industry fully integrates the concepts of sustainable manufacturing. Industry 4.0 provides immense opportunities for the realisation of sustainable manufacturing.
Industry 4.0 is a concept that represents the adoption of techniques and processes by industry to gain competitive advantages in domestic and global markets, and Pharma 4.0 is an iteration of Industry 4.0 that relates specifically to the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical sectors. The emerging technologies encountered in Pharma and Industry 4.0 facilitate sustainable value creation, through the implementation of agile and smart technologies leading to highly efficient automated processes driven by an integrated manufacturing control strategy.
The objective of this research is to quantify the industrial opportunities for enhanced sustainable manufacturing and in parallel evaluate the status of Industry 4.0 within 3rd level chemical engineering education and training establishments such as the National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training (NIBRT). The research focuses on cross-linking, as well as the implementation of Industry 4.0 with curriculum development and examines critical aspects of industrial application such as production efficiencies, eco-friendly production, and end-of-life products disposal, providing new educational sustainability benchmarks.
Preliminary findings indicate that students have fundamental knowledge regarding core Pharma 4.0 concepts such as Augmented Reality, Cloud Computing and Artificial Intelligence; however, the structure of the 3rd level engineering education needs to adapt, incorporating a more connected curriculum in order to ensure new graduates can successfully engage with a rapidly developing industry and related Pharma 4.0 concepts. Similarly, training institutes indicate an increasing requirement to re-train staff associated with pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries, to upskill 4.0 concepts among the existing workforce.
... In addition, the response rate improves when the authority of the email's sender is strong from the respondent's point of view (Joinson and Reips 2007). However, respondents who receive personalized invitations tend to have a stronger social desirability bias than usual; thus, this option should be considered carefully when asking about sensitive topics (Heerwegh et al. 2005). The third example is the use of a reminder email. ...
Online surveys have the advantages of affordability and speedy collection; however, there have been some concerns about their response quality. Previous studies have measured response quality using nonresponse rate and biased choice behavior. However, it is difficult to detect defective respondents who are randomly selected without careful consideration by using those indicators. Therefore, this study measured the accuracy rate as an index of response quality using a questionnaire with questions for which possible answers were provided. Questionnaire length was found to have a negative effect on response rate but no significant effect on the accuracy rate. In addition, considering the response device, surveys from smartphone users have a lower accuracy rate than surveys from personal computer users. Lastly, respondents who have a response rate faster than 10 seconds per question have a lower accuracy rate. It is important to understand the factors that affect response quality and to design surveys accordingly.
... Contact was made with individual survivors and agency personnel through a variety of methods, including in-person communication, e-mail and phone. All correspondence was personalised, in keeping with research suggesting that this practice enhances response rates (Heerwegh et al., 2005). The study, which was part of a larger project on human trafficking, was conducted with the approval of a university Institutional Review Board (IRB). ...
The purpose of this study is to delineate the experiences and recommendations of internationally trafficked men—one of the most overlooked subgroups among survivors of human trafficking. To conduct this qualitative study, a hybrid purposive/snowball sampling strategy was used to recruit men (N = 21) who were trafficked into the USA. A post-positivist epistemological perspective informed an interpretive content analysis of the data. The results indicated that respondents were trafficked from either Latin America or Asia, with forced labour representing the most common type of exploitation. Analyses yielded an array of recommendations regarding: (i) services needed to assist victims escape traffickers and (ii) strategies that mental health professionals might implement to assist victims overcome the trauma associated with being trafficked. The results suggest male trafficking victims have significant needs and professionals who work with victims in various capacities can benefit by implementing survivors’ recommendations.
... The data collection procedures were individualized to facilitate recruitment and survey administration. For example, some research suggests that personalizing correspondence enhances response rates (Heerwegh, Vanhove, Matthijs, & Loosveldt, 2005). Accordingly, communication was tailored to incorporate people's name, and when relevant and appropriate, other contextual information. ...
This study used a mixed method, convergent parallel design to identify the coping strategies—both general and spiritual—used by men who were internationally trafficked. A hybrid purposive/snowball sampling method was used to recruit participants. This procedure yielded a sample of twenty-one men who were trafficked into the United States from Asia and Latin America. Analyses of the survey data revealed the most prominently cited sources of coping were, in decreasing order: spirituality, work, and family. Roughly three-quarters of the sample (76%, n = 16) reported using spiritual coping strategies, of which the most common were: prayer, God, and church. Among those who used spiritual strategies, a plurality reported that the strategies were the most important factor that kept them going. The results have important implications for those who work with trafficked men. Understanding common coping strategies equips practitioners with the knowledge to assess, identify, and operationalize potential assets that may help survivors deal with presently experienced challenges. Future researchers might examine similarities and differences between men and women’s coping strategies to better understand the unique approaches used by both genders to deal with the experience of being trafficked.
... It has been identified that personalisation of invitations using greetings, titles, and addresses significantly increased response rate [18]. Requesting assistance from those surveyed is influential in increasing response rate [19]. ...
Industry 4.0 is a concept that represents the adoption by industry of techniques and processes allowed by digitisation, cloud computing, the internet of things and big data to gain competitive advantages in domestic and global markets. The research is conducted in Ireland with the resulting data examined through a global lens, yielding information relevant to the effective adoption and integration of 4.0 concepts. Key outcomes are the perspectives of the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries with regards to the adoption of 4.0, the current level of implementation of 4.0 technologies in manufacturing facilities and planned 4.0 projects to be executed. Statistically relevant relationships evident in the responses are also investigated. This research provides novel and highly relevant information concerning the state of industry preparedness for the adoption of 4.0.
Across all survey respondents only 42% indicated any knowledge of 4.0. The majority of respondents who indicated a knowledge of 4.0 identified with either the Automation or Engineering department. Among established employees with greater than 8 years of experience 82% identified with having knowledge of 4.0. Those surveyed with Vice-President or Director roles, had a 98% certainty of 4.0 awareness. A noteworthy finding of this work is the identification of a substantial disconnect in knowledge of 4.0 based on seniority, function and industry. Thus while the implementation of 4.0 is playing an increasingly significant role in the modernisation of the Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical industries, challenges remain with respect to the holistic fusion of 4.0 into the culture of organisations.
... O Efeito da Personalização estabelece que o material didático apresentado de forma mais direta, em formato de uma conversa com o aluno, leva o educando a melhores respostas em relação à mensagem.Alunos aprendem melhor com textos personalizados e aprendem mais ainda com textos personalizados escritos de modo coloquial do que formal. As pesquisas mostram que o efeito é comprovável em diversas esferas, desde estudantes do secundário (REY e STEIB, 2013), passando pela geração de respostas no marketing online(HEERWEGH, et al., 2005) e atingindo disciplinas e áreas do conhecimento não apenas nas ciências humanas, mas também exatas (LÓPEZ e SULLIVAN, 1992).Os efeitos de Mayer têm sido amplamente utilizados nas abordagens psicopedagógicas no ensino a distância ou multimídia, mas também têm sido constantes na produção de conteúdo instrucional em empresas e mesmo universidades. ...
... The contents of the text messages were dynamically constructed and personalized for each user, taking into account the participation figures (see Figure S3 in the Supplementary Material for an overview of the invite message and personalization procedure). The rationale behind sending different and personalized text messages was that both the fact that the message text was variable and that it was personalized potentially has a motivating effect for actually filling out the questionnaire (Heerwegh et al., 2005;Muñoz-Leiva et al., 2010). ...
We present the u-can-act platform, a tool that we developed to study the individual processes of early school leaving and the preventative actions that mentors take to steer these processes in the right direction. Early school leaving is a significant problem, particularly in vocational education, and can have severe consequences for both the individual and society. However, the prevention of early school leaving is hampered by a mismatch between research and practice: research tends to focus on identifying risk factors using group averages and cross-sectional studies, while practitioners focus on intervening in individual processes. We aim to help solve this mismatch with our project u-can-act. In this project we have developed a platform that helps to gain insight into both the individual processes that precede early school leaving as well as the actions that mentors take to prevent it. In this paper we introduce the u-can-act platform, which consists of three technology-based, reusable methodological innovations. Specifically, our innovations concern: (i) an open source web application for longitudinal personalized data-collection, (ii) an automated study protocol that optimizes adherence in a difficult target group (adolescents at risk for early school leaving), and (iii) a technologically assisted coupling between mentor and student that allows us to study dyadic interactions over time. We present performance results of our platform, including participant adherence, the behavior of the questionnaire items over time, and the way that our web application is experienced by the participants. We conclude that our innovative platform is successful in collecting multi-informant time-series data on intervention processes among students in vocational education, both for at-risk students and control students, and for their mentors. Moreover, our platform is suitable for broader applications: it can be used to study any malleable individual process including the efforts of a second individual who aims to influence this process. Because of the unique insights that the u-can-act platform is able to generate, the platform may ultimately contribute to solving the mismatch between research and practice, and to more effective interventions in individual processes.
... It is reported that decreasing costs associated with designing and administering online surveys would make survey fatigue more prevalent [8]. On the other hand, it is discussed by many researchers that personalizing the email invitations significantly improves the response rate of participants as it gives the impression of focused message and targeted audience [9]. However, using the mail merge function enables researchers to send a separate email directly to each participant, which is better than sending bulk emails using the blind carbon copy function. ...
Survey research is one of the most essential domains of evaluation and measurement in healthcare and social sciences. Online surveys are considered the most economical of the three main data collection methods, followed by telephone interviewing, while face-to-face interviewing is the most expensive. Even though they have many advantages, online surveys have very low response rates. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a practical and simply replicable approach for using PubMed to generate large email lists of potential participants for healthcare survey research. In addition to personalizing each email, researchers can use a range of strategies to improve the response rate, including sending reminders, adding the updated response rate to the reminders, and stating the average time it would take participants to complete the survey. Moreover, acknowledging participants, using financial and non-financial incentives and contacting participants through their affiliated organization, can significantly improve participants response rate.
... The efficacy of personalization and tailoring of survey protocols and contacts to improve nonresponse is well documented (9,15,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). These studies showed that tailoring and personalizing survey protocols and contacts typically lead to higher response rates. ...
An analysis of factors associated with nonwork trips was conducted. The key variable of interest was proximity to transit-oriented development areas around train stations in New Jersey. The data were derived from a questionnaire of households around eight train stations and stratified by distance from a station. The focus was on the mode used for trips to restaurants–coffee shops and grocery–food stores, two of the most common and frequent nonwork trips. The analysis focused on the choice of walking versus driving for these trips by using an instrumental variable probit model aimed at controlling for the endogeneity associated with self-selection bias (i.e., people who prefer not to drive choose more walkable neighborhoods). Results showed strong associations between proximity to transit-oriented development areas and walking trips, and these results hold when endogeneity is controlled for. Local street density and per capita vehicle ownership also had the expected effects on walking trips.
... Findings from these studies are consistent with those from the analysis on social desirability bias. Heerwegh et al. (2005) found no effects of personalized salutation on "don't know" answer and survey completion time and little evidence for bias in item nonresponse. However, their work also shows that personalization has a positive impact on adherence to survey instructions. ...
The personalization of survey materials may be a cost-effective way to contrast the decline of response rates and possibly improve the quality of survey data. A number of papers have found that personalization of salutations in e-mail communications may lead to higher response rates. Given their widespread use, Short Text Messages (SMS) may also be useful contact modes in surveys; however, little is known on the effects of personalized salutations when contacting sample members using SMS. Using experimental data from an online survey on Italian graduates, this work intends to evaluate the impact of personalized SMS salutations on response and measurement error. We find evidence that personalization has a positive impact on response rates and some indication that it may lead to better survey data, i. e., by providing more complete answers to open-ended questions. Limitations and implications of the study are also discussed.
... The efficacy of personalization and tailoring of survey protocols and contacts to improve nonresponse is well documented (9,15,(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). These studies showed that tailoring and personalizing sur- vey protocols and contacts typically lead to higher response rates. ...
This paper presents best practices for transit survey protocols targeted at small geographic areas such as those in and around transit-oriented development and for households proximate to transit stations. The widespread dissemination of cell phones and rapidly decreasing presence of in-household landlines has made telephone interviewing prohibitively expensive; moreover, the portability of cell phone numbers has confounded small-area probability sampling. A postal mail push-to-web protocol described here is a more cost-efficient approach for small-area data collection, particularly when probability samples are sought. Address files are available from postal databases, and the strategy is to send respondents details on how to access an online questionnaire; continued non response is then followed up, with the final mailed contact including a paper questionnaire. Embedded in the contacting protocol is a survey research experiment in which a method for maximizing response rates, the use of web instruction cards, is examined in the context of the mail push-to-web survey protocol. Results led to four optimization techniques: first, the mail push-to-web protocol described in this paper minimizes printing and mailing costs as well as computer data entry error from paper survey instruments; second, prenotification letters also serve to reduce those costs by indicating nondeliverable addresses to be deleted from the sample frame; third, web cards - whether generic or tailored - are ineffective; and fourth, from persuasive evidence, name association (i.e., having a commercial sample firm append names to the sample frame and using those names to personalize the mailing) has a strong positive effect on response propensity.
... Nonresponse bias is furthermore suspected to be high in web-based surveys [84]. Although social online networking is emerging as a popular tool to market surveys and is believed to have the potential to "snowball sampling" [31][32][33], targeting an email list from the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) or the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) as laid forward in the initial proposal might have improved response rate by inviting members via personalized emails and encouraging them to respond through follow-up reminders [85]. In this survey, inclusion of CAVM was restricted to those delivered by a practitioner [28] and identified in the literature review as the most frequently used by horse owners in the treatment of EMBP [12,13]. ...
Background: In educational research, online survey has become one of the most popular methods of data collection. Academic researchers, including faculty and students, expect and require a good response rate to their research projects for reliable results. Purpose: In this paper, the authors examine a wide range of factors related to survey response rates in academic research. Examples include email checking habits, survey design, and attitudes toward research. Setting: An online survey environment Intervention: Not applicable. Research Design: A cross-sectional quantitative research method was used to analyze the factors that influence participants’ email survey response rate. Data were collected at a single point in time. The authors did not directly measure changes that come over time in this study. Data Collection and Analysis: After receiving the Institutional Research Board’s approval, the researchers distributed the survey via the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Graduate Student Discussion List subscribers. A sample of 454 responses was used in the final analysis-- with a 78.9 % response rate. The authors used descriptive statistics (percentage, average mean) and inferential statistics (chi-square and correlations) to report the data analysis and findings. Findings: Results indicated that research survey response rate was highly influenced by interests of participants, survey structure, communication methods, and assurance of privacy and confidentiality. The findings also suggested that male participants were more likely to respond to surveys if they received a reminder, and older participants were more likely to respond if they were promised a reward.
The sustainability of tourist attractions can be enhanced through Environmentally Responsible Behavior (ERB). This study aims to identify key factors that encourage visitor to ERB at Mlarangan Asri Beach and to explore the mechanisms of their impact. We surveyed 157 visitors at Mlarangan Asri Beach in Kulon Progo. Our findings, based on structural equation modeling, indicate that personality traits significantly and positively affect both environmentally responsible behavior and visitor satisfaction. However, visitor satisfaction does not influence environmentally responsible behavior, nor does it mediate the impact of personality traits on ERB. The study reveals that the primary determinant of ERB at Mlarangan Asri Beach is personality traits, comprising five indicators: neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and extraversion.
Background
Self‐administered questionnaires are widely used to collect data in epidemiological research, but non‐response reduces the effective sample size and can introduce bias. Finding ways to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires would improve the quality of epidemiological research.
Objectives
To identify effective strategies to increase response to postal and electronic questionnaires.
Search methods
We searched 14 electronic databases up to December 2021 and manually searched the reference lists of relevant trials and reviews. We contacted the authors of all trials or reviews to ask about unpublished trials; where necessary, we also contacted authors to confirm the methods of allocation used and to clarify results presented.
Selection criteria
Randomised trials of methods to increase response to postal or electronic questionnaires. We assessed the eligibility of each trial using pre‐defined criteria.
Data collection and analysis
We extracted data on the trial participants, the intervention, the number randomised to intervention and comparison groups and allocation concealment. For each strategy, we estimated pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in a random‐effects model. We assessed evidence for selection bias using Egger's weighted regression method and Begg's rank correlation test and funnel plot. We assessed heterogeneity amongst trial odds ratios using a Chi² test and quantified the degree of inconsistency between trial results using the I² statistic.
Main results
Postal
We found 670 eligible trials that evaluated over 100 different strategies of increasing response to postal questionnaires. We found substantial heterogeneity amongst trial results in half of the strategies.
The odds of response almost doubled when: using monetary incentives (odds ratio (OR) 1.86; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73 to 1.99; heterogeneity I² = 85%); using a telephone reminder (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.74); and when clinical outcome questions were placed last (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.00 to 4.24).
The odds of response increased by about half when: using a shorter questionnaire (OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.40 to 1.78); contacting participants before sending questionnaires (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.51; I² = 87%); incentives were given with questionnaires (i.e. unconditional) rather than when given only after participants had returned their questionnaire (i.e. conditional on response) (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.35 to 1.74); using personalised SMS reminders (OR 1.53; 95% CI 0.97 to 2.42); using a special (recorded) delivery service (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.36 to 2.08; I² = 87%); using electronic reminders (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.10 to 2.33); using intensive follow‐up (OR 1.69; 95% CI 0.93 to 3.06); using a more interesting/salient questionnaire (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.66); and when mentioning an obligation to respond (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.22). The odds of response also increased with: non‐monetary incentives (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.21; I² = 80%); a larger monetary incentive (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.33); a larger non‐monetary incentive (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.33); when a pen was included (OR 1.44; 95% CI 1.38 to 1.50); using personalised materials (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.21; I² = 57%); using a single‐sided rather than a double‐sided questionnaire (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.25); using stamped return envelopes rather than franked return envelopes (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.33; I² = 69%), assuring confidentiality (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.24 to 1.42); using first‐class outward mailing (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.21); and when questionnaires originated from a university (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.54).
The odds of response were reduced when the questionnaire included questions of a sensitive nature (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.88 to 1.00).
Electronic
We found 88 eligible trials that evaluated over 30 different ways of increasing response to electronic questionnaires. We found substantial heterogeneity amongst trial results in half of the strategies. The odds of response tripled when: using a brief letter rather than a detailed letter (OR 3.26; 95% CI 1.79 to 5.94); and when a picture was included in an email (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.84 to 5.06; I² = 19%).
The odds of response almost doubled when: using monetary incentives (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.31 to 2.71; I² = 79%); and using a more interesting topic (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.52 to 2.26). The odds of response increased by half when: using non‐monetary incentives (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.25 to 2.05); using shorter e‐questionnaires (OR 1.51; 95% CI 1.06 to 2.16; I² = 94%); and using a more interesting e‐questionnaire (OR 1.85; 95% CI 1.52 to 2.26). The odds of response increased by a third when: offering survey results as an incentive (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.59); using a white background (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.56); and when stressing the benefits to society of response (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.78; I² = 41%).
The odds of response also increased with: personalised e‐questionnaires (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.32; I² = 41%); using a simple header (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.48); giving a deadline (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.34); and by giving a longer time estimate for completion (OR 1.25; 95% CI 0.96 to 1.64).
The odds of response were reduced when: "Survey" was mentioned in the e‐mail subject (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.67 to 0.97); when the email or the e‐questionnaire was from a male investigator, or it included a male signature (OR 0.55; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.80); and by using university sponsorship (OR 0.84; 95%CI 0.69 to 1.01).
The odds of response using a postal questionnaire were over twice those using an e‐questionnaire (OR 2.33; 95% CI 2.25 to 2.42; I² = 98%). Response also increased when: providing a choice of response mode (electronic or postal) rather than electronic only (OR 1.76 95% CI 1.67 to 1.85; I² = 97%); and when administering the e‐questionnaire by computer rather than by smartphone (OR 1.62 95% CI 1.36 to 1.94).
Authors' conclusions
Researchers using postal and electronic questionnaires can increase response using the strategies shown to be effective in this Cochrane review.
The authors reconstruct the system of advantages and limits of e-mail data collection and web survey technique in social research; for this purpose, they examine in detail a set of studies that stimulate multiple reflections, both with reference to the overall value of survey research and on the role of the web for social sciences. The subject of all selected research designs is a complex social problem that involves the internet, both focus for observation and tool for research: voting intentions, social effects of the pandemic, the quality of university life, technology addiction. In each research experience, for different reasons—above all due to the lack of a single, self-sufficient data collection mode—, the authors favor the integration of research strategies: 1) mixed-modes of data collection, 2) follow-up panel web survey, 3) mixed methods research, 4) introduction of a preliminary pilot study, 5) multilevel survey.
This study presents paradoxical tensions as the ‘missing link’ at the intersection of the entrepreneurial family and family firm management: a link that crucially affects innovation-related decisions such as ambidexterity. Specifically, the study argues that the relationship between family cohesion and organizational ambidexterity within entrepreneurial family firms is mediated by paradoxical tensions (latent and salient). Drawing on survey data from 206 German family firms, support is found for the hypotheses advanced. Building on cognitive resource theory, this study demonstrates that differently perceived paradoxical tensions in entrepreneurial family firms have different meaningful effects on organizational ambidexterity. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Extant scholarship on attitudes toward immigration and immigrants relies mostly on direct survey items. Thus, little is known about the scope of social desirability bias, and even less about its covariates. In this paper, we use probability-based mixed-modes panel data collected in the Southern Spanish region of Andalusia to estimate anti-immigrant sentiment with both the item-count technique, also known as list experiment, and a direct question. Based on these measures, we gauge the size of social desirability bias, compute predictor models for both estimators of anti-immigrant sentiment, and pinpoint covariates of bias. For most respondent profiles, the item-count technique produces higher estimates of anti-immigrant sentiment than the direct question, suggesting that self-presentational concerns are far more ubiquitous than previously assumed. However, we also find evidence that among people keen to position themselves as all-out xenophiles, social desirability pressures persist in the list-experiment: the full scope of anti-immigrant sentiment remains elusive even in non-obtrusive measurement.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to overlook influential factors associated with the collaboration itself, and to explore the effect of these factors on inter-organizational relationship.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper analyses two different technology projects requiring inter-organization collaboration for implementing medicine traceability: end-to-end verification system and e-pedigree. Based on a survey where 72 pharmaceutical organizations exposed their perceptions about each technological project, collaboration factors are identified.
Findings
This paper shows that pharmaceutical organizations in this study perceived differently the cost and benefits from traceability project. Organizations involved experience neither organizational nor technological proximity, impacting negatively collaboration in the inter-organizational project.
Practical implications
To strengthen collaboration, organization from different levels should consider how close they are each other, and this is at the geographic, organizational and technological level. Geographic proximity is defined as physical closeness, organizational proximity can be understood as the degree to which organizations are similar in interests and structure, and technological proximity concerns the similarity between the systems used to mediate communication and store information.
Originality/value
This paper presents empirical evidence on inter-organizational collaboration for industrial projects (i.e. implementing medicine traceability systems). It demonstrates proximity is a significant factor in producing inter-organizational collaboration success. Indeed, organizations experiencing proximity have a better knowledge of actors involved in the inter-organization project.
Prowadzenie badań ankietowych i eksperymentalnych w Internecie jest coraz popularniejsze, ale ich autorzy muszą borykać się z problemami małej motywacji do udziału i niskiego stopnia realizacji próby (response rate). Przykłady różnych badań dowodzą, że można zaprojektować badanie tak, aby wpłynąć na chęć do udziału w nim i znacznie zwiększyć odsetek zwrotów. W artykule omówiono istotne dla realizacji próby elementy badań internetowych, takie jak wybór badanej populacji i sposobu organizacji badania, forma i treść zaproszenia do udziału, a także wykorzystanie gratyfikacji za udział. Autorzy, dokonując przeglądu wyników licznych eksperymentów metodologicznych, a także wyników własnych badań dotyczących organizacji badania i kontaktu z osobami badanymi, podają konkretne wskazówki służące skłonieniu do udziału i zwiększaniu stopnia realizacji próby.
Although personalized invitations tend to increase response rates in web surveys, little is known about how personalization impacts data quality. To evaluate the impact of personalization on survey estimates of sensitive items, the effects of personalized and generic greetings in a survey (n = 9,673) on an extremely sensitive topic-sexual assault victimization-were experimentally compared. Personalization was found to have increased response rates with negligible impact on victimization reporting, and this impact was similar across most demographic groups. The findings suggest that future studies may benefit from the use of a personalized greeting when recruiting sample members to participate in a sensitive survey, but that further research is necessary to better understand how the impact of personalization on reporting may differ across some demographic groups. © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research.
According to many seasoned survey researchers, offering a no-opinion option should reduce the pressure to give substantive
responses felt by respondents who have no true opinions. By contrast, the survey satisficing perspective suggests that no-opinion
options may discourage some respondents from doing the cognitive work necessary to report the true opinions they do have.
We address these arguments using data from nine experiments carried out in three household surveys. Attraction to no-opinion
options was found to be greatest among respondents lowest in cognitive skills (as measured by educational attainment), among
respondents answering secretly instead of orally, for questions asked later in a survey, and among respondents who devoted
little effort to the reporting process. The quality of attitude reports obtained (as measured by over-time consistency and
responsiveness to a question manipulation) was not compromised by the omission of no-opinion options. These results suggest
that inclusion of no-opinion options in attitude measures may not enhance data quality and instead may preclude measurement
of some meaningful opinions.
This study compared three methods of collecting survey data about sexual behaviors and other sensitive topics: computer-assisted
personal interviewing (CAPI), computer-assisted self-administered interviewing (CASI), and audio computer-assisted self-administered
interviewing (ACASI). Interviews were conducted with an area probability sample of more than 300 adults in Cook County, Illinois.
The experiment also compared open and closed questions about the number of sex partners and varied the context in which the
sex partner items were embedded. The three mode groups did not differ in response rates, but the mode of data collection did
affect the level of reporting of sensitive behaviors: both forms of self-administration tended to reduce the disparity between
men and women in the number of sex partners reported. Self-admimstration, especially via ACASI, also increased the proportion
of respondents admitting that they had used illicit drugs. In addition, when the closed answer options emphasized the low
end of the distribution, fewer sex partners were reported than when the options emphasized the high end of the distribution;
responses to the open-ended versions of the sex partner items generally fell between responses to the two closed versions.
Surveys administered over the Internet have been plagued by low response rates and at times have provoked respondent rebellions against researchers who stand accused of broadcasting noxious unwanted e-mail or “spam.” This article examines the issue from the perspective of social science research on privacy in an effort to understand the unique privacy context of Internet-based survey research. Online surveyors commit multiple violations of physical, informational, and psychological privacy that can be more intense than those found in conventional survey methods. Internet surveys also invade the interactional privacy of online communities, a form of privacy invasion seldom encountered with traditional survey methods. The article concludes with recommendations for improving response rates to online surveys using accepted privacy protection practices already found on the Internet as well as emerging Internet technologies.
Web surveys generally use some sort of access control to prevent uninvited respondents from taking part in the survey and to prevent multiple completions by the same (invited) respondent. Restriction of survey access can be accomplished in several technically equivalent ways. However, these methods may not be equivalent from a methodological viewpoint. In this article, an exploration of possible effects of access control mechanisms is undertaken. Two different modes of access control were experimentally manipulated. Five hundred respondents were assigned to the automatic login condition. Another 500 respondents were assigned to the manual login condition. It was expected that the automatic login procedure would generate higher response rates but a lower degree of data quality. The results show that using a manual login procedure does not decrease response rates, whereas it does increase the overall degree of data quality.
Web surveys appear to be attaining lower response rates than equivalent mail surveys. One reason may be that there is currently little information on effective strategies for increasing response to Internet-based surveys. Web users are becoming more impatient with high-burden Web interactions. The authors examined the decision to respond to a Web survey by embedding a series of experiments in a survey of students at the University of Michigan. A sample of over 4,500 students was sent an e-mail invitation to participate in a Web survey on affirmative action policies. Methodological experiments included using a progress indicator, automating password entry, varying the timing of reminder notices to nonrespondents, and using a prenotification report of the anticipated survey length. Each of these experiments was designed to vary the burden (perceived or real) of the survey request. Results of these experiments are presented.
As part of a larger study involving 200 women (mean age 42 yrs), the effect on survey questionnaire response rates of hand-signed vs photocopied cover letter signatures was investigated; although return rates were not higher, completion rates for hand-signed surveys that were returned were higher. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
ABSTRACT Review of past e-mail surveys indicates that a methodology to achieve consistently high response rates similar to those that can be obtained by traditional mail has not been developed. Additionally, researchers have tended to use e-mail surveys only for populations with universal e-mail access. This study utilizes knowledge,from past mail survey research to develop an e-mail procedure. Further, an experiment is conducted to assess the potential for using a multi-mode strategy to obtain responses from individuals unreachable through e-mail. The multi-mode approach proved to be successful and techniques shown to be effective in standard mail surveys were also found to be appropriate for an e-mail survey. Development of a Standard E-Mail Methodology: Results of an Experiment
This study assessed the differential effects of face-to-face interviewing and audio-computer assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI) on categories of questions.
Syringe exchange program participants (n = 1417) completed face-to-face interviews or audio-CASI. The questionnaire was categorized into the groups "stigmatized behaviors," "neutral behaviors," and "psychological distress." Interview modes were compared for questions from each category.
Audio-CASI elicited more frequent reporting of "stigmatized behaviors" than face-to-face interviews. Face-to-face interviewing elicited more frequent reporting of "psychological distress" than audio-CASI.
Responding to potentially sensitive questions should not be seen as merely "providing data," but rather as an activity with complex motivations. These motivations can include maintaining social respect, obtaining social support, and altruism. Ideally, procedures for collecting self-report data would maximize altruistic motivation while accommodating the other motives.
Follow-up surveys of graduates are frequently conducted by educational institutions to collect program evaluation data, but little research on survey methodology in this context has been reported. Representatives from 226 teacher-preparation programs completed Teacher Preparation Follow-up Survey Practices Questionnaires describing characteristics of their teacher preparation programs and follow-up survey designs. Response rate correlated significantly with the number of attempts to reach the graduates and marginally with the number of graduates. Programs reporting high-survey response rates differed from those with low-response rates on some methodological variables but not on others when Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were applied.
It is common practice to limit web survey access to individuals in the sample through the use of access codes such as personal identification numbers, user names, and passwords. Different technically equivalent methods exist to control survey access. However, these methods are not necessarily methodologically equivalent. In this study, an experimental design was set up to evaluate the effect of three login procedures: a manual, a semiautomatic, and an automatic login procedure. It was found that the automatic login produced the lowest data quality, whereas the manual and semiautomatic login produced data of a higher and comparable level of quality. Nevertheless. the manual and the semiautomatic login procedures differ from each other in certain respects. The study concludes that the semiautomatic login is a useful alternative to control web survey access.
Theoretical understanding of survey nonresponse is implicitly heavily behaviourist, concentrating upon researchers' inputs such as follow-up arrangements, and predetermining social role characteristics of sample listings. With the decline over time in response rates, however, the possible importance of social values concerning privacy invasion has been more seriously entertained by methodologists. The paper describes evidence indicating that, in both the USA and Canada, the post-1960's decline in response is not accounted for simply by input explanations. A privacy index is generated by content analyzing British, Canadian, and American newspapers for privacy-related objections to the decennial census. Decade and country, scored according to the privacy index, are then entered into an empirical model for predicting response rate on a survey.
It is common practice to limit web survey access to individuals in the sample through the use of access codes such as personal identification numbers, user names, and passwords. Different technically equivalent methods exist to control survey access. However, these methods are not necessarily methodologically equivalent. In this study, an experimental design was set up to evaluate the effect of three login procedures: a manual, a semiautomatic, and an automatic login procedure. It was found that the automatic login produced the lowest data quality, whereas the manual and semiautomatic login produced data of a higher and comparable level of quality. Nevertheless, the manual and the semiautomatic login procedures differ from each other in certain respects. The study concludes that the semiautomatic login is a useful alternative to control web survey access.
Dans cet article, les AA. s'interessent a la methodologie d'enquete par questionnaire utilisant Internet et les mails comme contact avec les enquetes. Les AA. comparent ici les methodes d'approches postales et telephoniques a l'approche electronique, et analysent les taux de reponses par mails. Il ressort ici que les techniques eprouvees et efficaces d'approches postales et telephoniques ne correspondent pas aux utlisateurs de mails et de spams, et remettent en question la validite des enquetes electroniques
Web surveys allow the registration of numerous paradata, which describe how respondents fill in web questionnaires. This study introduces client-side paradata into the field of web surveys, which provide a more detailed description of the process than server-side paradata commonly used in web surveys. In the article, the author presents the software needed to enable web surveys to collect client-side paradata and demonstrates its practical relevance by replicating a study by Bassili and Fletcher on response latencies and attitude stability. The study successfully replicates the findings from the Bassili and Fletcher study and shows that respondents with less stable attitudes need more time to respond to an attitudinal question. Moreover, this study also reports findings on response latencies to knowledge questions and investigates the meaning of changing answers to knowledge and opinion questions.
The abstract for this document is available on CSA Illumina.To view the Abstract, click the Abstract button above the document title.
Investigated the differences between 961 personal and 206 telephone interviews in the reporting of moods and symptoms indicative of mental health status and social desirability. Using indices derived from the Depression Adjective Checklist, T. S. Langner's 22-item psychiatric screening index, and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, findings show that personal interviews elicited greater reporting of mental health symptoms and less reporting of need for approval than telephone interviews. In subdividing the above scales, it was found that the large reporting differences between personal and telephone interview groups were in the "moderately private" items. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This paper proposes that when optimally answering a survey question would require substantial cognitive effort, some repondents simply provide a satisfactory answer instead. This behaviour, called satisficing, can take the form of either (1) incomplete or biased information retrieval and/or information integration, or (2) no information retrieval or integration at all. Satisficing may lead respondents to employ a variety of response strategies, including choosing the first response alternative that seems to constitute a reasonable answer, agreeing with an assertion made by a question, endorsing the status quo instead of endorsing social change, failing to differentiate among a set of diverse objects in ratings, saying ‘don't know’ instead of reporting an opinion, and randomly choosing among the response alternatives offered. This paper specifies a wide range of factors that are likely to encourage satisficing, and reviews relevant evidence evaluating these speculations. Many useful directions for future research are suggested.
While traditional survey literature has addressed three possible response behaviors (unit nonresponse, item nonresponse, and complete response), Web surveys can capture data about a respondent's answering process. Based on this data, at least seven response patterns are observable. This paper describes these seven response patterns in a typology of response behaviors.
'Während man in der Umfrageforschung im Wesentlichen von drei (Nicht)Antwortmustern bei Befragungen ausgeht (Unit nonresponse, Item nonresponse und vollständige Befragungsteilnahme), können bei Web-basierten Befragungen (Web surveys) Daten über den Befragungsprozess miterhoben werden, die einen erweiterten Einblick in das tatsächliche Geschehen bei der Beantwortung von Fragen geben. Aufbauend auf diesen Bearbeitungsprozessdaten lassen sich mindestens sieben (Nicht-)Antwortmuster voneinander unterscheiden, die im Rahmen dieses Beitrages beschrieben sowie hinsichtlich ihrer theoretischen und praktischen Implikationen diskutiert werden.' (Autorenreferat) 'While traditional survey literature has addressed three possible (non-)response patterns (unit nonresponse, item nonresponse, and complete response), web surveys can capture data about a respondent's answering process, enabling researchers to attain more fine-grained information about individual reactions to such surveys. Based on this information, at least seven (non-)response patterns can be distinguished. This paper describes these seven patterns in a typology of (non-)response. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.' (author's abstract)|
Web survey errors. Unpublished PhD dissertation
- Lozar Manfreda
Lozar Manfreda, K. (2001). Web survey errors. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Ljubljana, Slovenija.
Some effects of 'social desirability' in survey studies Social surveys volume three Development of a standard e-mail methodology: Results of an experiment
- D Phillips
- K J Clancy
Phillips, D., & Clancy, K. J. (2002). Some effects of 'social desirability' in survey studies. In D. de Vaus (Ed.), Social surveys volume three (pp. 37–55). London: Sage. Schaefer, D. R., & Dillman, D. A. (1998). Development of a standard e-mail methodology: Results of an experiment. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62, 378–397.
Salutations and Response Rates to Online Surveys
- J Pearson
- R A Levine
Pearson, J. & Levine, R. A. (2003). Salutations and Response Rates to Online Surveys. Paper
presented at the Fourth International Conference on the Impact of Technology on the Survey
Process, September 19 2003, University of Warwick (England).