No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Comparison of nursing students' attitudes toward the elderly in Norway and the United States
Abstract
Two‐hundred and seven nursing students in Norway and the United States were surveyed using Kogan's (1961) Attitude Toward Old People Scale, visual analogue scales, a request for descriptive paragraphs, and demographic data questions. Although the two groups’ mean Kogan scores were very similar—181 for the United States and 182 for Norway—correlations between the other variables and Kogan scores were quite different between the two groups. Level in the educational program, past family experience with the elderly, number of past experiences with the elderly, amount of lecture time spent learning about the elderly, amount of clinical time spent with the elderly, and the choice to work with the elderly were all correlated with Kogan scores in the American subjects. For Norwegian and U.S. subjects, as the number of past experiences increased, the description of past experiences with the elderly was more positive. This correlation was statistically significant. The majority of both Norwegian and American subjects described a positive experience they had with an elderly person in a written paragraph, although they described society's perception toward the elderly as negative in a second paragraph. It is concluded that strategies for teaching aging content, what content to teach, the proper conduct of clinical experiences, and the valuing of work with the elderly are important considerations if students are to choose the elderly as the focus of their nursing practice.
... However, in most of the studies where age of students was defined as effective on their attitudes towards the elderly, positive attitude scores increased with the increasing age. McCracken et al. (1995) detected a positive correlation between the age of American students and their attitudes towards the elderly. Later on, Stewart et al. (2005) indicated that positive attitudes increased in individuals aged 25 and over while Hweidi, Obeizad (2006) determined that there was a positive correlation between age and attitude. ...
... It is also seen that the effect of gender on the attiudes of nursing students towards the elderly people varies by different groups. McCracken (1995) and Sheffler (1998) indicated that gender was not influential on the attitude towards the elderly. However, Hweidi, Obeizad (2006), Zambrini et al. (2008) and Wang et al. (2009) demonstrated that positive attitude scores of women were higher than those of the men. ...
... Likewise, study results concerning the previous experiences or living with an elderly and attitudes of nursing students towards the elderly are different. McCracken et al. (1995) and Shoemake, Bowman (1998) detected a positive relationship between previous experiences with the elderly and attitudes of students. However, in the study of Sheffler (1998) and Hweidi, Obeizad (2006), attitude scores of students having past experiences were found higher than the other students but the difference was not statistically significant. ...
Purpose: This study aimed to examine the attitudes of nursing students toward studying at Nursing Faculty of Dokuz Eylül University as well as the relationship between their personal characteristics and attitudes. Methods: This is a descriptive and correlational study and was performed on 417 students studying at the nursing faculty. Data were collected using a sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire and the Kogan's Attitudes Towards the Old People Scale. Variance, significance of difference between two averages test and Kruskall Wallis tests were employed according to the data characteristics. Results: When score averages of students obtained from Kogan'a scale were examined, positive score average was found as 61,22 + 14,79 and negative score average was found as 79,98 + 13,62 while the overall score average was found as 154,73 + 22,08. Score averages obtained by the first, second, third and fourth class students from Kogan's scale were determined as 145,31 (20,81); 152,29 (18,37); 158,38 (21,92) and 168,57 (22,57), respectively. Conclusions: In accordance with the results of this study, it can be concluded that as the class of nursing students increase, their positive attitudes towards old people also increase. Students display more positive behaviors in direct proportion to the increasing age and living an old relative within the same family also affects the attitudes of students positively.
... Literature that addressed students' attitudes toward older people has focused on the characteristics of students as a significant determinant of their attitudes (Sheffler, 1998;Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999;Kwan and Law, 1994;Rogan and Wyllie, 2003;Söderhamn et al., 2001). The most frequently reported students' characteristics are ''age'' (Sheffler, 1998;McCracken et al., 1995;Söderhamn et al., 2001;Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999), gender (Söderhamn et al., 2001;Sheffler, 1998;Kwan and Law, 1994;McCracken et al., 1995), educational attainment (McCracken et al., 1995Stevens and Crouch, 1998;Söderhamn et al., 2001;Herdman, 2002), gerontological education (Hope, 1994;Söderhamn et al., 2001), experience with older people (Rogan and Wyllie, 2003;Söderhamn et al., 2001;McCracken et al., 1995;Sheffler, 1998;Shoemake and Bowman, 1998) contact/living with older adults (Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999;Hartley et al., 1995;Kwan and Law, 1994;McCracken et al., 1995), and work preference (McCracken et al., 1995;Fox and Wold, 1996;Happell, 1999;Pursey and Luker, 1995). ...
... Literature that addressed students' attitudes toward older people has focused on the characteristics of students as a significant determinant of their attitudes (Sheffler, 1998;Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999;Kwan and Law, 1994;Rogan and Wyllie, 2003;Söderhamn et al., 2001). The most frequently reported students' characteristics are ''age'' (Sheffler, 1998;McCracken et al., 1995;Söderhamn et al., 2001;Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999), gender (Söderhamn et al., 2001;Sheffler, 1998;Kwan and Law, 1994;McCracken et al., 1995), educational attainment (McCracken et al., 1995Stevens and Crouch, 1998;Söderhamn et al., 2001;Herdman, 2002), gerontological education (Hope, 1994;Söderhamn et al., 2001), experience with older people (Rogan and Wyllie, 2003;Söderhamn et al., 2001;McCracken et al., 1995;Sheffler, 1998;Shoemake and Bowman, 1998) contact/living with older adults (Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999;Hartley et al., 1995;Kwan and Law, 1994;McCracken et al., 1995), and work preference (McCracken et al., 1995;Fox and Wold, 1996;Happell, 1999;Pursey and Luker, 1995). ...
... Literature that addressed students' attitudes toward older people has focused on the characteristics of students as a significant determinant of their attitudes (Sheffler, 1998;Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999;Kwan and Law, 1994;Rogan and Wyllie, 2003;Söderhamn et al., 2001). The most frequently reported students' characteristics are ''age'' (Sheffler, 1998;McCracken et al., 1995;Söderhamn et al., 2001;Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999), gender (Söderhamn et al., 2001;Sheffler, 1998;Kwan and Law, 1994;McCracken et al., 1995), educational attainment (McCracken et al., 1995Stevens and Crouch, 1998;Söderhamn et al., 2001;Herdman, 2002), gerontological education (Hope, 1994;Söderhamn et al., 2001), experience with older people (Rogan and Wyllie, 2003;Söderhamn et al., 2001;McCracken et al., 1995;Sheffler, 1998;Shoemake and Bowman, 1998) contact/living with older adults (Mosher-Ashley and Pamilee, 1999;Hartley et al., 1995;Kwan and Law, 1994;McCracken et al., 1995), and work preference (McCracken et al., 1995;Fox and Wold, 1996;Happell, 1999;Pursey and Luker, 1995). ...
The purpose of this study was to identify Jordanian nursing students' attitudes towards older people and to consider whether the attitudes of the selected sample had any bearing on the care provided for this client group. A descriptive correlational design was employed and Kogan's [Kogan, N., 1961. Attitudes toward old people: the development of a scale and examination of correlates. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 44-54.] attitudes toward older people scale was administered to a convenience sample of 250 nursing students enrolled in the BSN program at a governmental university in the northern region of Jordan. Students' attitudes were identified using descriptive and inferential statistics. The Jordanian nursing students who participated in this study displayed marginally positive attitudes toward older people. Age and the socio-economic status of the students correlated significantly with their attitudes. Senior and male nursing students had more positive attitudes toward this client group than their counterparts. Students who prefer to work with older people following graduation reported more positive attitudes toward older people than students who did not. The results of this study suggest that positive attitudes exist towards older people; despite this, it is clear that efforts are required to enhance them further. In addition, the Jordanian lecturers in schools of nursing should further consider the need to prepare the students for their roles as caregivers for this particular client group.
... Second-year courses in health sciences cover the subjects of older people. McCracken, Fitzwater, Lockwood, and Bjork (1995) found that grade level and the total hours of courses about older people were positively correlated with nursing students' attitudes toward older people. Bleijenberg, Jansen, and Schuurmans (2012) determined that the higher the grade level, the more positive the students' attitudes toward older people. ...
... Participants who would like to live with their parents after getting married had more positive attitudes toward older people than those who would not. These results are consistent with the literature (Bleijenberg, Jansen, & Schuurmans, 2012;Hweidi & Obeisat, 2006;Köse et al., 2015;Lambrinou, Sourtzi, Kalokerinou, & Lemonidou, 2009, Salman et al., 2018McCracken, Fitzwater, Lockwood, & Bjork, 1995;Ozer & Terkeş, 2014). As stated before, in Turkish culture, parents support their children until they are grown adults, and children take care of their parents when they are too old to fend for themselves. ...
This study investigated Turkish health sciences students’ attitudes toward older adults. Data were collected using Kogan’s Attitudes Toward Old People Scale (KAOPS). The sample consisted of 369 students from a public university in Turkey. Participants had low-level positive attitudes toward older adults. Age, grade level, income, curriculum on old age, and willingness to work for healthcare institutions and social services for older people affected their attitudes. Participants’ KAOPS scores differed by desired distance from parents after marriage, the introduction of a curriculum on old age, and their willingness to live close to parents after marriage, take elective courses about old age, volunteer in activities and projects for older adults, and work for healthcare institutions and/or social services for older adults after graduation. The curricula should address older adults to improve students’ attitudes toward them. Policymakers and administrators should evaluate young generations’ attitudes toward older adults and develop policies based on evidence-based data.
... Contact with older people, especially living with an older person, is known to influence attitudes in many studies. McCracken et al. 50 and Hope 51 found a positive relationship between previous experiences with the elderly and student attitudes. Hope 51 suggests that the length of exposure to older people correlates positively with nurses' attitudes to the older person. ...
... 54e56 However, not all studies support these findings. 50,57 In the current study, it is interesting to note that the majority of students defined old age as 65, whereas qualified RTs used the slightly older cutoff of 70 years. Perceptions of old age have been shown to vary as a function of one's own age i.e. the older one gets, the older their perception of "old age". ...
Rapidly changing demographics worldwide mean that there will be a significant increase in the number of older cancer patients requiring radiation therapy treatment in the coming decades. Education is regarded as a key factor in addressing attitudes towards older people among healthcare professionals and has been proven to influence the quality of care received. To our knowledge, there is only one previous study specifically in relation to radiation therapists (RTs), and this included a small sample of RTs.
... Knowledge of aging has been assessed recently in medical students and interns, [14][15][16][17] as well as nurses, 18 nursing students, 19 and physical therapy students. 20 Attitudes toward working with elderly patients have been evaluated in physicians, 21,22 medical students and interns, [14][15][16]23,24 nurses, 18,25 nursing students, 19,26 physical therapy students, 20 and college freshmen in allied health programs. 27 These studies all offer insight into professional training and curriculum needs for their respective disciplines. ...
... Previous research has also indicated that the more experiences that students have with older adults, the more positive their attitudes toward aging tend to be. 26,27 Our study did not find a correlation between exposure to the elderly and any of the other study variables. However, this finding may be questionable, due to a limitation of our study. ...
Purpose: While existing physician assistant (PA) literature cites the need for more geriatric education to address the increasing demand in
this field, there are no data on PA students’ knowledge of aging, their attitudes toward geriatric care, or how knowledge, attitudes, and
experience with the elderly may be related to interest in geriatric medicine. The goal of this study was to provide an initial assessment of
these constructs and to compare our results to similar analyses conducted with other health care professionals. Methods: Eighty-five PA
students from two separate MPA programs were surveyed at the conclusion of their professional studies. The two programs had different
geriatric exposure and curricula. The survey instrument included the Palmore Facts on Aging Quiz (FAQ1), Maxwell-Sullivan Attitude Scale-
Revised, and questions to assess experience with older adults and level of interest in geriatric medicine. Results: Knowledge of aging was
low (FAQ1: 45.8%+11.5%), yet commensurate with a level achieved by other health care professional students on the FAQ1. Interest in
geriatric medicine was significantly associated with higher knowledge of aging (r=.23; p=.04), but geriatric interest was not associated
with positive attitudes toward aging or prior experience with the elderly. While attitudes toward older adults were generally positive, students
who had been exposed to well elderly in their clerkships demonstrated significantly more positive attitudes toward elder patient
care. Conclusions: The data support the increase of geriatric education, and inclusion of exposure to well elderly, in order to stimulate
interest and optimally prepare PA students for professional careers in geriatric medicine.
... In the collective imagination of nursing students', older adults are not their priority when considering the patient profile or the clinical setting in which they wish to practice, with research showing negative attitudes towards this population for many years. However, the extent to which students receive positive references in this clinical environment from their nursing lecturers and work with older adults during their placements can positively influence this view [59][60][61][62][63]. ...
The clinical learning environment, which includes the culture of clinical units, the mentoring process, and the different health organizations, influences the learning process of nursing students. However, scarce literature has been published on the impact of the clinical learning environment on first-year nursing students in long-term care. We aimed to assess first-year nursing students ‘preferred’ and ‘actual’ clinical learning environments when conducting their first placements in nursing homes within an innovative placement model that comprised the active participation of academic mentors. The validated Spanish version of the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory (CLEI) instrument was used in our study, and 99 first-year nursing students participated. The highest mean scores for the CLEI-Actual were found for the Satisfaction (22.7) and Involvement scales (19.09). The lowest mean scores were found for the Personalization (17) and Individualization (17.27) scales. The multiple correlation (R) between the Satisfaction and the other CLEI scales was 0.61 (p > 0.001), which means that in this study the association between student satisfaction and their perception of the clinical learning environment was strong. First-year students conducting their first clinical placements in nursing homes can have a positive learning experience considering a well-designed and organized pedagogical strategy, including constant support and feedback from academic and clinical mentors.
... Adıbelli Çalışmamızda hemşirelerin yaş ve çalışma süresi ile Kogan Yaşlılara Yönelik Tutum ölçek toplam puanı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmamıştır. Yapılan birçok çalışmada yaşın, yaşlıya karşı tutumu etkilediği ve yaşın artması ile birlikte yaşlılara karşı pozitif tutumların arttığı saptanmıştır (16)(17)(18). Ünalan ve ark. (19)'nın çalışmasında yaş, geriatri hastanesinde çalışma süresi ve meslekte çalışma süresi ile yaşlılara karşı tutum ölçeği toplam puanı arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olmadığı belirtilmiştir. ...
... The negative subscale is reverse scored, meaning higher scores in the negative statements represent more positive attitudes. First developed in 1961, this tool has been used extensively and found to be both reliable and valid (Lambrinou et al., 2005;Mccracken et al., 1995;Nevelle, 2015). ...
... Oppgaver med barn og jordmoryrket er svaert populaert, men det er også de teknisk orienterte oppgavene i intensiv-og operasjonssykepleie. Arbeid med eldre har derimot lav status blant sykepleiere (Bergland & Laerum, 2002;Christensen, 1998;McCracken, Fitzwater, Lockwood & Bjørk, 1995;Orupabo, 2016). Sykepleiestudenter som ikke ønsket å jobbe med eldre, begrunnet dette med forholdene i eldreomsorgen. ...
Artikkelen undersøker hvordan en mellomstor norsk kommune håndterer problemene med mangel på sykepleiere i det daglige arbeidet. Studien finner at sykepleiere på nattevakt måtte dekke to sykehjem når det manglet nattevakt. Hjelpepleiere og helsefagarbeidere ble dessuten opplært til å kunne overta sykepleieroppgaver. Eldre hjelpepleiere var skeptiske til å overta ansvar, mens unge helsefagarbeidere var ivrige etter å avlaste sykepleierne. Når unge helsefagarbeiderne bare fikk små deltidsstillinger uten utsikt til heltidsstilling, førte det til at de ikke så noen framtid i jobben, og planla å slutte. Artikkelen konkluderer med at dersom helsefagarbeiderne blir behandlet som en utgift og ikke som en ressurs som det skal investeres i, blir det vanskelig å rekruttere og beholde nok fagutdannet arbeidskraft for å møte behovet i eldreomsorgen.
... Initially, it was projected that having lived with extended families in rural places, students might have had more contact with older people family members and thus may have more positive attitudes towards them. The literature suggests that previous interaction with seniors generally has a positive effect on the attitudes of the students (Cummings, Adler, & DeCoster, 2005;Eshbaugh, Gross & Satrom, 2010;Gonçalves et al., 2011;Kotzabassaki et al., 2002;Mason & Sanders, 2004;McCracken, Fitzwater, Lockwood, & Bjork, 1995;Paton, Bibhuti, Gerard, & Beverly, 2001;Robert & Mosher-Ashley, 2000). Similarly, in the Turkish context, the results of the conducted studies also showed that having close relationships or having personal contact and experience with older persons has a positive effect on shaping affirmative attitudes towards older people (Erdemir et al., 2011;Erol et al., 2013, Kilic & Adibelli, 2011Ozkaptan, Altay, & Cabar, 2012). ...
Demographic ageing is a challenge for many countries. Even though Turkey has a relatively younger demographic composition, the proportion of the older people (65+) within the population is rapidly increasing. Within this framework, older people are becoming more important clients for both social work students and social workers in Turkey. This study aims to reveal the attitudes of social work students towards older people and determine the various factors that affect their views on older persons. In the scope of the project, Kogan's Attitude Towards Old People Scale was applied to 419 social work undergraduate students at a university located in Central Anatolia. The findings showed that social work students scored a mean of 130.96 and they generally had positive attitudes towards older people. The correlation between year of study, gender and age was not statistically significant. However, having lived mostly in urban areas was positively correlated with the mean Kogan scores and this finding was found to be statistically significant. Exposure to personal contact with older people at both the personal and professional levels was influential in shaping attitudes about the older people.
... It was expressed in the study of Rogan and Wyllie [22] that behaviors of students towards the elderly result from their previous experiences with the elderly. In the study of McCracken et al. [23] and Shoemake 4 and Bowman [24], it was detected that behaviors of students and previous experiences with the elderly have a positive correlation. It is thought in our study that participants' perceptions of the elderly result from the elderly relative (grandmother) that they live together at the family home. ...
The elderly are generally known as people who are aged more than 65, walk with a walking stick and with difficulty, are humpbacked, have a hoarse voice. Students who are also responsible of providing care to the elderly should know the life periods and their properties and plan the care in accordance with these information. Behaviors of students in the health care environments and their perceptions concerning the elderlines are also of great importance. To determine perceptions of students concerning the elderly and elderliness. A qualitative and phenomenological study. This study was conducted with 58 1st grade students studying at the department of nursing of the faculty of medical sciences of a university. The data collection instruments used the sociodemographic form and semi-structured interview form. Number and percentage distributions were used in the analysis of sociodemographic data. Students’ perceptions of elderly and elderliness were evaluated by using the qualified analysis method of Colaizzi. Age average of the students was 18.44±0.7 years. 98.3 % of them were male, 63.8 % of them were graduates of an Anatolian high school. Examining the interviews conducted with the students, researchers classified the interviews into three categories and eleven themes. These categories were named as physiological/biological elderly, psychological elderly and sociological elderly. In conclusion we found that nursing students evaluate the elderly with an integrated approach and they do not only focus on the physiological outcomes of elderliness but also consider its psycho-social dimension. However, it was found out that students have negative opinions about elderly people. © 2015, Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation. All rights reserved.
... Additional information known from the literature to potentially influence attitudes toward older people, such as age, gender and internship experience with older adults, were collected [8,16,23] . In addition, students were asked about the number of their grandparents still living, whether they have family or friends with dementia, and if they expect to be as satisfied with working with older people as with younger people. ...
Background: Due to changing demographics in the population, the majority of current nursing students will work mostlywith older people after graduation. It is known that most nursing student have little knowledge and interests in workingwith older people. There is a growing need for motivated nurses to provide care for older people as the quality of care isinfluenced by their attitudes. The objective of this study is to investigate Dutch nursing students’ knowledge of andattitudes toward older people and their willingness to work with older people and how this knowledge and attitudeschanges after three years education.
Methods: A longitudinal cohort study with follow-up among 113 first-year Dutch nursing students pursuing a Bachelor’sdegree was conducted. Data for this study was collected with three instruments. Knowledge of the first-year students wasassessed with Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz. Students’ attitudes were measured with the Aging Semantic Differentialscale and Kogan’s Attitudes toward Older People scale. The same measurements were also obtained three years later whenthey were fourth-year nursing students. The first data collection started in 2005. The follow-up period took place between2008 and 2009.
Results: The results show that the nursing students have a moderate knowledge level about older people: first-yearstudents answered less than half of the questions correctly and after three years, almost half of the questions were answeredproperly. The attitude of the students toward older people on the ASD changed from slightly negative to neutral after threeyears of education. The attitude of nursing students on the OP changed from moderately neutral to slightly positive. Fewfirst and fourth-year students (2.7% and 3.7%) were interested in working with older people after their nursing education.Most students (72.8%) indicated that working with older people would be as satisfying as working with younger people.
Conclusion: Nursing students are not well prepared for working with predominately older people. Education should focuson increasing positive working experiences with older people. Revision and improvement in the curricula might be neededto enhance the knowledge and attitudes of the Dutch nursing students.
... Erdemir, Kav, Citak, Hanoglu, and Karahan (2010) have noted that several studies have been conducted using this scale since its initial introduction to the empirical published work. In addition, this scale has been found to possess high reliability and validity values in several international research studies conducted in different countries such as Norway and the USA (McCracken, Fitzwater, Lockwood, & Bjork, 1995), Sweden (Soderhamn, Gustavsson, & Lindencrona, 2000), Greece (Lambrinou, Sourtzi, Kalokerinou, & Lemonidou, 2005), Jordan (Hweidi & Al-Hassan 2005), Japan (Ogiwara & Koshizu 2007), Taiwan (Yen et al., 2009), and Turkey (Erdemir et al., 2010;Küçükgüçlü et al. 2011). It is known that if an instrument is to be used in a different language, it is necessary to demonstrate that it has similar validity and reliability as the original instrument (Sencan, 2005). ...
Aim:
The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties "validity" and "reliability" of the Iranian version of Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People Scale (KAOPS).
Methods:
The participants consisted of 350 nurses working in five teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The scale was translated using the forward-backward translation technique. A two-phase data collection design was used in 2 weeks following the first completion. Exploratory factor analysis, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and stability-reliability was employed to check the scale's psychometric properties.
Results:
The scale total scores were between 42 and 188. All of the 34 items were found to have significant item-to-total correlations (P < 0.05). Two factors were extracted -"prejudice' and "appreciation"- which contributed to the scale variance of 32.83% and 25.93%, respectively. Cronbach's alpha was 0.83 for the total scale as 0.83 for "prejudice" and 0.86 for "appreciation". In addition, the scale stability was reported to be 0.90 and 0.83 for "prejudice" and "appreciation", respectively. The average content validity was 0.95, and construct validity was in an acceptable range.
Conclusion:
The Iranian version of the KAOPS was shown to be a valid and reliable instrument for measuring nurses' knowledge about elders. This scale can be used in future studies to gather high-quality data for improving elder care.
... Erdemir, Kav, Citak, Hanoglu, and Karahan (2010) have noted that several studies have been conducted using this scale since its initial introduction to the empirical published work. In addition, this scale has been found to possess high reliability and validity values in several international research studies conducted in different countries such as Norway and the USA (McCracken, Fitzwater, Lockwood, & Bjork, 1995), Sweden (Soderhamn, Gustavsson, & Lindencrona, 2000), Greece (Lambrinou, Sourtzi, Kalokerinou, & Lemonidou, 2005), Jordan (Hweidi & Al-Hassan 2005), Japan (Ogiwara & Koshizu 2007), Taiwan (Yen et al., 2009), and Turkey (Erdemir et al., 2010;Küçükgüçlü et al. 2011). It is known that if an instrument is to be used in a different language, it is necessary to demonstrate that it has similar validity and reliability as the original instrument (Sencan, 2005). ...
The purpose of this study was to explore Iranian nursing students' perspectives regarding caring for elderly patients. A qualitative design, based on the content analysis approach, was used to collect and analyze the perspectives of 25 senior nursing students who were providing care for elderly patients in the medical and surgical wards of two teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. After using purposeful sampling to select the participants, semistructured interviews were held in order to collect the data. During the data analysis, two main themes and six subthemes emerged. The first theme was “the barriers to caring for elderly patients”, with the subthemes of “policies and rules of the organization”, “a lack of educational preparation”, and “an inappropriate physical environment”, and the second theme was “the facilitators to caring for elderly patients”, with the subthemes of “religion and cultural norms”, “role modeling”, and “previous exposure to elderly patients”. This study informs international audiences of the factors that influence the quality of care of elderly patients so that strategies can be devised in order to prepare nursing students to meet the physical and psychological needs of elderly patients.
... The attitudes of nursing students have also been studied, as researchers believe that any student preconception and prejudice towards older people can affect their future career choice and determine their attitudes as healthcare personnel (Mezinskis & Purdon 1995, Stevens & Crouch 1995, Happell 2002, DeKeyser Ganz et al. 2006). However, it has also been shown that student attitudes about elder care can be modified in a more positive direction by educators (McCracken et al. 1995, Matarese et al. 2008). ...
Aim. This paper reports a study testing the validity and reliability of the Italian version of the Kogan Attitude towards Older People scale.
Background. Nursing students’ attitudes towards older people can affect their preference for working with them. One of the most common instruments used to assess these attitudes is the Kogan Attitude towards Older People scale. Previous validation studies performed on college students internationally have demonstrated good reliability and validity. The psychometric properties of the Italian version have not yet been tested.
Design. A cross-sectional, descriptive study.
Method. The study was conducted from March–June 2010 with a convenience sample of nursing students attending two Italian universities. Reliability was evaluated using internal consistency and item-to-total correlation. Content and construct validity were evaluated using a content validity index and principal factor analysis.
Results. A total of 1637 nursing students participated in the study. Two factors were extracted from the factor analysis: prejudice describing a negative disposition and appreciation indicating a favourable feeling and opinion towards older people.
Conclusion. The Kogan Attitude towards Older People scale applied to Italian nursing students exhibited good internal consistency. The two-dimensional construct of the scale was congruent with some, but not all, results of previous studies due to methodological differences among the studies. Based on the study findings, the scale can be recommended for future research studies in Italy including use as pre/post-test measurement associated with nursing education programmes.
... To explore nursing students' attitudes towards older people standardised, well-tested instruments are needed. Kogan's Attitudes Toward Old People Scale (KAOPS) is a comprehensive instrument for assessment of attitudes toward older people and has been validated in several languages and used in many countries such as the USA, Norway (McCracken et al. 1995), Sweden (Sö derhamn et al. 2000), Greece (Lambrinou et al. 2005), Jordan (Hweidi & Al-Hassan 2005), Japan (Ogiwara et al. 2007) and Taiwan (Yen et al. 2009). However, a validated Turkish version had not been available. ...
To assess the reliability and validity of a Turkish version of Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People Scale.
To explore nursing students' attitudes towards older people, standardised, well-tested instruments are needed. Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People is a comprehensive instrument for assessment of attitudes toward older adults and has been validated in several languages. However, a validated Turkish version has not been available until now.
The study used psychometric testing to establish reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People Scale.
A convenience sample of 237 nursing students in Turkey was used to collect data regarding attitudes towards older people. Content validity, construct validity, internal consistency and stability reliability of the Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People were assessed.
Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People scores were between 74-224. All of the 34 items were found to have significant item-to-total correlations (p < 0·05). Results of the confirmatory factor analysis established that the scale had a two-factor construct and was appropriate use in this student population. The Cronbach's alpha was 0·89 for the total scale (0·82 for negative, 0·85 for positive). In addition, test-retest correlation was 0·83 (negative subscale 0·77, positive subscale 0·73) (p < 0.001).
The Turkish version of the Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People was found to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing Turkish nursing students' attitudes toward older adults.
This study provided evidence that the Kogan's Attitudes Toward Older People is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing Turkish nursing student's positive and negative attitudes toward older adults. It is easy and practical to use for both informants and investigators and acceptable for Turkish Culture.
... A survey of 53 nursing schools in the United States confirmed that a lack of appropriate role models among nursing home staff was a major problem in their use for clinical learning (Chen, Brown, groves, & Spezia, 2007). Nursing students' negative attitude toward older adults has been a common finding across decades and countries and probably a major reason for the lack of interest in older adult care (Bergland & Laerum, 1999Disch & Høie, 2005;Happell, 2002;Kloster et al., 2007;McCracken, fitzwater, Lockwood, & Bjørk, 1995). Studies have reported positive changes in students' attitudes during placement in older adult care settings due to positive faculty attitudes toward older adults (Bergland & Laerum, 1999;Sheffler, 1998). ...
Clinical placements are important in the learning processes of nursing students. In Norway, clinical placement in nursing homes is obligatory for nursing students, and this is a demanding and complex setting for learning. This study aimed to assess how first-year nursing students perceived their learning environment in nursing homes and to explore which factors in the clinical learning environment had the greatest influence on students' overall satisfaction with their clinical placement. Students rated their perceptions of the psychosocial learning environment using the Clinical Learning Environment Inventory. Students perceived the learning environment as moderately positive. Mean scores were the highest on the Personalization subscale and the lowest on the Innovation subscale. Students who highly valued Innovation, Involvement, and Personalization had higher scores on the Satisfaction sub-scale. The results of this study indicate that major work is needed to develop the learning context for students in nursing homes.
Background:
The age profile of the population has shifted globally. Age discrimination has been documented, particularly in the areas of health and employment.
Aim:
This study aims at examining nursing students' attitudes toward older people and dehumanization of older people among nursing students.
Methods:
A cross-sectional design was employed in this study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, which included a sociodemographic variables questionnaire, the Kogan's Attitude towards Old People Scale (KAOP) scale, a modified version of the Human Nature & Human Uniqueness Scale, the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire. A total of 410 undergraduate nursing students participated in this study. Descriptive statistics were applied while inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation, and regression analysis with the stepwise method were also performed. The significant level was set as p ≤ .05. SPSS-25 was used for the analysis of data.
Results:
The total mean score of the KAOP scale was 128.84 ± 14.32, indicating that nursing students had a slightly positive view of older individuals. Nursing students scored higher on the mechanistic dehumanization scale than on the animalistic dehumanization one. A strong negative association was found between Mechanistic and Animalistic dehumanization with the KAOP scale and empathy. Year of study, age, and gender were identified as predictor variables for mechanical dehumanization.
Conclusion:
Personality traits, demographic variables, and nursing students' level of empathy are factors that influence their views about older people and the dehumanization of older people.
Background: Perceptions of individuals and society about the elderly are reflected in the services provided to them. These reflections might be revealed in various fields such as health care services and sufficient job opportunities, or they could be revealed in the issue of discrimination against the elderly, which is a problem emerging in advanced ages.Objective: This study aims to identify the relationship between nursing and elderly care program students’ attitudes towards ageism.Methods: This study, which is descriptive and relational method, was conducted between November and December, 2016. The participants were 220 students. The data were collected through a questionnaire, and the Ageism Attitude Scale, and were analyzed using t-test, two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings: Results show that the students generally had positive attitudes towards ageism. Nursing department students received significantly higher scores in the Limiting the Elderly Person’s Life sub-dimension and Ageism Attitude Scale in comparison to Elderly Care Program students. 3rd year nursing department students had higher scores in the Ageism Attitudes Scale in comparison to 1st and 2nd year nursing department students and students in the Elderly Care Program. “Positive Discrimination towards the Elderly” sub-dimension and the “Ageism Attitudes Scale” total scores were found to be significantly higher in nursing department students according to the variable of desire to work in a geriatric service in the future. (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study found that students had positive attitudes towards ageism, and nursing students’ Ageism Attitudes Scale mean scores were higher than those of elderly care program students. More comprehensive studies are needed in order to improve students’ attitudes towards elderly people.
Abstract
The changing population structure has many implications for the elderly and nurses must be prepared to meet the challenges of caring for this rapidly increasing segment of population. Aim: Assess nursing students’ knowledge of aging, attitude towards elderly people, will and intent to work with the elderly and determine the relation between nursing students’ knowledge of aging, attitude towards elderly and their will and intent to work with the elderly. Method: A descriptive co-relational study was used via self reported questionnaire, completed by 596 students from the faculty of nursing-Mansoura University. Students’ responses were analyzed using factor analysis, correlation coefficients, T-test, and Anova test. Results: Mansoura nursing students have a lack of knowledge of aging and held a positive attitude toward the elderly. As well they showed a high score of intent and will to work and care for the elderly people. A statistically significant correlation was found between knowledge of aging, attitude toward elderly, intent and will to work and care for the elderly. Conclusion: knowledge of aging of the nursing student should be increased in order to improve quality of care and to provide effective care services to the elderly people using new teaching and educational strategies.
Key Words: Knowledge of aging, Attitude, Elderly people, Nursing students, Will, Intent.
Older adults represent the largest and fastest growing segment of the population and are among those who access the health care system to the greatest extent. These trends call for health care professionals, such as nurses, to be well prepared to care for the specialized and often complex needs of the older adult cohort. This preparation often begins in basic nursing educational programs when nursing students are introduced formally to the care of older adults. But nursing students do not enter their professional programs unaffected by their socio-cultural context and especially societal attitudes toward aging and the older adult. Despite reports of positive and neutral attitudes toward older adults, more pervasive are nursing students' negative attitudes, a finding that has been validated on an international scale. From a nursing education perspective this is of significant concern, since the attitudes students have affect not only the quality of the care they give but their working preferences for older adults. Without the infusion of new graduates into the profession with the knowledge and interest to care for this accelerating older adult population, a crisis in geriatric health care is inevitable. An accumulating body of research, representing diverse methodological approaches, addresses factors and interventional approaches influencing nursing students' attitudes, and identifies relationships between attitudes and selected variables. This chapter provides a synthesis and critique of this research to identify what is known, to uncover gaps in knowledge, to make recommendations for practice, and to consider directions for future research.
Older adults represent the largest and fastest growing segment of the population and are among those who access the health care system to the greatest extent. These trends call for health care professionals, such as nurses, to be well prepared to care for the specialized and often complex needs of the older adult cohort. This preparation often begins in basic nursing educational programs when nursing students are introduced formally to the care of older adults. However, nursing students do not enter their professional programs unaffected by their socio-cultural context and especially societal attitudes toward aging and the older adult. This book provides a synthesis and critique of this research to identify what is known, to uncover gaps in knowledge, to make recommendations for practice, and to consider directions for future research.
Negative attitudes and lack of knowledge about old age among healthcare personnel, especially nurses, are major indicators of ageism in healthcare. Negative attitudes toward older adults may prevent nursing students from pursuing a future career in geriatric settings and may reduce the quality of healthcare provided for elderly patients. To date, there is no agreement about the effect of different factors on these attitudes. A survey assessing attitudes toward and knowledge about older adults was conducted among 68 freshmen nursing students and 74 young nurses. Results indicate nurses' attitudes toward aging (3.28/5) were significantly more positive and their knowledge of aging (12.7/25 or 51% correct answers) was significantly higher than those of nursing students (3.2/5 and 10.9/25 or 44% correct answers, respectively). In the multivariate regression model, knowledge of aging was found to be the only significant predictor (b=.30, p=.009) of attitudes toward aging. The odds of preferring to work with older adults were 6.7 times higher among students with positive attitudes than among those with low attitudes toward aging. In order to improve attitudes toward aging among nurses and nursing students, their knowledge of aging must be improved from the early stages of professional identity development. Moreover, in light of the ethnic differences reported in this study, additional efforts should be made to tailor culturally appropriate educational programs to nurses from different cultural backgrounds.
The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes of Malawian medical and nursing students towards older people. As there are no previous studies in this area in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is anticipated that this study will provide the basis for further exploration. The attitude towards the older people was evaluated among 305 medical and nursing students using the English version of Kogan's Old People Scale (KOP). The majority of medical and nursing students (92.8%) had positive attitudes towards the elderly (KOP score above 102). The values of KOP scores in the total sample of responders ranged between 72 and 182, and the mean KOP score was 128.2 ± 13.8. The attitude towards old people was not affected by year of study and no difference was found between medical and nursing students and males and females. It is recommended that the curricula further expand its geriatric component to meet increasing demands for health care for the elderly due to the ageing population.
This study evaluated whether two evidence-based methods used collaboratively, intergenerational colearning and use of films/documentaries in an educational context, enhanced knowledge levels and attitudes toward older adults in nursing, social work, and other allied profession students. Students participated in a gerontology film festival where they were exposed to two documentary films related to older adults. The films were followed by a discussion led by a panel of persons who had knowledge of the topic and were models of healthy aging. A pretest/posttest design was used to measure aging knowledge and attitudes toward older adults. Additional data consisted of demographics and information on prior older adult-related trainings. Significant increases were found in aging quiz and attitude scores. The combination of exposure to the documentary films and an intergenerational panel consisting of older adults leading a discussion of the films appears to have an immediate positive effect not only on knowledge of aging, but also on attitudes. Combining the two modalities can be done using existing resources that are available cross-nationally at no or little cost.
Dominant approaches to intergenerational research may be inadequate to meet new challenges to the intergenerational field, such as increasing complexity of program settings, interdisciplinary collaboration, and a mandate to address social problems. An ethnographic approach to intergenerational work may be an effective strategy for meeting these challenges. An ethnographic approach involves a holistic perspective using field-based methods of data collection and a cross-cultural research base. As ethnographic methods have been used successfully in related areas such as education, gerontology, and child development, researchers are encouraged to integrate this perspective into studies of intergenerational programming. Various resource materials are described for practitioners and researchers interested in learning more about the ethnographic approach.
Research has shown that learning more about successful aging and the aging process can be reflected in positive attitudinal change. Further,individuals having frequent contact with older adults generally have more positive attitudes. The purpose of the present study was to assess attitudinal change in two gerontology courses, one sophomore and one senior-level, using two methods of measurement: a standardized measure, the Aging Semantic Differential (ASD) and self-reported beliefs about older adults. A secondary goal was to facilitate meaningful interaction by requiring students to conduct a structured life-history interview with an older adult. The sample consisted of 55 students with a mean age of 27. Students completed the ASD and the self-reports at the beginning of the semester and after completing their interviews. Students also were asked to reflect upon any changes in attitude over the time period between assessments. In both classes, results of repeated measures MANOVA on the ASD indicated significant positive attitudinal change from pretest to posttest. Content analysis of self-reported beliefs provided converging validation. While students indicated classroom activities as important for attitudinal development, many specifically cited the interview activity as an influential and valuable experience.
The increasing population of older adults is one of the main issues facing health care systems. Nurses caring for the elderly need to have a positive attitude toward older adults to provide optimal care. Yet, the literature reveals that student nurses' attitudes toward working with older adults tend to be negative. This article presents the current research on student nurses' attitudes toward caring for older adults and outlines practical suggestions for fostering positive attitudes.
Book reviews in this article:
Objective: To assess expectations about ageing of rural- and urban-reared students preparing for careers in health and human services.
Method: A survey of 136 students at three rural campuses was conducted using the Reactions to Ageing Questionnaire. Students were enrolled in first- and second-year occupational therapy, nursing and welfare. Intimate contact with older people, defined as the number of people aged 65 and over counted as family or friends, was treated as a moderator variable.
Results: There was a significant difference in attitude depending on the background of students, with rural students being more negative in attitude. Neither course of study nor intimate contact was associated with attitude score.
Conclusions: Rural background may be an important factor in attitudes towards ageing and attitudes may be relatively independent of intimate contact with older people.
A number of studies have explored nurses' attitudes toward older people. However many of those have produced inconclusive results. Moreover dated attitudinal measures have been used to answer a broad range of questions relating to older people.
The aim of this paper is to report a study examining whether negative attitudes and beliefs toward older adults persist.
Focus group interviews were used identifying factors which may influence attitudes and beliefs both negatively and positively. Nine Registered Nurses from care of older adult areas, four from acute areas, six nurse teachers, and 17 nursing students participated in the study. Ten themes were identified from the findings.
The findings show that the student nurses had varying experiences in older adult settings. Some of which had the effect of turning them away from the specialty. However, nurses who worked with older adults were very positive about their work and the nursing opportunities they had to offer student nurses. They were rather critical of the content of the pre-registration curriculum, which they perceived to over-rely teaching the negative aspects of ageing, and there was also criticism of the currency of teachers' knowledge. Nurses who worked in acute settings also did not escape criticism, in that they were identified as attributing a lack of sense of humour to older adults. The limitations include the small sample size although it is congruent with qualitative research.
All nursing staff need to be more aware of their influence on the attitudes of student nurses toward older people. Good practice includes the ability to demonstrate that older people in hospital settings are valued. Nurse teachers need to review the way they prepare students for this specialist work in order to avoid inadvertently conveying negative attitudes.
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of an educational intervention on the knowledge and attitudes of pre-allied health students toward older adults. The subjects were 41 pre-allied health students assigned to an intervention (n = 19) or comparison group (n = 22). The intervention group participated in a six-hour multi-modal workshop consisting of didactic lecture, group activities, and simulation activities. A posttest only quasi-experimental design over time was used. Palmore's FACTS on Aging Quiz and Kogan's Old People Scale were used to measure knowledge and attitude towards older adults one week and 10 weeks following the workshop. The intervention significantly improved knowledge in the short term (p = 0.031). No significant difference was noted between the two groups on the attitudinal surveys.
Studies have demonstrated that gerontological content can have a positive effect on student nurses' attitudes toward older adults. However, few studies have attempted to investigate nurse teachers' attitudes toward older people. Yet authors acknowledge the importance of both clinical nurses and teachers in the socialisation process. The aim of this study is to compare the attitudes of student nurses with those of nurse teachers toward working with hospitalised older adults. A questionnaire was developed, piloted and refined until the final outcome was a 20 item questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to nurse teachers (n=59); first year student nurses who had completed their first term of theory (n=82); student nurses who had completed a theory and a clinical placement (n=80). Statistical analysis of the data included ANOVA with a post hoc comparison. Results indicated that nurse teachers were most positive for a number of items on the questionnaire. However, they were least positive about their role in promoting an interest in older people and keeping up to date about advances in the field of older people. It is the responsibility of both teachers and clinical staff to dispel stereotypes that student nurses bring in to nursing.
The present paper reports on the development of a Likert scale for assessing attitudes toward old people and discusses empirical relations found between such attitudes and other attitudinal and personality variables. Three samples of college undergraduates served as subjects a scale containing items making unfavorable reference to old people and a scale containing matched favorably worded items [were constructed] no clear consistent relation obtained between authoritarianism as measured by the F Scale and attitudes toward old people. On the other hand, unfavorable attitudes toward old people were associated with feelings of anomie, and with negative dispositions toward ethnic minorities and a variety of physically disabled groups. A nurturance factor was significantly correlated with scale scores, the more nuturant subjects being more positively disposed toward old people." From Psyc Abstracts 36:01:3GD44K.
BEGINNING NURSING STUDENTS CAN
The primary purpose of this study was to develop instruments that reliably measure belief and behavioral intentions toward the elderly with control for social desirability set within the belief measure. Related purposes involved evaluation of the impact of a gerontologic nursing course on beliefs and behavioral intentions of nursing students toward the elderly. Data were collected over a three-month period from 153 volunteers in a baccalaureate nursing program. One group was tested both before and immediately after a gerontologic nursing course; three other groups were tested immediately, one, and two years after the course. A paired-comparison type belief scale and a multiple-act behavioral intention scale were developed and used in the study. The Kogan Old People and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scales served as outside criteria. Both new instruments were found to be highly reliable. An association between beliefs and behavioral intentions above the .30 level was found between scores on the behavioral intention and Kogan scales, but not between behavioral intention and belief scores.
College students were presented five questionnaires traditionally used to assess attitudes toward old people. The intercorrelations among the measures were low, accounting for no more than 24% of the variance between any two measures. The results suggest that the measures are not equivalent; it was argued that the practice of utilizing a single instrument to measure attitudes toward the elderly may contribute to inconsistencies reported in the literature.
The Tuckman-Lorge Attitude questionnaire, which measures stereotypes and misconceptions about the aged, was administered to 311 baccalaureate nursing students who were also asked to indicate their relative preferences for various fields of specialization within nursing and their preferences for working with child, adult, and elderly patients. The study was designed to examine factors--a two-semester course in human development and aging, visits with a physically "well" older person living in the community, attitudes toward the aged, and several biographic factors--associated with increased interest in working with elderly patients. Findings included: Students showed minimal interest in working in nursing homes; they preferred to work with child and adult patients. The more stereotyped their thinking about the aged, the greater their interest in working with ederly patients. Students who previously worked in a nursing home or convalescent hospital showed greater willingness to work with elderly patients. The authors suggest that schools of nursing include gerontology in their curriculums and that nursing students be provided with clinical experience in institutions for the aged to acquaint them with, and to encourage interest in, this increasingly important field of specialization.
The twofold purpose of this study was to determine if: 1) student stereotyped attitudes toward old people would diminish during an eight-week introduction to a professional nursing course which featured laboratory and classroom components on health-illness concepts in the care of geriatric patients, and 2) changes in student attitude toward the aged were related to instructor attitude toward old people. Eighty nursing students were randomly assigned to ten faculty members for experimental treatment which consisted of nursing home laboratory experiences and within-group interaction and instruction. Students were pre- and posttested using the Attitude toward Old People Questionnaire. The same instrument was used to assess instructors' attitudes at the beginning of the course. Results revealed that students' stereotypic attitudes were decreased during the course and that the amount of change in student attitude was functionally related to faculty attitude toward the aged.
This descriptive study was conducted to determine the attitudes of diploma nursing students towards adult clients of different ages in various health situations. The present study has attempted to fill a gap in nursing research using a new approach: “the person perception paradigm.” One hundred college students in the last year of their nursing program completed a questionnaire. Students in this study rated eight photos of male clients, ranging in ages from 20 to 90 years, in various health situations. The rating scales were set up with 12 pairs of bipolar adjectives which reflected three dimensions: competence, benevolence, and health. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of seven questions pertaining to the particular respondent. The subject data sheet required the respondents to state their age, sex, current status in the diploma program, previous education, experiences with the elderly, and preference of work upon completion of the diploma nursing program.
A multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that nursing students demonstrated positive attitudes toward the elderly as compared to younger clients for competence, benevolence, and health. In particular, the student nurses rated the 60- and 80-year-old men more positively than younger clients in both success and failure conditions. The magnitude of the differences for the success and failure ratings was much greater for the 20- and 60-year-old men than the magnitude of the ratings for the 40-year-old men or 80-year-old men. The success and failure interaction did not clearly support the expectation of a subtle age bias with the 60-and 80-year-old men. Data analyzed from the subject information sheet revealed nursing students do not indicate an interest in working with the elderly upon completion of the program. Education, age, and sex of the subject had no significance in the attitudes of student nurses. However, students with more past experiences with the elderly indicated more positive attitudes towards elders.
Future studies should be carried out to examine what exactly in the diploma nursing program promotes positive attitudes, whether attitudes of students affect their quality of care, and whether the person perception paradigm produces similar results in another school of nursing. Also, more research is required to examine the effect of the specific health situations on the age-related person perceptions of diploma student nurses.
The amount of geriatric and gerontology content in a nursing curriculum does not appear to influence students' attitudes about aging. However, based on the findings of this study, specific content areas should be addressed in nursing curricula. These content areas include: 1) social changes as well as physical changes that occur to elderly persons and adaptation patterns of these individuals; 2) usefulness of aged persons and the contributions they can and do make to society; 3) characteristics of the well elderly as opposed to total concentration on the sick elderly. The inclusion of these content areas might assist the nursing student in developing a more positive attitude about aging.
Nursing education and student reactions In Nursing Re-search—Does It Make a Difference? (Proceedings of the 7th Workgroup Meet-ing, 2nd Annual Open Conference) (pp. 354-359) Underveis til sykepleieryrket [On the way to becoming a nurse
- K Lerheim
Lerheim, K. (1984). Nursing education and student reactions. In Nursing Re-search—Does It Make a Difference? (Proceedings of the 7th Workgroup Meet-ing, 2nd Annual Open Conference) (pp. 354-359). London: Royal College of Nursing. Lerheim, K. (1987). Underveis til sykepleieryrket [On the way to becoming a nurse] (Publication No. 1). Oslo, Norway: Institute of Nursing Science.
Changing nursing students' attitudes toward Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:55 14 February 2015 the aged: An experimental study
- B Heller
- F Walsh
Heller, B., & Walsh, F. (1976). Changing nursing students' attitudes toward Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:55 14 February 2015 the aged: An experimental study. Journal of Nursing Education, 15(5), 9-17.
Underveis til sykepleieryrket
- K Lerheim
Lerheim, K. (1987). Underveis til sykepleieryrket [On the way to becoming a
nurse] (Publication No. 1). Oslo, Norway: Institute of Nursing Science.
In Nursing Research-Does It Make a Difference?
- K Lerheim
Lerheim, K. (1984). Nursing education and student reactions. In Nursing Research-Does It Make a Difference? (Proceedings of the 7th Workgroup Meeting, 2nd Annual Open Conference) (pp. 354-359). London: Royal College of
Nursing.
- Hart L.