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Purposive Leisure: Examining Parental Discourse on Family Activities
Abstract
Current social psychological definitions of leisure may not adequately capture or describe family leisure. This study used discourse analysis to explore the meanings of family leisure as revealed by parents of preteen children (aged 10-12 years). The data came from a study of 31 families (23 two-parent families and 8 one-parent families) living in Ontario, Canada. Thirty mothers and 23 fathers were interviewed about their family leisure activities, experiences, attitudes, and beliefs about family participation. Analysis showed that family participation was highly valued by all of the parents. However, rather than being freely chosen or intrinsically motivated, family leisure was purposive in that it was organized and facilitated by parents in order to achieve particular short- and long-term goals. One set of goals related to family functioning, including enhanced family communication and cohesion, and a strong sense of family. Another set of goals related to the beneficial outcomes of family activities for children, including learning about healthy lifestyles as well as learning moral values. It is argued that the purposive nature of this form of leisure practice reflects current ideologies about motherhood, fatherhood, and the family in North American society.
... Relationships with family and friends were evaluated by asking if the participants engaged in leisure activities with family or friends (LAFF) during vacation time. The response options for a suitable parametric test 5-point Likert scale method [34] were "always", "often", "sometimes", "rarely", and "never", with corresponding scores of 100, 75,50,25, and 0 points, respectively. The presence of one or more chronic diseases was also noted as "yes". ...
... The presence of one or more chronic diseases was also noted as "yes". Alcohol use in the past month was rated as "always", "often", "sometimes", "rarely", and "never" corresponding to 100, 75,50,25, and 0 points, respectively. Responses for sleep duration were <5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, or >8 h per day, which were reclassified as <6 h and SLD >6 h per day. ...
... Participation in family leisure led to improved interactions and cohesion within families and improved parents' and children's well-being, which is integral to well-functioning marriages [75][76][77]. Our mediation model (Table 6) indicated that the increased frequency of leisure activities with family and friends was also a reason for the marriage effect on decreased WB (Z = −4.74, ...
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, burnout symptoms have been prevalent among healthcare workers. Living with spouses can be complex and was associated with an increased burnout risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigated the relationship between living with spouses and burnout among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. We distributed questionnaires to participants working in a hospital affiliated with a medical university in Taiwan. The questionnaires were the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory, which comprises personal burnout (PB), work-related burnout (WB), and client burnout subscales; the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire; and information on basic demographic variables, family factors, living habits, work-related factors, and physical health factors. Multiple linear regression and mediation analysis were used. We obtained 1615 (63.81%) valid questionnaires. After analysis revealed that marriage was an independent risk factor for PB; however, the effect of marriage on WB was nonsignificant after controlling for risk factors. Parenthood, less alcohol use, reported sleep duration less than six hours, less overtime, less shift work, and participation in leisure activities with family and friends were found to be mediators between marriage and a lower WB level. In addition, chronic diseases, frequent neck pain, and shoulder pain were suppression factors. In summary, marriage was associated with an increased risk of PB. Married individuals sustain a high WB level because of changes in family roles, living conditions, and work conditions. Overall, helping healthcare workers to maintain well-being in marriage or family living may be effective in decreasing burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic.
... Kako obitelj predstavlja okosnicu djetetova razvitka i odgojno djeluje na razvoj djetetove osobnosti, tako se i spontani procesi odgajanja odvijaju u slobodno vrijeme roditelja kada se usvajaju odreĊene navike i vrijednosti, ali i razvija kultura provoĊenja zajedniĉkog vremena izvan ustaljenih okvira obiteljskog ţivota. Nepostojanje jedinstvene definicije slobodnog vremena obitelji upravo se vezuje uz pitanje razumijevanja slobodnog vremena (Shaw i Dawson, 2001). Nije nevaţno koji ĉlan obitelji govori o slobodnom vremenu i u kojoj je fazi ţivotnog ciklusa sama obitelj (Hebblethwaite, 2017). ...
... razliĉitim interesima pojedinaca. Autori Shaw i Dawson (2001) ukazuju da slobodno vrijeme obitelji predstavlja i svojevrsnu dodatnu obvezu, uglavnom za roditelje, jer ĉesto podrazumijeva organizaciju i dodatni osobni angaţman. Vidljivo je, dakle, da aktivno provoĊenje slobodnog vemena ne predstavlja uvijek svim ĉlanovima obitelji slobodno odabran oblik sudjelovanja kojime bi svi trebali biti ispunjeni i osjećati zadovoljstvo. ...
... Pri tome valja istaknuti, da se se slobodno vrijeme ne moţe idealizirati i nije realno oĉekivati da svi ĉlanovi obitelji podjednako uţivaju i budu zahvalni na zajedniĉkim trenucima. Najĉešće su roditelji oni koji su više emocionalno ukljuĉeni u organiziranje odreĊenih aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme jer smatraju da je i to dio roditeljskih zadaća, pa se moţe reći da je to poluslobodno vrijeme za njih ili namjerno slobodno vrijeme kojemu cilj nije samo zabava već poticanje razvoja djece i njihovo pouĉavanje razliĉitim vještinama i vrijednostima (Matcavish i Schleien, 2000; Shaw i Dawson, 2001). Navedeni autori preporuĉuju definiranje slobodnog vremena obitelji na naĉin koji najbolje prikazuje stvarnost obiteljskog ţivota, u kojoj se na vrijeme provedeno u razliĉitim aktivnostima gleda kao na namjerni a nikako spontani oblik. ...
Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (World Health Organization-WHO,2014) mentalno
zdravlje definira stanjem dobrobiti pri kojem pojedinac ostvaruje svoje potencijale, moţe se nositi sa svakodnevnim i iznenadnim ţivotnim stresom, radno je sposoban i produktivan te sposoban pridonositi obitelji i zajednici. Respektirajući značaj zdravlja na osobnoj, obiteljskoj i socijalnoj razini putem Zoom i Merlin sustava za udaljeno učenje u sklopu visokoškolskog kolegija Obitelj i prevencija rizičnih i asocijalnih ponašanja pokrenuli smo forum raspravu na temu “Promocija mentalnog
zdravlja u funkciji osnaţivanja obitelji - izazovi pandemije i (post)Covid19 krize. U raspravi
sudjelovali su svi studenti prve (N=23) i druge godine (N=20) jednopredmetnog i dvopredmetnog studija pedagogije. Rasprava se vodila tijekom tri tjedna što je omogućilo vrijeme za bolje sagledavanje različitosti pogleda na pristupe podrške obitelji. Kao poticaj raspravi imali smo i podpitanja koja su se odnosila na razmišljanja o posljedicama pandemije posebice na mentalno zdravlje kao i o zaštitnim mehanizma u njegovom očuvanju/osnaţivanju te prijedloge u kreiranju primarnih aktivnosti pogotovo fokusirane na obiteli. Analizom rasprave moţemo zaključiti da su se
zbivanja tijekom pandemije reflektirala na veliki broj mladih što se opisuje kroz: dugotrajni osjećaj straha za svoj i ţivot obitelji, neizvjesnosti nastavka izvršavanja studijskih obveza i završetka studija, izostanak socijalnih i fizičkih kontakata, osjećaj izoliranosti i usamljenosti, osjećaj izostanka kontrole nad svojim ţivotima i odlukama. U skupinu zaštitnih faktora ističe se: zajednički provedeno vrijeme s obitelji, meĎusobna podrška i povezanosti, kao i mogućnosti iznalaţenja humora čak i u situacijama
koje su krizne. Edukaciju o vaţnosti osnaţivanja obiteljskog zajedništva i komunikacije, međusobnog podupiranja i povezanosti smatra se bitnim činiteljem za osmišljavanje strategija zaštite mentalnog zdravlja. Budući i nakon pet godina nije izglasana za novo razdoblje Nacionalna strategija zaštite mentalnog zdravlja, a niti se u prethodnoj istaknula vaţnost edukacije u promociji mentalnog zdravlja za sve a ne samo za bolesne ovaj rad pridonosi ne samo potrebi razmišljanja već i implementacije spoznaja pedagoške znanosti i edukacije u sustavu očuvanja mentalnog zdravlja ljudi.
... Kako obitelj predstavlja okosnicu djetetova razvitka i odgojno djeluje na razvoj djetetove osobnosti, tako se i spontani procesi odgajanja odvijaju u slobodno vrijeme roditelja kada se usvajaju odreĊene navike i vrijednosti, ali i razvija kultura provoĊenja zajedniĉkog vremena izvan ustaljenih okvira obiteljskog ţivota. Nepostojanje jedinstvene definicije slobodnog vremena obitelji upravo se vezuje uz pitanje razumijevanja slobodnog vremena (Shaw i Dawson, 2001). Nije nevaţno koji ĉlan obitelji govori o slobodnom vremenu i u kojoj je fazi ţivotnog ciklusa sama obitelj (Hebblethwaite, 2017). ...
... razliĉitim interesima pojedinaca. Autori Shaw i Dawson (2001) ukazuju da slobodno vrijeme obitelji predstavlja i svojevrsnu dodatnu obvezu, uglavnom za roditelje, jer ĉesto podrazumijeva organizaciju i dodatni osobni angaţman. Vidljivo je, dakle, da aktivno provoĊenje slobodnog vemena ne predstavlja uvijek svim ĉlanovima obitelji slobodno odabran oblik sudjelovanja kojime bi svi trebali biti ispunjeni i osjećati zadovoljstvo. ...
... Pri tome valja istaknuti, da se se slobodno vrijeme ne moţe idealizirati i nije realno oĉekivati da svi ĉlanovi obitelji podjednako uţivaju i budu zahvalni na zajedniĉkim trenucima. Najĉešće su roditelji oni koji su više emocionalno ukljuĉeni u organiziranje odreĊenih aktivnosti u slobodno vrijeme jer smatraju da je i to dio roditeljskih zadaća, pa se moţe reći da je to poluslobodno vrijeme za njih ili namjerno slobodno vrijeme kojemu cilj nije samo zabava već poticanje razvoja djece i njihovo pouĉavanje razliĉitim vještinama i vrijednostima (Matcavish i Schleien, 2000; Shaw i Dawson, 2001). Navedeni autori preporuĉuju definiranje slobodnog vremena obitelji na naĉin koji najbolje prikazuje stvarnost obiteljskog ţivota, u kojoj se na vrijeme provedeno u razliĉitim aktivnostima gleda kao na namjerni a nikako spontani oblik. ...
Zbornik pod nazivom Poremećaji u ponašanju djece i mladih je publikacija koja je nastala u okviru naučnog skupa "Društvene devijacije", a u okviru kojeg smo publikovali 77 naučna rada.
U Zborniku su predstavljeni aktuelni problemi djece i mladih iz ugla raznih naučnih disciplina.
... Our conceptual framework utilises health lifestyle theory (Cockerham, 2005(Cockerham, , 2013 and a life course perspective (Elder et al., 2003;Umberson et al., 2010). Additionally, we draw on studies of purposive, intensive parenting practices and their connections to physical activity and organised sport (Coakley, 2006;Lareau, 2003;Shaw & Dawson, 2001;Weininger et al., 2015). ...
... Finally, we consider intensive parenting and purposive leisure motivations (Knoester & Randolph, 2019;Lareau, 2003;Shaw & Dawson, 2001). The past several decades have witnessed the rise of 'intensive parenting' norms, which refers to expectations that parents be extremely involved in their children's lives and to continually and strategically parent to optimise their children's development (Knoester & Fields, 2020;Lareau, 2003;Weininger et al., 2015). ...
... Modelling and advocating for purposive leisure have become prime foci of intensive parenting. Leisure that includes and encourages healthy behaviours, such as sport and physical activity, are often purposively enacted, endorsed, and celebrated (Knoester & Fields, 2020;Mollborn, Lawrence et al., 2020;Shaw & Dawson, 2001). ...
Using Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study data (N = 3,011), the present study examines relationships between family cultures of sport and physical activity at age 9 and age 15, 15 year olds’ physical activity, and 15 year olds’ subjective health. We find moderately strong cultures of sport and physical activity; this included common support and encouragement for 15 year olds’ sport and physical activity as well as 15 year olds’ frequent coactivity with family and friends. Yet, gender and socioeconomic status inequalities are apparent. We also find that family cultures of sport and physical activity at age 9 appear to shape 15 year olds’ cultures of sport and physical activity. Finally, indicators of stronger family cultures of sport and physical activity are positively associated with changes in 15 year olds’ subjective health between the ages of 9–15 years old. Overall, our findings suggest that family cultures of sport and physical activity are integral to nurturing healthy lifestyles and that there is a need to support families and children so that sport and physical activity and positive health trajectories can be more widely experienced.
... Alternatively, flexibility may be associated instead with shared "family" time when the mother is also present. This distinction of the co-presence of the mother is important: shared family time may yield benefits for family well-being (e.g., Shaw and Dawson 2001;Snyder 2007), but it may not represent fathers "stepping up" to solo responsibility in ways that temper gender inequalities in the care for children by freeing up mothers' time and energy (Craig 2006;Raley, Bianchi, and Wang 2012). Finally, considering the "total time" fathers spend with childrenwhether solo parenting or in family timeis important to capture time spent interacting with kids in activities like shared mealtimes or time spent accessible to or supervising children (Budig and Folbre 2004;Craig 2006;Wray et al. 2021). ...
... parents' stress, and lessen the intensity of caregiving (Dunatchik and Speight 2020;Folbre et al. 2005;Roeters and Gracia 2016). Family time can be perceived as "quality time" (Snyder 2007) and a part of being "good parents"; it can be important for children's development, enhances family communication and cohesion, and strengthens a sense of family (Shaw 2008;Shaw and Dawson 2001). However, when mothers are still present, fathers' time with children is not substituting for mothers' time, thus preserving some of the inequalities of the division of care work for children (Craig 2006;Raley et al. 2012). ...
... increased family time has critical, and potentially competing, implications for family well-being and gender inequality. Time together as a family may be especially valued or considered "quality" time, with benefits for lessening stress and improving a sense of family togetherness (Folbre et al. 2005;Roeters and Gracia 2016;Shaw and Dawson 2001;Snyder 2007). Further, the differences in family time are not only substantialabout an hour more daily for flexplaceusing fathers, for examplebut also distributed across activities such as meals and leisure that are associated with higher subjective well-being (Musick et al. 2016). ...
Workplace flexibility policies, which provide control over the timing and location of work, are a family-friendly resource that may facilitate increased father-child time. Yet, research on this relationship often focuses narrowly on “childcare time,” which not only overlooks the majority of time fathers spend with their children, but also neglects fathers’ accessibility to and responsibility for children as well as the co-presence of the mother. This limits our understanding of how flexibility policies might enhance family well-being and mitigate persistent gender inequalities. Using the 2017-2018 American Time Use Survey Leave Module, this study examines the relationship between flextime (control over start and end times) and flexplace (working from home) policies and different-sex partnered fathers’ time with children. Access to and use of flexibility policies are associated with more family time with children – when the mother is also present. This includes not only time in childcare but also other activities such as meals as well as supervision or accessibility. However, there are no differences in fathers’ solo parenting time. Ultimately, these findings elucidate a more comprehensive picture of how flexibility policies might shape father involvement, and complicate our understanding of the consequences of flexibility for family well-being and gender inequality.
... Kartais jis gali būti tiesiog neplanuotas pasikalbėjimas, bet turėti nepaprastai didelės įtakos asmenybės raidai (Miliūnienė ir kt., 2009). Tyrimai (Shaw, Dawson, 2001;Trussell, Shaw, 2007) rodo, kad daugelis tėvų labai rimtai vertina savo atsakomybę už laisvalaikį šeimoje. Ir mamos, ir tėčiai pripažįsta vaikų laisvalaikio praleidimo kartu su tėvais ir bendrų veiklų svarbą, pavyzdžiui, žaidimus, pasivaikščiojimą, pasivažinėjimą dviračiu ar vakarienę kartu su šeima (Shaw, Dawson, 2001). ...
... Tyrimai (Shaw, Dawson, 2001;Trussell, Shaw, 2007) rodo, kad daugelis tėvų labai rimtai vertina savo atsakomybę už laisvalaikį šeimoje. Ir mamos, ir tėčiai pripažįsta vaikų laisvalaikio praleidimo kartu su tėvais ir bendrų veiklų svarbą, pavyzdžiui, žaidimus, pasivaikščiojimą, pasivažinėjimą dviračiu ar vakarienę kartu su šeima (Shaw, Dawson, 2001). G. B. Flander (2011) teigimu, kartais tėvams sunku rasti tinkamą, geriausią ar patraukliausią užsiėmimą savo vaikams, nes socialinį ir pažintinį vystymąsi lemia tai, kaip vaikai leidžia savo laisvalaikį. ...
Santrauka. Ugdymo sėkmė šeimoje priklauso nuo tėvų drauge su vaiku praleisto laiko, įvairiapusiško ir turiningo laisvalaikio. Tačiau Lietuvoje dar menkai atsižvelgiama į tai, kad tėvų, auginančių mokyklinio amžiaus vaikus, darbo laikas ir atostogų laikas būtų derinamas prie vaikų mokyklinio užimtumo. Vaikų neužimtumas paprastai sukelia daug socialinių problemų. Šeimos laisvalaikio organizavimas ir jo turinys priklauso nuo gebėjimo įtraukti vaikus į įvairias veiklas, atsižvelgiant į jų interesus ir poreikius. Tinkamai organizuotas laisvalaikis atitraukia vaikus nuo beprasmio laiko leidimo, žalingų įpročių, teikia galimybę lavinti įvairius gebėjimus, bendrauti su šeimos nariais. Prasmingą šeimos laisvalaikį dažnai riboja tam tikros kliūtys: šeimos sudėtis, vaikų amžius, finansinės galimybės, tėvų darbo užimtumas, pramogų pasiūla ir kt. Tyrimo tikslas-išsiaiškinti jaunesniojo mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų laisvalaikio organizavimo problemas ir galimybes šeimoje. Atliepiant tikslą siekiama atsakyti į klausimus: kaip organizuojamas jaunesniojo mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų laisvalaikis šeimoje ir su kokiomis problemomis susiduria tėvai? Tyrimo tikslui pasiekti bei tyrimo duomenims surinkti buvo naudotas tėvų anketinės apklausos raštu metodas. 2019 metų spalio mėnesį atlikto empirinio tyrimo (N = 90) duomenys parodė, kad šeimos laisvalaikį visada arba dažnai planuoja tėvai, paprastai atsižvelgdami į finansinę šeimos padėtį. Šeimos renkasi ir aktyvias, ir pasyvias išankstinio pasiruošimo nereikalaujančias veiklas. Išaiškėjo, kad viena iš svarbiausių problemų, ky-lančių planuojant šeimos laisvalaikį,-per maža renginių, skirtų šeimoms, turinčioms jaunesniojo mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų, pasiūla. Pasigendama renginių, skatinančių aktyvų laisvalaikį. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: laisvalaikio organizavimas, šeimos laisvalaikis, jaunesniojo mokyklinio amžiaus vaikų tėvai.
... Making time for "family time" was a consistent theme in some of the women"s snowboarding talk, however, as Shaw and Dawson (2001) reveal in their exploration of parental discourses on family activities: "discourses on family leisure may reflect, or be influenced by, the ideology of motherhood as devotion to children, care-giving, and self-sacrifice" (p. 219). ...
... Similarly in her final interview she sighs and explains "it"s just so hard these days...sometimes I wonder if it"s all worth it" (15 September, 2008). Despite freeing up some time for themselves, all of the women in this study were the primary carers for their children and organised their free-time around the general servicing of their household needs as has been found in previous studies of women"s leisure (Henderson, 1991;Larson & Gillman, Lara 1997;Shaw, 2008;Shaw & Dawson, 2001). In relation to a weekend snowboard trip this included the organisation of warm clothes for the children, shopping and pre-packing food prior to the trips, and the schedule of childcare. ...
There are very few in-depth studies that have focused on the impact of motherhood and sports participation, and no studies within the 'lifestyle sports' literature which have explicitly focused on mothers. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of mothers who snowboard.
The thesis explores from a poststructural perspective, the experiences of eight mothers, resident in Aotearoa/New Zealand, who snowboard. In particular, Michel Foucault's ideas regarding discourse, power and 'technologies of the self' afforded a useful heuristic for examining the women's talk about motherhood and snowboarding and the practices they engage in as they negotiate the two. The study draws primarily on diary and interview texts gathered during the 2008 winter snow season. I present my interpretation of the women's 'collective stories' (Richardson, 1990), with the intention of raising the profile of nonconformist performances of motherhood.
... Socialization during youth is a foundational influence on expressive cultural activity participation and experience. According to Shaw and Dawson (2001), parents motivate their children to participate in leisure activities that might be advantageous for their child's future. Many studies focus on the effects of participation in expressive cultural activities on a child's cultural capital (e.g., Kisida et al., 2014) or educational achievement (e.g., Whitesell, 2016). ...
... Thus, as suggested in previous studies on leisure participation, both socialization (Shaw & Dawson, 2001) and constraints (Godbey et al., 2010) were related to participation in cultural activities. That is far from saying that frequent and infrequent attendance at performing arts events represents a boundary between cultural groups (Chick et al., 2007). ...
Expressive cultural activities, such as viewing visual art, drama, or dance, are perceived as beneficial to individuals and societies, justifying public funding. However, not everyone benefits and participates equally. We intentionally sampled infrequent and frequent attendees among young adults in the Netherlands. Results indicated that infrequent and frequent attendees differed in expressive cultural activity constraints and socialization, though not on demographic background. Their cultural, social, and emotional experience through self-report and physiological data revealed no significant differences between the groups’ experience of a dramatic performance. These outcomes suggest that, as an example of expressive cultural activity, a dramatic performance experience can be equally emotionally beneficial to frequent and infrequent attendees, an important prerequisite to broader appeal and intergroup contact. Implications of the use of physiological data in leisure experience research are discussed.
... Another factor that influences parents' well-being could be children's development through family tourism. Previous research has shown that not only do parents seek to enhance their well-being through tourism but also seek educational benefits for their children (Carr, 2006;Lehto, Fu, Li, & Zhou, 2017;Shaw & Dawson, 2001). Parents may need to take a break from daily life and increase well-being through family holidays to appreciate family tourism as a benefit for themselves. ...
... Furthermore, children's skill development through family tourism had a positive impact on parents' well-being. In addition to relaxation and enjoyment, parents seek educational benefits for their children through family tourism (Carr, 2006;Lehto et al., 2017;Shaw & Dawson, 2001). Parents may invest their resources both for a fun experience for themselves and a meaningful experience for their children, thus enhancing their well-being. ...
Family tourism has gained increased attention from researchers in recent years; however, few longitudinal studies have examined the psychological benefits of family tourism. Therefore, this study employed a pretest-posttest design to examine the beneficial effects of family tourism on parents’ well-being and their children’s generic skills. We collected data from 217 families with elementary school children who went on family holidays, administering questionnaires to both parents and children. The results showed that parents’ well-being and children’s generic skills increased from before to after the family tourism experience. Moreover, a memorable tourism experience and children’s skill development through family tourism were positively associated with changes in parents’ well-being through family tourism. Our findings highlight the importance of considering multiple perspectives from family members and identify the benefits of their interactions.
... 1-22). In addition, family holidays are more purposive as they are generally initiated and organized by parents in order to achieve particular goals (Shaw & Dawson, 2001). These goals can be further classified as family-oriented (Schänzel & Smith, 2014), education-oriented (Yang & Lau, 2019) and self-oriented (Fu, Lehto, & Park, 2014;Lehto et al., 2017). ...
... Family travel experience offers potential learning opportunities for children (Stone & Petrick, 2013) and family interaction is conductive to children's educational outcomes (Park, Pan, & Ahn, 2020). For example, Shaw and Dawson (2001) revealed that Canadian parents purposely plan and organize family leisure to satisfy adolescent's developmental needs, including knowledge and skill cultivation, development of healthy living habits and moral values. Based on mothers' voices, Stone and Petrick (2017) suggested that children acquire content knowledge, practical knowledge, and interpersonal skills from family travel. ...
Family travel is conducive to family function and tourists' personal development. Despite its long-established emphasis of family and learning through travel, limited effort has been invested in understanding Chinese adolescents' learning outcomes in the family tourism literature. This study adopted a mixed-method approach to establish a measure for such learning outcomes and validated the measurement scale via three rounds of surveys. The results suggested an eighteen-item and four-factor learning outcome structure with acceptable levels of reliability and validity. The four factors were family awareness, personal capability, destination knowledge and self-reflection. Family awareness was found to be the strongest predictor for Chinese adolescents’ well-being in family travel.
... As decision-makers for their children, parents largely decide which activities their children can and cannot do, including play activities. If play is thought to be relatively useful or important, parents may create play opportunities for their children, such as making time to go to children's museums [14][15][16]. On the other hand, if parents think that "it's just child's play", then they may relegate play to times when nothing else of importance occupies children, or worse, simply forbid it. ...
Although play results in physical, social, and cognitive benefits, there is a consensus that children’s opportunities to play have been reduced, particularly for those who live in urban environments. What are the barriers to play, and how can we mitigate them? This review examines a critical factor in play opportunities: parents as the decision-makers with regard to children’s play. Using perspectives from psychology, urban design, and cognitive science, we analyze the relationships between the design of built environments, parental attitudes and beliefs, and parental decisions on allowing children to play. For example, can a new implementation of children-centered urban design change parents’ skeptical attitude toward play? By drawing from global studies, we chart (1) the three key beliefs of parents regarding play and built environments: play should benefit learning, be safe, and match the child’s competence and (2) the design principles that can foster these beliefs: learning, social, and progressive challenge designs. By making the link between parents, urban design, and play explicit, this paper aims to inform parents, educators, policymakers, urban planners, and architects on the evidence-based measures for creating and increasing opportunities to play.
... Watching movies is one of the most popular recreation activities in a person's spare time (Currell, 2010;Shaikh et al., 2004;Shaw & Dawson, 2001;Zimmermann & Reeves, 2009). People nowadays can easily gain access to watching movies by going to theaters, renting DVDs, or simply paying for online streaming platforms. ...
Aim/purpose – This study explores how the content feature and source of eWOM affect people’s intentions and further analyses the effectiveness of eWOM on people’s inten- tion to watch movies. Design/methodology/approach – The study considers two dimensions of movie reviews, including the source (anonymous or acquaintance) and the content feature (con- crete or abstract), adopts a 2x2 between-subject design, and then analyzes online ques- tionnaires (N = 313) via statistics analysis methods. Findings – The findings showed that if the source is from an acquaintance and the con- tent feature is concrete, then people will have the highest intention to watch the movie. In addition, the acting skills of the cast and the love of the movie genre also enhance the positive influence on the viewer’s experience. Research implications/limitations – The respondents were selected only in Taiwan so this paper do not explain any differences among different countries. For example, cultur- al differences exist between the West and the East in the content feature of eWOM. Originality/value/contribution – If a type of genre is greatly accepted by the audience and generates huge box-office revenue, then producers and movie companies might keep making movies in these kinds of genre to secure profits. Therefore, box-office movies will usually fall into these certain types of genres, and there will be an abundance of them released in the near future. Keywords: source of eWOM, content feature of eWOM, online movie review, between- -subject design. JEL Classification: C12, C90
... Tourism is considered to be the best education (Yang and Lau, 2019). As an informal learning method, tourism is more active, interactive and experiential (Shaw and Dawson, 2001). Therefore, learning experience has become one of the important motivations of family tourism. ...
The study performed bibliometric visual analyses of family tourism research literature from 2008 to 2021, revealing the knowledge evolution process, research focuses, and future trends in this field. A total of 132 articles on family tourism were collated from the SSCI database of the Web of Sciences core collection and analyzed by CiteSpace. The results show that the number of research studies on family tourism has increased from 2008 to 2021, however, the overall base is small. Purdue University has the highest number of publications and citations. Inter-country cooperation occurs between the United States, China, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Recently, “motivation” and “benefit” have become hot topics in family tourism research, and “social tourism” has received widespread attention, revealing future research directions. Lehto and Wu are the core figures in the family tourism field, and their achievements have been highly cited and peer-recognized. This study focuses on family tourism research in different cultural situations, enriching the knowledge system of family tourism research, and encouraging future family tourism research focus more on seniors and disadvantaged families.
... Many studies have regarded the family as a whole and reported that families who participate more in family leisure activities tend to have a higher level of family functioning (e.g., Freeman & Zabriskie, 2003;Hawks, 1991;Shaw & Dawson, 2001;Zabriskie & McCormick, 2001). A stream of studies has also found positive effects of family trips on children's learning outcomes and psychological development (Bos et al., 2015;Fu et al., 2014;Park et al., 2020). ...
Recreational vehicle (RV) travel is an emerging phenomenon among Chinese families, as RVs integrate daily leisure with long-distance travel. This study applied the constructivist grounded theory approach and analysed 25 interview transcripts and 7 travel posts. Adopting the perspective of the motivation-activity-transformative learning chain, the present research investigated and summarized pretravel motivations, activities undertaken during travel and posttravel transformative learning following a time series and built a holistic and causal framework of the transformational process underlying Chinese families' outbound RV travel. Segments from interviews and travel posts were used to illustrate the themes. This study identified the unique symbolism of the emotional value of the RV for Chinese families and revealed the new tendency for Chinese families to seek out demand-coordinated family leisure experiences. Theoretical and managerial implications for exploring Chinese family tourism and developing this emerging RV market are discussed.
... In the meantime, it is clearly stated that the leisure satisfaction of individuals is a significant antecedent of marital satisfaction (Agate et al., 2009;Johnson et al., 2006;Ward et al., 2014). Thus, holiday take has a strong relationship with the life satisfaction of individuals and marital satisfaction among couples (Mactavish & Schleien, 1998;Shaw & Dawson, 2001;Zabriskie & McCormick, 2003). There are many studies, indicating that couple leisure activities enhance couple communication; decrease stress level; and increase marital satisfaction, especially when decisions are made in mutual agreement (Claxton & Perry-Jenkins, 2008;Schneider et al., 2004;Holman & Jacquart, 1988) and leisure satisfaction is a strong positive indicator of marital satisfaction (Johnson et al., 2006;Ward et al. 2014). ...
The decisions of where and how people want to spend their leisure time have a direct effect on the tourism industry, their well-being, and their happiness. Stemming from the social comparison theory, the present study investigates the impact of couple holiday decision tactics on their emotional well-being and the satisfaction and the mediating effect of emotional well-being on the relationship between holiday decision tactics and couple satisfaction. The fundamental framework was examined using 513 questionnaires distributed online, to married couples in Turkey. The results of path analysis were obtained using SPSS and AMOS software. Results showed those decision tactics significantly and positively affect emotional well-being and couple satisfaction. Furthermore, the study confirmed that emotional well-being mediates the relationship between holiday decision tactics and couple satisfaction. This study contributes to the discussion on the effect of both partners' holiday decision tactics on their emotional well-being and their satisfaction.
... 가족체계이론에 따르면, 가족 내에서 많은 활동은 개인의 자율적 선택으로 이 루어지지 않고, 가족 내 일부에 의해 결정되거나 혹은 다른 가족원과 연관된 결과 를 위해 선택된다 (Shaw & Dawson, 2001). 가족여가는 역할이 정해진 여가의 사 분면 안에 존재하며, 이는 가족 여가가 사회적인 기능을 갖고, 가족원에게 상대적 으로 낮은 자유를 제공함을 의미한다 (Kelly, 1983 These results imply that to promote family leisure, it is desirable to consider personal time usage and to check the economically active members of the family. ...
... Parents often play a central role in deciding whether and when their child will initiate organized sports participation and what sports they will play [4]. Shortly after starting organized sport, many families have to make additional decisions about sport participation, including whether and when their child will progress to an (often expensive and time consuming) competitive or "travel" team, and whether their child will "specialize" or focus only on one sport [5,6]. Such parental decision making can be viewed through a relative risk framework [7], where costs (monetary and non-monetary) and benefits are subjective and context dependent. ...
Objectives
Describe what costs and benefits parents across the socioeconomic spectrum weight most heavily when making decisions about sport participation for their children.
Method
Cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative online panel of parents of children between the ages of 5 and 18 (n = 1025, 52% response rate). Parents rated the importance of a series of potential costs and benefits of youth sport and these responses were compared across tertiles of per capita family income. We first examined the association between family income tertiles and cost and benefit variables. Model-based cluster analysis was then used to identity homogeneous groups of responses to costs and benefits.
Results
In all income tertiles, the top two benefits of sport were the same: having fun and being physically active. Sport as a means of keeping children out of trouble was very important for 64% of low-income parents as compared to 40% of high-income parents. Obtaining a college athletic scholarship was very important for 26% of low-income parents, as compared to 8% of high-income parents. Relative rankings of potential costs were similar by income tertile, with risk of concussion and other injury and the impact of sport on schoolwork prioritized across tertiles.
Conclusions
Parents prioritized fun and fitness in sport, and were concerned about injury and the impact of sport on academics. Lower income parents were the most likely to view keeping their child out of trouble, and the potential for a college athletics scholarship, as benefits of sport. Efforts to support parental decision making should be grounded in an understanding that family preferences are contextually constrained. While all parents should be appropriately informed about the potential costs and benefits they are weighting in their sports-related decision making, such family-focused efforts should be balanced with the recognition that structural change is needed to address income-related concerns about sport participation.
... Parents are concerned about spending sufficient time with their children (Shaw & Dawson, 2001) in part because of very high expectations for developing children's potential. The demands on mothers to support children's achievements and well-being have become more intensive (Hays, 1996;Sandberg & Hofferth, 2001;Sayer, Bianchi, et al., 2004) and fathers are increasingly expected to be present and engaged (Hobson, 2002). ...
A sizeable portion of parents say they lack time with children—an important social problem given that time strains link to parental well‐being. Extending perspectives on the demands and rewards of parenting beyond the individual level, we provide a contextual‐level window onto mothers' and fathers' time strains. Based on data from the European Quality of Life Survey 2016/17 (n = 5,898), we analyze whether parents feel they spend enough time caring for their children using multilevel models. We first observe that country context matters in that perceptions of time only moderately or weakly relate to hours with children across countries, especially for fathers, suggesting varying social expectations across Europe. Second, in multivariate analyses examining micro‐ and macro‐level factors, we show that at the individual level, feeling too little time with children is more frequent among fathers and those who work more hours, even when controlling for estimated weekly hours spent caring for children. At the country level, parents' time strain is higher in countries where employees have less time and place flexibility, typically in Central and Eastern as well as Southern Europe. Gender norms matter as well. Extending contextual perspectives, we argue that how gender‐work‐family regimes color felt time strain is a promising future research direction.
... Las actividades de tiempo libre pierden la libertad de elección y motivación intrínseca. El tiempo libre es utilizado con el objetivo de mejorar el funcionamiento familiar y transmitir a los hijos valores y estilos de vida saludables (Shaw & Dawson, 2001). El desarrollo teórico y empírico del tiempo libre ha prestado poca atención a la madre y al padre y ha centrado el estudio de los beneficios del tiempo libre al sistema como un todo (Shaw, 2008). ...
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue crear un instrumento para evaluar las actividades de tiempo libre en adultos. La influencia de las actividades de tiempo libre se ha estudiado en el desarrollo de conductas positivas y negativas que impactan al bienestar. La muestra constó de 587 padres de familia de la Ciudad de México, entre 25 y 65 años (M= 44.30, DE= 9.34), 79.5% de la muestra estaban casados o cohabitaban. La escala constó de 121 actividades, los participantes indicaron la frecuencia de participación en una escala Likert de 1 (nunca) a 5 (muy a menudo). El análisis factorial exploratorio arrojó 13 factores (66 ítems), que explican 61.30% de la varianza, el coeficiente de consistencia interna fue 0.94. La escala es una prueba válida y confiable de las actividades de tiempo libre, y puede ser utilizada satisfactoriamente en la investigación con muestras mexicanas.
... However, in Norway, they did not experience shorter workdays and flexible working schedules as the solution to the work-family imbalance because the time they were exempt from work duty was still burdensome due to the countless demands on their parenting. In line with previous literature (Shaw, 2008;Shaw & Dawson, 2001), Article III showed that family leisure may be sometimes experienced as more burdensome than enjoyable because of the expectation on parents to ensure that their children acquire desirable skills and knowledge through activities. ...
Background and aim: In the current environment of globalization, notions of parenting and childhood travel across borders and interact with local understandings pertaining to childrearing. Likewise, families are increasingly on the move, negotiating parenting cultures in diverse arenas like institutions, household, and workplaces.
The overarching research question in this dissertation was: How do Southern European migrant parents experience raising their children in Norway? The question is addressed through specific questions in each of the three publications.
Methodology: The study followed a qualitative research design. Empirical data were collected in three Norwegian municipalities from September 2017 to January 2018. Study participants were 15 mothers and 5 fathers from Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain who were living and raising their children in Norway. Two focus group discussions were conducted with 10 migrant mothers, and 14 interviews (12 individual, 2 couple interviews) were conducted with 16 migrant parents. In the focus group discussions, questions addressed experiences and opinions regarding mothering in Norway and meeting other parents and professionals in this context. Interviews followed a narrative approach and key topics addressed were family background, life prior to migrating, migration, and life and parenting in Norway. The data were analysed thematically and narratively.
Research questions and findings: The research questions explored in Article I were: What are Southern European mothers’ reflections about mothering in Norway? What is the role of emotions in the context of motherhood in migration? We conducted thematic analyses of the focus group discussions and interviews carried out with the mothers. When talking about experiences of mothering in migration, the mothers reflected on their emotions in relation to dialogue-based and child-centred mothering ideals; and cultural differences in social interactions, eating, and drinking patterns. Drawing on Hochschild’s framework on emotions, the article shows that the migrant mothers encountered contrasting rules about how they should feel about raising their children in both host and origin countries (“feeling rules”). Through “emotion work” (techniques through which individuals regulate and direct their feelings to establish or maintain relationships with others), like idealizing family life in Norway and stressing positive values of their cultures of origin, they managed the contrasting “feeling rules”, negotiating, in this way, their belonging to host and origin countries.
Article II explored the migration narratives of Southern European migrant parents. The research questions were: How do Southern European migrant parents narrate their migration to Norway? What do they aim to accomplish through their storytelling? The interview data were analysed narratively. Storytellers articulated their stories of migration to Norway around their aspiration to build a family and be involved in their children’s upbringing. Framed by the lens of aspirations and narrative analysis, the article discusses migrant parents’ family aspirations as self-legitimation strategies. By telling stories of migration to Norway articulated around their family aspirations, the migrant parents legitimated their migration to and parenthood in Norway and distanced themselves from discourses on labour migration and migrant parenting that position them as “the Others” in the host society.
The research questions addressed in Article III were: How do Southern European migrant parents experience professional advice on family leisure and outdoor play in their encounters with welfare state professionals in Norway? How do they navigate discourses of risk in this context? Three themes were identified: contesting discourses of risk; feigning cooperation; and accepting professional intervention in collaborative or compliant relationships. Drawing on Bateson’s concept of the double bind, the article discusses how migrant parents encountered contrasting demands on their role as “risk managers” within the imperatives of intensive parenting. This double-bind position emerged also due to tensions in cultural framings of risk and of childhood from host and origin countries. A central pattern was that the parents experienced expert-knowledge as implying individual responsibility for lifestyle choices associated with Southern European cultures.
Discussion and conclusions: The discussion chapter discusses overreaching patterns across the articles. A discussion of methodological choices and implications for practice and theory is also included. Raising their children in a cross-cultural context, the migrant parents negotiated contrasting demands on their parenting framed by cultural and value-laden understandings of parenting, childhood, risk, belonging, and self. This situation also provided migrant parents with opportunities for re-defining their identities and parenting in light of the new demands of the post-migration context and the challenges this posed to the wellbeing of their children and families. In negotiating their own parenting, the migrant parents responded to notions of “good” parenting within the ideology of intensive parenting. In this regard, the findings illustrate that intensive parenting prevails as the ideal by which migrant parents and others in the respective host and origin countries assess parenting. In their interactions with professionals and other parents in Norway, the migrant parents encountered middle-class Norwegian ways of conceptualizing childhood and parenting. When these contrasted with ideals from their cultures of origin, they found themselves in a double-bind position that they coped with by responding to legitimated notions about how “good” parents should manage risks to their children’s wellbeing. Due to gendered roles within parenting ideals, the mothers perceived that moral judgements were made about their mothering. To respond to such judgements and to the contrasting rules about the way they should feel about their mothering in the host and origin countries, they engaged in emotion work, and, in so doing, negotiated their belonging to both communities. The tensions experienced between conflicting parenting norms and expectations reinforced migrant parents’ feelings of being ‘Othered’ in public, media, institutional, and professional discourses in Norway. In negotiating their parenting (resisting, rejecting, embracing, accommodating, developing, and considering parenting and cultural ideals), engaging in emotion and boundary work, and telling stories of migration around their family aspirations, the migrant parents responded to being ‘Othered’ and negotiated their identity and sense of belonging to Norway.
... As a result, these children spend an average of 13.5 h alone each week [52]. Indeed, according to existing studies, time investment in children has a positive effect on child rearing and the quality of life of children [53][54][55][56]. For dual-income parents who work for a long time, it is difficult for them to secure time with their children, meaning they cannot participate in various parenting activities. ...
Is it true that parents always prioritize educational effectiveness when selecting childcare services? The current study identified the potential requirements of dual-income parents toward social robots’ diverse childcare functions (e.g., socialization, education, entertainment, and consultation). The results revealed that parental attitudes toward robots were made more positive by all the childcare functions of robots except for their educational features. Furthermore, parents’ expectations of childcare functions varied based on their parenting characteristics. Spectral clustering analysis identified distinctive parenting styles (e.g., family-oriented, work-oriented, noninterventional, and dominant), and multigroup structural equation modeling suggested that the impact of robots’ socialization function was significant in all parent groups, while other childcare functions exerted limited influence according to specific parenting styles. In addition, children’s characteristics were found to alter parents’ preferences for each childcare function. These results offer practical implications for the early adoption of childcare robots through predetermining parents’ acceptability based on their specific parenting characteristics.
... Therefore, we purposely examined mothers and middle-childhood-aged daughters to participate in this study. Mothers were selected because they often spend more time with children in family activities than fathers and play a key role in planning and organising leisure activities for the family (Shaw & Dawson, 2001). Daughters were selected because they tend to spend more dyadic time with mothers (Lam et al., 2012) and girls tend to report experiencing more types of daily stressors than boys (Burkhart et al., 2017). ...
The emotional benefits of nature among children and adults are well documented. However, little is known regarding how nature exposure influences a parent and child walking together (Journal of Planning Literature, 2015, 30, 433). We examine how both environmental setting and social context influence affect and conversational content among mother–daughter dyads. Twenty‐eight mother–daughter (aged 10–12) dyads participated in a within‐subjects experimental design that included two counterbalanced conditions—a 20 minute walk outdoors and a 20 minute walk indoors. Self‐reported positive affect and negative affect were collected before and after each condition, and audio‐recorded observations were utilized to code expressed positivity, negativity, and conversational content during each condition. Results showed that 1) daughters self‐reported positive affect increased after the outdoor walk and mothers and daughters reported decreased negative affect after both conditions, 2) mothers and daughters expressed less negativity during the nature walk and were more likely to influence each other's negative affect indoors, and 3) mothers and daughters talked more about the surrounding environment during the indoor walk and engaged in more neutral conversations during the outdoor walk. Findings from the study demonstrate the benefits of mother–daughter dyads walking together outdoors and highlight the importance of spending time outside as a way to promote positive family interactions.
... Many researchers have studied the benefits of family leisure, concerning some factors, such as family satisfaction and family bonding. Researchers believe that family leisure experiences maintain the family bonds in a family system, enhance family cohesion, promote collective interests, and increase the relationship between the family members, which are the prominent factors of family solidarity [10]. ...
Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family participation in sport/recreational activities and marital satisfaction and life satisfaction.
Methods: The study was survey-correlational research. The statistical population included all families living in Mashhad City. Using the cluster sampling method, six parks were selected from the different regions of Mashhad. Then, the researcher referred to the selected parks and distributed the questionnaires to families who came together for recreation in the park. Considering the unknown number of populations, the statistical sample was determined as 384 individuals, based on the Morgan table. To reach the sample size, 500 questionnaires were distributed, however, 430 questionnaires were returned. Data collection tools included the Handrich marital satisfaction questionnaire and the Newgarten life satisfaction questionnaire. Using the Cronbach alpha coefficient, the reliability was calculated as 0.82 for the marital satisfaction questionnaire and as 0.88 for the life satisfaction questionnaire. Also, we used descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Cronbach alpha, the Pearson correlation test, and linear regression for data analysis, in SPSS V. 22.
Results: The findings showed that 54.18% of the respondents were female. Besides, most of the participants (75.8%) were in the age range of 30 to 60 years. The results of the hypotheses testing showed a significant relationship between marital satisfaction and the weekly, monthly, and annual participation of families in sport/recreational activities. Also, life satisfaction was significantly associated with the weekly, monthly, and annual participation of families in sport/recreational activities.
Conclusion: Totally, 19.99% of the total variance of life satisfaction is predicted by marital satisfaction
... Intensive parenting includes a preoccupation with family leisure and attendant debates about whether this contributes to children's development (Allin et al., 2014). As Shaw (2008); Shaw & Dawson (2001)) discussed, current understandings of family leisure have a purposive and moral nature. As well as being characterised by free-choice and enjoyment, family leisure is constructed as part of the parental role. ...
Drawing on data from a study with Southern European parents living in Norway, this article discusses the experiences of migrant parents with professional advice on family leisure and outdoor play. The study is situated broadly in research about the contemporary parenting role and the social construction of parents as risk-managers. Within this construction, parents are understood as continually managing a 'double-bind', in which they are asked to both protect children from multiple risks, and expose them to risk to develop resilience. Norway provides an interesting context for further investigation, given its institutionalised emphasis on the importance of outdoor life and play. This is embedded in public provision for children and in dominant understandings of how families should use leisure time and how children should play. We explore how migrant parents respond to the associated discourses of risk in their encounters with kindergarten professionals and community health nurses. Participants navigated risk discourse in professional advice on family leisure and children's outdoor play in three ways: contesting discourses of risk; feigning cooperation; and accepting professional intervention and advice in either colla-borative or compliant relationships. Migrant parents experienced professional constructions of risk-management as implying a form of individual responsibility, which typically recognised risks to children's wellbeing linked with their lifestyle choices. Although some found ways to negotiate risk and accommodate, parental experience was characterised by tension and difficulties in encountering the double-bind, which deserves further attention.
... Much of this scholarship has employed the Family Systems Theory and the Circumplex Model of Family Functioning and investigated core and balance types of family leisure engagements. The second is the sociological-feminist approachwhich highlights the contradictory nature of family leisure and the complexities of family life (e.g., Shaw, 1997;Shaw & Dawson, 2001). In this approach, the emphasis is placed on the interactions between family structures and broader societal systems and the impact of traditional gender role expectations on women's and families' leisure. ...
The study explored the leisure behaviors and factors affecting leisure among mothers and fathers in Korean Transnational Split families (KTSF). Transnationalism served as the theoretical framework in this study. Data were collected with the use of 19 individual in-depth interviews with KTSF mothers residing in the U.S. and fathers residing in Korea. The leisure of women in the U.S. involved participating in similar activities as in Korea, yet the motivations for participation were different in the new environment. Their leisure was shaped by family separation, immigration status, and the family life stage. Fathers in Korea engaged in active leisure pursuits such as exercising, golf, and tennis, as well as socializing and home-based activities, to distract themselves from loneliness and family separation, and to address health issues caused by overwork.
... Researchers have demonstrated that leisure activities and, particularly, participation in social and home-based leisure activities can become increasingly important during years of retirement and can result in life satisfaction (Stevens-Ratchford & Krause, 2004). Research has also revealed that parents use leisure as a means of improving family functions and prefer activities aimed at healthy lifestyles (Shaw & Dawson, 2001). ...
This paper highlights flow in home-based leisure regarding people (aged 65 and over) who have to adapt their lives and behaviors while staying “safer at home” during the coronavirus outbreak. The purpose of this case study, based on qualitative interviews, observations and secondary data (including social media posts, news and videos), is to examine older people’s perceptions and experiences regarding COVID-19-based leisure. Further, it is intended to provide an understanding of how older people conceptualize and relate to leisure during the outbreak. Hence, this study explores the following research questions through semi-structured interviews, observations and secondary data: (a) How do older people perceive restrictions regarding COVID19? (b) How are the flow behavior of older people who must stay at home influenced by their gender, age, family size, and marital status? and (c) How do older people manage their time in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak? The findings of this research will provide insight into the evaluation of leisure during the time of the outbreak and track corresponding behavior and perception changes. As a result, the findings will contribute new knowledge about how contingency conditions (COVID-19 outbreak) influence flow and leisure perceptions.
Through in-depth interviews, this qualitative study used a critical approach to explore the perceived freedom of working fathers in pursuing leisure activities. Interviews were conducted with 15 Taiwanese working fathers from various occupations about their leisure experiences, constraints, and what leisure means to them. From the results, three themes emerged: (1) work-life imbalance of working fathers, (2) the famine of free time, and (3) freedom through leisure. Despite differences in occupations and economic status, most interviewees suffered from time famine. The relationship between work and leisure is a dynamic interplay of opposing forces. Leisure value is not a universal concept. Leisure must be understood as multiple structures, interpreted differently by people in different contexts. The results also showed that absolute freedom is an unreachable goal under Taiwan’s capitalist system. These issues are discussed in Taiwan’s social, cultural, and economic contexts from working fathers’ perspectives on leisure.
This paper primarily seeks to explore how mothering practices in different social classes reflect on the schooling experiences of students. We particularly focus on the desire for mothering towards educational success. We draw on Lareau’s (2003) theory on “concerted cultivation” and “natural growth” to understand the possibilities of mothering embodied in various schooling practices. The data for the study were generated via 26 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with mothers from the middle and lower-class. The findings demonstrate that the educational and socio-economic status of mothers significantly modifies their children’s schooling practices. However, the results reveal that mothers from lower-class backgrounds develop some principles of academic survival skills that they transmit to their children. Strategies to support their children’s schooling that mothers from lower-class backgrounds implemented emerge where they interact with schooling practices conducted by middle-class.
This study examined the influence of NTA sports programme on the development of sports in Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to find out the level of coverage given to sporting events in the Nigerian Television Authority, Benin City; identify the type of sporting activities mostly covered by the Nigerian Television Authority, Benin City and x-ray the effects of Nigerian Television Authority’s coverage of sports on sports development in Nigeria. The framing theory was adopted for the study while survey was the research methodology. Findings of the study showed that NTA, Benin City covers sport stories often especially football but foreign sports stories and athletes dominate the indigenous ones covered on NTA and that football is the most covered sports on NTA, Benin City. Based on the findings of this study, the researcher recommended that NTA, Benin City should allocate more time to the coverage of sports and athletes in Nigeria rather than foreign athletes and sports programmes as indigenous sports coverage will promote indigenous sports and enhance the interest of sports men and women towards participating and investing on sports in Nigeria. It was also recommended that concerted efforts should be put in place by the federal government to encourage greater media coverage of sports by liberalizing the media to encourage more investors to come on board and establish sports-specialised media outfits in Nigeria.
Contemporary virtual reality is often discussed in terms of popular consumer hardware. Yet the virtual we increasingly experience comes in many forms and is often more complex than wearable signifiers.This three-volume collection of essays examines the virtual beyond the headset. Virtual Interiorities offers multiple, sometimes unexpected entry points to virtuality—theme parks, video games, gyms, pilgrimage sites, theater, art installations, screens, drones, film, and even national identity. What all these virtual interiorities share are compelling cultural perspectives on distinct moments of environmental collision and collusion, liminality, and shifting modes of inhabitation, which challenge more conventional architectural conceptions of space.
The Myth of Total Virtuality sets aside more common real/unreal spatial dichotomies in the literature to reinforce that the virtual is inherently an experience and not a representation. Each chapter examines a distinct experiential mode, whether within the built environment, an interactive digital world, or within film.
purchase the paperback or epub at: https://press.etc.cmu.edu/books/virtual-interiorities/2
The article examines notions of family holidays in the marketing of family adventure travel, a small but growing segment of the alternative tourism sector in Sweden. In family adventure travel, the family vacation is oriented toward exotic destinations in the Global South. The analysis is conducted through a multimodal discourse analysis of web-based marketing material from seven Swedish travel agencies. It shows that the travel style of family adventure travel is constructed through a novel discourse, filled with overlapping meanings of family life, authenticity, and adventure. The article offers a unique approach to family tourism research by theorizing family adventure travel from a post-colonial perspective. It demonstrates how family adventure travel entails a colonial continuity, where notions of exploring and discovering the world become reproduced and re-negotiated in the context of family tourism. In the marketing of family adventure travel, the family vacation is reimagined as a journey of discovery.
Previous studies suggest that family musical activities have a positive influence on family cohesion and well-being. Despite the significance of both family and music in people’s lives, few studies have focused on the function of music within the family unit, and very few have examined families in China. This study presents a qualitative investigation into the effects of family musical involvement (FMI) on Chinese family relationships. Participants were recruited from Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Six urban families with 16 people in total participated in the in-depth interviews. The participating families had all experienced the one-child policy and participant accounts include retrospective accounts. The interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings suggest that FMI can exert both positive and negative impacts on family relationships. FMI can benefit parental relationships and parent–child relationship through nurturing a joint hobby and sharing the responsibility of child rearing. It can also bring about challenges to families, such as encountering issues of integration and control. The impact of negative experiences was short term, as it was often mediated by the participants in a positive way. FMI benefits families, but the challenges of organizing and maintaining it should not be taken for granted.
RÉSUMÉ
Plusieurs recherches ont démontré que le loisir familial amène de multiples bienfaits pour les familles autant sur le plan de la cohésion et l’adaptabilité familiales que celui de leur qualité de vie générale. Cependant, le quotidien des familles vivant avec un enfant handicapé est rempli de plusieurs défis et la place du loisir dans ce milieu de vie peut être moins importante. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’explorer les besoins en loisir familial des parents d’un enfant handicapé. L’analyze des groupes de discussion présente la place accordée au loisir dans leur vie, l’influence de la dynamique familiale et les types de pratiques ainsi que les obstacles. Des besoins et des formes d’aide désirées sont aussi abordés.
Most studies on Taiwanese women’s leisure life mainly focus on lifestyle and leisure behaviors that fail to discuss the symbolic meanings or meaning-making process of participating in social leisure activities. This study applies the social exchange framework to examine the social leisure activities of Taiwanese urban women from two aspects: the meaning making of social leisure to them, and what they can attain through social leisure participation. The study found that Taiwanese urban women participating in social leisure activities are driven by extrinsic and intrinsic motivations. Social leisure activities are not only the settings for leisure but also the settings for expanding social relations and networks, in which leisure activities are primarily emotional and social in nature. Results show that to sustain positive effects of satisfaction and happiness from participating in social leisure, positive emotion and commitment matter to gain gratification through participating in social leisure activities.
Recreational vehicle (RV) travel is an emerging phenomenon among Chinese families, as RVs integrate daily leisure with long-distance travel. This study applied the constructivist grounded theory approach and analysed 25 interview transcripts and 7 travel posts. Adopting the perspective of the motivation-activity-transformative learning chain, the present research investigated and summarized pretravel motivations, activities undertaken during travel and posttravel transformative learning following a time series and built a holistic and causal framework of the transformational process underlying Chinese families' outbound RV travel. Segments from interviews and travel posts were used to illustrate the themes. This study identified the unique symbolism of the emotional value of the RV for Chinese families and revealed the new tendency for Chinese families to seek out demand-coordinated family leisure experiences. Theoretical and managerial implications for exploring Chinese family tourism and developing this emerging RV market are discussed.
The purpose of this paper is to outline the interrelationships between social media and family tourism, followed by the conceptualization of humanistic management approaches. This study looks at family tourism as a post-COVID-19 arrangement that encourages family members to participate more actively in tourism activities, as well as its connections to social media marketing based on humanistic management approaches. This is a conceptual study supported by content analysis and intensive literature reviews. Results outline that the family is an important element of society that benefits tourism. Social media marketing can play an important role in promoting family-based tourism and supporting activities. Moreover, humanistic management approaches in social media marketing of family tourism remain active. Experience sharing is normal, with family members very often enjoying an experience and transferring their knowledge of it. In the post-COVID-19 period, tourism thus moves within a defined context of enjoying leisure times to the full, help from social media marketing.
Applying the uses and gratifications theory, we explored why new mothers with young children in Taiwan use social media for leisure and how their needs are met. Participants comprised 25 mothers aged 25 to 40 years. Data were obtained using narrative, semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the relationship between new mothers and social media in shaping their leisure lives is not additive, but interactive. Social media enables new mothers to engage in personal leisure and gain a sense of belonging. Additionally, new mothers tend to combine personal leisure with family leisure activities and rely on social media information on activities. Further, social media can also serve as a platform for mothers to obtain work achievement. The concept of goals should be considered while analyzing the relationship between users’ motivations and actions.
Military deployments are events and stressors that begin when the soldiers are deployed and end when they return home and reintegrate back into their families and communities. Religious belief accepts the basic social-value system's moral legitimacy, which serves as a crucial component of strong family bonds. Family bonding can be defined as a feeling of closeness and caring toward one's parents, which is manifested in the family through ostensible supervision, communication, involvement, and cooperative activities. This study was conducted using 384 usable data gathered from soldiers who served in various ships of the Royal Malaysian Navy. Analyzing the validity and reliability of the instrument and hence testing the research hypotheses, used SmartPLS version 3.2.8 to construct structural equation modeling. The results of path model analysis revealed two important findings: firstly, the soldier well-being (family supports', medium of communication, and personal financial) significantly correlated with religious belief; secondly, the religious belief complementary mediated the relationship between soldier well-being and family bonding. Statistically, this finding suggests that properly managing soldiers' religious beliefs act as an essential mediator between well-being aspects such as family support, medium of communication, personal finance, and family bonding. This study contributes to understanding how soldier well-being factors can strengthen family bonding among soldiers by soldier’s religious belief as a mediator in this relationship. These findings prove that the importance of a soldier’s religious belief is instilled into every soldier. Discussion, ramifications, and a conclusion are also included.
Parents' time with children has increased over the past several decades, according to many scholars. Yet, research predominantly focuses on childcare activities, overlooking the majority of time that parents spend with children. Using time diaries from the 1986-2015 Canadian General Social Survey, we examine trends in the quantity and distribution of parents' childcare time and total co-present time in the company of children, as well as the behavioral or compositional drivers of these trends. Co-present time with children increased sharply since the mid-1980s, by 1 hour per day for fathers and 1.5 hours for mothers. This rise was driven not only by childcare activities, but also parents' time in housework and mothers' time in leisure with children present. Decomposition analyses indicate that changes in parenting behavior primarily explain these increases in co-present time. This study expands knowledge on intensive parenting through a more comprehensive understanding of parents' daily lives with children.
The study's aim is to explore the motives encouraging individual family members to participate in adventure tourism activities while on holiday and the benefits they gain from these experiences, using wellbeing as the conceptual lens. The key contributions are to address the gap in literature on family adventure tourists, and apply the subjective wellbeing (SWB) constructs of hedonic wellbeing (HWB) and eudaimonic wellbeing (EWB) to understand these tourists. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 15 families, comprising 62 interviewees in total (29 adults and 33 children under 18 years old). Findings reveal that hedonic themes were high positive affect, and alleviating feelings of distress and boredom. Eudaimonic themes were challenge and negative affect, optimal experiences, accomplishment and personal development. Family influenced the SWB motives facilitating adventure participation and the benefits gained by different members. Also, there were HWB and EWB similarities and differences between parents, younger children and older children.
Smartphones have changed the process of communication and interaction over decades. The new technology has changed the interpersonal relations among family members and has effects on marital life. The need to connect all the time arise issues in family life. This exploratory research aimed to know the usage patterns of mobile phones by couples and to understand whether its usage is affecting marital relations in terms of trust, friendship and tolerance. In depth interviews were conducted among working couples of Lahore. The study concluded that smartphones were excessively used during shared family time. Further, the usage of smart phones affected the marital relationships and face to face communication among partners.
This study discusses how tourism enriches children and how children conceptualize their tourist world under two scenarios (recreational and red tourism). Chinese urban children demonstrate a rich sense of tourism and treat it as an upgraded version of the daily play that is more fun and exhilarating. In children's eyes, recreational tourism refers to children enjoying a good time with their parents, while red tourism offers educational opportunities that promote values such as patriotism and collectivism. A child's tourist world is different (but not inferior) to the adult tourist world. These findings reveal children's perspectives and can help improve the practice of children's and family tourism.
Organized leisure activities constitute an important source of experience for school-age children in the Czech Republic. Based on data collected in a longitudinal study, the aim of this paper is to explore two issues. Firstly, to what extent is children's participation in extracurricular activities (EAs) influenced by individual level factors that are determined by family's social status (parental education). Our approach extends this question by asking whether and how ecological factors influence EAs participation by both the opportunity structure (i.e. the volume of school-based EA offerings and the proximity to the nearest leisure centre for children) and the type of residential environment (i.e. settlement types signifying socio-spatial dis/advantages). Secondly, it accesses whether the participation in EAs in first grade has effects on subsequent success in the first semester of fifth grade. The findings revealed that parents’ education was the main factor and the residential environment was the second one. These results suggest that not only schools but also the local community may encourage children to engage in EAs. Moreover, we found a positive effect of early participation in EAs on subsequent achievement. However, among seven types of EAs, only the effect of engagement in intellectually stimulating activities was confirmed.
This study aimed to analyze differences between married couples and single-person households in their time spent and analyzed the expected behavior and differences in living satisfaction of middle-aged and older women. Data from the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey collected by the Korean National Statistical Office were used in this study. The results showed intergenerational differences in aspects of time use and their effects on life satisfaction. Our results also showed that the time spent on each activity alone or together with a spouse influenced life satisfaction of middle-aged and older women differently. Both middle-aged women and older women spent lengthy amounts of time on housework, and both middle-aged and older women appeared to assume the same gender roles, regardless of intergenerational differences. Women 65 years and older spent large amounts of time watching media alone. This indicates the need for policies to ensure that the elderly can be more active by taking part in different activities. This study, which adopted the life-course perspective, served to specifically determine the time that middle-aged women and older women spent with family members.
Various social science traditions have influenced theory and research on leisure. In this chapter, we describe psychological perspectives, and these perspectives are primarily those of social psychology with some influences from personality and developmental psychology. Advocates of the development of a social psychology of leisure have generally championed post-positivist psychological social psychological approaches, but interpretive or constructionist sociological social psychologies have contributed as well. These influences are discussed along with other factors that have shaped the social psychological tradition in leisure studies. The frequent claim that leisure research, particularly North American research, is predominantly psychological is also examined. Though clearly focused on individual-level phenomena, we question whether it is substantially grounded in psychological epistemology, methodology and theory. The future of psychological approaches to the study of leisure is explored, including the cross-cultural and international diversity of efforts to understand leisure from social psychological perspectives. We find little evidence that indigenous social psychologies of leisure have emerged in other cultural contexts. However, there are promising social psychological efforts emerging to explore and explain cross-cultural differences and similarities in leisure behaviour and experience. Finally, the growth of interest in leisure as a psychological variable outside of leisure studies and implications for the future are discussed.
This exploratory investigation, grounded in the naturalistic paradigm, employed survey (n = 65) and interview (n = 16) methods to examine the benefits of family recreation in families that include children with a developmental disability. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted on the quantitative data, while a key theme and constant comparative method were used to analyze the qualitative data. Results of these analyses revealed that family recreation was perceived by parents as a positive means for promoting the overall quality of family life (i.e., unity, satisfaction, health) and for helping its members develop life-long skills (recreation, physical, social) and values. These benefits were considered to be of particular importance for the children with developmental disabilities and families viewed themselves as playing a critical role in ensuring their attainment. As such, family recreation was not only viewed as a beneficial catalyst for skill, interest and self development, but was potentially the most accepting and enduring social and recreation outlet for children with a developmental disability. Article: Introduction Over the years, a considerable amount of research has focused on the benefits of recreation. Driven by shrinking financial resources, increasing demands for accountability, and the need to rationalize services, much of this research relied on "economic-efficiency" or monetary ways of assessing the benefits of recreation (Driver & Peterson, 1986). Consequently, comparatively little research has concentrated on the noneconomic benefits of recreation for individuals, families, and society as a whole (Driver, Brown, & Peterson, 1991). Advocating the need to address this imbalance in the literature, Driver and his colleagues (1991) argued that greater understanding of people's perceptions of recreation benefits was essential to enhancing knowledge and creating a basis for effective program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Focusing on families, Orthner and Mancini (1991) also have advanced the importance of employing a benefits-based approach to the study of recreation. These authors noted that despite supporting evidence of the positive relationship between family recreation and a variety of family and individual outcomes (e.g., satisfaction, stability, cohesion, child development), the quality and quantity of research in this area has left many avenues unexplored.
Missing from the study of leisure behavior is a research tradition expressly devoted to the study of adult play groups. This article presents a social world perspective for analyzing such groups and frames the analysis of play groups in terms of both individual interactants and the broader social world in which the groups are a part. The social world perspective provided the basis for exploring the nature of adult participation within a distinct social world—contract bridge. Results from a yearlong study of bridge groups in a town fictitiously named Glenn Valley revealed that bridge players used the terms social and serious as frames of reference in defining what constitutes legitimate bridge activity and in determining people with whom it is acceptable to play bridge. The use of these terms was pervasive enough to support the conclusion that the bridge scene in Glenn Valley is segmented into two distinct components: one composed largely of social groups and the other of serious groups. Social and serious groups are shown in this paper to differ in terms of recruitment processes, primary group functions, types of games played, social world linkages, physical settings and management of club activities, sequencing of bridge activity, topics of conversation, stakes, formation of partnerships, characteristics of club members, impersonal relationships, and types of substitutes. Sources for activity legitimacy within both worlds are explained in terms of their intersections with gender roles.
While it is often claimed that leisure enhances family quality and cohesion, little empirical research exists on this relationship (Orthner & Mancini, 1990). In particular, the relationship between satisfaction with the parental role and leisure interaction with children has not been examined. Given that individuals today exercise some choice about becoming parents and that anticipated satisfactions might influence individuals' decisions to pursue the parental role (Goetting, 1986), it would seem that this is an important relationship to investigate. This study examined the leisure—parental satisfaction relationship among a group of 337 married, Euro-American parents. Results indicate that sex distinguished factors influencing satisfaction with the parental role. These results are discussed in light of existing research on gender, family and leisure.
Mothers, fathers, and young adolescents in 55 European American families carried pagers for one week and reported on their experience at random times when signaled. All family members indicated high levels of freedom during family and home leisure activities, but they differed on other dimensions. Mothers reported less positive affect than fathers. Mothers' role of family caretaker may make it harder to enjoy family leisure, while fathers, whose family role is often defined as 'primary breadwinner", may find it easier to use this time for diversion and self-expression. Adolescents experienced lower intrinsic motivation and less positive affect than parents during family leisure. Adolescents have a larger, more rewarding arena of non- family leisure that may better serve their developmental needs.
Researchers interested in the family as a context for leisure experiences and activities are faced with the difficult and controversial question of how to conceptualize family leisure in terms of factors such as experience, motivation and outcome. In this paper it is argued that the controversies surrounding family leisure research are due primarily to conflicting theoretical paradigms employed by researchers, reflecting different basic assumptions about the family and about gender relations in society. Two broad theoretical paradigms are identified, a social-psychological paradigm and a sociological-feminist paradigm. The strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches are discussed. It is suggested that conceptualizing family leisure as inherently contradictory allows for more inclusive theorizing in which the insights of both paradigmatic approaches can be incorporated. Adopting this conceptualization for future family leisure research may enhance a broader and more inclusive understanding of this important phenomenon.
This study examined whether spouse support moderates the relation between serious leisure (Stebbins, 1992) and spouses' perceived leisure-family conflict. Buchanan's (1985) perspective on leisure commitment as affective attachment, side bets, and behavioral consistency was used to measure commitment to serious leisure. Subjects were 342 spouses of runners who responded to a survey. Results of hierarchical moderated regression analyses showed the relationship between runners' commitment and leisure-family conflict was moderated by spouses' level of support for running. Implications of spouses' support for leisure interests are discussed with recommendations that future research address balance between leisure and family.
Because of leisure's relationship to the quality of life, mental health, and development, access to or opportunity for leisure has been the topic of much study. This research has shown that women across cultures face numerous constraints to leisure—both material and ideological. Leisure is a context of women's oppression and exploitation. However, oppression or hegemony “is never complete, always in the process of being reimposed, and always capable of being resisted” (Weiler, 1988). Indeed leisure, which is defined by relative freedom and rolelessness, may not only be a realm of cultural reproduction but also a context for women's empowerment and cultural resistance. This research explored that question.
This paper is an investigation into women's attitudes towards leisure time, which have received less attention by researchers than the empirically documented discrimination of women in this area. Also, women's attitudes regarding leisure time are compared with those of men. Questions are asked about different aspects such as the importance of leisure time in the context of central life interests, women's normative attitudes and preferences regarding leisure time and family, and also the desired amount of leisure time. The author's assumption was corroborated that women's attitudes towards leisure time are less influenced by their access to it and more determined by their life plans and social identities respectively. Housewives and employed women are diametrically opposed to each other and their attitudes vary widely. With men, a constant relationship can be observed between the amount of available leisure time, its importance and preferences for it. They enjoy, for example, less leisure time with rising occupational status, but it is then less important to them. With women, on the other hand, there is no straightforward relationship between occupational status and preferences regarding leisure time.
Résumé
Le présent article porte sur les attitudes des femmes vis-à-vis du temps de loisir, thème qui a été moins traité par les chercheurs que celui de la discrimination dont elles sont victimes en ce domaine, objet, lui, de nombreuses études empiriques. L'auteure compare également les attitudes des femmes à celles des hommes par rapport au loisir. Elle soulève des questions relatives à divers aspects tels que l'importance du temps accordé au loisir dans le contexte des différentes étapes de la vie, les attitudes normatives et préférences quant au temps de loisir et à la famille, et la quantité souhaitée d'activités de loisir. Cette recherche confirme l'hypothèse de départ selon laquelle les attitudes des femmes face au temps de loisir varient moins en fonction de l'accès au loisir qu'en fonction de leurs objectifs dans la vie et de leur identité sociale. Il apparaît également que les femmes à la maison et celles qui travaillent à l'extérieur sont diamétralement opposées et que leurs attitudes varient énormément. Les hommes, d'une part, semblent jouir d'une grande stabilité dans leurs rapports avec le temps consacré au loisir, l'importance qu'ils lui accordent et leurs préférences en ce domaine. Par exemple, leur temps de loisir diminue lorsque leur statut professionnel s'élève, mais le loisir prend alors moins d'importance à leurs yeux. Les femmes, cependant, n'entretiennent pas ce genre de relation entre leur statut professionnel et leurs préférences en matière de loisir.
Resumen
El presente artículo refiere a las actitudes de la mujer cara al tiempo libre, tema que ha sido menos tratado por los investigadores que el de la discriminación que han sido víctimas en esta actividad, este último tema ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios empíricos. La autora compara igualmente la actitud de la mujer a la de los hombres cara al tiempo libre. Resalta cuestiones relativas a ciertos aspectos, como la importancia al tiempo acordado al tiempo libre en el contexto de diferentes etapas de la vida, las actitudes normativas y las preferencias en relación al tiempo libre y a la familia, y la cantidad deseada de actividades de tiempo libre. Esta investigación confirma la hipótesis de partida según la que la actitud de la mujer cara al tiempo libre cambia menos en función del acceso al tiempo libre que en función de sus objetivos en la vida y su identidad social. Resalta igualmente que la mujer en casa y la que trabaja al exterior son diametralmente opuestas y que sus actitudes cambian enormemente. Los hombres, parecen disfrutar de una gran estabilidad con relación al tiempo consacrado al tiempo libre, la importancia que le dan y sus preferencias en este tipo de actividad. Por ejemplo, el tiempo dedicado a esta actividad disminuye cuando el estatuto profesional aumenta, el tiempo libre tiene menos importancia para ellos. La mujer no mantiene este tipo de relación entre el estatuto profesional y su preferencia en materia de tiempo libre.
The study reported seeks to provide a clearer picture of what it means to be a woman in a hinterland community. It also reveals inadequacies in malestream meanings of leisure, in discussions of the pleasures and difficulties that characterize women's lives in such communities. The study involved participant observation over a one year period in a resource industry town in the interior of British Columbia. It also involved individual and collective interviews with women contacted through the local college and a Women's Centre. The discussions revealed two different kinds of barriers to women's leisure in remote communities. At one level, there are the effects of ideologies of familism and patriarchy which work to the disadvantage of women everywhere. However, the evidence also suggests that there are problems that are particular to hinterland communities, or at least are sharper there. These include lack of public transportation or day care, frequent family mobility and poor job opportunities for women, as well as more subjective factors like the strength of familist norms in recreation practices and the politics of being “different” in a community of this size.
This book explores the relationship between amateurs and professionals within the framework of serious leisure.
The structural view of power in feminist analysis to date has discouraged women as victims from thinking that anything they do at an individual level can be effective in the gender struggle. This article presents a view of power that incorporates resistance. Leisure as resistance for mothers of first babies is explored. The intersection of two contradictory discourses: the discourse on motherhood and that on human rights allows these mothers to transform some repressive aspects of motherhood. The vehicle is leisure, a legitimate area of autonomy concerning time and space. Strategies in this site of struggle include, refusal to do housework and cook, co-option of the father, relatives and other mothers in child-care responsibility for periods of time and refusal to adopt a victim mentality by organising and planning for self-space. Gains in control over labour and in gender power relationships at a strategic time in family relationships are potential outcomes.
The dominant ideologically based view of family leisure as fun for all may obscure the work associated with family activities and the unequal distribution of such work. In this time‐budget and interview study, the time that 46 families spent in family activities was analyzed by examining how much of this time was work and how much was leisure from the parents’ viewpoint. The data show that family activities were often experienced as work or involved a work component. Moreover, the mothers were significantly more likely than the fathers to experience family time (with spouse present) and time with children (with spouse absent) as work and less likely to report these situations to be leisure, x(3, N = 728) 65.07, p < .01, and x(3, N = 510) 34.93, p < .01, respectively. Thus, although family activities have some positive benefits and are valued by parents, they do involve work and this work is unequally divided between women and men. The contradictory aspects of family leisure, especially for women, are discussed in terms of the ethic of care as well as the ideology of familism.
One of the ongoing problems surrounding the whole area of leisure studies concerns conceptualization of the term leisure itself. Few empirical studies to date have looked at the meaning of leisure, and even fewer have incorporated a grounded theory approach.Using a symbolic interactionist framework, the present study employed a time‐diary technique combined with in‐depth interviews to explore perceptions of leisure situations among a random sample of married couples. The results showed that although leisure could be experienced during almost any type of activity, there was considerable consensus with regard to the perceptual factors associated with leisure situations. The factors shown to best differentiate leisure from non‐leisure were enjoyment, freedom of choice, relaxation, intrinsic motivation, and the lack of evaluation. None of these factors alone can be equated with the concept of leisure, but the combination of three or more factors leads to accurate predictions of the definition of situations as leisure.
Examines the relationship between shared leisure activities and family bonding. Prior to the 20th century, family bonding was primarily facilitated through shared work activities while shared leisure activities are now integral to promoting family bonds. Research done during the 1980s indicates that co-participation in leisure activities is positively related to family satisfaction, family interaction, and family stability. Even so, research in the area of leisure and family bonding remains wanting in both quality and quantity. The need is stressed for short term longitudinal studies and more qualitative research on leisure and family bonds. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
M. Csikszentmihalyi's (1975) flow construct may be useful for describing and operationalizing leisure experiences. Data collected during the daily lives of 92 55–88 yr old Ss with the experience-sampling method were used to determine if flow experiences are more prevalent in conditions predicted to foster leisure states. Freely chosen (FC) activities were accompanied by experiences with higher levels of positive affect, potency, and concentration, and lower levels of tension. Personal skills were more often perceived to match the challenges provided by the FC activities. FC extrinsically motivated activities produced the highest levels of intrinsically rewarding flow. These activities demanded more effort, commitment, and obligation than the FC and intrinsically motivated activities that some models describe as pure leisure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Reviews empirical research studies on family and leisure, noting that research in this area has largely been exploratory and descriptive, and presents recommendations for further research. The effects of family factors on leisure behavior and the effects of leisure behavior on marital and family outcomes are discussed. Family factors affecting leisure behavior include the presence of children, spouse/parent employment, and SES. The effects of leisure behavior on the family include quantity of leisure time, leisure activity patterns, and leisure activity forms. It is concluded that leisure behavior is affected by and affects marriage and family factors. Research recommendations include the use of better research methodologies and more sophisticated statistical techniques. (83 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Women and leisure: Beyond androcentrism
- L Bella
Bella, L. (1989). Women and leisure: Beyond androcentrism. In E. L. Jackson & T. Burton (Eds.), Understanding leisure and recreation: Mapping the past, charting the future (pp. 151–180).
Mother of all myths: How society moulds and constrains mothers
- A Forna
Forna, A. (1998). Mother of all myths: How society moulds and constrains mothers. London: HarperCollins.
Active family lifestyles: Motivations, bene ts, constraints, and participation The making of the modern family
- S M Shaw
- D Dawson
Shaw, S. M., & Dawson, D. (1998). Active family lifestyles: Motivations, bene ts, constraints, and participation. Ottara, Otario, Canada: Canadian Fitness & Lifestyle Research Institute. Shorter, E. (1977). The making of the modern family. New York: Basic Books.
Serious leisure State College
- R A Stebbins
Stebbins, R. A. (1999). Serious leisure. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-rst century (pp. 69–79). State College, PA: Venture.
Mother's taxi: Sport and women's labor
- S M Thompson
Thompson, S. M. (1999). Mother's taxi: Sport and women's labor. Albany, State University of New York Press.