Article

Antibacterial activity of essential oils, hydrosols and plant extracts from Australian grown Lavandula spp

December 2006
International Journal of Aromatherapy 16(1):9-14

DOI:10.1016/j.ijat.2006.01.007

Authors:

Therese Moon

Charles Sturt University

Jenny Maree Wilkinson

Endeavour College of Natural Health

Heather M A Cavanagh

Charles Sturt University

Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the antibacterial activity of lavender oils, much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. In this study we assessed the activity of lavender essential oils, hydrosols and aqueous and ethanolic foliage extracts from a range of Australian grown Lavandula species. The results support the anecdotal use of lavender oils as antibacterial agents and demonstrated that some oils which had previously not been investigated (e.g., Lavandula heterophylla) display good antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria including Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, VRE and Propionibacterium acnes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the only bacterium not susceptible to any essential oil. There was considerable variability in the activity of the essential oils however; no one oil produced the highest level of antibacterial activity against all bacteria. No correlation was observed between the percentage of major chemical components and antibacterial activity. The lavender hydrosols and aqueous foliage extracts did not have any antibacterial activity. Six of the ethanolic extracts displayed activity against Pr. vulgaris but no activity against any other organism. Further work is required to determine whether these in vitro results will be realised in a clinical environment but it is clear that not all lavenders are equal in terms of their antibacterial properties.

Lavandula Angustifolia Mill. of Ukrainian origin: a comparative study of the chemical composition and antimicrobial potential of herb extracts

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2024

Provide updated data on the antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of original dry extracts from Lavandula angustifolia herb of Ukrainian origin. The aim – an experimental comparative study of the chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of the original dry extracts of Lavandula angustifolia herb and their effect on the ability to destroy biofilms of microbial cultures or prevent their formation in vitro. Materials and methods. The objects of the study are dry extracts obtained from the lavender herb with purified water and ethanol solutions (40 and 70 %). The main biologically active substances (BAS) of the extracts were determined by the Thin-layer chromatography and Absorption spectrophotometry methods. The microbiological properties of the test samples of the investigated plant extracts were studied in vitro by the two-fold serial dilutions method. The ability of microorganisms to form a biofilm was determined by the method of adhesion to polystyrene in flat-bottomed plastic plates. The optical density of the initial bacterial suspension was measured on the Densi-La-Meter device, and the density of inoculated bacterial cells on the Multiskan EX photometer at a wavelength of 540 nm. The study of the antimicrobial activity of water and ethanol extracts of lavender herb in a wide range of concentrations was carried out by the agar diffusion method in the "wells" modification, which is commonly used in microbiological practice. Results. Water and water-ethanol extracts of lavender of Ukrainian origin were obtained. Terpenoids (linalool, linylyl acetate and traces of 1,8-cineol), flavonoids (hyperoside, isoquercitrin), and hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic, chlorogenic acids) were identified in the extracts. The total content of phenolic compounds is 2.02–2.60 mg/g, flavonoids – 1.46–3.17 mg/g. The largest amount of BAS was extracted with 70 % ethanol. According to the results of experimental studies, the extracts of the lavender herb, obtained by extraction with a water-ethanol solution (40 and 70 % ethanol) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, have antimicrobial properties against a wide range of infectious agents (S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans). Studies of the influence of test samples of lavender extracts at a concentration of 1 mg/ml on the ability of microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa) to form biofilms demonstrated that the highest inhibitory activity against biofilm formation was found in the case of the action of test of a sample of phytoextract obtained by extraction with a water-ethanol solution (40 % ethanol), which accounted for S. aureus ‒ 57.8 %, P. aeruginosa – 66.7 %. A wide spectrum of antimicrobial action was established for the tested lavender phytoextracts under the conditions of application of the concentration range of 10-60 μg/ml. The best spectrum of antimicrobial action and the highest activity corresponds to the lavender extract, obtained by extraction with 70 % ethanol, with the effect depending on the concentration. Conclusion. The lavender herb of Ukrainian origin is a promising and affordable source of potential antimicrobial active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). Water-ethanol lavender extract (70 % ethanol), according to research results, has shown high antimicrobial and antifungal potential. According to preliminary data, antimicrobial activity correlates with the content of phenolic compounds. The obtained results may be useful for the search for original substances for the complex correction of symptoms of neurological deficits of infectious etiology

Synergistic antibacterial effects of Moroccan Artemisia herba alba, Lavandula angustifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils

Article

Oct 2019

Purpose The antibacterial effects of three essential oils were tested against three bacterial strains (ATCC: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) commonly known for their implication on wound healing infections. Methods The disc diffusion method and the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were carried out to evaluate their antibacterial activity. The combined effect of essential oils against the tested bacteria was assessed by the checkerboard method and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) calculation. Results The results of the dissemination method demonstrated that the three EOs have antibacterial activity against the three tested bacteria at 20 μl. Concerning the MIC, Lavender, Rosemary and Wormwood essential oils inhibited the bacterial growth at 1.33, 3.33 and 42.67 μl/ml; 1.33 1.67 and 42.67 μl/ml ; and 4.00, 6.67 and 42.67 μl/ml for S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The evaluation of the essential oils in combination revealed that the maximum of required concentration were 0.5 μl/ml for Artemisia herba alba and 1 μl/ml for Lavandula angustifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis. Conclusions These results indicate a synergism for the combination of lavender, wormwood and rosemary essential oils at very low concentrations compared to MICs.

Chemical characterization of Lavandula dentata L. essential oils grown in Uberaba-MG

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2019

The essential oils of the different parts of Lavandula dentata L. (inflorescences and aerial part without inflorescences) collected in the city of Uberaba (minas Gerais State)were obtained by hydro distillation, and their chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and compared to the chemical composition of essential oil of Lavandula hybrida and Lavandula officinalis. It was observed that the essential oils of the studied species have varied chemical composition and are composed mainly of monoterpenes. The essential oils of L. hybrida and L. officinalis showed a higher concentration of linalool and linaline acetate, while L. dentata L. presented higher concentration of fenchone, eucalyptol and camphor. Results indicate that the essential oil composition of L. dentata L. grown in Uberaba is similar to those produced in Curitiba - PR, providing a promising perspective for the cultivation and extraction of essential oils of this species in Minas Gerais.

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Lavandula Angustifolia Essential Oil

Article

Feb 2022

Maedeh Salavati Hamedani

Introduction: In response to concerns arising from the application of synthetic preservatives in foodstuffs, several alternative methods have been proposed, such as the application of natural preservatives. This study aimed to evaluate the potential application of natural-based Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (LEO) as a food preservative by means of in-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant assays. Methods: The main constituents of LEO were determined by GC-MS method. To assess the antibacterial efficacy of the tested LEO, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the oil were determined against four important foodborne pathogens by microdilution broth method. Finally, DPPH method was used for the evaluation of the antioxidant properties of the LEO. Results: According to the chemical analysis, terpenes, like linalool and 1,8- Cineol, constitute the main part of LEO. Antioxidant evaluation revealed that the DPPH radicals inhibitory percentage of LEO in concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 (μg/ml) were 31, 43, 47, 53, 60 and 66 (%), respectively. Regarding antibacterial analysis, the tested LEO could efficiently inhibit and kill the microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes with the MIC and MBC range of 1.5 to 4 mg/ml. Conclusion: In conclusion, this work indicates the promising antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of LEO to be considered by food scientists and researchers in future studies

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activity of Mentha × piperita L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Extracts

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2018
Anal Cell Pathol

The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition of Mentha × piperita L. (MP) and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (LA) extracts in terms of hydroxycinnamic acid (HCAs) content, in particular, caffeic (CA), p-cumaric (CU), ferulic (FE), and rosmarinic (RS) acids using LC-MS. Also, the in vitro antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and the antiproliferative activity against two cancerous cell lines (A375 and MDA-MB-231) using the MTT assay were tested. The extracts were prepared using aromatic water which resulted from the extraction of oils from plants as extraction medium, with/without acid. The results showed that RS and FE represent the majority of HCAs compounds; the highest content of FE is found in LA (7.47 mg·g –1 d.m.), and the maximum content of RS in MP (6.36 mg·g –1 d.m.). Regarding the antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus , the two extracts showed a simulative role on the growth rate of Staphyloccocus aureus , but a slightly inhibitory effect (69.12%) can be attributed to the acidic environment. In terms of biological activity against MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line, and A375 human melanoma cell line, at the highest employed concentration, 150 μ g·mL –1 , the tested extracts present a weak antiproliferative effect.

Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Moroccan Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

Article

Jul 2017

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a major public health problem. The emergence and spread of multi-resistant bacteria, associated with the limited number of antibiotics in development have led to a therapeutic deadlock. So, finding new bioactive natural products has become a necessity. The aim of our study is to screen the chemical composition and to study the antibacterial activity of essential oils of Moroccan Lavandula angustifolia Mill. The essential oils used in this study were extracted by hydrodistillation using a clevenger-type apparatus according to the European Pharmacopoeia. The chemical composition was investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and by the determination of MIC and MBC. The major compounds of Lavandula angustifolia were : linalool (21.81%), 1,8-cineole (18.07%), camphor (11.89%), linalyl acetate (10.21%), borneol (8.47%) and α-terpineol (5.00%) and the essential oils yield was of 2.32%. L. angustifolia essential oils demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity against tested bacteria : E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, best known to be largely responsible for skin wounds infections. The results of this study suggest that the essential oils of L. angustifolia have an interesting antimicrobial effect and may be a new potential source for a natural antimicrobial applied in pharmaceutical field and to develop a new wound healing product.

Isolation and functional characterization of a methyl jasmonate-responsive 3-carene synthase from Lavandula x intermedia

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2017
PLANT MOL BIOL

Key message: A methyl jasmonate responsive 3-carene synthase (Li3CARS) gene was isolated from Lavandula x intermedia and functionally characterized in vitro. Lavenders produce essential oils consisting mainly of monoterpenes, including the potent antimicrobial and insecticidal monoterpene 3-carene. In this study we isolated and functionally characterized a leaf-specific, methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive monoterpene synthase (Li3CARS) from Lavandula x intermedia. The ORF excluding transit peptides encoded a 64.9 kDa protein that was expressed in E. coli, and purified with Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography. The recombinant Li3CARS converted GPP into 3-carene as the major product, with K m and k cat of 3.69 ± 1.17 µM and 2.01 s(-1) respectively. Li3CARS also accepted NPP as a substrate to produce multiple products including a small amount of 3-carene. The catalytic efficiency of Li3CARS to produce 3-carene was over ten fold higher for GPP (k cat /K m = 0.56 µM(-1)s(-1)) than NPP (k cat /K m = 0.044 µM(-1)s(-1)). Production of distinct end product profiles from different substrates (GPP versus NPP) by Li3CARS indicates that monoterpene metabolism may be controlled in part through substrate availability. Li3CARS transcripts were found to be highly abundant in leaves (16-fold) as compared to flower tissues. The transcriptional activity of Li3CARS correlated with 3-carene production, and was up-regulated (1.18- to 3.8-fold) with MeJA 8-72 h post-treatment. The results suggest that Li3CARS may have a defensive role in Lavandula.

Antibacterial activity of natural compounds - essential oils

Article

Oct 2014

Since the problem of bacterial resistance has become a serious problem worldwide, it was necessary to search for new active substances that can overcome the problem and enhance the treatment efficacy of bacterial infections. Numerous plant-derived essential oils exhibited significant antibacterial activities. This review aimed to summarize the most promising essential oils that exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities against various bacterial infections, including staphylococcal infections, Helicobacter pylori infections, skin infections, tuberculosis infection and dental bacterial infection. The synergy effect of essential oils in combination with antibiotics, as well as their role in the treatment of bacterial infections have been discussed. Essential oils can be used as models for further studies in vivo and clinical trials.

Associação de antifúngicos comerciais com óleo essencial de Lavandula dentata L. FRENTE à Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2024

O óleo essencial de Lavandula dentata L., popularmente conhecida como lavanda, é amplamente utilizado para fins medicinais devido à sua composição química rica em monoterpenos, sesquiterpenos e fenilpropanoides. A combinação de antifúngicos comerciais com o óleo essencial de lavanda no tratamento da candidíase representa uma estratégia terapêutica promissora. Esta abordagem pode aumentar a eficácia dos tratamentos tradicionais ao aproveitar as propriedades naturais do óleo essencial, oferecendo uma alternativa mais eficaz para combater a candidíase, uma infecção fúngica comum causada por leveduras do gênero Candida spp. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antifúngico do óleo essencial de L. dentata L. e dos antifúngicos Nistatina e Fluconazol, bem como o efeito sinérgico desses antifúngicos com o óleo essencial frente às leveduras Candida albicans e Candida tropicalis. A metodologia empregada para avaliar a atividade antifúngica foi a difusão em disco. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata, e os resultados foram mensurados pelos valores dos halos de inibição ao redor dos discos. Também foi avaliada a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do óleo essencial. Os resultados mostraram que as leveduras testadas foram resistentes ao fluconazol. No entanto, com a adição do óleo essencial de L. dentata L., a levedura C. albicans apresentou um halo de inibição de 26,3 mm, indicando sensibilidade. A levedura C. tropicalis, também apresentou resistência ao fluconazol, mas com o efeito sinérgico do óleo essencial da lavanda apresentou um halo de inibição de 17,8 mm, classificado como intermediário. Esses resultados destacam o potencial do óleo essencial de lavanda como uma alternativa natural eficaz para o tratamento de infecções causadas por essas leveduras.

Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products (2022) 2: 265-275 Original Article Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plant Extracts on Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry Feces

Chapter

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Aug 2023

Lavandula x intermedia—A Bastard Lavender or a Plant of Many Values? Part II. Biological Activities and Applications of Lavandin

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2023
MOLECULES

This review article is the second in a series aimed at providing an in-depth overview of Lavandula x intermedia (lavandin). In part I, the biology and chemistry of lavandin were addressed. In part II, the focus is on the functional properties of lavandin and its applications in industry and daily life. While reviewing the biological properties, only original research articles employing lavandin were considered. Lavandin essential oil has been found to have antioxidant and biocidal activity (antimicrobial, nematicidal, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, and allelopathic), as well as other potential therapeutic effects such as anxiolytic, neuroprotective, improving sleep quality, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. Other lavandin preparations have been investigated to a much lesser extent. The research is either limited or inconsistent across all studies, and further evidence is needed to support these properties. Unlike its parent species—Lavandula angustifolia (LA)—lavandin essential oil is not officially recognized as a medicinal raw material in European Pharmacopeia. However, whenever compared to LA in shared studies, it has shown similar effects (or even more pronounced in the case of biocidal activities). This suggests that lavandin has similar potential for use in medicine.

Investigation of antibacterial activity and mechanism of T. spicata essential oil, and activation of the hydrosol formed as a by-product with UV

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023
BIOLOGIA

In this study, antibacterial activity of the essential oil (EO) and the hydrosol (HY) of Thymbra spicata L. were tested on K. pneumoniae and S. aureus. Since antimicrobial agent resistance is an important problem in infectious diseases, it was discussed the DRA (Dehydrogenase Relative Activity), DNA, and protein leakage during the inhibition period of bacteria exposed the EO. In addition, the effect of hydrosol interacted with UV on bacteria inoculated to artificial skin surface was studied. The main compounds of T. spicata EO were found as carvacrol (60.65%), γ-terpinene (23.03%), p-cymene (5.05%) by GC/MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis while HY’s main components were detected as carvacrol (91.23%) and thymol (5.43%). No antimicrobial effect of the hydrosol alone was observed for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae in this study. Inactivation of the bacteria by UV-activated hydrosol was performed on 1cm2-lab skin surface. The 0.02 CFU/cm2 and 0.07 CFU/cm2 log reductions were observed in K. pneumoniae at 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, while 0.6 CFU/cm2 and 1.2 CFU/cm2 log reductions were observed in S. aureus at 5 and 15 minutes, respectively, on the lab skin. The inhibition zones (IZ) of the EO were 34.32 mm and 10.02 mm for K. pneumoniae and for S. aureus, respectively. After treatment by T. spicata EO at MIC, the increase in the water-soluble proteins of bacteria exposed to the EO was between 0.57% and 0.6% for K. pneumoniae, 0.01% and 0.3% for S. aureus within 15 min. In S. aureus supernatant, DRA was between 67.32% and 66.4% within 15 min, while DRA dropped to 21% from 28.1% in K. pneumonia treated with the EO. The increase in DNA leakage of the bacteria exposed to the EO was 0.09%-0.12% for K. pneumoniae, 0.08%-0.1% for S. aureus within 15 min. The findings may have provided a broader perspective on working mechanisms of antibacterials and directed the industrial use of UV-activated hydrosol to become widespread.

Origanum dubium (Cypriot Oregano) as a Promising Sanitizing Agent against Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes on Tomato and Cucumber Fruits

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

Simple Summary Tomato and cucumber are two of the most important and frequently produced and consumed fresh produce. Both of them are highly perishable with various postharvest sanitation techniques to be applied that reduce postharvest losses and extend the shelf life of vegetables and fruits. Chemical sanitizers are limited in the postharvest industry and are subjected to consumer constraints. Essential oils derived from medicinal and aromatic plants are attracting increased interest as natural sanitizers due to their well-known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Abstract In recent years, the use of natural products such as essential oils (EOs) and other plant extracts for the preservation of fresh produce has attracted much interest from the food industry. Many endemic medicinal and aromatic plants, such as Cypriot oregano (Origanum dubium), present a plethora of properties that can be utilized by the fruit and vegetable sectors of the food industry. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of O. dubium EO and hydrosol (at different concentrations and durations of dipping application) for the preservation of tomato and cucumber fruit quality, and their effectiveness as sanitizing agents against two foodborne pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica). The results of this study indicated that increased concentrations of EO, combined with a longer duration of application, resulted in less marketable fruit compared to hydrosol application. Interestingly, EO application at lower concentrations and shorter durations of application (i.e., 0.01% for 5 min) increased fruit antioxidant, ascorbic acid and carotenoid levels (for tomato fruit), suggesting an increase in the nutritional value of the treated fruit, compared to the control. EO and hydrosol were able to decrease the bacterial populations (both bacteria) on fruits. Both products were especially effective against L. monocytogenes, even seven days after their application and storage at 11 °C (up to an approx. 3 log reduction with the EO application). Overall, the results of this study suggest that the use of O. dubium EO and hydrosol could be considered as alternative sanitation means for tomatoes and cucumbers.

Analysis of phenolic compounds in flowers and leaves of English Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS İngiliz Lavantası (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.)'nın çiçek ve yapraklarının fenolik içeriklerinin UPLC ESI-MS/MS ile analizi Sevgin ÖZDERİN

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Sevgin Özderin

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) is used as raw material in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. The aim of this study is to determine the phenolic compounds and ratios of these compounds medicinal lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) in its leaves and flowers. A total of 9 phenolic compounds were identified in the leaf and flower samples obtained from the lavenders grown in Ula (Mugla) during the flowering period. The high ratios of phenolic compounds detected in leaf and flower samples of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) were protocatechuic acid (189.38 μg/kg), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (168.97 μg/kg), and 4-vanillic acid (77.54 μg/kg). Özet Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.), ilaç, kozmetik vb sanayi gibi farklı birçok endüstri kollarında hammadde olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tıbbi lavantanın (Lavandula angustifolia) yaprak ve çiçeklerindeki fenolik bileşikleri ve bu bileşiklerin oranlarını belirlemektir. Ula (Muğla) yetiştirilen çiçeklenme döneminde elde edilen yaprak ve çiçek örneklerinde toplam 9 fenolik bileşen belirlenmiştir. Lavender (L. angustifolia Mill.) yaprak ve çiçek örneklerinde; Protocatechuic acid 189,38 (µg/kg); 3-4-Dihydoxy benzaldehyde (168,97 µg/kg), 4-Vanilic acid 77,54 (µg/kg) yüksek oranlarda tespit edilen fenolik bileşenlerdir.

Wound-Healing and Antibacterial Activity of the Quercetin–4-Formyl Phenyl Boronic Acid Complex against Bacterial Pathogens of Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022

Complications of diabetic foot can be prevented using a naturally occurring, efficient, and newly synthesized antimicrobial agent. The purpose of the study was to improve wound healing and antibacterial effects of quercetin and its esterified complex with 4-formyl phenyl boronic acid (4FPBA-Q) compared with phenytoin. The formation of the 4FPBA-Q complex was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry (MS). The prepared 4FPBA-Q complex was used against Gram-positive bacteria along with Gram-negative bacteria, and more than 2-fold decrease in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) was observed compared to pure quercetin. Scanning electron microscopic images of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus showed their complete destruction after incubation with the 4FPBA-Q complex even after 3 h. Interestingly, wound-healing properties of the 4FPBA-Q complex in infected diabetic rats increased from 64 to 99% as compared to phenytoin, which were increased from those of noninfected diabetic rats. Furthermore, histopathological evaluations showed significantly enhanced wound healing, re-epithelialization, fibroblasts, and angiogenesis in wounds of diabetic rats after 10 days. Conclusively, reduction in the primary irritation index (PDII) and improved antibacterial and wound-healing properties render the 4FPBA-Q complex ideal for diabetic foot ulcer treatment.

Determination of Volatile Compounds of Mentha piperita and Lavandula multifida and Investigation of Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Properties

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022
EVID-BASED COMPL ALT

Mentha piperita and Lavandula multifida are widely used in Moroccan traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and infectious diseases. The aims of this work were the determination of the chemical composition of Mentha piperita (MPEO) and Lavandula multifida (LMEO) essential oils and the evaluation of their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities. The chemical composition was determined by GC-MS analysis. The antibacterial effects were evaluated against several bacterial strains using disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC methods. The antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro using DPPH, H2O2, and xanthine oxidase, and the antidiabetic activity was estimated by the inhibitory effects of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase activities. GC-MS results showed that the main compounds of MPEO were menthone (29.24%), levomenthol (38.73%), and eucalyptol (6.75%). However, eucalyptol (28.11%), 2-bornanone (11.57%), endo-borneol (7.82%), and linalyl acetate (5.22%) are the major compounds of LMEO. The results exhibited important inhibitory effects against some bacterial strains with MIC = MBC = 0.39 mg/mL for MPEO against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC. However, LMEO exhibited remarkable antioxidant and antidiabetic activities compared to MPEO. Indeed, LMEO inhibited DPPH, H2O2, and xanthine oxidase with concentrations of 15.23, 21.52, and 8.89 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, LMEO exhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase at IC50 = 85.34 and IC50 = 59.36 µg/mL, respectively. The findings showed that both MPEO and LMEO exhibit promising biological properties. However, the application of these species or their main bioactive compounds requires further investigation.

In vitro activity of Lavandula dentata essential oil against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in Algeria

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2020

This work was inspired by the growing international interest in the study of natural products of plant origin with bioactive properties that can replace synthetic chemical pesticides in the control of pathogens. The aim of this study was to explore the in vitro activity of Lanvandula dentata L. essential oil (EO) on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), a dangerous fungal plant pathogen, causal agent of tomato crown and root rot. Initially, we proceeded to identify the forma specialis of two strains of F. oxysporum by PCR based on the differences in the genes responsible for the synthesis of endo-polygalacturonases (pg1) and exo-polygalacturonases (pgx4) and then tested the activity of the EO on these strains by the direct contact method at different concentrations. The results showed that increasing the concentration of EO had a significant inhibitory effect, with a minimum inhibition rate of 49.3±2.2 % and 21.8±4.2 for the strains IB19501 and IB19502 respectively at the 0.25 μL/mL concentration and reaching 100±0.0 at the 1 μL/mL concentration for both strains. The data of this study reveal an important anti-fungal activity of the EO of L. dentata, these effects further validate the interest of our study and the traditional use of this plant, while indicating the possibilities of its potential use as a natural alternative to pesticides for the control of pathogenic fungi and thus preserve human health and the environment.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plants on Human Standard Bacteria and Candida albicans

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Background: Continuous and indiscriminate use of chemical drugs causes resistance to microorganisms, which in turn weakens the effect of drugs. This adverse event is associated with an increased number of drugs used by patients and the tendency to use compounds with newer and stronger formulations. Furthermore, the essential oils of several plants contain a significant inhibitory effect on pathogenic microorganisms. Objectives: Hence, the current study intended to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants on some standard human pathogenic bacteria and Candida albicans fungi isolated from women. Methods: Leaves of Cichorium intybus L., Hypericum perforatum L., Lavandula angustifolia, Thymus vulgaris L., and Taxus baccata L. were collected and analyzed in the botanical laboratory of the University of Zabol. Then, the ethanolic extract was prepared using 40 g of dried leaves in 400 cc of ethanol. Standard bacteria and fungi were obtained from the center for genetic and biological resources of Iran. To determine the activity of free radical trapping, diphenylpicryl hydrazyl was used, and then the antimicrobial effects were investigated by diffusion method in Müller-Hinton agar medium using 6 mm paper disks according to the Bauer and Kirby instructions. Statistical calculations were administered using Statistx Ver10. Mean comparisons were performed using the LSD at the 1% level, and Excel was also used to draw the shapes. Results: The diameter of the inhibitory zone of plant extracts against standard bacteria and clinical fungi of Candida albicans at a dilution of 100 ppm was analyzed, which revealed different effects (P < 0.01). Taxus baccata L., with a 15 mm diameter growth zone, showed the highest effect on inhibiting the growth of Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hypericum perforatum L. with a diameter of 15 mm was found as the most useful plant in inhibiting Shigella dysentery., with a diameter of 10 mm, was the most useful plant in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. The Taxus baccata L., with a maximum growth inhibition zone diameter (20 mm), has been the most effective plant against Candida albicans. Conclusions: Considering the side effects of chemical drugs and antibiotics as well as the significant effect of medicinal plant extracts used in this study, the Taxus baccata L. was the most useful plant on inhibiting Candida albicans, Bacillus cereus, and Pseu

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller, Cultivar Rosa) Solid By-Products Remaining after the Distillation of the Essential Oil

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2021

Featured Application The recycling of the lavender solid by-products remaining after the extraction of essential oil could represent an important goal in this industrial field. The innovative and eco-compatible pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE) demonstrated to be a promising strategy to valorize this waste by obtaining, using only food-grade extraction solvents (a mixture of ethanol and water), a new potential product rich in polyphenolic compounds to use in different fields (agronomic, food, cosmetic, etc.). Abstract FINNOVER is an EU Interreg-Alcotra project that aims to bring new perspectives to floriculture enterprises by recovering useful bioproducts from the waste produced during processing of several aromatic species. In this study, a new operation strategy to recover lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) solid by-products remaining after the extraction of the essential oil was developed. Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed as a sustainable and eco-compatible technology to extract, in a very short time (10 min), this agricultural waste using a food-grade solvent (a mixture of ethanol/water). All the extracts obtained from both flower and leaf waste and flower-only residues, exhibit a promising total phenolic content (38–40 mg gallic acid/g of dry waste), radical scavenging activity (107–110 mg Trolox/g of dry waste) and total flavonoid content (0.11–0.13 mg quercetin/g of dry waste). Moreover, the chromatographic analysis of these extracts has shown that this overlooked agriculture waste can represent a valuable source of multifunctional compounds. Particularly, they exhibit a content of polyphenols and flavonoids up to 200 times higher than the corresponding leachate, and they are a valuable source of gentisic acid (1.4–13 mg/g dry waste) representing a new low-cost ingredient usable in different fields (i.e., cosmetic).

Study of the biological activity of essential oils-water mixtures

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021

This study aimed to investigate the biological activity of aqueous mixtures of two essential oils. The mixtures were prepared by mixing certain amounts of lavender and clove oils with distilled water at room temperature. In the case of lavender oil, a relatively clear saturated aqueous phase was obtained after mixing with an excess of the essential oil. The clove oil formed stable oil-in-water emulsions. The antibacterial activity of the samples was tested against two model bacterial strains. The growth of the Gram-negative Escherichia coli K12 and the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis 3562 was determined in 96-well microplates. A more prominent inhibition activity against E. coli K12 strain compared to B. subtilis 3562 for both oil-water mixtures was observed. A disk diffusion test indicated growth inhibition by the lavender oil during the tests against the Gram-positive strain (zones of around 11.7 mm) while clove oil inhibited both bacteria (12 mm - B. subtilis 3562 and 13.66 mm - E. coli K12). The DPPH free radical method showed no antioxidant activity for the aqueous solution of lavender oil. The pure lavender oil exhibited negligible activity compared to the gallic acid reference solution, the clove essential oil, and its emulsion. A quantitative relationship between the content of cloves essential oil in the emulsion and its radical scavenging capacity was demonstrated.

Evaluation of Moringa and Lavandula extracts as natural antioxidants in tilapia fish burger

Article

Feb 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effects of Moringa leaf and Lavandula extracts in refrigerated tilapia fish burgers. GC-MS analysis identified 12 compounds in the Lavandula extract. It also showed the highest DPPH scavenging capacity and total phenolic content. pH of fish burgers remained within neutrality. Fish burgers remained microbiologically safe and stable during storage. The products with plant extracts had higher malondialdehyde formation (TBARS) and lower overall impression at 7 days, compared to Control. Plant extracts did not reduce the lipid oxidation; however, the fish burgers maintained acceptable up to 7 days of refrigerated storage.

In vitro activity of Lavandula dentata essential oil against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in Algeria

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2020

This work was inspired by the growing international interest in the study of natural products of plant origin with bioactive properties that can replace synthetic chemical pesticides in the control of pathogens. The aim of this study was to explore the in vitro activity of Lanvandula dentata L. essential oil (EO) on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (FORL), a dangerous fungal plant pathogen, causal agent of tomato crown and root rot .Initially, we proceeded to identify the forma specialis of two strains of F. oxyporum by PCR based on the differences in the genes responsible for the synthesis of endo-polygalacturonases (pg1) and exo-polygalacturonases (pgx4) and then tested the activity of the EO on these strains by the direct contact method at different concentrations. The results showed that increasing the concentra-tion of EO had a significant inhibitory effect, with a minimum inhibition rate of 49.3±2.2 % and 21.8±4.2 for the strains IB19501 and IB19502 respectively at the 0.25 μL/mL concentration and reaching 100±0.0 at the 1 μL/mL con-centration for both strains. The data of this study reveal an important anti-fungal activity of the EO of L. dentata, these effects further validate the in-terest of our study and the traditional use of this plant, while indicating the possibilities of its potential use as a natural alternative to pesticides for the control of pathogenic fungi and thus preserve human health and the envi-ronment.

Application of citronella and rose hydrosols reduced enzymatic browning of fresh‐cut taro

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2020
J FOOD BIOCHEM

Hydrosols are byproducts produced by steam distillation of aromatic plant materials. Previous studies reported hydrosols owned effectively inhibitory effects on microbials, but few focused on the effects in reducing enzymatic browning of fresh‐cut products. Here, application of citronella hydrosol (CH) and rose hydrosol (RH) obviously reduced values of L* , a* and b* in surfaces of fresh‐cut taros, suggesting these hydrosols could reduce browning severity. About 500 ml/L of RH and CH reduced total phenol contents, and activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), suggesting hydrosols suppressed browning development by reducing PAL, POD and PPO activities. Studies reported terpenoids had potential inhibition on PPO activity. Chemical composition analysis showed that RH and CH extracts contained abundant terpenoids. These imply that terpenoids contained in two hydrosols might have contributed to the reduction of enzyme activity. This study indicates that hydrosols might be promising natural anti‐browning agents for fresh‐cut foods. Practical applications Hydrosols are the byproducts of essential oil from steam distillation. The work described here shows that application of citronella and rose hydrosols significantly reduced the browning of fresh‐cut taros. Moreover, aromatic hydrosols also present inhibitory activity against microorganisms and are generally considered safe for human health. These suggested that aromatic hydrosols are the natural and useful anti‐browning agents to preserve the quality of fresh cut foods, and can be well integrated into industrial procedures.

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract From Roots of Plumbago europaea and In-vitro Combinatory Antimicrobial Effect of Hydrosol extract with Gentamicin and Amphotericin B

Article

Jan 2020

Background Infectious diseases are responsible worldwide for millions of deaths a year. Antibiotics, which have saved so many lives and improved life expectancy, may become ineffective due to a worrying increase in bacterial resistance. Some of the appropriate actions that could be initiated to address this problem are to develop and search for new antimicrobial substances from medicinal plants, and combine antibiotics with antimicrobials agents isolated from a reservoir of bioactive natural product. Objectives The purpose of this work was to study the chemical composition of the essential oil and hydrosol extract of Plumbago europaea, to evaluate their in-vitro antimicrobial activities and evaluate in-vitro combinatory antimicrobial effect of hydrosol extract with Gentamicin and Amphotericin B against a large panel of microorganisms in an effort to reduce their minimum effective dose and minimizing their side effects. Methods The essential oil and hydrosol extract obtained from roots of Plumbago europaea were analyzed by GC/MS and tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against twelve different strains of microorganisms. The effectiveness, in-vitro, of the association between the hydrosol extract and both Gentamicin and Amphotericin B was also investigated using the checkerboard method. Results The obtained results revealed that nine and four components, representing for 92.4 % and 97.4% of the total essential oil and hydrosol extract composition were identified, respectively and hydrosol extract was more active than the essential oil against all screened microorganisms, with interesting MIC values (19 μg/mL). An important effect of hydrosol extract was obtained in decreasing the MIC of Gentamicin and Amphotericin B in all tested combinations. Conclusion The in-vitro combination of the hydrosol extract with Gentamicin and Amphotericin B led to substantial MIC reduction against all tested microorganisms. This combination can help to reduce the minimum effective dose of antimicrobial drugs used, which may help to decrease their side effects; and deliver these medicines with similar potency.

Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils and Antibacterial Screening of Solvent Extract from Downy Lavender

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2019

The discovery of a new species exhibiting more effective antibacterial properties is necessary because of the demand on Lavandula species, which continues to increase in a variety of industries. Lavandula pubescens might be a good alternative, as it exhibits strong antibacterial activity. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oils from different organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and roots) of L. pubescens was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate) and different organ (flower, leaf, stem, and root) extracts of L. pubescens were evaluated. Only the ethyl acetate extracts of L. pubescens exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains tested, including Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Escherichia coli (KF 918342), Aeromonas hydrophila (KCTC 12487), E. coli (ATCC 35150), Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 29544), and Aeromonas salmonicida (KACC 15136). In particular, the extracts exhibited significant activity against S. haemolyticus. Ethyl acetate extract of the leaf exhibited the best activity against all bacterial strains. This study provides valuable information on the chemical compositions in essential oils and antimicrobial properties of L. pubescens.

Antioxidant and genoprotective properties of extracts from edible flowers

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2019
J FOOD NUTR RES

Enrichment of diet with edible flowers as sources of antioxidants may have beneficial effect on human health. The goal of the study was to check whether the popular edible flowers can provide protection against oxidative DNA damage, which is the main risk factor of aging and initiation of carcinogenesis. The analysis included hydrolates, 40% tinctures and essential oils from edible flowers Alcea rosea, Bellis perenis, Calendula officinalis, Calluna vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus, Citrus aurantium, Heliantus annuus, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Jasminum grandiflorum, Lavandula augustifolia, Matricaria chamomilla, Primula vulgaris, Rosa centifolia, Rosa damascena, Rosa rugosa, Sambucus nigra, Tagetes patula, Trifolium pratense and Viola cornuta. Antioxidant power, polyphenol content, cytotoxicity and DNA damage level were analysed. Oxidative DNA damage was induced by hydrogen peroxide. Most of the flowers acted as chemopreventive agents. Roses, French marigold, lavender, heather, elderflower, horned pansy and cornflower can be particularly useful in protecting human DNA against oxidative damage. The best antioxidant and genoprotective properties were observed in Rosa genus.

Antioxidant and genoprotective properties of extracts from edible flowers.

Preprint

Full-text available

Dec 2018

Edible flowers are becoming more and more popular food ingredients in European cuisine. The flowers are used as the garnish, seasoning or a basic component of dish. Some of them are present in European cuisine for ages like lavender or roses. Moreover, many of these flowers have cosmetic or phytotherapeutical use with long tradition in Europe, Asia and North America. Essential oils from flowers are used for ages in perfumery and aromatherapy. Lavender, cornflower, orange blossom, jasminum and rosal hydrolates are used in cosmetics due to their soothing and calming effects [1, 2]. Pot marigolds, daisies and chamo-mile are used for their anti-inflammatory properties. Red clover is known for its estrogenic action. All those flowers used in traditional medicine, cosmetics and phytotherapy became, in last decade, very common as new diet ingredients. As dietary species richness and biodiversity correlate with nutritional value of food [3, 4], new diet components are very welcome but the flowers arouse interest in their possible health benefits and usage in che-moprevention as there is an increasing demand for natural food antioxidants [5-8]. Flowers are the reproductive structures of an-giosperm plants. Petals forming corolla do not take part in the reproduction process directly but they are responsible for attracting pollinating animals or mostly insects. Flower petals are usually rich in colorants and fragrances. Yellow and orange blossoms like dandelions, pot marigold, French marigolds are rich in carotenoids, in particular carotens (a-, b-, g-, d-, e-and z-carotene) and xanthophylls (lutein, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, viola xanthin, flavoxanthin, a-and b-cryptoxan-thin). Red, white, purple or blue petals are rich in different types of anthocyanins. Most frequently occur the glycosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, mal-vidin, pelargonidin, peonidin and petunidin. Both carotenoids and anthocyanins are strong antioxi-Antioxidant and genoprotective properties of extracts from edible flowers Małgorzata KaleMba-DrożDż-agnieszKa CierniaK summary Enrichment of diet with edible flowers as sources of antioxidants may have beneficial effect on human health. The goal of the study was to check whether the popular edible flowers can provide protection against oxidative DNA damage, which is the main risk factor of aging and initiation of carcinogenesis. The analysis included hydrolates, 40% tinctures and essential oils from edible DNA damage level were analysed. Oxidative DNA damage was induced by hydrogen peroxide. Most of the flowers acted as chemopreventive agents. Roses, French marigold, lavender, heather, elderflower, horned pansy and cornflower can be particularly useful in protecting human DNA against oxidative damage. The best antioxidant and genoprotective properties were observed in Rosa genus.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils of Lavandula × intermedia ‘Budrovka’ and L. angustifolia cultivated in Croatia

Article

Nov 2018
IND CROP PROD

Citric acid production using alternative substrates

Chapter

Jan 2018

Citric acid (CA) production is the most produced organic acid in the world due to its versatility, which is evidenced in many applications in food, beverages and pharmaceutical industrial areas. CA production is a well-established bioprocess that employs parental or mutant strains of the fungus Aspergillus niger. However, the high cost of raw materials and energy has transformed the once lucrative CA production sector into an unprofitable market. The search for alternative substrates is a powerful strategy to reduce production costs that is essential to try to solve the economic viability of the world CA production, which is commanded by the large Chinese market. This chapter brings significant information about different possibilities for CA production, which includes the use of alternative agro-industrial substrates (e.g., citric pulp, cocoa husks, cassava bagasse and others). Fermentation techniques, such as submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation, conditions and factors that affect the acid synthesis are reported with the presentation of concrete examples of developed research.

Organic crop production in sub-Saharan Africa: Filling the skills and awareness fissures

Chapter

Full-text available

Jan 2018

Crop production involves the cultivation of crops mainly as food and supplements for humans and animals. Prior to the implementation of modern technology, soil fertility was maintained using various farming systems such as strip cropping, shifting cultivation and crop rotation. However, global population increase has resulted in restricted land boundaries, adversity of climate changes and environmental degradation. Farmers will need to adapt to these challenges to prevent low crop output to maintain livelihoods of people, especially in developing countries. As land becomes less productive, ground-breaking organic crop production systems that cover different cultivating patterns must be implemented. High crop yields with acceptable nutrient levels will depend on production environments, production technologies, efficiency in the use of knowledge and skills that come through formal and informal training. New agricultural networks that enhance public participation, awareness and self-reliance are required to promote food security.

Some precipitation patterns that affect agricultural practices in the plains of Buenos Aires (Argentina)

Chapter

Jan 2018

The Buenos Aires plain in central-east Argentina generates economic resources based on agriculture, which is strongly influenced by precipitation. In this work factors of different rainfall interannual variability have been studied using monthly precipitation in 22 stations for the period 1950-2012. They showed that it depends heavily on the area and the season. El Niño, El Niño Modoki, the positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole and the shift to the south of the South Atlantic High are related to an increase of spring precipitation in central Buenos Aires. The weakening of westerlies associated with the negative phase of the Antarctic Oscillation and the weakening of the South Atlantic High favor the autumn precipitation in the east of the province. The positive phase of the Antarctic Oscillation and the intensification of the South Atlantic High is are associated with increased the increased winter precipitation in central and northwestern Buenos Aires.

Influence of jasmonic acid on the growth and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. propagated in vitro

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of jasmonic acid added to culture medium on the growth of plants and antioxidant properties of dry plant material, as well as on the antimicrobial properties of essential oils produced by the narrow-leaved lavender. For plant propagation, MS media supplemented with JA at concentrations of 0.2-1.5 mg dm-3 were used. The use of the lower JA concentrations did not influenced the growth parameters measured, whereas at the higher concentrations (1 and 1.5 mg dm-3) JA caused growth inhibition and a decrease in plant weight. With increasing JA concentration, the number of secretory trichomes decreased. Addition of 0.5 mg dm-3 JA caused an increase in secretory trichome diameter on both the adaxial and abaxial surface of leaves (83.3 and 73.2 μm, respectively). The antioxidant activity of the lavender plants propagated on media with the addition of JA (regardless of the concentration used) was higher than that of the control plants. The plants from JA-supplemented media were used to isolate essential oils, the antimicrobial activity of which was tested using the disc diffusion method at the concentrations of 10 and 50%. All the oils tested exhibited activity towards Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. The essential oils isolated from the plants propagated on the medium with 1 mg dm-3 JA were characterized by the highest antimicrobial activity against the majority of the tested microorganisms.

Composition Chimique Et Activité Antimicrobienne Des Huiles Essentielles De Deux Espèces De Lavande : Lavandula Dentata Spp. Dentata Et Lavandula Peduncultata Spp. Pedunculata

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2017

The aim of the present work is to compare the chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activity of two spontaneous species of lavender "Lavandula stoechas L." and "Lavandula dentata L." in Morocco. A phytochemical screening was performed on the aerial part of invested plants. The qualitative variation was revealed in the secondary metabolites of the species studied. Subsequently, the dosage of the crude organic extracts showed that the polyphenol content was higher in the methanol fraction, with an important yield in L. dentata. Also, the essential oils of the aerial part, obtained by hydrodistillation gave higher yields in L. dentata than L. pedunculata. Finally, tests of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils of the two species were performed on four strains of bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus "Gram+," and Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis which are Gram-), and three phytopathogenic fungi : Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus brasiliensis and Penicillium expansum, The results obtained showed that the essential oil of L. dentata showed a strong antibacterial activity against the studied strains, particularly against S. aureus. While the antifungal activity revealed that L. pedunculata has a remarkable antifungal power against the fungi tested in comparison with L. dentata.

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract Obtained by Hydrodistillation (HY) and Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE) of Psoralea bituminosa

Article

Jun 2017

Chemical composition of essential oil and hydrosol extract obtained by hydrodistillation (HY) and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) of Psoralea bituminosa was investigated using gas chromatography/retention indices (GC/RIs) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their antioxidant activity determined. Twenty-seven compounds amounting to 92.3% with yield 0.3% were identified in the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of P. bituminosa. The major compounds identified in the essential oil were E-β-caryophyllene (19.8%), caryophyllene oxide (15.2%), (Z)-phytol (14.2%), (E)-phytol (11.5%) and β-copaene (9.2%). Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the dominant class of hydrosol extract and accounted for 90.8%. The major components in the hydrosol extract were caryophyllene oxide (35.5%), (E)-phytol (25.6%), τ-cadinol (9.9%) and α-cadinol (8.5%). The essential oil and hydrosol extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity with IC50 of 3.1 and 2.6 mg.L–1, respectively.

Antibacterial potential of Urtica dioica and Lavandula angustifolia extracts against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from diabetic foot ulcers

Article

May 2017

Despite the antibacterial potential of plant extracts against several bacterial infections, until now, no major studies have been published about the effect of lavender and nettle leaves against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively). Thus, we studied their antibacterial potential against MSSA and MRSA from diabetic foot ulcers in order to find alternatives to the systematic use of antibiotics. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavones and flavonols were extracted from lavender and nettle leaves and characterized by HPLC-DAD/Vis. Disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to assess their antibacterial activity. A direct association between the high content of hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin) and decreasing bacterial growth activity was noted. The fact that lavender and nettle are rich in hydroxycinnamic acids and quercetin seems to explain the high antibacterial potential of these plant and the differences between them.

Antioxidant potential and chemical composition of essential oils from Mentha longifolia, Lavandula angustifolia, and Ocimum basilicum grown in the Oued Souf region, Algeria

Article

Nov 2024

This study examined the antioxidant potential of essential oils (EOs) from Mentha longifolia (MEo), Lavandula angustifolia (LEo), and Ocimum basilicum (BEo) cultivated in Algeria’s arid Oued Souf region. GC-MS analysis highlighted unique chemical compositions, with LEo rich in linalool (21.37%) and linalyl acetate (30.92%), BEo high in phenylpropanoids (37.25%), especially estragole (20.65%) and linalool (30.17%), and MEo dominated by cis-isopulegone (59.68%). Antioxidant activity was evaluated via FRAP, DPPH, and TCA assays. BEo showed the highest FRAP activity (EC

_{50}

= 2.96 ± 0.05

\mu

g/mL), followed by LEo and MEo (EC

_{50}

= 5.08 ± 0.2

\mu

g/mL and 5.89 ± 0.1

\mu

g/mL, respectively). In the DPPH assay, BEo also exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging activity (IC

_{50}

= 0.053 ± 0.45 mg/mL) compared to LEo (IC

_{50}

= 25.55 ± 0.29 mg/mL) and MEo (IC

_{50}

= 16.89 ± 0.023 mg/mL). Similarly, BEo displayed the greatest inhibition in the TCA assay (EC

_{50}

= 3.5 ± 0.16 mg/mL). These findings underscore BEo’s remarkable antioxidant capacity, potentially linked to its rich phenylpropanoid profile, suggesting that environmental stressors in arid regions enhance the bioactive compound concentrations in essential oils. This structural resilience may make these oils powerful natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants, offering promising applications for managing oxidative stress.

Lavender essential oil market integrity: A comprehensive study of commercial Lavandula angustifolia essential oils adulteration and assessment of industrial standards

Article

Oct 2024
IND CROP PROD

Roles of Lamiaceae plants from the arid and desert rangelands of Tunisia in human health and therapy

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2024

The arid rangelands, abundant with diverse flora, play a pivotal role as sanctuaries for essential medicinal herbs. Despite their limited species diversity, Lamiaceae plants hold multifaceted significance in medicine, aromatics, and cuisine. With diverse biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antifungal, antiseptic, antirheumatic, and antidiabetic properties, they serve as valuable antioxidants for treating various ailments. This review delves into the latent utility and intricate biological properties of Lamiaceae species in Tunisia's arid rangelands, emphasizing their pivotal role in traditional and modern medicine. Focused on the medicinal properties of Lamiaceae species, the review not only highlights their latent utility but also addresses a crucial aspect of meeting local and global needs. Stressing their significance in traditional and contemporary medicine, the review underscores their potential contribution to biodiversity preservation. Aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 3 on good health and wellbeing, and SDG 15 on biodiversity conservation, the study advocates collaborative efforts to address environmental challenges in Tunisian desert rangelands. A holistic approach, considering social, economic, and environmental dimensions, is deemed essential for achieving these goals and ensuring the sustainable utilization of valuable resources in arid lands.

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants as a Source of Potential Feed and Food Additives

Chapter

Dec 2023

In the last decades, the use of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) shows an increase in both animal and human nutrition and demonstrates a plethora of beneficial properties attributed to the bioactive compounds that have been investigated in their extracts and essential oils, which are considered as a great source of antioxidant and antimicrobial constituents. Specifically, the antioxidant capacity of MAPs and their inhibitory effects against pathogens have been evaluated for their use as natural food and feed additives. In feeds, they are used for improving their flavor, as colorants, as nutritional additives and for other livestock production parameters. The processing of MAPs from the food and feed industries has as derivatives several by-products that are not commercially accepted. These by-products are rich in bioactive natural compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. A number of plants have been evaluated for their antioxidant activity and their phenolic and flavonoid content so as for their extracts to be used in the development of products with health benefits. Moreover, MAPs are used in food products for the enhancement of color, taste, odor, and texture. Due to their antioxidant properties, aromatic plants and their derivatives are used instead of synthetic preservatives and antioxidants.

Lavender Essential oil Compounds as Antagonists of NMDA Receptor Subunit NR2B: A Molecular Modeling and Experimental Study

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2023

Background and Objectives Herbal plants are an important source of novel chemical drugs with therapeutic effects. The present study aims to find the chemical compounds of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller) and assess their antagonistic effects on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit NR2B in the brain. Subjects and Methods The essential oil was first isolated by distillation method from flowering inflorescences of lavender. Then, their chemical compounds were identifies by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Molecular docking study and the evaluation of the molecular structures were carried out on 20 compounds. Pyrx software, version 4.0 in Autodock Vina was used to perform the molecular docking of 20 ligands with NMDAR. The molecular structures of compounds were evaluated in SwissADME website. Results In GC-MS, 41 active compounds were detected comprising 95.5% of the total essential oil of lavender plant. The highest amount was related to trans-carveol, followed by isopulegol, 1,3,8, -p-menthatriene, and isoborneol. In docking studies, results showed that the best ligands for binding to NMDAR included trans-carveol, isopulegol, and 1,3,8, -p-menthatriene which demonstrated the higher affinity to active site of the NMDAR. Ifenprodil, as an antagonist, shared common binding sites with camphor, thymol, alpha-phellandrene, limonene, gamma-3-carene, beta-thujone, trans-Carveol, beta-caryophyllene. Camphor, thymol, beta-thujone and trans-carveol had the highest gastrointestinal absorption, and transcarveol had the lowest binding energy to NMDAR. Conclusion Camphor, thymol, beta-thujone, and trans-carveol are potential compounds of lavender essential oil to inhibit NMDAR and improve learning and memory in neurodegenerative diseases.

Chemical composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Lavandula Pedunculata from Khenifra Morocco

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2022

Essential oils (EO) extracted from medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) have proven to be good sources of bioactive compounds with antibacterial and antioxidant properties. This work presents the study of the chemical composition of Essential Oil extracted from Lavandula Pedunculata from the middle atlas of Morocco and its antioxidant and antibacterial power. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antibacterial power of EO was estimated by the disk diffusion method against six bacterial species stemming from the hospital. Antioxidant activity was tested by two methods: measuring the trapping power of DPPH radical and measuring the Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Potential (FRAP). The chromatographic analysis of Lavandula Pedunculata essential oil allowed the identification of 55 compounds representing 98.9% of the essential oil, of which the major compounds are camphor (44.16%), 1 –epi-cubenol (8.61%), fenchone (7.48%), c amphene (6.45%) and α-pinene (4.86%). Antibacterial power tests showed that L. Pedunculata EO effect on all the tested bacteria is lower than that of the most powerful Antibiotic and even powerless on certain strains. The obtained results from antioxidant power tests by both methods proved the antioxidant power of Lavandula Pedunculata EO but was less effective than ascorbic acid. The obtained results indicate that the plant EO’s antibacterial and antioxidant activities are not powerful compared to antibiotics and ascorbic acid respectively, but enough to explain the traditional therapeutic use of the plant.

Kapler A. 2021. Biologia, ekologia i możliwości uprawy mniej znanych roślin bogatych w polifenole. w: Małgorzata Kalemba-Drożdż Agata Grzywacz-Kisielewska Agnieszka Cierniak (red.) Surowce polifenolowe Zastosowania i perspektywy

Conference Paper

Full-text available

Sep 2022

Adam Kapler

In the entire European Union the drupes of the vegetable euterpa (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), known as „acai berries”, are considered to be a very promising source of polyphenols. However, the belief about their high health values may be wrong. However, numerous Ericaceae, producing edible berries, have enormous potential. This chapter discusses a number of heretofore uncultivated species worth domesticating, notably Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. and the Empetrum nigrum L./Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. The challenges and possibilities of their cultivation and breeding were presented against a broad background of their biology and ecology. Less known heather plants do not require highly peaty substrates, necessary for northern highbush blueberry and large-fruited cranberry, which will reduce the carbon footprint and better protect the last European wetlands. Having its own, new sources of polyphenols will make Europe less dependent on acai berries and other exotic fruits, which is important in times when supply chains break down during pandemic waves.

Surowce polifenolowe. Zastosowania i perspektywy.

Book

Full-text available

Aug 2022

Polifenole są metabolitami wtórnymi roślin i grzybów. Powszechnie występują w kwiatach, korze, korzeniach, łodygach, liściach i owocach roślin. Ich strukturę chemiczną charakteryzuje obecność dwóch lub więcej grup –OH przyłączonych do pierścieni aromatycznych. Do polifenoli zaliczamy lignany, kurkuminoidy, taniny, stilbenoidy, kwasy fenolowe oraz flawonoidy. Ta ostatnia klasa obejmuje: flawony (np. apigenina), flawanony (np. naringenina), flawonole (np. kwercetyna), flawanole (np. katechiny), izoflawony (np. genisteina), antocyjanidyny (np. malwidyna), chalkony (np. buteina), aurony (np. aureuzydyna) i ksantony (np. α-mangostyna). Do tej pory opisano ponad dziesięć tysięcy związków polifenolowych i wciąż nie poznano ich wszystkich. Właściwości polifenoli to temat intensywnie badany na całym świecie ze względu na możliwe wykorzystanie związków polifenolowych w medycynie, farmakologii, kosmetologii, rolnictwie, dietetyce i przemyśle. (...)

Combination Therapy Involving Lavandula angustifolia and Its Derivatives in Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties and Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance: Current Challenges and Future Prospects

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2021

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified as one of the biggest health threats in the world. Current therapeutic options for common infections are markedly limited due to the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens in the community and the hospitals. The role of different essential oils (EOs) and their derivatives in exhibiting antimicrobial properties has been widely elucidated with their respective mechanisms of action. Recently, there has been a heightened emphasis on lavender essential oil (LEO)’s antimicrobial properties and wound healing effects. However, to date, there has been no review published examining the antimicrobial benefits of lavender essential oil, specifically. Previous literature has shown that LEO and its constituents act synergistically with different antimicrobial agents to potentiate the antimicrobial activity. For the past decade, encapsulation of EOs with nanoparticles has been widely practiced due to increased antimicrobial effects and greater bioavailability as compared to non-encapsulated oils. Therefore, this review intends to provide an insight into the different aspects of antimicrobial activity exhibited by LEO and its constituents, discuss the synergistic effects displayed by combinatory therapy involving LEO, as well as to explore the significance of nano-encapsulation in boosting the antimicrobial effects of LEO; it is aimed that from the integration of these knowledge areas, combating AMR will be more than just a possibility.

Chemical Characterization of The Essential Oil From Aerial Parts of Lavandula rejdalii Upson & Jury, a Medicinal Plant Endemic to Morocco

Article

Nov 2020

Lavandula rejdalii Upson & Jury (L. rejdalii) is a Moroccan endemic plant, known for its medicinal and aromatic properties. However, little is known about its phytochemicals. In this work, L. rejdalii was investigated for its essential oil (LREO) yield and chemical composition determined by gas chromatogra- phy (GC/FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Our results revealed that LREO contained twenty-six bioactive compounds representing 93.14 % of the total LREO composition. Likewise, hydrodistillation consistently resulted in higher LREO (0.83± 0.03 %). The main compounds revealed in LREO were linalool (32.03%), carvacrol (19.61 %), camphor (11.03 %), 1,8-cineole (9.67 %), linalyl acetate (9.02 %) and sabinene (3.81 %). L. rejdalii contained a higher level of oxygenated monoterpenes and phenols, which could be linked to impor- tant biological activities and promising potential applications as food preservatives, herbal formulations and also as disinfectants and antiseptics.

Testing the Antimicrobial Effects of Some Hydrosols on Food Borne-Pathogens and Spoilage Bacteria

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2020

Portakal kabuğu, nar kabuğu, şadok kabuğu, mandalina kabuğu ve kekik bitkisinden elde edilen beş hidrosolün 3 gıda kaynaklı bakteri (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Parathyphi A ve Klebsiella pneumoniae) ve 3 balık bozucu bakterileri (Vibrio vulnificus, Pseudomonas luteola ve Photobacterium damselae) üzerindeki antimikrobiyal aktivitesi, mikrodilüsyon ve disk difüzyon yöntemleriyle test edildi. S. Parathyphi A, özellikle nar, kekik ve şadok kabuğundaki (10,5 mm inhibisyon zonuyla) test edilen tüm hidrosollere karşı en duyarlı bakterilerden biriydi. S. aureus' un gelişimi üzerindeki inhibisyon bölgeleri, sadece kekik ve mandalina kabuğunun hidrosollerinde gözlendi. Portakal ve mandalina kabuğundan üretilen hidrosoller, balıklarda bozulma bakterilerinin büyümesinin inhibe edilmesinde etkili olmuştur. Hidrosollerin minimum inhibitör konsantrasyon (MIC) ve minimum bakteri öldürücü konsantrasyonları (MBC) genel olarak sırasıyla 50 ve >50 mg/mL idi. Bu sonuçlar, kekik ve nar kabuğu hidrosollerinin test bakterilerine karşı en güçlü antimikrobiyal etkilere sahip olduğunu göstermektedir ancak atık hidrosollerin etkisi bakteri suşlarına bağlı olarak değişmektedir.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oil and Hydrosol Extract from Aerial Parts of Cynoglossum cheirifolium L. from Algeria

Article

Jan 2020

Nouria Merad Boussalah

The aim of this work was to study for the first time the chemical composition of essential oil and hydrosol extract of Cynoglossum cheirifolium and their antioxidant and antifungal activities. Seventeen components were identified in essential oil, representing 90.6% of the total composition. (E)-phytol (25.1%), dodecanal (10.2%) and hexadecanoic acid (8.5%) were found as the major components. The hydrosol extract was characterized by a high content by 2-pentyl-furan (46.3%) and carvone (23.5%). Hydrosol extract exhibited a very interesting antioxidant profile through DPPH free radical scavenging with IC50 of 18.2 μL/mL almost equal of positive control BHT. The results of antifungal activity revealed that hydrosol extract was more active than the essential oil against Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata with inhibition percentages exceeding 89%.

recueil des résumés

Conference Paper

Dec 2018

Farouk Dehmchi

AMINES , ETATS INTERMEDIAIRES, SIMULATION Farouk DEHMCHIa* , F. HALAIMIAa ,T.CHELLOUFIb , N. CHAKRIc (a) Departement de chimie , LSBO , université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba (b) Departement de physique , LPS , université Badji Mokhtar ,Annaba (c) Departement de physique, LASEA , université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba * email :oussamelz@yahoo.fr Résumé : Les molécules de départ sont transformées en intermédiaires réactionnels, avant de donner les produits de la réaction. Les amines représentent un cas d’étude innovant en mécanismes réactionnels, et particulièrement en catalyse, par leur facilité à la protonation,et déprotonation(1),qui génèrent des états intermédiaires et des centres actifs sources de réactions chimiques .Par leur caractère basique et leur nucléophilie, les amines combinées aux cations métalliques donnent des complexes appréciés comme catalyseurs, par hydrogénation, déshydrogénation .L’une des propriétés les plus remarquables des amines ,est la capacité des amines aromatiques à former des complexes actifs avec les peroxydes (2), complexes largement utilisés en chimie organique pour leur facilité d’obtention. Au cours de cette étude de simulation par ChemSketch ACDLabs, nous avons mis en évidence la formation d’un centre actif au départ d’une amine aromatique la Phenyldiethanolamine Ph(CH2CH2OH) et d’un peroxyde, le peroxyde de benzoyle, Bz (COO)2 . Les différentes espèces de la séquence réactionnelle ont été successivement identifiées. [].Zerong Wang (in German), Comprehensive Organic Name Reactions and Reagents, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons (2009), pp. 2942 – 2945, ISBN 978-0-471-70450-8 [2].Takehide Kawamichi Tomoki Kodama Masaki Kawano Dr Makoto Fujita Prof. Dr Single‐Crystalline Molecular Flasks: Chemical Transformation with Bulky Reagents in the Pores of Porous Coordination Networks October 2008 Angewandte Chemie 120(42):8150 - 8152 DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802545 [3].Dimitris S. Achilias ,Irini Sideridou ,Kinetics of the Benzoyl Peroxide/Amine Initiated Free-Radical Polymerization of Dental Dimethacrylate Monomers: Experimental Studies and Mathematical Modeling for TEGDMA and Bis-EMA,May 2004 Macromolecules 37(11),DOI: 10.1021/ma049803n.

Phytochemical Screening and Antidermatophytic Activity of Lavender Essential Oil from Saudi Arabia

Article

Jul 2018

Background and Objective: Lavender is a common and popular aromatic Mediterranean herb belongs to Lamiaceae family. In Saudi Arabia, Lavender is growing in some regions such as Albaha but there is no reported data on it. Recently, Most research on plants reported that lavender have antibacterial, antifungal antimutagenic and neuroprotective activities. The aim of this research was to study phytochemical and antidermatophytic screening of lavender and its essential oil (EO) in Saudi Arabia. Also, to assess the antidermatophytic activity of lavender essential oil before and after radiation. Materials and Methods: Essential oil has been isolated from lavender [Lanvandula angustifolia (L. angustifolia) Miller] harvested from Albaha region. It has been isolated by steam distillation, it was analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antidermatophytic activity of isolated compounds of plant was determined against five dermatophytes and yeast by well-cut diffusion method. Results: The results showed antidermatophytic activity of irradiated essential oil display the stronger effect against Microsporum gallinae (M. gallinae), Microsporum gypseum (M. gypseum), Microsporum canis (M. canis), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (T. mentagrophytes), Trichophyton verrucosum (T. verrucosum) and Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis). The inhibition of essential oil before radiation on T. mentagrophytes was higher than after radiation. Leaves and flowers extracts have a strong inhibitory effect on M. canis and M. gallinae. Conclusion: The p-value was significantly higher for essential oil after radiation, than essential oil before radiation on pathogenic fungi, then leaves and flowers extract of lavender exhibited antidermatophytic activity on M. gallinae, T. mentagrophytes and M. canis.

Hydrosols: Biological activity and potential as antimicrobials for food applications

Article

Oct 2017
FOOD CONTROL

The need for new antimicrobials to control microorganisms in foods has driven the research into natural products and, over the last few years, hydrosols have emerged as potential candidates. Hydrosols, or hydrolates, are secondary products of the hydrodistillation of plants; they consist of the distillation water in which very small amounts of essential oils remain dispersed. Historically used in traditional medicine in Mediterranean countries as refreshing drinks and flavorings, hydrosols have been recently noticed for their antimicrobial activity, both in vitro and in food matrices, particularly against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Their antagonistic activity seems to be due to their chemical composition, being mainly constituted of phenolic compounds, which can interfere with microbial membranes, cell wall, or with the action of microbial enzymes. The use of hydrolates is already widespread in the cosmetic field, but the research carried out until now also suggests their application in the agro-food industry to hamper the development of pathogenic and spoiling microorganisms in food products and in working environments, and also in removing microbial biofilm. Moreover, their use could be exploited to counteract the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. Hydrosols have been traditionally used also diluted in refreshing drinks, nevertheless toxycological implications should be better addressed.

Horticultural development of Australian native edible plants

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2000

The Australian native edible plant industry is rapidly expanding. We provide a review of the horticultural research that has been carried out on the top 14 commercially significant Australian native edible plants; Acacia spp. Miller (wattle), Acronychia acidula F.Muell. (lemon aspen), Backhousia citriodora F.Muell. (lemon myrtle), Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Burkill (desert lime) and Microcitrus spp. Swingle (native lime), Hibiscus heterophyllus Vent. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (rosella), Kunzea pomifera F.Muell. (muntries), Podocarpus elatus R.Br. ex Endl. (Illawarra plum), Prostanthera spp. La Billardiere (native mint), Santalum acuminatum R.Br. (quandong), Solanum centrale Black (bush tomato), Syzygium leuhmannii F.Muell. (riberry), Tasmannia spp. R.Br. (native pepper), Terminalia ferdinandiana (= T. latipes Benth. subsp. psilocarpa Pedley) (kakadu plum) and Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze (warrigal greens). The research on most of these species has focused on propagation, breeding, cultivation, nutritional value and the isolation of natural products. On none of the species has research been completed in all these areas, and three species have no research published on them. We describe horticultural research on two other commercial species, Backhousia anisata Vickery (aniseed myrtle) and Davidsonia pruriens F.Muell. var. pruriens and var. jerseyana (Davidson’s plum), and one species with commercial potential, Pringlea antiscorbutica R.Br. ex Hook.f. (kerguelen cabbage). We identify areas that require further research and issues of concern, such as indigenous intellectual property rights and environmental implications.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Survey in Plants used in Indigenous Herbal-Medicine of South East Regions of Iran

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2004

Methanol plant-extracts of 221 species from 98 families which had documented uses in Iranian herbal-medicine were screened for antibacterial and antifungal activity against 11 standard bacterial strains and 3 fungal species at 20 mg mlG¹. Eighty one samples in 39 families showed antibacterial and/or antifungal activity against at least on one of the tested microorganisms. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by measuring the diameter of inhibition zones in agar well diffusion method. Dianthus coryophyllus was active against all tested G-ve and G+ve bacteria except Micrococcus luteus . Most susceptible G-ve bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae and Bordetella bronchiseptica and least susceptible was Escherichia coli . In G+ve bacteria, most and least susceptible were Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus , respectively. Plants with high antifungal activity included Alpinia officinarum , Chrozophora verbasafalia , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Dianthus coryophyllus , Helleborus nigra , Heracleum persicum , Myrtus communis , Terminalia chebula and Trachysermum copticum which were effective mostly against Candida albicans and C. utilis .

In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree oil products, against Candida spp

Article

Full-text available

Dec 1998

FULL TEXT available free from http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/42/5/591.full.pdf+html?sid=5f5df59a-cbba-49f7-b228-04f90be4f537 The in-vitro activity of a range of essential oils, including tea tree oil, against the yeast candida was examined. Of the 24 essential oils tested by the agar dilution method against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, three did not inhibit C. albicans at the highest concentration tested, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil. Sandalwood oil had the lowest MIC, inhibiting C. albicans at 0.06%. Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil was investigated for activity against 81 C. albicans isolates and 33 non-albicans Candida isolates. By the broth microdilution method, the minimum concentration of oil inhibiting 90% of isolates for both C. albicans and non-albicans Candida species was 0.25% (v/v). The minimum concentration of oil killing 90% of isolates was 0.25% for C. albicans and 0.5% for non-albicans Candida species. Fifty-seven Candida isolates were tested for sensitivity to tea tree oil by the agar dilution method; the minimum concentration of oil inhibiting 90% of isolates was 0.5%. Tests on three intra-vaginal tea tree oil products showed these products to have MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations comparable to those of non-formulated tea tree oil, indicating that the tea tree oil contained in these products has retained its anticandidal activity. These data indicate that some essential oils are active against Candida spp., suggesting that they may be useful in the topical treatment of superficial candida infections.

Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (Lemon myrtle). Part 1. Antimicrobial activity and in vitro cytotoxicity

Article

Full-text available

May 2002
FOOD CHEM TOXICOL

The antimicrobial and toxicological properties of the Australian essential oil, lemon myrtle, (Backhousia citriodora) were investigated. Lemon myrtle oil was shown to possess significant antimicrobial activity against the organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Aspergillus niger, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Propionibacterium acnes comparable to its major component-citral. An in vitro toxicological study based on the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) cytotoxicity assay was performed. In vitro cytotoxicity testing indicated that both lemon myrtle oil and citral had a very toxic effect against human cell lines: HepG2 (a hepatocarcinoma-derived cell line); F1-73 (a fibroblast cell line derived from normal skin) and primary cell cultures of human skin fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values ranged from 0.008 to 0.014% (w/v) at 4 h to 0.003-0.012% (w/v) at 24 h of exposure. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for lemon myrtle oil was calculated as 0.5 mg/l at 24 h exposure and the RfD (reference dose) was determined as 0.01 mg/l. A product containing 1% lemon myrtle oil was found to be low in toxicity and could potentially be used in the formulation of topical antimicrobial products.

Toxicity of Australian essential oil Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle). Part 2. Absorption and histopathology following application to human skin

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2003
FOOD CHEM TOXICOL

The in vitro percutaneous absorption of the essential oil of lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) has been studied in freshly excised human full-thickness abdominal skin obtained from patients undergoing elective surgery. Absorption of lemon myrtle oil in human skin discs (4.9 cm(2)) was evaluated using a Franz cell diffusion system following topical application of neat lemon myrtle oil (100 microl or 18.29 mg/cm(2)) to the epidermal surface at exposure durations of 1 to 12 h. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used as an analytical technique to determine the absorption of lemon myrtle oil components in full-thickness skin. Citral; (consisting of isomers, geranial and neral) was the only component of lemon myrtle oil found to be absorbing into skin at all exposure periods. At the maximum exposure duration of 12 h, the total absorption of citral in the full-thickness skin disc was 0.29+/-0.07 mg/cm(2) (mean+/-S.D., n=4) of the applied dose. Although the absorption of lemon myrtle oil components was limited, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed significant losses in the cellular functioning of skin including; losses of integrity and solubilisation of the stratum corneum, cellular necrosis (to 15%) and cellular vacuolation (to 25%) on comparison to control skin. When a formulated product containing 1% lemon myrtle oil (0.18 mg/cm(2)) was applied to human skin discs (4.9 cm(2)) at 8 h exposure the total absorption of citral in the full-thickness skin disc was 5.12+/-0.60 x 10(-4) mg/cm(2) (mean+/-S.D., n=4) of the applied dose. No other components were detected. The histopathological assessment indicated limited damage to epidermal cells. The combination of the above methodologies enabled the generation of data that could be used for a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity effects of lemon myrtle oil for topical application.

Inhibition of conidium germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea by natural products

Article

Aug 1997

J. Biol. Sci.

Article

Structure - Activity relationship between terpenoids and antimicrobial activity

Article

Jun 2006

Terponoids are one of the naturally occurring plant products exhibiting moderate to signiticant antimicrobial activity. 12-demethyl multicauline, a nor diterpene, dehydrocostuslactone, a sesquiterpene and ergosterol-5, 8-endoperoxide, a sterol have been shown to have high activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the 12- demethyl multicauline being the most active. Its activity is comparable to the first line antitubercular drugs. Very prominent similarities have been observed between different classes of terpenes and structure features important for high activity with in each class. Their structure features relating to the activity have been discussed.

The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils

Article

Jan 2013

J. Lawless

Bioactivity of New Zealand medicinal plant essential oils

Article

Aug 1996

In view of the folk-medicinal usage of many New Zealand plants, the bioactivity of a number of commercial essential oils produced from local plants was studied in vitro against 25 different bacterial species, 20 different strains of Listeria monocytogenes and 3 filamentous fungi; the anti-oxidant activity was also determined as well as the pharmacological action on guinea-pig ileum. The family Myrtaceae was represented by samples of steam-distilled wood of Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium J.R.et G.Forst) and Kanuka (Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) J. Thompson) and Leptospermum petersonii Bailey syn. L. citratum from high altitude sites of South Island and the east coast of North Island had different but usually good antibacterial activity with poor antifungal action except for L. citratum, and variable antioxidant action; strong spasmogenic activity was shown by Kanuka, in contrast to a spasmolytic action of Manuka and L. petersonii. Other oils studied included New Zealand grown Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel), Totara (Podocarpus totara G. Benn. ex D. Don, Coniferae), which showed good and poor bioactivity respectively, and two species of Eucalyptus which showed variable results. The bioactivity of all these essential oils was compared against that of common herbs, grown locally.

ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES FROM FLOWERING PLANTS

Article

Feb 1956

Nancy Atkinson

The anti-microbial activity of cloned tea tree oils.

Article

Jan 1999

The Australian Phytochemical Survey: Historical Aspects of the CSIRO Search for New Drugs in Australian Plants

Article

Jan 1992

Lemon scented plants

Article

Dec 2003

A large number of plant species has wonderful citrus scent, or just a pleasant hint lemon fragrance. Leaves, flowers, needles, cones or wood can be the source of original material. Some plants are old favourites, such as lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), lemon thyme (Thymus×citriodorus), lemon mint (Monarda citriodora) and various Citrus species. This review gives a summary of both established and new species on the world market, with detailed description of five more unusual representatives of this group, including the chemicals responsible for the lemon scent.

Relationship between Bioactivity and Chemical Composition of Commercial Essential Oils

Article

Mar 1998
FLAVOUR FRAG J

In order to establish the value of the use of biological activities as accessory criteria (in conjunction with gas chromatography, but in the absence of enantiomeric analysis) for establishing the authenticity of essential oils, the biological activities of 105 commercial essential oils were investigated against 25 species of bacteria, 20 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, and three filamentous fungi; their antioxidant action was also determined and all the results were related to the actual chemical composition of the oils as determined by gas chromatography. The results showed some relationship between the major components and some bioactivities. There was a negative correlation between 1,8-cineole content and antifungal activity. There was, however, great variability between the biological action of different samples of individual oils and groups of oils under the same general name, e.g. lavender, eucalyptus or chamomile, which was reflected in differences in chemical composition, The results suggest that, although the biological activities are not all related to the main components, any significant blending, rectification and adulteration of commercial oils can be monitored by their biological activities. The use of essential oils named simply as ‘chamomile’ or ‘eucalyptus’, or any commercial oil which has been adulterated, cannot be justifiably used in treating medical conditions unless it can be shown that the action is non-specific and independent of the chemical composition. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Control of Chalkbrood Disease with Natural Products

Article

Jan 2003

Horticultural Development of Australian Native Edible Plants

Article

Jan 2000

The Australian native edible plant industry is rapidly expanding. We provide a review of the horticultural research that has been carried out on the top 14 commercially significant Australian native edible plants; Acacia spp. Miller (wattle), Acronychia acidula F.Muell. (lemon aspen), Backhousia citriodora F.Muell. (lemon myrtle), Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Burkill (desert lime) and Microcitrus spp. Swingle (native lime), Hibiscus heterophyllus Vent. and Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (rosella), Kunzea pomifera F.Muell. (muntries), Podocarpus elatus R.Br. ex Endl. (Illawarra plum), Prostanthera spp. La Billardiere (native mint), Santalum acuminatum R.Br. (quandong), Solanum centrale Black (bush tomato), Syzygium leuhmannii F.Muell. (riberry), Tasmannia spp. R.Br. (native pepper), Terminalia ferdinandiana (= T. latipes Benth.subsp.psilocarpa Pedley) (kakadu plum) and Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze (warrigal greens). The research on most of these species has focused on propagation, breeding, cultivation, nutritional value and the isolation of natural products. On none of the species has research been completed in all these areas, and three species have no research published on them. We describe horticultural research on two other commercial species, Backhousia anisata Vickery (aniseed myrtle) and Davidsonia pruriens F.Muell. var. pruriens and var. jerseyana (Davidson's plum), and one species with commercial potential, Pringlea antiscorbutica R.Br. ex Hook.f. (kerguelen cabbage). We identify areas that require further research and issues of concern, such as indigenous intellectual property rights and environmental implications.

Evaluation of Common Antibacterial Screening Methods Utilized in Essential Oil Research

Article

Nov 2003

The use of essential oils as therapeutic agents has become increasingly popular; however, research into the antimicrobial activity of these products has been hampered by the lack of standardized and reliable screening methods. The lack of standardized methods also makes direct comparison of results between studies impossible. In this study, the most commonly used antimicrobial assays cited in the literature were evaluated for reliability and their ability to accurately assess, and directly compare, essential oil antimicrobial activity. The methods used were disc diffusion, well diffusion, agar dilution and broth dilution. This study revealed that the disc diffusion, well diffusion and agar dilution methods were unreliable and produced inconsistent results. This was largely due to problems related to achieving stable dispersion of the oils in aqueous media, diffusion of lipophilic constituents in aqueous media and varying methods for determining numbers of viable bacteria remaining after the addition of the oil. An optimized broth dilution method, using 0.02% Tween 80 to emulsify the oils, was developed and shown to be the most accurate method for testing the antimicrobial activity of the hydrophobic and viscous essential oils. When evaluated against a range of oils, this method provided the most reliable and correct results and allowed direct comparison of the antibacterial activity of the test oils, irrespective of viscosity and hydrophobicity.

Antibacterial substances produced by flowering plants

Article

Oct 1955

Immunology and Cell Biology focuses on the general functioning of the immune system in its broadest sense, with a particular emphasis on its cell biology. Areas that are covered include but are not limited to: Cellular immunology, Innate and adaptive immunity, Immune responses to pathogens,Tumour immunology,Immunopathology, Immunotherapy, Immunogenetics, Immunological studies in humans and model organisms (including mouse, rat, Drosophila etc)

Antifungal Activity of Lemon Grass Oil and Lemon Grass Oil Cream

Article

Nov 1996
PHYTOTHER RES

Lemon grass oil was extracted by steam distillation of wilted leaves of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) cultivated in Thailand. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of this oil and citral against 35 clinical isolates of 4 dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum gypseum) were determined by agar dilution method. It was found that the MIC and MLC of lemon grass oil were higher than those of citral. The most resistant strain was M. gypseum followed by T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and E. floccosum, respectively. The mode of action of lemon grass oil and citral were proven to be fungicidal. The comparative study of the efficacy of cream containing four different concentrations (1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%) of lemon grass oil was performed in vitro by hole diffusion assay. The 2.5% lemon grass oil was demonstrated to be the minimum concentration for preparation of an antifungal cream for subsequent clinical study.

Synergistic antifungal activity of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) and lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil against dermatophyte infection

Article

Mar 2002

The antifungal potential of tea tree and lavender essential oils alone and in combination, against common causes of tinea infection in humans was investigated via in-vitro investigations, in order to determine a suitable dosage for use in clinical trials. The concept of synergy was considered, in the microbiological environment, and as a chemical phenomenon. Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale were studied, as the most prevalent causes of tinea and onychomycosis. Possible chemical interactions between essential oils were examined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and polarimetry. There was a clear antifungal action by both tea tree and lavender essential oils on these organisms grown in culture. In combination, appropriate blends demonstrated synergistic action. No changes in retention times or identified compounds were observed by GC-MS. Alterat ions were found using IR spectroscopy in some combinations of the essential oils. The inconsistency in findings between the two analytical techniques may in part be due to a difference in sensitivities of the techniques or the conditions used in the G C-MS equipment; different column parameters have yet to be trialled. These were time dependent and affected by changing temperature. The measurement of optical rotation was determined to be an inappropriate technique for the study of synergy in essentia l oil mixtures. The data from this study confirm that synergistic action does occur between these two commonly used essential oils in effecting antifungal activity. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that there was no chemical interaction resulting in a new c ompound that could be identified using the analytical equipment in this study. IR analysis supports the suggestion that synergistic action may be dependent upon reaction involving the numerous organic substances present in essential oils. These changes m ay be due to as yet unidentified transient chemical interactions between functional groups within the essential oil mixtures.

Antimicrobial sesquiterpenes from Prostanthera aff. melissifolia and P. rotundifolia

Article

Jul 1994

Aerial material of Prostanthera aff. melissifolia and P. rotundifolia yielded three sesquiterpenes, two known compounds and a novel sesquiterpene, prostantherol. Prostantherol was identified as (rel)-1aα,3aβ,7aα,7bα-decahydro-4β-hydroxy-1,1,4α,7α-tetramethylcyclopropa[a]-naphthalene on the basis of a comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. All three compounds were investigated for antimicrobial activity against phytopathogens.

Antibacterial activity of some essential oil components against five foodborne pathogens

Article

Nov 1995

Antibacterial activity of 11 essential oil constituents against Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Vibrio vulnificus was tested at 5, 10, 15, and 20% in 1% Tween 20 using a paper disk method. Eight constituents were then tested in liquid medium to determine minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC, respectively). V. vulnificus was most susceptible using disk assay. Carvacrol showed strong bactericidal activity against all tester strains, while limonene, nerolidol, and β-ionone were mostly inactive. Carvacrol was highly bactericidal against S. typhimurium and V. vulnificus in liquid medium (MBC 250 μg/mL). Citral and perillaldehyde had MBCs of 100 and 250 μg/mL against V. vulnificus. Terpineol and linalool were least potent against tester strains, with MBCs of 1000 μg/ mL. Citral, geraniol, and perillaldehyde at 500 μg/mL completely killed E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and S. typhimurium, while citronellal at 250 μg/mL killed V. vulnificus. Therefore, these compounds could serve as potential antibacterial agents to inhibit pathogen growth in food.

Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against Listeria monocytogens

Article

Jul 1997

Ninety-three different commercial essential oils were screened for activity against 20 Listeria monocytogenes strains in vitro and the results correlated against the actual chemical composition of each oil. There was a substantial difference in the activity between different essential oils as expected, but there was also a difference in activity between different samples of the same essential oil. Strong anti-Listeria activity was often correlated with essential oils containing a high percentage of monoterpenes, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and sometimes with citronellol, limonene and geraniol. However, as there was often no correlation between the anti-Listeria activity and the main chemical components, it is possible that either there is a more complex relationship with the chemical composition (which includes the minor components) or that substantial adulteration had occurred in some essential oil samples.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts

Article

Jul 1999

FULL TEXT available free from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x/pdf The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of < or = 2.0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0.008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.

A Comparative Study of the in vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Tea Tree Oils s.l. with Special Reference to the Activity of β-Triketones

Article

Sep 2000

The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, kanuka oil and manuka oil as well as of a β-triketone complex isolated from manuka oil were investigated in a constituent-oriented study. The compositions of the oils were analysed by capillary GLC and GLC-MS. The MICs for sixteen different microorganisms were determined applying the broth dilution method. Australian tea tree oil showed the best overall antimicrobial effect. The best inhibitory effects on Gram-positive bacteria and dermatophytes were achieved with manuka oil due to its β-triketone content. Abbreviations MIC:minimal inhibitory concentrationCFU:colony forming unitBHIB:brain heart infusion brothMHB:Müller Hinton brothSDA:Sabouraud dextrose agarSDB:Sabouraud dextrose brothTSA:trypticase soy agarTSB:trypticase soy broth

Bioactivity of Backhousia citriodora : Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

Article

Feb 2003

Backhousia citriodora products are used as bushfoods and flavorings and by the aromatherapy industry. The antimicrobial activity of 4 samples of B. citriodora oil, leaf paste, commercial tea (0.2 and 0.02 g/mL), and hydrosol (aqueous distillate) were tested against 13 bacteria and 8 fungi. Little or no activity was found to be associated with the leaf tea and hydrosol, respectively. Leaf paste displayed antimicrobial activity against 7 bacteria including Clostridium perfringens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a hospital isolate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The 4 essential oils were found to be effective antibacterial and antifungal agents; however, variation was apparent between oils that did not correlate with citral content. The antimicrobial activity of B. citriodoraessential oils was found to be greater than that of citral alone and often superior to Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. B. citriodora has significant antimicrobial activity that has potential as an antiseptic or surface disinfectant or for inclusion in foods as a natural antimicrobial agent.

The effects of lavender (Lavendula angustifolium) baths on psychological well-being: Two exploratory randomized controls trials

Article

Jan 2003
COMPLEMENT THER MED

Neil Morris

Two important aspects of psychological well-being are positive mood state and a positive outlook with respect to the future. This study investigates the use of lavender baths to improve these aspects of psychological well-being. A single blind, randomised control trial. The participants' home and interview rooms at the University of Wolverhampton. Eighty women not receiving treatment for psychological disorders who were staff or students at the University of Wolverhampton. Forty participated in Study 1 and 40 in Study 2. Participants were randomly allocated to use either grapeseed oil or 80% grapeseed oil and 20% lavender oil in their bath for 14 days. In Study 1, the UWIST mood adjective checklist. In Study 2, the MacLeod and Byrne Future Events procedure. In Study 1 psychologically positive mood changes were found after the bathing regimen for energetic arousal, tense arousal, hedonic tone and anger-frustration. Only anger-frustration showed a selective effect for lavender oil. In the second study negative responses about the future were selectively reduced after lavender oil baths. These results are encouraging and suggest further investigation using potential patients may result in the development of a useful procedure for improving psychological well-being.

Antibacterial substances from flowering plants. 3. Antibacterial activity of dried Australian plants by rapid direct plate test

Article

Mar 1956
Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci

N ATKINSON

Chemical and Biological Evaluation of the Essential Oils of Different Melaleuca Species

Article

Jan 2004

The essential oils of the fresh leaves of M. ericifolia, M. leucadendron, M. armillaris and M. styphelioides were isolated by a hydrodistillation method and analysed by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. The essential oil of M. ericifolia contained methyl eugenol (96.84%) as a major constituent, whereas M. leucadendron was rich in 1,8-cineole (64.30%). The essential oil of M. armillaris was rich in 1,8-cineole (33.93%) followed by terpinen-4-ol (18.79%), whereas M. styphelioides was rich in caryophyllene oxide (43.78%) and (-) spathulenol (9.65%). The essential oils of these species possessed antimicrobial and antifungal activities. M. ericifolia exhibited the highest inhibitory effects against Bacillus subtiles and Aspergillus niger. The antiviral activities of the essential oils against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were studied in African green monkey kidney cells (Vero) by a plaque reduction assay. The volatile oil of M. armillaris was more effective as a virucidal (up to 99%) than that of M. leucadendron (92%) and M. ericifolia (91.5%). The effects of the essential oils on the antioxidant system status in carbon tetrachloride treated animals were studied. The essential oil of M. armillaris exhibited a marked antioxidant effect, it improved vitamin E, vitamin C and superoxide dismutase parameters so it can be used as a free radical suppressor.

Lavender Fragrance Cleansing Gel Effects on Relaxation

Article

Mar 2005

Alertness, mood, and math computations were assessed in 11 healthy adults who sniffed a cosmetic cleansing gel with lavender floral blend aroma, developed to be relaxing using Mood Mapping. EEG patterns and heart rate were also recorded before, during, and after the aroma session. The lavender fragrance blend had a significant transient effect of improving mood, making people feel more relaxed, and performing the math computation faster. The self-report and physiological data are consistent with relaxation profiles during other sensory stimuli such as massage and music, as reported in the literature. The data suggest that a specific cosmetic fragrance can have a significant role in enhancing relaxation.

Extracts and constituents of Lavandula multifida with topical anti-inflammatory activity

Article

May 2005
PHYTOMEDICINE

The topical anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol and aqueous extracts from the aerial parts of Lavandula multifida L. (Lamiaceae), used in the Moroccan traditional medicine, was investigated by inhibition of the Croton oil-induced ear edema in mice. The biological assay revealed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity for the ethanol extract, while the aqueous one was less active. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract led to identify four triterpenic acids of oleanane series, four pimarane and one iso-pimarane diterpenes, as well as the phenolic monoterpene carvacrol and its glucoside. Some of these compounds revealed an anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of indomethacin.

The Australian lavender industry. A review of oil production and related products. RIRDC Publication No. 02/ 054. Canberra: RIRDC; 2002 Antibacterial and antifungal survey of plants used in indigenous herbal-medi-cine of south east regions of Iran

Jan 2004
405-12

L Peterson
Shahidi
Bonjar Gh
Karimi S Aghighi
Nik

Peterson L. The Australian lavender industry. A review of oil production and related products. RIRDC Publication No. 02/ 054. Canberra: RIRDC; 2002. Shahidi Bonjar GH, Aghighi S, Karimi Nik A. Antibacterial and antifungal survey of plants used in indigenous herbal-medi-cine of south east regions of Iran. J Biol Sci 2004;4(3): 405–12.

Aspects of antimicrobial activity of terpenoids and the relationship to their molecular struc-ture. In: Annual RACI natural products symposium Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts

Jan 1999
985-90

Griffin S J Markham
Wyllie
Carson Ka Cf Hammer
Riley
Tv

Griffin S, Markham J, Wyllie SG. Aspects of antimicrobial activity of terpenoids and the relationship to their molecular struc-ture. In: Annual RACI natural products symposium, 6 October 2000, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2000. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol 1999;86(6):985–90.

The encyclopedia of essential oils. Melbourne, Australia: Element; 1992. Lis-Balchin M, Deans SG. Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes

Jan 1997
759-62

J Lawless

Lawless J. The encyclopedia of essential oils. Melbourne, Australia: Element; 1992. Lis-Balchin M, Deans SG. Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes. J Appl Microbiol 1997;82:759–62.

Gattefosse's aromatherapy. Essex: CW Daniel Company; 1995. Griffin S. Aspects of antimicrobial activity of terpenoids and the relationship to their molecular structure

Jan 2000

R-M Gattefosse

Gattefosse R-M. Gattefosse's aromatherapy. Essex: CW Daniel Company; 1995. Griffin S. Aspects of antimicrobial activity of terpenoids and the relationship to their molecular structure. PhD thesis. Uni-versity of Western Sydney; 2000.

Double distilled: 34% 1,8-cineole

13% camphor. Double distilled: 34% 1,8-cineole; 17% camphor.

Control of Chalkbrood Disease with Natural Products. Rural Industries Research and Develop-ment Corporation: Canberra Antimicrobial sesquiterpenes from Prostanthera aff. melissifolia and P. rotundifolia

Jan 1994
957-960

Davis C Ward
W Dellar
Cole Md Je
Gibbons Ai S Gray
Waterman

Davis C, Ward W. 2003. Control of Chalkbrood Disease with Natural Products. Rural Industries Research and Develop-ment Corporation: Canberra. Dellar JE, Cole MD, Gray AI, Gibbons S, Waterman PG. 1994. Antimicrobial sesquiterpenes from Prostanthera aff. melissifolia and P. rotundifolia. Phytochemistry 36: 957– 960.

Antimicrobial activity of Australian native mints (Prostanthera spp.)

Jan 2003
551-558

K Naughtin
Jm Wilkinson
Cavanagh

Naughtin K, Wilkinson JM, Cavanagh HMA. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of Australian native mints (Prostanthera spp.). Aust Pharmacist 22: 551–558.

Biological activity of tea tree oil

Jan 1999

Jl Markham

Markham JL. 1999. Biological activity of tea tree oil. In Tea Tree, The Genus Melaleuca, Southwell I, Lowe R (eds).

Food Safety of Three Species of Native Mint Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree products, against Candida spp

Jan 1998
521-595

Fulton A Ka Hammer
Carson Cf Riley
Tv

Fulton A. 2000. Food Safety of Three Species of Native Mint. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. 1998. In-vitro activity of essential oils, in particular Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil and tea tree products, against Candida spp. J Antimicrob Chemother 42: 521–595.

Food Safety of Australian Plant Bushfoods. Rural Research and Development Corporation: Canberra

Jan 2001

Hegarty Mp
Hegarty
Ee

Hegarty MP, Hegarty EE. 2001. Food Safety of Australian Plant Bushfoods. Rural Research and Development Corporation: Canberra.

Dadaliog ˘lu I, Everendiliek GA. Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender (Lavanadula stoechas L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens

Jan 2001
8255-60

Results are presented as mean (±standard deviation) size of zone of inhibition (in mm) including the 6 mm disc. No inhibition was recorded for the water controls. References Catty S. Hydrosols. The next aromatherapy. Vermont: Healing Arts Press; 2001. Dadaliog ˘lu I, Everendiliek GA. Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender (Lavanadula stoechas L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:8255-60.

Aspects of antimicrobial activity of terpenoids and the relationship to their molecular structure

Oct 2000

S Griffin
J Markham
S G Wyllie

Griffin S, Markham J, Wyllie SG. Aspects of antimicrobial activity of terpenoids and the relationship to their molecular structure. In: Annual RACI natural products symposium, 6 October 2000, University of New South Wales, Sydney; 2000.

The Australian lavender industry. A review of oil production and related products. RIRDC Publication No. 02/ 054. Canberra: RIRDC

Jan 2002

L Peterson

Peterson L. The Australian lavender industry. A review of oil production and related products. RIRDC Publication No. 02/ 054. Canberra: RIRDC; 2002.

The next aromatherapy. Vermont: Healing Arts Press

Jan 2001

References Catty
S Hydrosols

References Catty S. Hydrosols. The next aromatherapy. Vermont: Healing Arts Press; 2001.

Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender (Lavanadula stoechas L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens

Jan 2004
8255-8260

I Dadalioglu
G A Everendiliek

Dadalioglu I, Everendiliek GA. Chemical composition and antibacterial effects of essential oils of Turkish oregano (Origanum minutiflorum), bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Spanish lavender (Lavanadula stoechas L.) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) on common foodborne pathogens. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52:8255-60.

Antibacterial activity of essential oils, hydrosols and plant extracts from Australian grown Lavandula spp

Abstract

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