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A Guide to the Freshwater Annelida (Polychaeta, Naidid and Tubificid Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea) of North America
... Sawyer (1972) pointed out the striking similarities of B. michiganensis to P. "phalera" sensu Moore, 1906, with the former differing from the latter in the possession of "five series of slightly raised metameric dots, including a mid-dorsal series. " The only report of B. michiganensis since its original description was by Klemm (1982) who reported collecting several specimens from Emmet County, Michigan, USA. Batracobdella michiganensis was subsequently transferred to the genus Placobdella by Sawyer (1986), to the genus Desserobdella by Barta and Sawyer (1990), and back to the genus Placobdella by Siddall et al. (2005). ...
... Placobdella michiganensis does not have a confusing taxonomic history like many other members of the genus Placobdella as it has only been collected two other times since its description (Klemm 1982;this study). Although similar to other species of the genus Placobdella with a nuchal band-that is, P. cryptobranchii, P. ornata (P. ...
... Placobdella cryptobranchii, P. ornata, and P. translucens have unpigmented genital and anal patches, but P. cryptobranchii has two nuchal bands, two lateral rows of dorsal papillae, and two rows of four pre-anal papillae (Moser et al. 2013) and P. ornata has three rows of dorsal papillae where the medial row is black-tipped and two rows of five pre-anal papillae (Moser et al. 2012). Placobdella translucens has no papillae, two rows of unpigmented spots, and a broken, dark dorsal-medial line (Sawyer and Shelley 1976;Klemm 1982Klemm , 1985. Placobdella picta is differentiated by having six or seven rows of papillae, a dark dorsal-medial line, and no genital or anal patches. ...
Placodella michiganensis (Sawyer, 1972) was originally described from free-living individuals collected from Mill Creek, St. Joseph County, Michigan, USA. The acquisition of contemporary specimens from its type locality has facilitated redescription of P. michiganensis. Placobdella michiganensis does not have a confusing taxonomic history like many other members of the genus Placobdella as it has only been collected two other times since its description. Placodella michiganensis is distinguished from its congeners by its five rows of whitish single-tipped papillae, genital and pre-anal patches, five pre-anal papillae, and absence of a dark dorsal-medial line. Placobdella michiganensis is a morphologically distinct species with a 16.0% to 22.0% difference in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data among congeners.
... In the Leeches of Minnesota, Hemingway (1912) reprinted the description of P. pediculata and provided additional information and figures. Since its original description, this leech has been reported from A. grunniens throughout the midwestern United States, including Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake St. Clair, as well as Maine (Klemm 1985(Klemm , 1991Bur 1994;Wolf et al. 2008). Placobdella pediculata was thought to be an exclusive parasite of A. grunniens (Klemm 1985, 1991) until Schultz et al. (2011 found that two of 112 northern shorthead red-horse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, were infested with P. pediculata. ...
... In the Leeches of Minnesota, Hemingway (1912) reprinted the description of P. pediculata and provided additional information and figures. Since its original description, this leech has been reported from A. grunniens throughout the midwestern United States, including Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake St. Clair, as well as Maine (Klemm 1985(Klemm , 1991Bur 1994;Wolf et al. 2008). Placobdella pediculata was thought to be an exclusive parasite of A. grunniens (Klemm 1985, 1991) until Schultz et al. (2011 found that two of 112 northern shorthead red-horse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, were infested with P. pediculata. ...
... Since its original description, this leech has been reported from A. grunniens throughout the midwestern United States, including Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Wisconsin, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Lake St. Clair, as well as Maine (Klemm 1985(Klemm , 1991Bur 1994;Wolf et al. 2008). Placobdella pediculata was thought to be an exclusive parasite of A. grunniens (Klemm 1985, 1991) until Schultz et al. (2011 found that two of 112 northern shorthead red-horse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, were infested with P. pediculata. Placobdella pediculata is redescribed on the basis of contemporary material collected from freshwater drum in the type locality (Lake Pepin, Minnesota, USA) from which Hemingway (1908) collected specimens. ...
Placobdella pediculata Hemingway, 1908 was originally described from individuals that were attached to Aplodinotus grunniens (freshwater drum) in Lake Pepin, Minnesota, USA. Apparently, no type material was deposited. The acquisition of contemporary specimens from its type host in the type locality facilitated redescription of P. pediculata. Placobdella pediculata is different from its congeners in that its caudal sucker is extended from the body by a pedicel (peduncle), bears digitate processes near the rim of the caudal sucker, a smooth body surface, and its anal placement (few annuli anteriad of the caudal sucker). Molecular comparison of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequence data from P. pediculata revealed differences of 13.8% to 17.4% among congeners.
Placobdella pediculata is a distinct species.
... The species is externally characterized by a dark, dorsomedial stripe interrupted by areas of lighter pigmentation; five dorsal rows of papillae, with heavy secondary papillation, and a distinctive pattern of two rows of three papillae, followed by two pairs of paramedial papillae adjacent to the anus; a repeated marginal alternation of two light-coloured annuli, followed by one dark annulus in mid-body segments; and an unpigmented 'mask' near the two pairs of coalesced eyespots (Moser et al. 2012). Previous observations of P. rugosa, however, demonstrate that these characteristics are not universal: instead, papillation and coloration are highly variable among individuals, more so than in other species of Placobdella (Klemm 1985;Moore 1905;Moser et al. 2012;de Carle et al. 2017;Langer et al. 2018) (see also Figure 1). Furthermore, there has been over a century of taxonomic confusion between P. rugosa and Placobdella ornata (Verrill 1872). ...
... A recent investigation into phylogenetic relationships and species delimitation within the genus Placobdella revealed a lack of phylogeographic structure among the sampled specimens of P. rugosa (de Carle et al. 2017). The nine specimens included in the study displayed significant variation in patterns of dorsal papillation and pigmentation, characters which are commonlyand reliablyused to diagnose congeneric species (Klemm 1985). These specimens were collected from localities in Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Minnesota, North Dakota and Nebraska. ...
... Importantly, notwithstanding rigorous sampling efforts, we have yet to record P. rugosa west of Saskatchewan. Although Placobdella rugosa has been reported from more westerly localities in the United States and Canada (Sawyer 1972;Klemm 1985), these records are likely the result of confusion with a separate, as yet undescribed, species that closely resembles P. rugosa in external appearance (Placobdella sp.1;de Carle et al. 2017). The two species co-exist in Saskatchewan but, westward, P. rugosa appears to be replaced by Placobdella sp. 1 (Kvist, personal observation). ...
Placobdella rugosa has long presented challenges to leech biologists. Its extreme morphological variability and similarity to some congeneric species has confounded classification for over a century. Recent molecular analyses revealed a surprising lack of genetic variation among morphologically disparate, geographically widespread specimens of P. rugosa. Given the lack of any obvious mechanism by which this species could disperse between distant habitats, it was expected that widespread populations would be genetically isolated from each other. In the present study, we investigate the relationship between geographic distance and genetic diversity in P. rugosa using COI sequences from specimens collected across Canada and the United States. Although we find preliminary evidence for a barrier to gene flow between eastern and western collecting localities, our vastly expanded dataset largely corroborates prior studies, showing minimal phylogeographic signal among the sequences and negligible levels of genetic isolation by distance. A recent range expansion following the last ice age and/or host-mediated dispersal are discussed as potential explanations for this unexpected phylogeographic pattern.
... Shelley and Braswell (1981) reported a specimen of P. nuchalis from the left opercular flap of a bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, from Tranters Creek, Beaufort/Pitt County line, North Carolina. Additionally, Klemm (1982) reported P. nuchalis from the chin of a channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from Kentucky Lake near Paris Landing, Henry County, Tennessee, USA, and free-living specimens from the Susquehanna River, Three Mile Island, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, USA, and the Ogeechee and Canoochee Rivers in Georgia, USA. Klemm (1982) also redetermined a specimen from the eye of a common carp, Cyprinus carpio, from the Ohio River in Kentucky, USA, identified by White (1977) as Placobdella parasitica, to be P. nuchalis. ...
... Additionally, Klemm (1982) reported P. nuchalis from the chin of a channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, from Kentucky Lake near Paris Landing, Henry County, Tennessee, USA, and free-living specimens from the Susquehanna River, Three Mile Island, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, USA, and the Ogeechee and Canoochee Rivers in Georgia, USA. Klemm (1982) also redetermined a specimen from the eye of a common carp, Cyprinus carpio, from the Ohio River in Kentucky, USA, identified by White (1977) as Placobdella parasitica, to be P. nuchalis. P. nuchalis seems to be a temporary parasite of freshwater fishes, usually collected free-living, and infrequently collected since its original description. ...
... Placobdella nuchalis is infrequently encountered and known from several localities in the coastal plain of North Carolina and South Carolina (including the type locality), and also known from Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania (Sawyer and Shelley 1976;Klemm 1982Klemm , 1985. This study is the first report of P. nuchalis from Maryland. ...
Placobdella nuchalis Sawyer and Shelley, 1976 was originally described based on specimens from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) and a stream near Ashepoo River in South Carolina, USA, and Merchant's Millpond and Nine Mile Creek in North Carolina, USA. Leeches collected during August 2014 and August 2015 from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) and Merchant's Millpond (paratype locality) facilitated a redescription and molecular characterization of Placobdella nuchalis. Two additional specimens of Placobdella nuchalis were collected on 10 August 2014 from Nassawango Creek, Maryland, USA, representing a state distribution record. Placobdella nuchalis has a brownish green dorsum with a dark medial line interrupted three times by yellow-cream spots, a pair of paralateral rows of unpigmented papillae with adjacent dark green papillae, and a distinct discoid head. Molecular comparison of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO-I) sequence data from a specimen of Placobdella nuchalis from Four Hole Swamp (type locality) revealed a 94.5% similarity to a specimen collected from Merchant's Millpond (paratype locality) and 14.2% to 17.5% differences among other species of Placobdella.
... Leeches were sorted from these samples and brought to the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) for identification and long-term curation. Identification was done according to specialized literature (e.g., Davies 1971Davies , 1973Klemm 1985;Sawyer 1986) and examination of specimens was conducted using a Leica Wild M10 dissecting microscope (Leica Microsystems) fitted with a Spot Flex 15.2 (64 Megapixel) camera (Spot Imaging). Several juvenile individuals proved refractory to morphological identification and, for five of these, molecular identification via DNA barcoding (see Hebert et al. 2003) using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) was attempted; for this purpose, DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing methods followed Phillips et al. (2010). ...
... This species is mod-erate to large in size (up to 100 mm), has gonopores separated by 2 annuli (with large male pore), and 3 pairs of eyes. Erpobdella punctata is abundant throughout southern Canada (Davies 1973;Klemm 1985), but the northernmost limit of its distribution is still unclear. The three specimens were collected from three different ecodistricts: Lower Sachigo River, Wunnumin Lake, and Winisk River. ...
... Erpobdella dubia (Moore and Meyer, 1951) (Fig. 4D) REMARKS: Members of Erpobdella dubia possess a dark, mid-dorsal, longitudinal stripe that immediately sets them apart from most other species of Erpobdella. In addition, the dorsum is often greenish in colour and heavily mottled, gonopores are normally separated by 3½ annuli (2½ and 3 annuli have also been reported; Klemm 1985), and 4 pairs of eyespots are present (2 posterior pairs of labial eyes behind the anterior 2 pairs). A single specimen of Erpobdella dubia was collected from the Lower Sachigo River ecodistrict; one record was also available from the CMN database, collected from "narrows at source of Shell Brook" (Table 1). ...
Leeches have a worldwide distribution, yet numerous geographical regions remain to be adequately surveyed. Here, we present leech species records for one of these regions: the far north of Ontario, Canada. This region is primarily wetland habitat and includes two of Ontario’s three ecozones. Morphological examinations, as well as a single instance of successful DNA amplification with subsequent molecular identification, allowed us to identify representatives of 12 species from two predatory families (Erpobdellidae and Haemopidae) and one parasitic family (Glossiphoniidae) among samples of 130 individuals. To provide a more inclusive list of species records for this remote region, our data were also augmented by 25 largely unpublished collection records (for 102 individuals) from the Canadian Museum of Nature, which revealed the presence of an additional species. We comment on finds of particular interest in our sampling with comparison to relevant literature and provide new distribution data for these species.
... While the five clustering group of UPGMA dendogram covered three Oligochaeta species (such as groups I, III, IV, V and VI), only the group II included two Oligochaeta species. These can be arranged in the following way: the first group (group I); Stylaria lacustris, α-oligohaline freshwater species [34], D. digitata, β-oligohaline freshwater species [34] and Ilyodrilus frantzi, to survive in fairly eutrophic waters as well as under oligotrophic conditions [35], the second group (group II); Lumbriculus variegatus, has very wide ecological valence [36] and Criodrilus lacuum, common in pools [37], the third one (group III); T. tubifex, a cosmopolitan species [38], P. hammoniensis, a freshwater euryhalin form [39] and Potamothrix bedoti, a freshwater form [27], the fourth group (group IV); P. bavaricus, a euryhalin salt form [39], I. templetoni, T. tubifex f. bergi, the fifth group (group V); L. udekemianus, L. hoffmeisteri f. parvus and L. hoffmeisteri, which are cosmopolitan species [40], and lastly the sixth group (group VI); Spirosperma nikolskyi, a oligotrophic species [41], Psammoryctides deserticola, a euryhalin salt form [39], and Ophidonais serpentina, β-oligohaline freshwater species [34]. Two species, Eiseniella tetraedra and L. profundicola, which indicates oligotrophy [42] were not clustered with others. ...
... The most common species is T. tubifex in this study, a cosmopolitan species that is not commonly encountered, is locally abundant in habitats of marginal water quality pristine alpine and subalpine lakes [38], the bottoms of large, unproductive, oligotrophic lakes, grossly polluted and organically enriched sites with low oxygen tensions, and aquatic habitats supporting few other species [59]. In areas with heavy organic pollution, T. tubifex is usually associated with L. hoffmeisteri, where the two species are often the dominant oligochaetes or even the dominant or exclusive benthic invertebrates [59]. ...
... It occurs in a wide variety of surface water habitats, reaching very high abundance in organically enriched areasoften with T. tubifex [61]. L. udekemianus, a cosmopolitan species, is often found in organically polluted waters as well as oligotrophic habitats [38]. This species is often together with L. hoffmeisteri but less numerous [36]. ...
In order to determine habitat preferences of aquatic Oligochaeta in the Lake District area of Turkey, quantitative sampling and measurements of some of the selected physicochemical variables were done seasonally from June 1999 to November 2000. Total of 45 Oligochaeta species were collected from 75 different habitats. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) explained 81% of the correlation among species and environmental variables with about % 32.5 of variance. Influential variables on the species distribution from most to least affective follow as water depth, Secchi depth, pH, dissolved oxygen, elevation, temperature, CaCO3 = , electrical conductivity and salinity. Species were clustered into six groups with Unweighted Pair Group Mean Averages (UPGMA) analyses based on species occurrence. Overall, results suggest that each Oligochaeta species has species-specific habitat preferences although some of them overlap in their requirements.
... These characters are found in several species of glossiphoniid leeches; nevertheless, the concept of P. phalera sensu Moore (1906) has been widely accepted as the name bearer for P. phalera (Meyer and Moore 1954;Sawyer 1972;Davies 1973). P. phalera sensu Moore (1906) was considered to be a widely distributed temporary parasite of fish throughout eastern North America, particularly abundant in the Great Lakes region (Klemm 1982(Klemm , 1985(Klemm , 1991Jones and Woo 1990). The concept of P. phalera sensu Moore (1906) was so firmly established that Sawyer (1972) viewed the Graf (1899) report of P. phalera utilizing stinkpot turtles as questionable. ...
... These characters are found in several species of glossiphoniid leeches; nevertheless, the concept of P. phalera sensu Moore (1906) has been widely accepted as the name bearer for P. phalera (Meyer and Moore 1954;Sawyer 1972;Davies 1973). P. phalera sensu Moore (1906) was considered to be a widely distributed temporary parasite of fish throughout eastern North America, particularly abundant in the Great Lakes region (Klemm 1982(Klemm , 1985(Klemm , 1991Jones and Woo 1990). The concept of P. phalera sensu Moore (1906) was so firmly established that Sawyer (1972) viewed the Graf (1899) report of P. phalera utilizing stinkpot turtles as questionable. ...
... Although there is a large amount of literature documenting the distribution of Placobdella ornata and its junior synonym P. phalera (Sawyer 1972;Klemm 1982Klemm , 1985Klemm , 1991, these reports are based on misidentifications resulting from taxonomic errors associated with these species and are thus considered invalid. The purpose of this study is to clarify the distribution of P. ornata (Verrill, 1872) sensu Moser et al. (2012). ...
The distribution of Placobdella ornata (Verrill, 1872) is unclear as there has been much taxonomic confusion regarding this species. New collections and redetermination of museum specimens revealed 24 new locality records for Placobdella ornata, including the first reports of the species in New York and Rhode Island. Placobdella ornata is now known to occur in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and eastern New York, USA, as well as Belgium (presumably introduced). A specimen from the syntype series of Placobdella ornata (Verrill, 1872) is designated as the lectotype of the species. © 2016 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. All rights reserved.
... Since its original description by Moore (1953), the sanguivorous leech Placobdella multilineata has been reported from 17 species and subspecies of alligators, amphiumas, crocodiles, snakes, and turtles (Moser et al., 2014). Placobdella multilineata occurs throughout the southeastern United States and northward through the Mississippi River valley to Illinois and Iowa (Klemm, 1982(Klemm, , 1985Moser et al., 2014). Although it is a relatively common species, it has not previously been reported from Mississippi. ...
... Uncorrected p distance was calculated using PAUP*. Identification was confirmed with the assistance of taxonomic keys (Klemm, 1982(Klemm, , 1985 and by molecular analysis utilizing the CO-I gene. Voucher specimens of leeches were deposited in the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (YPM IZ 83513). ...
... Although this study represents the first published report of P. multilineata from Mississippi, this documentation is not surprising, as P. multilineata has been reported from the surrounding states of Louisiana (type locality), Arkansas, Tennessee, and Alabama (Moore, 1953;Klemm, 1982Klemm, , 1985Moser et al., 2006). Examination of Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History collections revealed additional specimens of P. multilineata collected from Mississippi: USNM 20024-1 specimen from Lake Cormorant, Mississippi and USNM 40295-2 specimens from Forrest County, Mississippi (3 miles east of Brooklyn). ...
... observation 2006), H. lateromaculata can be distinguished from H. marmorata by comparing the relative size, shape, and orientation of internal organs. For example, H. lateromaculata has a U-shaped male penis sheath (Mathers 1963) and H. marmorata has a longer J-shaped penis sheath (Klemm 1985). ...
... Figure 5 shows the pigmentation patterns of E. punctata in Newfoundland. Specimens of E. punctata from Sites 14 (Avalon Peninsula) and 15 (Burin Peninsula) had a distinct pigmentation pattern not previously noted in the Great Basin (Hovingh 2004) or illustrated by Klemm (1985: Fig.7.97). Some specimens ( Figure 5C) possessed an inner para-medial row which combine across the median and provide an appearance of a single broad dorsal-median strip (the "mid-dorsal form"). ...
... Verrill's (1872) description of Erpobdella obscura strongly resembles some of the Newfoundland and Labrador specimens but there is also a previously unpublished color variation. Klemm (1985) describes the normal appearance of Erpobdella obscura ( Figures 6F, 7B, E, I, J) as "color variable, dorsum greenish-brown, covered with sparse scattered black or light colored blotches, interlacing or irregular spots, or plain (uniform), no striping…" In Newfoundland and Labrador, we found Erpobdella obscura, with a pattern which we call 'ringed' because of horizontal dark pigment in the furrows between the annuli ( Figure 7A, D, F-H). These are remarkably similar to other 'ringed' specimens collected by J. Metcalfe-Smith in the Grand River, Ontario (north of Kitchener) at Winterbourne, Glen Morris, Upper Bellwood, and Elora Gorge ( Figure 6, Table 3). ...
The freshwater leeches (Hirudinida) in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador were investigated by examining the literature, the Canadian Museum of Nature and the United States National Museum of Natural History records, and a leech survey. New pigmentation forms are described for Erpobdella punctata (Leidy) and Erpobdella obscura (Verrill). This is the first published record for Haemopis lateromaculata Mathers in Canada. Four species (Glossiphonia elegans (Verrill), Helobdella modesta (Verrill), Erpobdella punctata, and Erpobdella obscura) were found in both Labrador and Newfoundland with Erpobdella obscura common in Labrador and the other three species common in Newfoundland. Seven other species of leeches were less abundant in Newfoundland with 6 of these species very restricted in distribution. The abundance of leech species in Newfoundland and the paucity of leech species in Labrador suggested that the island species were present in a Pleistocene refugium associated with Newfoundland or the Grand Banks. Post-Pleistocene barriers to leech mobility are examined, and possible timing of colonization events is proposed in this model.
... There are approximately 80 species of leeches known from North America; however, limited data are available on their distribution (Klemm 1985, Sawyer 1986). The leech fauna of the southern United States is particularly understudied with only a few studies in the region (Meyer 1937, Sawyer 1967, Sawyer and Shelley 1976. ...
... The leech fauna of the southern United States is particularly understudied with only a few studies in the region (Meyer 1937, Sawyer 1967, Sawyer and Shelley 1976. Although several new leech species have been described from the southern United States, many have not been found since their original description (Sawyer and Shelley 1976, Johnson and Klemm 1977, Klemm 1985. Little is known about the leech fauna of Arkansas. ...
... In a recent phylogenetic analysis of the genus Helobdella, Siddall and Borda (2003) transferred H. elongata from the genus Gloiobdella. H. elongata is infrequently found, and has a scattered distribution throughout North America, including Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri and Texas (Klemm 1985). This study is the first report of this species from Arkansas. ...
Twenty-one lotic and lentic environments throughout central and northern Arkansas were surveyed for the presence of leeches during June 2004 and April, July - October 2005. Fourteen species of leeches (Helobdella elongata, Helobdella papillata, Helobdella stagnalis, Placobdella cryptobranchii, Placobdella multilineata, Placobdella ornata, Placobdella papillifera, Placobdella parasitica, Placobdella phalera, Placobdella picta, Haemopis marmorata, Erpobdella fervida, Erpobdella microstoma, and Erpobdella punctata) representing 3 families were collected. Five species (H. elongata, P. cryptobranchii, P. multilineata, H. marmorata, and E. fervida) are reported from Arkansas for the first time. The natural history of the 22 species of leeches now known from Arkansas is reviewed.
... Small specimens were identified by pigmentation. Identifications followed original descriptions and taxonomic keys (Mathers 1963;Klemm 1985;Sawyer and Shelley 1976). ...
... There is presently full acceptance of the haemopisine species (Davies 1991;Klemm 1985;Sawyer 1986). The higher classification of leech groupings, and leeches within the Annelida, is presently contentious, however. ...
... POSTERIOR SUCKER. Although the posterior sucker is large (about 3 ⁄ 4 the width of the body) in Haemopis lateromaculata and small (less than 1 ⁄ 2 the width of the body) in H. marmorata (Klemm 1985), the state of body relaxation was highly variable. This variability made the relative size of the posterior sucker to body width rather arbitrary. ...
The geographic range of Haemopis lateromaculata Mathers 1963 (Hirudinea: Haemopidae) is extended across North America. Its distribution in the coastal region of Alaska and British Columbia suggests a coastal Pleistocene refugia separate from the populations in the lower United States and suggests that H. lateromaculata and the Eurasian H. sanguisuga Linnaeus 1758 are sister taxa. Support of me identification and geography is based on the anatomical positions of the reproductive organs in H. lateromaculata and H. marmorata Say 1824. The variations within these species are described, noting that no specific variation was confined to a geographical region.
... Another member of the genus Placobdella with minimal papillation is Placobdella hollensis (Whitman, 1892). Placobdella hollensis is differentiated by its accessory eye spots and has a more restricted distribution (Klemm 1982(Klemm , 1985. On the basis of examination of diverse contemporary material from the type locality (Minnesota), P. parasitica is redescribed and clarified in this study. ...
... Another member of the genus Placobdella with minimal papillation is Placobdella hollensis (Whitman, 1892). Placobdella hollensis is differentiated by its accessory eye spots and has a more restricted distribution (Klemm 1982(Klemm , 1985. On the basis of examination of diverse contemporary material from the type locality (Minnesota), P. parasitica is redescribed and clarified in this study. ...
... On the basis of examination of diverse contemporary material from the type locality (Minnesota), P. parasitica is redescribed and clarified in this study. Placobdella parasitica is common and widely distributed throughout the north-central and eastern United States and southern Canada to Alberta (Sawyer 1972;Klemm 1982Klemm , 1985. Moser, Quelvog and Hovingh (2005) reported P. parasitica from California, surmising that it was introduced. ...
Placobdella parasitica (Say, 1824) was originally described from lakes of the “North-western region.” Leeches collected during May and June, 2012, from Minnesota, USA, the type locality of Hirudo parasitica Say, 1824, were consistent with P. parasitica (Say, 1824) Moore, 1901 as described by Say (1824). The acquisition of these specimens from the type locality facilitated redescription of P. parasitica. A neotype is designated to stabilize the concept of P. parasitica. In contrast to the papillated members of the genus Placobdella, P. parasitica does not have a confusing and problematic taxonomic history. Placobdella parasitica is differentiated from its congeners by its smooth dorsal surface (or sensillae present), simple (medial unpigmented yellow line) to elaborate (medial and paramedial marbled patches) pigmentation, and ventrum with 8 to 12 stripes. Molecular comparison of CO-I sequence data from P. parasitica revealed differences of 14% from Placobdella multilineata, 14% from Placobdella papillifera, 15% to 17% from Placobdella rugosa, 15% from Placobdella ornata and 16% to 17% from Placobdella ali.
... Vol . 4,No.4 from Maine (Rupp and Meyer, 1954;Klemm, 1985) and is the largest species of leech in the Maine fauna, reaching a length of 200 mm. Four species of hirudiniform leeches are thus found in Maine and vicinity and their complete taxonomy is given in Table I. ...
... Both species are fairly large predators (reaching 100 mm) but have generally narrower bodies and contain fewer eyes than hirudiniform leeches. Additionally, the eyes of erpobdelliform leeches are not arranged in an arc-like fashion (see Klemm, 1985Klemm, , 1991a. The key treats only those hirudiniform leeches found in Maine. ...
... The key treats only those hirudiniform leeches found in Maine. For more general keys that include many additional species not found in the region see Klemm (1985Klemm ( , 1991a, Sawyer (1972Sawyer ( , 1986, and Davies (1991). ...
Macrobdella sestertia, a large rare leech, is reported from Maine for the first time. Prior to the Maine specimen, the species was known only from four specimens collected in Massachusetts. Currently, a total of four hirudiniform leech species, including the common but pr~viously unreported Haemopis marmorata, are known from the state and are included in a key to hirudiniform species of Maine.
... As currently understood, P. floridana (Verrill 1874) bears 20-26 monostichodont (single row) teeth per jaw, and is known from southern Florida to coastal North Carolina. P. gracilis Moore, 1901 bears 35-45 partially distichodont (double row) teeth per jaw, and is recorded from the Mississippi drainage, from Louisiana and Arkansas north to southern Illinois, and west to eastern Oklahoma and Texas (Moore 1901, Richardson 1972, Klemm 1982, Klemm 1985, Phillips and Siddall 2005, Moser et al. 2011). However, those from the intermediate states of Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia have been sparsely recorded, and their anatomy and biology remain undescribed. ...
... Based on possessing 23-26 monostichodont teeth, the Okefenokee leeches can be assigned confidently to the southeastern species P. floridana, as currently defined. By way of taxonomic corroboration, specimens of Philobdella collected in the early 1980s from the Jacksonville area, a distance of about 75 km, similarly had 24 monostichodont teeth characteristic of this species (Klemm 1982, Klemm 1985. This is the first record of P. floridana in southeastern Georgia. ...
The Okefenokee Swamp, one of the largest freshwater wetlands in the United States, supports more than 100 known taxa of macroinvertebrates, but no leeches have been recorded heretofore. In this paper, we report the discovery of four individuals swimming in open water during a six-week period in midsummer 2017. Based on characteristic slits and pores of the genital region, and in possessing 23-26 teeth per jaw, they are identified as Philobdella floridana, a species known from swamps from Florida to North Carolina. Low water acidity (pH 3.8-4.7), characteristic of the Okefenokee throughout the year, appears not to limit directly the local distribution of this species. In the Okefenokee, these leeches are also able to withstand prolonged periods of drought. The jaw complex of the Okefenokee leech is diminutive, about 1.0 mm in width, and armed with relatively few teeth, suggestive of a non-sanguivorous diet. Based on limited data, P. floridana appears to be primarily, if not exclusively, macrophagous, especially on wholly ingested oligochaetes, with no evidence of sanguivory. In the Okefenokee Swamp, the gut contents of at least one dissected individual suggest this species can also be an opportunistic scavenger, with evidence of mastication of prey and/or carrion.
... In this context I concur with, and gratefully acknowledge, the much needed revision by Phillips & Siddall (2005) and Moser et al. (2011). As currently understood, this genus consists of two recognized species, P. floridana (Verrill, 1874) which has 20-26 monostichodont teeth on each jaw and currently recorded from south Florida to southeastern North Carolina ; and P. gracilis Moore, 1901, which has 35-45 partially distichodont teeth on each jaw and recorded from the Mississippi drainage system (Moore 1901;Klemm 1982;1985;Phillips & Siddall 2005;Moser et al. 2011;Hogan & Sawyer 2018). ...
... The mouthparts of P. floridana differ significantly from those of the only other member of the genus, P. gracilis Moore, 1901, of the Mississippi drainage system. The latter species has 35-45 "partially distichodont" teeth per jaw (Moore 1901a;Klemm 1982;1985;Phillips & Siddall 2005;Moser et al. 2011). This raises the biological question whether the two species of Philobdella differ also in their feeding habits, as one might expect. ...
The jawed leech Philobdella floridana (Verrill, 1874) occurs widely in swamps of the southeastern United States. The discovery of a population of P. floridana in Lake Phelps, an isolated lake in the Albemarle Peninsula in the Outer Banks region of North Carolina, is by far the northernmost record for this species. Description of the Lake Phelps leech in this paper is the first comprehensive account of the internal anatomy of P. floridana. Comparable internal descriptions of P. floridana from other geographic regions are also presented for the first time. This new understanding of the internal features of this species is the basis of a taxonomic revision of P. floridana. All specimens examined in this study possessed remarkably similar jaws and teeth within the range of 22–26 per jaw, regardless of the size or origin of the leech. All mature specimens possessed external copulatory slits and pores which uniquely characterise the genus Philobdella. This study shows for the first time that these external features are attributable to a complex internal network of gastropores emanating from the crop caeca of the genital segments. Nonetheless, the reproductive anatomy of this species is by far the most rudimentary of any Hirudinidae in North America. A major finding of this study is that the Lake Phelps population differs significantly from other known P. floridana in one significant respect. Specifically, the gut has an intimate anatomical association with the nephridia, an enteronephric feature previously unknown within the Hirudinea. At least in this study, enteronephry may be confined to Lake Phelps, leaving open the possibility that this population of P. floridana may be endemic to this relict lake which has a history of endemicity.
... Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851 (Hirudinea: Piscicolidae) is a common euryhaline leech occurring throughout North American fresh and brackish waters (Sawyer & Shelley, 1976;Klemm, 1985) (Fig. 1). The wide distribution of the species seems to be related to its salinity tolerance: M. lugubris has been collected in water bodies with salinity levels ranging from 0 to 26 ‰ . ...
... This work reports the first evidence of the presence of the leech Myzobdella lugubris in the whole Palearctic: to date, no Myzobdella species were known to occur in this biogeographical region (Peckarsky et al., 1990;Hoffman, 1999, Fofonoff et al., 2018) (see Fig. 1). The anthropogenic introduction of this leech out of its native range was possibly facilitated by its robust mechanisms for natural or anthropogenic passive dispersal (Saglam et al., 2018). ...
In this study, we report the occurrence of the Nearctic leech Myzobdella lugubris in a brackish water body of the Riserva Naturale dello Stato "Le Cesine" (Apulia, Italy). Two specimens of the species were collected in October 2016 from the neck and the forelimbs of a European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis hellenica, and identified both based on morphology and molecular sequence data. In its native range, M. lugubris is known to be a host and vector of bacteria and viruses, among which some serious fish pathogens. In light of the possible noxious ecological effects exerted through pathogen spillover on autochthonous vertebrates, the distribution of the species and its possible role as a vector of pathogens in the invaded area should be urgently monitored.
... T. tubifex is a cosmopolitan species and it is tolerant against organic pollution and lack of oxygen (Klemm 1985;Timm 1999;Yıldız and Balık 2005). According to Milbrink (1983), this species occurs in those environments where competition or predation is weak. ...
... L. udekemianus is a cosmopolitan species and is mostly found in organically polluted waters as well as oligotrophic habitats (Klemm 1985). This species was found in winter at the second and third stations in this study. ...
Sakarya Nehir havzası;
yukarı, orta ve aşağı (Karasu) olmak üzere üç bölüme ayrılır. Bu çalışma Aşağı
Sakarya (Karasu) Nehri’nde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Akarsu üzerinde dört istasyon
seçilmiş ve bu istasyonlardan Ocak 2008-Ekim 2008 tarihleri arasında mevsimsel
periyotlarla Oligochaeta örnekleri toplanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, Oligochaeta
sınıfına ait sekiz tür bulunmuştur. Bu türler Naididae familyasından ve
Tubificinae (Tubificoid Naidid) alt familyasındadır [Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
Claparède, 1862; Limnodrilus
udekemianus Claparède, 1862; Limnodrilus claparedeianus Ratzel,
1868; Potamothrix hammoniensis (Michaelsen,
1901); Psammoryctides deserticola (Grimm, 1877); Tubifex
blanchardi Vejdovsky, 1891; Tubifex
ignotus (Stolc, 1886); Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774)].
Ayrıca çalışmada, kirlilik indikatörü olarak bilinen Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri ve Tubifex tubifex
türlerinin nehirde baskın olduğu gözlenmiştir.
... Tubifex tubifex is the most dominant organism in Lake Kovada, and this species reached maximum dominance in this lake. Tubifex tubifex is a cosmopolitan spe-cies [13,34]; along with this, it has been reported to be more tolerant against organic pollution and lack of oxygen [22,24]. It is mainly known as a species characteristic of heavily polluted waters, where it can reach very high densities [35]. ...
... In the CCA, it was seen that these species were also found in the areas that have more O 2 content. These species being cosmopolitans can be thought to be the reason of this [13,34]. ...
In order to determine the relationships between aquatic Oligochaeta and larval Chironomidae assemblages (species and individual numbers) and environmental variables, sam-pling was made at 9 different stations of Kovada Channel and its linked lakes (Lake Eğirdir and Lake Kovada) at monthly intervals during 1 year, between July 2010 and June 2011. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to characterize the relationships between Oligochaeta-Chironomidae fauna and the environmental variables. As a result, 23 taxa belonging to Oligochaeta and 20 taxa to Chironomidae were determined. Also, it was found that the main environmental parameters influencing composition of organisms were NO 3 -N, ∑P, BOD, and DO. Stations were clustered using the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) based on organisms of Oli-gochaeta and Chironomidae. Stations 7 and 9 were found to be most similar to each other. According to Shannon-Weaver and Simpson diversity indices, station 5 (located at Kovada Channel) was found to have the highest diver-sity while station 1 (located at Lake Eğirdir) had the low-est one. The evaluation of the data obtained from the stations revealed that Lake Eğirdir is mesotrophic while Kovada Channel and Lake Kovada are eutrophic according to the indicator species pointed out.
... four pairs of eyes arranged in two parallel rows; Oosthuizen and Davies 1993), and later corroborated using specialised literature (e.g. Klemm 1985;Sawyer 1986;Oosthuizen and Davies 1993) following in-depth morphological analyses. External colouration patterns, number of annuli between gonopores, and the shape and size of reproductive structures were important characters for identifying specimens to the species level. ...
i>Theromyzon Philippi, 1867 is a genus of sanguivorous, freshwater leeches in the family Glossiphoniidae. The genus is broadly distributed across the globe, possibly due to the frequent feeding in the nasopharyngeal cavities of migratory waterfowl that may allow for long distance dispersal. The genus has a history of taxonomic confusion resulting from mischaracterisations of key morphological features of type specimens that have produced several re-descriptions and synonyms. Here, we bring partial order to this confusion through robust morphological investigations of newly collected North American (and a single South American) specimens, representing most of the known species diversity from this continent. We also produce the first species-level phylogeny for Theromyzon and attempt to understand species boundaries regarding both morphology and genetics. Our results demonstrate that there are at least five species of Theromyzon present in North America ( T. bifarium , T. tessulatum , T. rude , T. trizonare , and a clade that needs further investigation), and a hitherto undescribed taxon that does not conform to any previously published description, and represents a unique lineage in the phylogeny; we describe this new species under the name Theromyzon tigris sp. nov. This study sheds light on the discriminatory power of select morphological characters and the distribution of phenotypes within the genus. We also provide a comprehensive classification framework for the known species within the genus designed to facilitate identification and minimise future taxonomic confusion.
... four pairs of eyes arranged in two parallel rows; Oosthuizen and Davies 1993), and later corroborated using specialised literature (e.g. Klemm 1985;Sawyer 1986;Oosthuizen and Davies 1993) following in-depth morphological analyses. External colouration patterns, number of annuli between gonopores, and the shape and size of reproductive structures were important characters for identifying specimens to the species level. ...
... For identification, all measurements were carried out using a scaled ruler on a binocular microscope according to [21,22]. Adult worms were chosen, "Adult females" are defined as individuals possessing microscopically visible coelomic gametes. ...
The polychaete annelids (family nereidae) are abundant in intertidal zone. These animals have potential to accumulate and tolerate some toxic metals in their tissues. In the present study, the four heavy metals; Mn, Pb, Cd and Cu in the whole body of the polychaete worm Nereis succinea sampled from two areas were measured. The concentration of heavy metals determined for individuals inhabited both studied sites has confirmed the potential of the selected worm to accumulate heavy metals from ambient habitat. On the other hand, histopathological investigations have clarified that the granular deposition of heavy metals within tissues of N. succinea was related to the degree of heavy metals loads from site to another.
... Prior to DNA extraction, leeches were identified using specialized literature (Klemm, 1985;Sawyer, 1986;Oceguera-Figueroa, 2020). Leeches were sterilised with a 10% bleach solution after both ends of the body were closed with tweezers to avoid bleach entering the leech and then rinsed with distilled water and stored individually in absolute ethanol in 2 ml Eppendorf or 15 ml Falcon tubes. ...
Leeches play important roles in food webs due to their abundance, diversity and feeding habits. Studies using invertebrate‐derived DNA (iDNA) extracted from leech gut contents to target vertebrate DNA have focused on the Indo‐Pacific region and mainly leveraged the leech family Haemadipsidae, composed of bloodfeeding terrestrial leeches, while predatory, fluid/tissue‐feeding and aquatic bloodfeeding species have been largely disregarded. While there is some general knowledge regarding the taxonomic groups that leeches prefer to feed on, detailed taxonomic resolution is missing and, therefore, their potential use for monitoring animals is unknown. In this study, 116 leeches from 12 species (six families) and spanning the three feeding habits were collected in Mexico and Canada. We used DNA metabarcoding to investigate their diet and assess their potential use for biodiversity monitoring. We detected vertebrates from five orders including fish, turtles and birds in the diet of aquatic bloodfeeding leeches; eight invertebrate orders of annelids, arthropods and molluscs in leeches that feed on body fluids and tissues; and ten orders of invertebrates belonging to Arthropoda and Annelida, as well as one vertebrate and one parasitic nematode, in predatory leeches. These results show the potential use of iDNA from aquatic bloodfeeding leeches for retrieving vertebrate taxa, and from predatory and fluid‐feeding leeches for invertebrates. Our study provides information about the dietary range of freshwater leeches and one terrestrial leech and contributes proof‐of‐concept for the use of these leeches for animal monitoring, expanding our knowledge of the use of iDNA from leech gut contents to North America.
... Prior to DNA extraction, leeches were identified using specialized literature (Klemm, 1985;Sawyer, 1986;Oceguera-Figueroa, 2020). Leeches were sterilised with a 10% bleach solution after both ends of the body were closed with tweezers to avoid bleach entering the leech, and then rinsed with distilled water and stored individually in absolute ethanol in 2 ml Eppendorf or 15 ml Falcon tubes. ...
Leeches play important roles in food webs due to their abundance, diversity and feeding habits. Studies using invertebrate-derived DNA (iDNA) extracted from leech gut contents to target vertebrate DNA have focused on the Indo-Pacific region and mainly leveraged the leech family Haemadipsidae, composed of haematophagous terrestrial leeches, while the aquatic haematophagous, liquidosomatophagous and macrophagous counterparts have largely been disregarded. While there is general knowledge regarding the taxonomic groups that leeches prefer to feed on, detailed taxonomic resolution is still missing and therefore, their potential use for monitoring animals is not known. In this study, 116 non-haemadipsid leeches belonging to 12 species and spanning the three feeding habits were collected in Mexico and Canada. We used DNA metabarcoding to investigate their diet and assess their potential use for vertebrate monitoring. We detected vertebrate taxa from five orders including fish, turtles and birds in the diet of the aquatic haematophagous leeches; eight invertebrate orders of annelids, arthropods and molluscs in the liquidosomatophagous leeches; and ten orders of invertebrates belonging to Arthropoda and Annelida, as well as one vertebrate and one parasitic nematode, in the macrophagous leeches. These results show the potential use of iDNA from the gut content of aquatic haematophagous leeches for retrieving vertebrate taxa, and from macrophagous and liquidosomatophagous counterparts for invertebrates. Our study provides information about the dietary range of the freshwater leeches and the non-haemadipsid terrestrial leech and proof-of-concept for the use of non-haemadipsid leeches for animal monitoring, expanding our knowledge of the use of iDNA from leech gut contents to North America.
... Placobdella specimens used in this study were collected between 2015 and 2018 from sites across Canada (Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) and the USA (Minnesota and Nebraska) (see Fig. 1; Table 1). Species identifications were based on specialized taxonomic literature (Klemm, 1985;Sawyer, 1986;Moser et al., 2012aMoser et al., , b, 2013aMoser et al., , b, c, 2014. Leeches were collected from various substrates, from under rocks, on floating vegetation or wood, swimming in water, feeding on prey, or attached to collectors. ...
Blood-feeding leeches of the genus Placobdella have acquired intracellular alphaproteobacterial endosymbionts of the genus Reichenowia that potentially aid in the production of B vitamins, thereby ameliorating the lack of these essential nutrients in the diet of the hosts. For Placobdella associates, little is still known about the diversity, genetic makeup, and the mode of transmission of bacteria between leeches. We aimed to (i) place the bacterial symbionts in a phylogenetic context, (ii) compare patterns of cladogenesis between the bacteria and hosts to search for evidence of co-speciation, and (iii) explore the mode of bacterial transmission between leech parent and offspring. DNA sequencing of the bacterial 16S rDNA and 23S rDNA loci suggests that, whereas Reichenowia forms a monophyletic group within the alphaproteobacterial family Rhizobiaceae, no evidence for co-speciation between hosts and bacteria can be traced. Attempts at DNA amplification for ovarial tissues were negative for a range of species, but two 16S rDNA sequences retrieved from the testisacs of P. rugosa showed very high similarity with Reichenowia. Although we cannot rule out that this may be a contamination, or a different, potentially free-living species of bacteria, our results may indicate that Reichenowia is transferred from leech parent to offspring via the testisacs.
... Prior to DNA extraction, leeches were identified using specialized literature (Klemm, 1985;Sawyer, 1986;Oceguera-Figueroa, 2020). Leeches were sterilised with a 10% bleach solution after both ends of the body were closed with tweezers to avoid bleach entering the leech and then rinsed with distilled water and stored individually in absolute ethanol in 2 ml Eppendorf or 15 ml Falcon tubes. ...
... Aliquots of whole blood and plasma prepared by centrifugation were stored frozen (À80 C) until toxicology analysis was performed (up to 197 d later). We identified ectoparasites to the species level by morphologic analysis using taxonomic keys (Klemm 1982(Klemm , 1985Moser et al. 2016). ...
The Bronx River in Bronx, New York spans an area of significant human development and has been subject to historic and ongoing industrial contamination. We evaluated the health of free-ranging native common snapping turtles ( Chelydra serpentina) and nonnative invasive red-eared sliders ( Trachemys scripta) in a segment of the Bronx River between May and July 2012. In 18 snapping turtles and nine sliders, complete physical examinations were performed, ectoparasites collected, and blood was analyzed for contaminants (mercury, thallium, cadmium, arsenic, lead, selenium, oxychlordane, alpha-chlordane, dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [DDD], dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], polychlorinated biphenyls). Complete blood counts and the presence of hemoparasites were determined in 16 snapping turtles and nine sliders. Swabs of the choana and cloaca were screened for ranavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, and Mycoplasma spp. by PCR in 39 snapping turtles and 28 sliders. Both turtle species exhibited bioaccumulation of various environmental contaminants, particularly organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyls. Molecular screening revealed a unique herpesvirus in each species. A Mycoplasma sp. previously isolated from emydid turtles was detected in red-eared sliders while a unique Mycoplasma sp. was identified in common snapping turtles. Ranaviruses and adenoviruses were not detected. Our study established a baseline health assessment to which future data can be compared. Moreover, it served to expand the knowledge and patterns of health markers, environmental contaminants, and microorganisms of free-ranging chelonians.
... Equally prone to hitchhiking, the freshwater leech Placobdella parasitica (Say, 1824) (Annelida: Rhynchobdellida: Glossiphoniidae) is ectoparasitic on a wide range of freshwater turtles (Davy et al. 2009). The species feeds exclusively on blood from its hosts, and its known geographic range stretches from southern Canada in the north, to Texas, USA in the south (Klemm 1985;Sawyer 1986;Dodd Jr. 1988;Davy et al. 2009). According to historical and contemporary accounts (Sawyer 1986;Dodd Jr. 1988;Brooks et al. 1990;Ryan and Lambert 2005;Davy et al. 2009), P. parasitica is chiefly encountered attached to its hosts, suggesting that the host may limit its dispersal capabilities. ...
We report two new, curious records of freshwater worms collected in the Panama Canal, Panama: the ribbon worm, Apatronemertes albimaculosa Wilfert and Gibson, 1974, and the leech, Placobdella parasitica (Say, 1824). Identification of these specimens relied on morphological examinations and, more heavily, on molecular barcoding using the mitochondrial COI locus. Both phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses were employed to robustly establish the identities of the specimens. Whereas the native range of A. albimaculosa is currently unknown, P. parasitica was first described from Minnesota, USA and is possibly native to southern Canada and most of the USA. Neither species has previously been recorded from Central America. We briefly discuss possible scenarios for the dispersal of both species, and conclude that the introduction of P. parasitica into Panamanian waters was likely human-mediated in association with the introduction of its turtle host. Insofar as ours is the first record of wild-caught A. albimaculosa worldwide, we do not exclude the possibility of Panama being within the native range of the species. However, it is also possible that the species has been transported with ballast water into the Panama Canal; a relatively common phenomenon.
... They spend most of their life on brackish water teleost species, especially white catfish, Ictalurus catus, flathead grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, flounder Paralichthys spp. and Fundulus spp., and are distributed broadly throughout North America ( Becker et al. 1966;Sawyer 1972;Sawyer and Shelley 1976;Becker and Dauble 1979;Klemm 1972Klemm , 1985Schramn et al. 1981;Williams et al. 1994;Font 2003) with any sympatric fish species considered a potential host ( Moser et al. 2006); reported fish host species are listed by Meyer (1940), Sawyer (1986) and Klemm (1982, 1995). Synonymous leech species include Illinobdella alba, I. elongata, I. richardsoni, I. moorei, Ichthyobdella rapax, Cystobranchus virginicus, and Myzobdella moorei ( Sawyer et al. 1975). ...
Myzobdella lugubris is a commensal leech on crustaceans and a parasite to fishes, surviving predominantly in brackish waters throughout North America. Specimens in this study were collected within the tidal zone of the Delaware River basin (New Jersey and Pennsylvania). To compare regional M. lugubris specimens, defined characters were scored after dorsal and ventral dissections, and phylogenetic relationships were resolved using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), 12S ribosomal RNA (rDNA) and 18S rDNA gene fragments. Variance between regional populations was low, suggesting recent dispersal events and/or strong evolutionary constraints. The reproductive biology of M. lugubris was explored by quantitative analysis of secreted cocoons. Specimens produced 32.67 ± 4.50 cocoons with fertilization ratios of 88.1% and hatching times of 48 ± 7 days at 17°C under laboratory conditions. At 22°C, 46 ± 28 cocoons were produced with fertilization ratios of 70.27% and hatching times of 28 ± 5 days. Surprisingly, each cocoon supported only one embryo, which is unusual among oligochaetes.
... Several leech species in the family Glossiphoniidae (including H. papillata) are known associates of freshwater mollusks, feeding primarily if not exclusively on mollusks (Sawyer 1986). Several species in the oligochaete genus Chaetogaster (most commonly, Chaetogaster limnaei von Baer) are often collected from pulmonate snails (externally, from within the mantle cavities, around the apertures, and as parasites in the kidneys; Klemm 1985), from unionid bivalves (externally and from within the mantle cavities; Anderson and Holm 1987, Beckett et al. 1996, Kelly 1988, and occasionally from freshwater sponges, bryozoans, and crayfishes (Sawyer 1986;Stephenson 1930;Wetzel et al. 2009; M.J. Wetzel, pers. observ.). ...
Benthic macroinvertebrates were washed from nearly 1000 federally endangered freshwater mussels that had been collected from Pennsylvania during a reintroduction project to 2 eastern Illinois streams. Most benthic macroinvertebrates collected were larvae of the Neophylax fuscus, but other caddisflies and segmented worms were also observed. No unoccupied caddisfly cases were observed on live mussels, leaving open the question as to the seasonal fate of these microhabitats after caddisflies pupate and emerge in the fall each year. Unionid mussel shells might modify local-scale species diversity by influencing physical and hydraulic properties of microhabitats.
... To date, the only species of leech reported from the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1802) Cuvier, 1807 is Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953. Placobdella multilineata is a generalist parasite of reptiles having been reported from turtles, snakes, and alligators from throughout the southeastern United States and Mississippi River Valley as far north as Illinois and Iowa (Klemm 1985;Moser, Richardson, McAllister, et al. 2014). In addition, Saumure and Doody (1998) reported two specimens of P. multilineata from a three-toe Amphiuma, Amphiuma tridactylum Cuvier, 1827 from Louisiana. ...
To date, the only species of leech reported from the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis is Placobdella multilineata. Seven specimens of a previously undescribed species of Placobdella were collected from the feet and lower jaw of a single female alligator from the Pascagoula River Wildlife Management Area, George County, Mississippi. The new species was named Placobdella siddalli Richardson & Moser, sp. n., in honor of the contributions of Dr. Mark Siddall to our understanding of the biology of leeches. Placobdella siddalli Richardson & Moser is similar to other papillated members of the genus Placobdella, but differs from Placobdella ali Hughes & Siddall, 2007, Placobdella rugosa (Verrill, 1874), Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953, and Placobdella papillifera (Verrill, 1872) in coloration, papillation, ventral striping, and in the possession of a relatively large caudal sucker. In addition, molecular comparison of 626 nucleotides of CO-I between the new species and other papillated leeches (P. ali, P. multilineata, Placobdella ornata, P. papillifera, P. rugosa) revealed interspecific differences of 14.0–18.0% (88–113 nucleotides).
... Toplamda 48 birey bulunan bu grup diptera faunasından sonra gölde en fazla birey sayısına sahip 2. grup olmuştur. Bu gruptaki canlılar kozmopolit türlerdir ve oligotrofik habitatlarda olduğu kadar organik olarak kirli ortamlarda bulunurlar (Klemm, 1985). ...
... Hemen her mevsim ve her türlü sularda bol miktarda bulunabilmeleri nedeniyle, yüzey sularının biyolojik incelenmesinde kullanılan en önemli ve en uygun canlı gruplarından birisi de Oligoketlerdir (Loden, 1974;Klemm, 1985). Aynı zamanda biyoindikatör canlılar olduklarından, özellikle de bazı omurgasız grupları ile birlikte (Chironomidae ve Gastropoda) değerlendirildiklerinde, bulundukları ekosistem hakkında kimyasal metotlardan çok daha ucuza gelen doğru sonuçlar verebilmektedirler (Kökmen, 2006). ...
... Additional references:Pettibone (1971), Hartmann-Schröder (1977,Klemm (1985),León-González & Solís Weiss (1997),León-González et al. (1999) Tylonereis fauveli Southern Tylonereis fauveliSouthern, 1921 Ecology: FT Distribution: OL Habitat: ES Additional references:Wesenberg-Lund (1958) ...
An annotated checklist and bibliography of 197 species(representing 78 genera and 26 families) of non-marine polychaetes of the world is presented, including synonymies, information on ecology, distribution, habitat, and references to the taxonomic and biological literature. Over half(57%) of the checklist species are represented by just three families as follows: Nereididae(61 species including Namanereis, Namalycastis, Neanthes and Hediste), Aeolosomatidae(27 species, mostly Aeolosoma) and Sabellidae(24 species including Caobangia and Manayunkia). Other well-represented taxa are the epizoic histriobdellid Stratiodrilus(11 species), the inland-sea-specialist ampharetid Hypania and related genera(5 species), and the freshwater-tolerant spionid Marenzelleria(5 species). One new combination is proposed for the nereidid Nereis tenuipalpa Pflugfelder, 1933, viz. Paraleonnates tenuipalpa n. comb.
... They are most abundant along the shallow vegetated shoreline. Different leech families may feed on various hosts, with the Haemopidae, Erpobdellidae, and the Salifidae acting as predators of macroinvertebrates and zooplankton; Macrobdellidae as bloodsucking ectoparasites of freshwater and terrestrial amphibians and mammals, amphibian egg consumers, or predators of macroinvertebrates; Glossiphoniidae as predators of macroinvertebrates or temporary ectoparasites of amphibians, birds, fish, mammals or turtles; and Piscicolidae and Acanthobdellidae as parasites of fish and occasionally attached on crustaceans (Klemm, 1982(Klemm, , 1985Sawyer, 1986). The full distribution of most leech species is unknown. ...
An updated and revised account of the systematics, phylogenetic relationships, distribution and diversity of leeches (Hirudinida) and acanthobdellids found throughout the world is included in this chapter. In addition, information on the external and internal anatomy, physiology, reproduction and life history, ecology, and behavior of these animals is included to give a broad understanding of how leeches and acanthobdellids are constructed and how they fit into the ecosystems that they inhabit. Much of the current chapter is based on work published in the Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates (Davies and Govedich 2001; Govedich et al. 2010) and on the work of Ron Davies and others.
... Tubifex cinsi üyeleri genellikle organik madde bakımından zengin olan ortamların ve ötrofiye yakın şartların indikatör türleridir. Nitekim çalışmamızda dominant tür olarak karşımıza çıkan, aslında kozmopolit ama çok sık rastlanılmayan bir tür olan Tubifex tubifex, lokal olarak marjinal sularda boldur; örneğin, bozulmamış Alpin şartlarda ve göllerde (Klemm,1985), büyük, verimsiz ve oligotrofik göllerin bentosunda, yüksek oranda kirlenmiş ve düşük oksijen konsantrasyonlarının bulunduğu organik maddenin zengin olduğu ortamlarda bulunur (Brinkhurst, 1996). Bu çalışmada bulunduğu göller Doğu Kızılırmak Deltası'ndaki Bafra lagün gölleridir. ...
ZET Bu çalışmada, Türkiye kıyılarındaki lagünlerin yönetim ve geliştirme stratejileri ve ıslahı konusunda yapılan proje kapsamında, 1995 ve 1996 yıllarında ülkemizdeki bazı lagünlerden toplanan bentik örnekler kullanılmıştır. Petersen Grab (0,04 m 2) ile alınan çamur örneklerinin 0,5 mm göz açıklığındaki elekten geçirilmesi ile elde edilen bentik materyal %4'lük formalin solüsyonunda fikse edilmiştir. Oligoket örnekleri laboratuarda bol su ile yıkandıktan sonra %70'lik alkolde saklanmıştır.
... 2000). L. hoffmeisteri ve T. tubifex kozmopolitan türlerdir ve oligotrofik habitatlarda oldu¤u kadar organik olarak kirli ortamlarda da s›k s›k bulunurlar (Klemm 1985). Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, birçok habitatta, özellikle kirli bölgelerde, en yayg›n olan tubificidtir. ...
... Nevertheless, the contemporary concept of the species as articulated by Meyer and Moore (1954), based on specimens from Manitoba, Canada, is relatively well established, and thus the name is retained and a neotype designated to stabilize the concept of P. papillifera. Placobdella papillifera seems to be broadly distributed across the eastern United States (Sawyer 1972;Klemm 1985). We have confirmed specimens of P. papillifera both morphologically and molecularly from New York (YPM IZ 058276), Connecticut (YPM IZ 058240-058245, 058270, 058271, 058284-058289, 058292, 058318-058320, 058352, 059065, 059070-059071, USNM 1193654-1193655), Massachusetts (YPM IZ 058305) and New Hampshire (YPM IZ 058316). ...
The identification and taxonomy of Placobdella papillifera (Verrill, 1872) Moore, 1952 have been blurred by its varieties and have been compounded by the apparent lack of type material. Leeches collected from May 2008 through August 2012 from West River, New Haven, New Haven County, Connecticut, the type locality of Clepsine papillifera Verrill, 1872, were consistant with P. papillifera (Verrill, 1872) Moore 1952 as described by Verrill (1872). The acquisition of these specimens from the type locality facilitated redescription of P. papillifera. A neotype is designated to stabilize the concept of P. papillifera. Placobdella papillifera appears to exhibit relatively low host specificity, having been documented on Chrysemys picta, Chelydra serpentina, Sternotherus odoratus and Homo sapiens in this study. Molecular comparison of CO-I sequence data from P. papillifera revealed differences of 15% from Placobdella ornata, 16% from P. rugosa, 18% from P. ali, 17% from P. multilineata and 14% from P. parasitica.
... There are 22 recognized species of the genus Placobdella occurring in North America and Europe (Sawyer, 1986;López-Jiménez and Oceguera-Figueroa, 2009;Moser et al., 2012b). Species of the genus Placobdella Blanchard, 1893 are ectoparasitic on alligators, birds, fish, frogs, mammals, salamanders, and turtles (Klemm, 1982;1985;Sawyer, 1986;Moser et al., 2008;Bielecki et al., 2012). The genus Placobdella includes opportunistic generalists such as Placobdella parasitica (Say, 1824), where any turtle is considered a potential host (Moser et al., 2005), as well as specialists like Placobdella pediculata Hemingway, 1908, known only from Aplodinotus grunniens (freshwater drum) and Moxostoma macrolepidotum (northern shorthead redhorse sucker) (Wolf et al., 2008;Schulz et al., 2011). ...
Placobdella sophieae Oceguera-Figueroa et al., 2010 (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae) is reported from Oregon, California, and British Columbia for the first time. New hosts reported for P. sophieae include Taricha granulosa (rough-skinned newt), Rana pretiosa (Oregon spotted frog), and Anaxyrus boreas (western toad). Placobdella sophieae exhibits relatively low host specificity and all amphibians occurring in the Pacific Northwest are potential hosts.
... The family Naididae is considered as one of the most important of aquatic oligochaetes (Arslan and Sahin, 2003). Their individuals are feeding on debris as Specaria josinae or on algae like the species Amphichaeta americana and some of them are carnivorous or parasitic (Klemm, 1985 ;Mackie, 2001 ;Bely and Wray, 2004). ...
Individuals of the two species of oligochaetes: Pristina longiseta and P. macrochaeta were identified from samples of bryophyta from shallow water areas at Al-Assafia creek which is connected to Shatt Al-Arab River. This is the first report of the two species in Iraq. The characteristic features of the two species were studied, the first important of these is the presence of dorsal setae, from the second segment in P. longiseta and from the fourth segment in P. macrochaeta. The setae of the third segment in P. longiseta are longer than the others and called giant setae. There is a conspicuous Prostomium which extends to form proboscis. Reproduction is by transverse fission which is called Paratomy.
ABSTRACT
The western North America leech distributions was studied to assess this aquatic fauna diversity in widely dispersed and arid habitats during the last 10 Ka (thousand years). The leech distributions today may also reflect habitats some 10 Ma (million years) ago, with different drainages, climate, and topography, lacking precise geological events for leech barrier crossings, and correlated with other aquatic fauna distributions.
Western North America fish species have been extensively studied to determine aquatic connectivity among these dispersed habitats. The recession of the last continental glacier (10 – 15 Ka) revealed colonization from the southern Mississippi River to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and from the Columbia River and the Mackenzie River to British Columbia coastal drainages. The leeches, as fish, illustrate similar colonization of these same post-glacial habitats. Each regional section discusses the regions geology, the geological effects on aquatic fauna, and the geological effects on the leech distributions.
This study examines the geological processes to understand more ancient distributions as applied to mollusks and fish. The most classic is the Pliocene and Miocene “Fish hook” distribution between Bonneville Basin and Snake River and the western Great Basin and Pacific Coast drainages. Equally old as the “Fish hook”distributions, the southern route includes the western Great Plains, Rio Grande River and northern Mexico through southern Arizona to southern California. The Bonneville Basin, Snake River, and upper Green River was intertwined with aquatic colonization by fish with selective barriers for the fish host with mussel glochidia. The leech distributions are similar to the fish and mollusk distributions, with different sets of selectivity. Within the late Miocene time, the upper Colorado River adjoined the Gulf of California through the Grand Canyon, the upper Green and the lower Green through the Uinta Range, and the Snake adjoined the Columbia River.
With purported leech fossils found in Jurassic Europe and Silurian North America, one can suggest that leeches at one time or another have been on every continent, their distribution is a result of continental drift. Sister taxa have distributions with genetic based clade distributions on Euro-North American (Erpobdellidae) and South-North America (Helobdella) continents, suggesting isolation by continental separations. The present leech populations and distributions are a result of geological and climatic changes, with widespread abundant populations, widespread and restrictive populations, and populations isolates with possible extinctions.
The leech distributions will be discussed within these geological patterns. Leech taxonomy and Nearctic continental distributions are discussed in Section I. Postglacial mobility of the leeches to high elevations (Section II) and into northwest North America (Section III) are discussed. Section IV describes the western United States drainage basins distributions: the United States Pacific Coast and Columbia-Snake Rivers drainages (Section IVA), the Great Basin (Section IVB), the Colorado River basin (Section IVC), and the western Great Plains (Section IVD). Each section will have a discussion of the how geography and geology has affected aquatic fauna distribution. A summary discussion (Section V) of western United States leeches concludes this paper, illustrating the different distributional patterns within a geological frame.
Key Words: Hirudinida, leeches, western North America, paleogeography, drainage basin distributions, aquatic fauna
Historically, there has been much confusion surrounding the identity and separation of European and North American species of Glossiphonia (Annelida: Clitellata: Glossiphoniidae). Using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from newly collected specimens of Glossiphonia complanata and Glossiphonia elegans from a broad geographic range covering southern Canada, parts of the US, Slovenia and Croatia, we confirm that G. complanata is likely confined to Europe. The species is phylogenetically distinct from G. elegans, which seems to exclusively inhabit North America. Parsimony and maximum likelihood of the COI locus show the European samples placing as the sister group to an unidentified species of Glossiphonia from Russia, while the North American samples are the sister group to all other Glossiphonia species. We also investigate the consistency of number of crop cecae for separating these species and contrary to previous reports, this character shows no differences between our specimens of the two species. Additionally, the trees show evidence of subdivisions within both G. complanata and G. elegans, with some sequences separated by high ‘intraspecific’ distances. Forces might be shaping population structure and/or potential incipient speciation within these species, emphasizing the need for future research into the biogeography and population genetics of Glossiphonia.
Microplastic contamination of the aquatic environment is a global issue. Microplastics can be ingested by organisms leading to negative physiological impacts. The ingestion of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates has not been reported outside the laboratory. Here we demonstrate the ingestion of microplastic particles by Tubifex tubifex from bottom sediments in a major urban waterbody fed by the River Irwell, Manchester, UK. The host sediments had microplastic concentrations ranging from 56 to 2543 particles kg–1. 87% of the Tubifex-ingested microplastic particles were microfibers (55–4100 μm in length), while the remaining 13% were microplastic fragments (50–4500 μm in length). FT-IR analysis revealed ingestion of a range of polymers, including polyester and acrylic fibers. While microbeads were present in the host sediment matrix, they were not detected in Tubifex worm tissue. The mean concentration of ingested microplastics was 129 ± 65.4 particles g–1 tissue. We also show that Tubifex worms retain microplastics for longer than they retain other particulate components of the ingested sediment matrix. Microplastic ingestion by Tubifex worms poses a significant risk for trophic transfer and biomagnification of microplastics up the aquatic food chain.
In order to determine the oligochaeta fauna of Lake Sapanca (Turkey) samples were collected from 5 stations monthly, between September 2000-August 2001. As a result of the study, 13 species, which belong to 9 genera, were determined. These species are Aulodrilus limnobius, Tubifex tubifex, Tubifex ignotus, Tubifex nerthus, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Potamothrix hammoniensis, Potamothrix vejdovskyi, Nais communis, Spirosperma ferox, Psammoryctides barbatus, Ilyodrilus templetoni, Psammoryctides deserticola, Paranais frici. Also some physicochemical parameters of the water (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity and depth) were measured at the sampling site. The average density of total oligochaetes in the benthos of the lake was 1,887 ind m -2. According to Shannon-Wiener index, Lake Sapanca was found had 2.59 richness and, 5 th station were found to have highest diversity (3.87) while 3 rd station to have the lowest (1.59). There are almost no data on the Oligochaeta fauna of this lake so far. Hence, all the determined taxa from the localities are recorded for the first time. © Published by Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) Trabzon.
Studies carried out in woodland ponds located in an industrial area of southern Poland revealed the occurrence of a large population of Ripistes parasita (Schmidt, 1847) in one of them. This is a naidid species that is not usually abundant in oligochaete communities. Its ecology and biology is poorly known and thus the aim of this study was to characterise the environmental conditions influencing the occurrence of R. parasita and to assess its population dynamics and life history pattern. R. parasita occurred in a pond with soft water and a low level of mineralisation, a pH ranging from 6.1 to 7.0, and a high content of nitrogen and phosphorus. During our investigation, considerable seasonal changes in the occurrence and population density were detected. Specimens of this species inhabited alder leaf deposits in winter and early spring while in summer and autumn they occupied in large number floating Nuphar lutea leaves. A stepwise regression analysis showed a relationship between the temperature and dissolved oxygen content in the water and the density of R. parasita. The R. parasita reproduced asexually by paratomy (between May and November). The mean doubling time (days) for the population was 22.4. Only a few individuals (less than 1% of the population) matured in September and October.
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