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Marriage Satisfaction and Wellness in India and the United States: A Preliminary Comparison of Arranged Marriages and Marriages of Choice
Abstract
Forty‐five individuals (22 couples and 1 widowed person) living in arranged marriages in India completed questionnaires measuring marital satisfaction and wellness. The data were compared with existing data on individuals in the United States living in marriages of choice. Differences were found in importance of marital characteristics, but no differences in satisfaction were found. Differences were also found in 9 of 19 wellness scales between the 2 groups. Implications for further research are considered.
... Forms of committed relationships between men and women are ubiquitous across cultures (Bell, 1997;Myers et al., 2005). One of such relationships is marriage, typically defined as a legally and socially recognized union, entailing significant economic, social, and sexual obligations for both partners and their families (Bachrach et al., 2000). ...
... The debate over whether one type of marriage (arranged or free choice) results in greater marital satisfaction or love, although longstanding (Blood, 1967), remains inconclusive and sparsely addressed. Some studies have reported more positive feelings in free choice than in arranged marriages in various cultural contexts, such as in China (Pimentel, 2000), Israel (Lev-Wiesel & Al-Krenawi, 1999), Nepal (Allendorf & Ghimire, 2013), Turkey (Hortaçsu & Oral, 1994), or India (Myers et al., 2005). On the other hand, some studies suggested that individuals in arranged marriages, compared to free choice, exhibit more positive attitudes toward their partners, as evidenced in Japan (Blood, 1967) or India (Madathil & Benshoff, 2008). ...
... Overall, our research partly aligns both with some of the previous studies, which have found that spouses from free choice marriages display more positive attitudes towards their partners and romantic relationships than arranged marriages (Allendorf & Ghimire, 2013;Hortaçsu & Oral, 2010;Lev-Wiesel & Al-Krenawi, 1999;Myers et al., 2005;Pimentel, 2000;Rosenblatt & Cozby, 1972) and also with research, which has not found greater love in free choice marriages compared with arranged marriages (Hoelter et al., 2004;Mir et al., 2016;Shachar, 1991). Importantly, our study is the first to directly examine love components, whereas previous research has often focused on measures such as marital satisfaction (Karandashev, 2015;Xiaohe & Whyte, 1990). ...
Two main ways to enter a marriage are through free choice and through an arrangement between families, known as an arranged marriage. In this study, we compared differences in three dimensions of love (Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment) between spouses in love-based marriages and arranged marriages among five non-Western societies: Bhotiya from the Himalayas, Igbo from Nigeria, Kimeru from Kenya, Meru from Tanzania, and Tsimane’ from Bolivia. When considering all data gathered from the five cultures, free choice and arranged marriages did not differ significantly in average love scores. However, within cultures, some differences did emerge between free choice and arranged marriages, such as spouses from free choice marriages from Bhotiya and Tsimane’ culture showing higher levels of Intimacy than those from arranged marriages. However, in the Bhotiya, this difference was only evident in marriages lasting longer than 10 years. Moreover, spouses from free choice marriages from Bhotiya reported higher levels of passion, while spouses from free choice marriages from Tsimane’ reported higher levels of commitment than individuals from arranged marriages. Conversely, wives from arranged marriages from Meru culture from Tanzania reported higher levels of Intimacy and Passion as compared to wives from free choice marriages. In Kimeru and Igbo, no significant differences were found. These results contribute to the growing body of literature on the relationship between culture, love, and marriage. Our data also challenge the Western perception that arranged marriages lack love.
... Crucially, there is a fundamental difference between arranged marriages and forced marriages in which the couple are not granted the freedom to choose to marry their spouse (Chantler, 2012). Recent research has not found any difference between the marriage quality of couples who married using a couple-initiated or arranged dating approach (Flicker et al., 2020;Myers et al., 2005). In fact, it was the final choice over whether to marry the marriage partner that was found to predict the marriage quality of couples (Flicker et al., 2020). ...
... In fact, it was the final choice over whether to marry the marriage partner that was found to predict the marriage quality of couples (Flicker et al., 2020). Furthermore, the research has not indicated any causal relationship between the dating approach adopted and the psychological wellbeing of the couple (Myers et al., 2005). This is in stark contrast to forced marriages which have been established to be a violation of human rights and a cause of numerous mental health problems, self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts (Chantler, 2012). ...
... This is in stark contrast to forced marriages which have been established to be a violation of human rights and a cause of numerous mental health problems, self-harm, suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts (Chantler, 2012). Given the absence of evidence that arranged marriage is associated with psychopathology, mental health professionals have been advised to adopt a culturally sensitive approach in which they put their personal biases aside when working with minority cultural groups that adopt arranged dating approaches (Myers et al., 2005). ...
Arranged dating approaches are common in numerous religious cultures, but the dating experiences of Orthodox Jews have been largely unexplored in the research. In this qualitative study, eight young adults from the London Orthodox Jewish community were interviewed about their dating experiences in the shidduch system using semi-structured interviews. The data was analysed using Thematic Analysis. Overall, participants believed that dating in the shidduch system was compatible with their religious and cultural needs. The shidduch system was conceptualised as an intellectual approach to dating that prioritised identifying a suitable spouse. Whilst this focus was appreciated by participants, they also identified challenges with this approach. However, the shidduch system was also recognised as increasingly flexible to meet individual needs in the modern world. Findings are considered in terms of their relevance to mental health professionals working with Orthodox Jewish singles as they navigate the shidduch system.
... Some studies show that couples who marry through arranged marriage often experience different dynamics compared to those who marry through love-based marriage. A study by Myers et al. (2005) found that marriages in arranged couples, especially in India, tend to have high levels of marital satisfaction in couples, arguing that family and community roles provide strong support for maintaining marital relationships. However, the study also notes that social pressures and family expectations can suppress personal preferences, especially for women, which can result in long-term dissatisfaction (Myers et al., 2005). ...
... A study by Myers et al. (2005) found that marriages in arranged couples, especially in India, tend to have high levels of marital satisfaction in couples, arguing that family and community roles provide strong support for maintaining marital relationships. However, the study also notes that social pressures and family expectations can suppress personal preferences, especially for women, which can result in long-term dissatisfaction (Myers et al., 2005). Another study by Çetinkaya & Gençdoğan (2017) shows that in the context of arranged marriage in Turkey, traditional gender roles often reinforce male power, making women more vulnerable to dissatisfaction when their expectations are not met. ...
This study focuses on the experiences of married women through the ta'aruf process to understand how they interpret religious, social, and emotional roles in building marital satisfaction and how they manage the challenges that arise in domestic life. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews through Zoom Meeting. Data were analyzed thematically through transcription, grouping based on reward and cost dimensions, and interpretation of the meaning of respondents' experiences to identify general patterns in the dynamics of social exchange during marriage. The findings show that religion plays a key role in marriage-related decision-making among respondents, namely internal factors (attraction and relationship with the partner), external factors (family, socioeconomic , or cultural), and belief factors (religious values). This study also emphasizes the concept that conflict can be perceived simultaneously as an interpersonal cost to the partner, as well as a reward in the spiritual dimension. These findings provide new insights into how couples manage marital challenges in a religious context. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
... The result of current study where conflict tactics have positive and significant correlation with attachment supported the previous research, however, conflict tactics are disproved to be a mediator role in the process of forming relationship ideology. Thus, individuals' perspectives about their relationships can be impacted by several factors, such as culture values, norms, and personal expectations (Myers et al., 2005). Level of satisfaction in close relationships can be influenced by the extent of involvement in culture obligations and expectations; for instance, in some culture women is less powerful than men and experience suppression on individuals' willingness in relationship (Myers et al., 2005). ...
... Thus, individuals' perspectives about their relationships can be impacted by several factors, such as culture values, norms, and personal expectations (Myers et al., 2005). Level of satisfaction in close relationships can be influenced by the extent of involvement in culture obligations and expectations; for instance, in some culture women is less powerful than men and experience suppression on individuals' willingness in relationship (Myers et al., 2005). Combined with the literature and results from the current study, there are multiple factors impacting the development of individual's relationship ideology and involving systemic perspectives where issues can be understood from multiple dimensions and complexities. ...
Previous studies indicated that the impact of incarceration needs to be conceptualized systematically. Since incarceration affects both incarcerated individuals and their partners, they experience unique challenges. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of extended family support and conflict on the romantic relationship between attachment patterns and relationship ideology among female partners of incarcerated individuals. A sample of 898 females in relationships with incarcerated males was drawn from the Multi-Site Family Study on Incarceration, Parenting, and Partnering data to conduct both moderation and mediation path analysis. The findings highlighted both the positive and significant correlation between attachment patterns and relationship ideology. The findings also revealed that extended family support has a moderating influence, however conflict tactics did not have a significant mediation effect on the relationship between attachment patterns and relationship ideology. Clinical implications and future research directions are provided.
... Allendorf and Ghimire (2013) explained in their study that couples come up with more interpersonal conflicts in arranged marriages. Myers et al. (2011) revealed that there were no significant satisfaction differences in marriages, regardless of whether they are arranged or not, in the East or the West. Shoaib et al. (2016) found that there's no mean score differences in marital satisfaction among love and arranged marriages. ...
... This is similar for love marriages (Fatima & Ajmal, 2012). Myers et al. (2011) found no Applied Psychology Review Volume 3 Issue 2, Fall 2024 significant satisfaction differences between East and West, arranged or selfmarriages, although they noted mean score differences in marital satisfaction among love and arranged couples (Buss & Shackelford, 1997). ...
Marriage represents the union of two individuals shaped by cultural and societal norms. In contemporary times, the prevalence of love marriages has increased, influenced by Western culture, while arranged marriages remain deeply rooted in cultural practices specific to various regions. This study aims to explore the relationship between trust, romantic love and marital satisfaction among couples who married for love and those who whose marriages were arranged. From a correlational research design, the hypothesis asserts that trust, as an independent variable, predicts romantic love and marital satisfaction in both types of marriages. The study included a sample of 261 couples (147 love-marriage and 114 arranged-marriage from Lahore, Pakistan. The data collection utilized trust scale, romantic love scale and marital satisfaction scale, all adapted into Urdu. Statistical analyses included psychometric assessments, Pearson product-moment correlation, regression analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Findings revealed that romantic love was significantly correlated with marital satisfaction among husbands in both types of marriages. For wives, romantic love was seen to have a significant relationship with trust. However, regression analysis indicated that trust did not predict marital satisfaction or romantic love in either group. MANOVA results demonstrated higher levels of trust in love-marriage couples while greater romantic love and marital satisfaction was observed among wives compared to husbands in both marriage types. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of trust, romantic love and marital satisfaction in different marital frameworks, offering insights for future studies and practical applications in relationship counseling and education.
... Marriage stands as a pivotal societal institution globally, recognized legally and socially, embodying a union ideally enduring throughout life, wherein couples hold sexual, economic, and social rights and duties (Bachrach et al., 1975;Myers et al., 2005). Larson and Holman (1994) underscore its paramount significance as the cornerstone for family formation and the nurturing of successive generations. ...
... Given the predominant focus of marital research on Western notions of romantic love and matrimony, there exists a dearth of studies on Indian arranged marriages, particularly regarding the influence of marital characteristics on individual contentment (Myers et al., 2005). It is imperative to explore the attributes associated with marital significance and satisfaction for both genders within such unions. ...
This study addresses a significant gap in the literature concerning marital dissatisfaction within the Indian context, focusing on individual personality traits. The primary objective was to explore the association between personality traits and marital dissatisfaction. A sample of 100 married individuals of Indian nationality participated in the study, with a mean age of 42.98 years (SD = 10.52). Utilizing the NEO-FFI and GRIMS scale, personality traits were assessed. The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between agreeableness and marital dissatisfaction, while neuroticism exhibited a significant positive correlation. These results underscore the importance of considering personality dynamics in understanding marital satisfaction. Future implications of this research extend to the refinement and application of marital therapy interventions, potentially offering tailored approaches to enhance marital harmony within the Indian cultural context.
... Only a handful of studies have examined the longevity of marriages in India. For example, Myers et al. (2005) conducted a comparative study to examine marital satisfaction and wellness between Indian and US participants and found no difference. Bowman and Dollahite (2013) found that choices made throughout a marriage, rather than mate selection, determine marital happiness. ...
... Many studies explored divorce in India (Dutta, 2015;Jamwal, 2009;Ranjan, 2016), but only a few studies could be found that examined the longevity of marriages in India (Bowman & Dollahite, 2013;Myers et al., 2005). Given that only one in 100 marriages end in divorce (Census of India, 2011;India Today, 2018;Singh, 2010), it is important to shift our focus to successful relationships rather than those that end in divorce. ...
The present study adopted the concept of sustainability to understand Indian marriages and proposed a new concept of relationship sustainability. Employing an exploratory sequential mixed‐method design, Study 1 involved 30 interviews with long‐term married couples ( M age = 44.70; M marriage years = 19.48) to understand their marital experiences. Thematic analysis identified three major factors that lead to sustainability in marital relationships: couple bonding (a close connection that binds two partners together), personal well‐being (partner's contributions toward one's well‐being), and partner's well‐being (one's contribution to the partner's well‐being). Findings from Study 1 were used to develop a relationship sustainability scale, which was then used in Study 2, a survey study. A survey was conducted on 415 long‐term married individuals (Male: 221, Female: 194; M age = 43.55; M marriage years = 17.74) that included information about relationship commitment, satisfaction, and happiness, along with other variables. Data from 415 long‐term married individuals were collected. The results confirmed the applicability of the concept of relationship sustainability and also showed that relationship sustainability predicted marital outcomes, such as happiness and satisfaction. Overall, the results showed that to achieve marital well‐being, one needs to move toward a sustainable model of relationship where partners both together strive for long‐term relationship and personal goals.
... Furthermore, research suggests that relationship satisfaction, reflecting individuals' general evaluation about their relationship (Li & Fung, 2011), may also be affected by cultural factors (Sorokowski et al., 2017). Although most studies analyze the association between individual variables (e.g., attachment dimensions) and relationship satisfaction (e.g., Brassard et al., 2009;Molero et al., 2017), it has also been confirmed that such evaluation is subject to cultural values, norms, and expectations (Lalonde et al., 2004;Myers et al., 2005). Specifically, the level of satisfaction in a close relationship will be influenced by the extent to which the relationship meets culturally prescribed obligations and expectations (e.g., Myers et al., 2005). ...
... Although most studies analyze the association between individual variables (e.g., attachment dimensions) and relationship satisfaction (e.g., Brassard et al., 2009;Molero et al., 2017), it has also been confirmed that such evaluation is subject to cultural values, norms, and expectations (Lalonde et al., 2004;Myers et al., 2005). Specifically, the level of satisfaction in a close relationship will be influenced by the extent to which the relationship meets culturally prescribed obligations and expectations (e.g., Myers et al., 2005). As Sorokowski et al. (2017) found in their meta-analysis, relationship satisfaction is influenced both by individual variables and cultural values. ...
The utilization of specific strategies to manage couple conflict has a differential impact on women’s relationship satisfaction. However, considering that women’s role within couple relationship is shaped by societal norms, such association should be examined by embracing a cross-cultural perspective. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the effect of individualism/collectivism and masculinity/femininity cultural values on avoidant attachment, perceived conflict solving, and relationship satisfaction. The sample consisted of 334 women from Israel, USA, Türkiye, and Spain. An unconstrained general model elucidates the connections among relationship satisfaction, avoidant attachment, and conflict solving strategies across all countries; yet, the strength of certain associations varies based on the dimensions of masculinity and individualism. In individualistic countries, avoidant attachment predicts lower relationship satisfaction in women. The prediction of own withdrawal by avoidant attachment remains similar among women, regardless of the individualism dimension. Nevertheless, in feminine (i.e., role egalitarian) countries, the link between female’s avoidant attachment and their partner’s use of positive conflict solving strategies is stronger. Additionally, the withdrawal strategy predicts partner demand to a greater extent in women from feminine countries. These findings will assist professionals from different countries in developing culturally sensitive and tailored prevention and intervention tools.
... It is an open empirical question whether the variables explaining marital quality are the same in developing countries as in more developed Western countries (Allendorf & Ghimire, 2013;Kamo, 1993;Nurhayati et al., 2019). Although in Western cultures the romantic ideals of love and passionate feelings are paramount and elective marriages dominate, in countries with lower standards of living partners are selected according to criteria such as status or status similarity, and partner choice is more likely to fulfill instrumental and economic goals (Celenk & van de Vijver, 2013;Myers et al., 2005;Olcay Imamoğlu et al., 2019;Onyishi et al., 2012). ...
According to the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation (VSA) Model by Karney and Bradbury, enduring vulnerabilities, stressful events, and adaptive processes are important predictors of marital satisfaction. This paper examines whether the three domains of factors identified in the VSA model are associated with marital satisfaction globally, using a sample of more than 15,000 married participants from 65 countries. First, it was determined which variables correlated with marital satisfaction and which of them remained significant in multivariate analyses. All three domains contributed significantly to the explanation of variance of marital satisfaction. Second, cross-cultural differences in the correlations with marital satisfaction were assessed using a composite cultural dimension labeled “Emancipation Index” as a moderator; the composite index comprised the Human Development Index, individualism, gender inequality, and power distance. Attachment styles and active problem-solving behaviors were more strongly correlated with marital satisfaction in countries with a higher Emancipation Index, whereas education level, openness, conscientiousness, stress, and loyalty were more strongly correlated with marital satisfaction in countries with a lower Emancipation Index.
... Marriage type indicated non-significant differences on marital satisfaction. The findings of Myers et al. (2005) and Parker (2002), found no difference in marital happiness between those in arranged marriages and those in love marriages. In arranged marriages spouses have a similar caste, socioeconomic conditions, language grouping, similar religion, etc. that makes their marriages comfortable. ...
Aim of the Study. This research investigated the impact of dowry demanded, dowry at marriage, occupational status, family system, marriage type, age at marriage, educational attainment, duration of marriage, and number of children on marital satisfaction. Method. The Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) was filled by 486 married women from Pakistan's Punjab area who were chosen through purposive sampling convenient technique (Fowers & Olson, 1993). Findings. The findings demonstrated that there was a significant statistical difference between the two groups in marital satisfaction those who are being demanded by dowry and those who are not demanded dowry by their in-laws at time of marriage. Analysis on based of dowry revealed that the difference in the marital satisfaction was statistically non-significant on dowry given and without dowry given. Among the demographic factors, the impact of employment status and family system was statistically significant on marital satisfaction. Separately, we determined that the impact of age at marriage, educational attainment, marriage duration, and number of children had a non-significant impact on the marital satisfaction. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that age difference from spouse had significantly negative correlation with marital satisfaction. Conclusion. There should be prevention of dowry system as well as stress on the proper enforcement of law against dowry traditions.
... We were not able to locate any comparative studies examining predictors of relationship dissolution in Western and non-Western countries, but there is reason to believe the dissolution process may differ in non-Western cultures. For example, in collectivist cultures, mate selection is more likely to involve the input and approval of family compared to more individualistic societies, such as the United States (Myers et al., 2005), and collectivist societies emphasize the importance of sacrificing personal desires for an intimate partner more than seeking personal happiness (Cao et al., 2017). Dissolving a partnership may then be less strongly driven by one's own views about the relationship, regardless of one's gender, and more heavily influenced by family member perceptions. ...
This study examines gender differences in the degree to which men’s and women’s views of their relationship predict eventual dissolution among mixed-gender couples. We analyzed data from a national sample of 314 unmarried mixed-gender couples from the United States that were surveyed across four years to test gender differences in associations between baseline levels of perceived likelihood of breaking up, relationship satisfaction, commitment, and love and relationship dissolution across one, two, three, and four years. Probit regression models revealed women’s greater perceived likelihood of breakup was a stronger predictor of relationship dissolution two years later than their male partner’s reports, but men’s and women’s perceived likelihood of breakup did not differ in the strength of predicting dissolution across one-, three-, and four-year follow-up. Women’s low commitment emerged as a significantly stronger predictor of relationship dissolution across two, three, and four years than their male partner’s commitment (but not at one year). Women’s and men’s relationship satisfaction and love did not differ in predicting dissolution across all time intervals; those less satisfied with their relationship and with less love for their partner were more likely to dissolve their relationship. Although commitment may be an area where women’s reports take primacy in predicting future breakup among adult unmarried mixed-gender couples, the results add to a growing body of literature finding that women’s and men’s views of their partnership are similarly diagnostic of future relationship outcomes.
... Marriage is a fundamental and essential institution across most cultures and societies (Myers et al., 2005). The nature of family relationships in society is determined by institutionalizing mating patterns rather than the institution of marriage (Gupta, 1976). ...
... Of note, about one third of the Turkish sample indicated that they were in arranged marriages, where they have not chosen their partner based on similarity in personality and other characteristics. While findings suggest that individuals in arranged marriages may have similar levels of relationship satisfaction as individuals in love marriages (Myers et al., 2005), there is evidence that the interpersonal problems associated with arranged marriages are sometimes characterized by husbands being too dominant and/or being too cold and dominant (Akhtar et al., 2017). Similarly, a large proportion of this Turkish sample is documented to have lower scores on another MARQ scale, the Partnership scale, which measures to what degree partners have things in common (Imamoğlu, et al., 2019). ...
This study utilized Multilevel Modeling Analyses to explore predictors of marital satisfaction and to explore how those predictors might moderate any negative impact of children. The Marriage and Relationship Questionnaire (MARQ), which demonstrates cultural and gender invariance, has been used to explore predictors of marital satisfaction in different cultures. In earlier research using MARQ datasets from the U.S.A., U.K., Turkey, Russia and China (3,000 couples), regression analyses identified 13 predictors explaining from 62% to 74% of the variance in marital satisfaction. The current research took the six most powerful predictors (sexual fulfillment, kind spouse, humorous spouse, dependable spouse, having the same outlook, and having a physically attractive spouse) and number of children, and subjected those variables to a Multilevel Modeling Analysis. Results are discussed on the level of the individual and the dyad by culture. Cultural similarities and differences emerged; unique cultural patterns are discussed. Across cultures, all predictors were associated with marital satisfaction. The negative impact of children did not appear in every culture with alpha set at .01. Moderation analysis results suggest that, depending on culture, the negative impact of children is moderated by maintaining sufficient levels of sexual satisfaction, kindness, humor and dependability after children arrive.
... Comparisons of satisfaction in arranged and romance marriages are difficult but various studies suggest people in arranged marriages are at least as fulfilled as those in romantic ones. (Myers, Madathil, & Tingle, 2005;Mir, Wani, & Sankar, 2016) The conventions for arranged marriage can vary greatly but three factors make it distinct: the priority given to achieving a match between two families; the careful protocols for courtship and the cool-headed attention given to practical matters of health, wealth, and education as well as aspirations for jobs, children and domestic life. Joshua and Ruth's process was set in motion by their community but ultimately it was down to them to discover a sense of direction. ...
Power, A. (2023). Making sense of contented couples-insights from attachment theory and emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT). Attachment, 17(1), 10-26. Abstract: The paper builds on an earlier piece in this journal (Power, 2018) which hypothesised about the differences between three routes into relationship: random romance, arranged marriage and self-arranged relationships. Interviews with three couples, one from each tradition, are used to explore how attachment dynamics were creating both a challenge and a resource for each couple. The paper uses psychoanalytic thinking to inquire about mate-selection and attachment theory and Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFT) (Johnson, 2012) to understand how these couples built a long-term attachment bond in each tradition. The couples' own words are presented with reflections by the writer. Together these demonstrate challenges that couples face and ways in which they can sometimes manage these.
... The institution of marriage is important in many cultures. For instance, more than 90% of the people living in The United States of America prefer to get married at some point of their life (Brubaker & Kimberly, 1993;Myers et al., 2005). Consequently, marriage is an important institution and considered as a precious life goal for an individual in our culture as well. ...
The aim of this study was to analyse quest for significance of adults according to their demographic features and to determine predictive relations between quest for significance and social media addiction of adults. The data of the study were collected from a total of 556 participants, 188 men and 368 women aged 18 and over. Participants were recruited by utilizing convenience sampling technique, and correlational survey method of quantitative research models was adopted within this study. Quest for Significance Scale, Social Media Addiction Scale and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. The data from assessment tools were analysed using the T-test, and multi-group comparisons were made using ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance). The relation between the points acquired from assessment tools was calculated using Pearson's Moments Multiplication Correlation Coefficient. Predictive relations between quest for significance and social media addiction was analysed using simple linear regression model. Significant difference was determined in quest for significance of adults as a result of the study considering age level, marital status, time spent on social media, the reason for using social media and whether using social media has any impact on sleeping pattern. On the other hand, no significant difference was determined in quest for significance of adults in terms of gender, income and educational background. A moderate positive correlation between quest for significance and social media addiction of adults was determined.
... Davis, Greenstein, and Gerteisen Marks (2007), have identified marriage as one of the most difficult stages in the transition of life. Although marriage is considered an important identity in all societies and having a successful marriage is a main and ideal goal for anyone (Myers, Madathil, & Tingle, 2005), studies have shown that 40 to 50 percent of all first marriages end up in divorce (Bradbury, Fincham, & Beach, 2000;Madathil & Benshoff, 2008). An extensive researches have been done to understand the causes of marital satisfaction or its opposite point, divorce. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of life skills training on couples' stress and anxiety about to marriage. The statistical population of the study is all couples about to marriage, who consult pre-marriage counseling centers. After initial examination, 40 girls about to marriage were selected (20 girls in the experimental group and 20 girls in the control group) and randomly divided into two groups. The research instruments were anxiety questionnaire and perceived stress questionnaire. (Cohen et al, 1988). Data were analyzed into descriptive and inferential statistics. At the descriptive level the mean and standard deviation and at the inferential level covariance analysis were used. The results showed that life skills training can reduce the anxiety and stress of couples about to marriage.
... Davis, Greenstein, and Gerteisen Marks (2007), have identified marriage as one of the most difficult stages in the transition of life. Although marriage is considered an important identity in all societies and having a successful marriage is a main and ideal goal for anyone (Myers, Madathil, & Tingle, 2005), studies have shown that 40 to 50 percent of all first marriages end up in divorce (Bradbury, Fincham, & Beach, 2000). An extensive research has been done to understand the causes of marital satisfaction or its opposite point, divorce. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of life skills training on couples' emotional maturity about to marriage. The statistical population of the study is all couples about to marriage, who consults pre-marriage counseling centers. After initial examination, 40 girls about to marriage were selected (20 girls in the experimental group and 20 girls in the control group) and randomly divided into two groups. The research instrument was emotional maturity questionnaire. Data were analyzed into descriptive and inferential statistics. At the descriptive level the mean and standard deviation and at the inferential level covariance analysis was used. The results showed that life skills training can increase the couples' emotional maturity about to marriage.
... Importantly, choosing to go into a certain relationship does not always imply romantic considerations, but could reflect external influences such as coercion from family members. Nevertheless, these initial choices may gradually change people's romantic orientation, because as the committed partners spend time together, engage in communal activities, and confront life challenges together-intimacy, companionship, liking, and love may be cultivated, which has been demonstrated in experimental studies (Aron et al., 1997) and in arranged marriage in Asian cultures (Myers et al., 2005). In summary, it is possible that heteronormative and traditional Asian ideologies may contribute to romantic orientation. ...
Recent research has characterized romantic love as overlapping with but distinct from sexual desire. We explore whether romantic orientation—the preferred gender(s) of romantic partners—also relates to but differs from sexual orientation—the preferred gender(s) of sexual partners. We developed explicit and implicit measures of romantic orientation to examine their associations with explicit and implicit sexual orientation. Further, because sociocultural values have been suggested to influence people’s choice for romantic partners but less so on sexual orientation, we also explored the associations of romantic and sexual orientation with two theoretically related sociocultural values: negative attitudes towards lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals, and traditional Asian values on family continuity. We recruited an online sample of ethnic Chinese heterosexual, bisexual, and gay/lesbian adults and found that after accounting for the statistical overlap between the two explicit constructs, the unique component of each explicit measure related exclusively to its corresponding implicit measure, but not to the other implicit measure. Moreover, implicit romantic orientation linked more strongly to sociocultural values than did implicit sexual orientation. These findings urge for distinguishing romantic orientation from sexual orientation and implicit from explicit processes to fully understand people’s romantic and sexual experiences.
... While India may have the lowest divorce rate, this doesn't translate into an increase of the happiness of women in marriages (Myers, 2005). As discussed in the preceding section, women are brought up with constant reminders of their place and purpose in society -one of selflessness in marriage and childbearing. ...
This paper attempts to critically analyse the lived experience of women seeking divorce in India. A theoretical framework of knowledge is laid out by examining the familial, social, financial, legal and mental health factors that are relevant to a woman’s marital experience and the decision to stay or leave an abusive marriage. Empirical data has been reviewed to provide preliminary support to such theoretical claims. Thereafter, the paper adopts a single case study approach to converge such a theoretical framework with the lived experience of a woman seeking divorce in India, to expose an all-encompassing understanding of the intersection of gender, marriage and divorce in India. The study has revealed several hypotheses that warrant critical examination and empirical studies.
... Using growth curve analysis, Umberson et al. (2005) reported that marital quality among American couples declined over time. In contrast, some research related to couples in India suggests that "love is expected to grow as the spouses learn more about each other as the years go by" (Myers et al., 2005(Myers et al., , p. 1987. The importance of loving, as also commitment, consensus, and sexual activity, has been found to be higher among Americans in marriages of choice compared with Indians in arranged marriages living in India (Madathil & Benshoff, 2008). ...
Objective: To assess love and relation�ship satisfaction among dating and married participants pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdown
in India.
Background: Extant literature demonstrates the impact of stressors like terror attacks and natural disasters on intimate relations. Yet little
is known about how a significant stressor like the COVID-19 lockdown will impact love among married and dating couples.
Method: Data from a convenience sample of 100 participants (65 dating, 35 married) was collected in two waves, first in January–March and then in May after the lockdown. Participants
completed an online survey with measures of love, relationship satisfaction, self-esteem, and how they spent time with their partner. Paired sample t test, correlation analysis, and thematic analysis were used.
Results: For both dating and married partici�pants, scores on relationship satisfaction, love, intimacy and passion were significantly lower post-lockdown compared with the pre-lockdown period. Commitment for those dating remained unaffected. Watching movies together and revisiting old memories was related to love for those dating, whereas for married couples, doing household chores, cooking, and watching movies together was associated with love.
Conclusion: Passion and intimacy in relation�ships changed after the COVID-19 lockdown. How couples spent time with each other during
the lockdown holds important implications for relationship satisfaction.
Implications: Practitioners who work with cou�ples must focus on ways in which couples spend quality time with each other. Norms that define a relationship, particularly with regard to partici�pation in domestic work by men, must be revis�ited to adapt to the new normal.
... Falling in love, as indicated by responses in Sharangpani's (2010) study, involves much less choice, and often occurs within circumstances one has little control over. Additionally, scholars have noted that levels of 'marital satisfaction' in arranged and non-arranged marriages are similar (Myers, Madathil, & Tingle, 2005 as cited in Bowman & Dollahite, 2013 p. 208). ...
In this thesis, I employ a feminist poststructuralist approach to study the perspectives and experiences of young migrant women living in a hostel in Chennai as they navigate competing discourses on womanhood in neoliberal India. Based on 10 months of ethnographic fieldwork done across two stages, this thesis delves on the experiences of young women, particularly around four themes of contemporary significance, namely safety and street harassment; dowry; relationships, sex and marriage; and practices and ideals of beauty. Rather than positioning women with respect to binaristic categories such as traditional vs modern this thesis strives to situate women within the complexities and contradictions of their daily lives.
... For example, Yelsma and Athappilly (1988) found that communication was less tied to marital satisfaction for arranged marriages as compared to love marriages; yet those in arranged marriages reported higher marital satisfaction than those in selfselecting marriages. Others have found differences in importance of qualities such as love and loyalty between arranged versus love marriages but failed to find that this ultimately led to differences in relationship satisfaction (Myers, Madathil, & Tingle, 2005). In a recent comparison, Madathil and Benshoff (2008) found that arranged Indian married individuals place greater importance on finance and shared values, while self-selecting American married individuals consider loyalty to be more important and tend to report higher satisfaction overall. ...
Social relationships are one of the most important facets of well-being and one of the strongest links with both physical and psychological health. Romantic relationships specifically may have a particularly intense impact on well-being due to heightened emotions and cognitions within these close relationships. Prior research has identified the importance of romantic relationships and relationship status for well-being and psychological adjustment, yet less has considered the specific qualities that play a role in this link. I will consider the specific relationship qualities that may particularly benefit or damage well-being. Intimate relationships become increasingly important as individuals transition from dating in adolescence, cohabitating in emerging adulthood, and ultimately marriage in adulthood. I review the extensive literature on the benefits of healthy romantic relationships on well-being, highlighting how each influences the other during different developmental stages of relationships from initiation to dissolution adjustment. I also point to the increasing diversity of understudied romantic experiences (i.e., online, casual, polyamory, arranged versus self-selecting marriages, sexual minority) and highlight important unanswered questions this proliferation leaves open. Future directions for further understanding the unique role of romantic experiences in its association with well-being will be discussed.
... Using growth curve analysis, Umberson et al. (2005) reported that marital quality among American couples declined over time. In contrast, some research related to couples in India suggests that "love is expected to grow as the spouses learn more about each other as the years go by" (Myers et al., 2005(Myers et al., , p. 1987. The importance of loving, as also commitment, consensus, and sexual activity, has been found to be higher among Americans in marriages of choice compared with Indians in arranged marriages living in India (Madathil & Benshoff, 2008). ...
Objective
To assess love and relationship satisfaction among dating and married participants pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdown in India.
Background
Extant literature demonstrates the impact of stressors like terror attacks and natural disasters on intimate relations. Yet little is known about how a significant stressor like the COVID-19 lockdown will impact love among married and dating couples.
Method
Data from a convenience sample of 100 participants (65 dating, 35 married) was collected in two waves, first in January–March and then in May after the lockdown. Participants completed an online survey with measures of love, relationship satisfaction, self-esteem, and how they spent time with their partner. Paired sample t test, correlation analysis, and thematic analysis were used.
Results
For both dating and married participants, scores on relationship satisfaction, love, intimacy and passion were significantly lower post-lockdown compared with the pre-lockdown period. Commitment for those dating remained unaffected. Watching movies together and revisiting old memories was related to love for those dating, whereas for married couples, doing household chores, cooking, and watching movies together was associated with love.
Conclusion
Passion and intimacy in relationships changed after the COVID-19 lockdown. How couples spent time with each other during the lockdown holds important implications for relationship satisfaction.
Implications
Practitioners who work with couples must focus on ways in which couples spend quality time with each other. Norms that define a relationship, particularly with regard to participation in domestic work by men, must be revisited to adapt to the new normal.
... Während die Scheidungshäufigkeit bei kürzeren Ehen abgenommen hat, stieg sie jüngst vor allem bei Paaren mit mehr als 15 Ehejahren. Statistiken zeigen, dass auch heute noch rund 80-90 % der Bevölkerung irgendwann einmal im Leben heiraten oder mindestens einmal eine längerfristige feste intime Beziehung haben (Myers, Madathil & Tingle, 2005). Rund zwei Drittel der Geschiedenen heiraten wieder (Grünheid & Roloff, 2000). ...
... The issue of marital satisfaction is becoming more debatable especially among those marital partners who are actively perusing both family and professional career; couples in these relationships are known as dual career couples. It is a form of marital pattern in which both marital partners are also professionals and have careers (Rapoport & Rapoport, and contentment in marital relationship (Myers, Madathil, & Tingle, 2005). In order to integrate both careers, couples are adopting various coping mechanisms to achieve marital satisfaction (Yinger, 1968). ...
This study was carried out to find how and to what extent the level of religiosity affects marital satisfaction in dual career couples. A total of 82 dual career spouses were selected through snowball sampling method in Hazara University Mansehra. Marital satisfaction of the study participants was measured with the help of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) with four components: dyadic consensus, dyadic affectional expression, dyadic satisfaction and dyadic cohesion. Likewise, the respondents were asked to rate their level of religiosity on a statement analyzed through mean, standard deviation, one way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results of descriptive statistics show that our participants had a higher level of religiosity and marital satisfaction. Furthermore, results of Pearson correlation suggest significant correlations between religiosity and all the components i.e. dyadic consensus, affection, cohesion and dyadic satisfaction. It was further found that all components of dyadic scale were also found in significant correlation with one another. It was concluded from this study that religiosity is a positive predictor of marital satisfaction in dual career couples.
... 1,2 According to researches, it is stated that married people are healthier and happier, and they have longevity than other people (single, divorced and widowed). 3,4 Neurological diseases have high incidence in the world ...
... Caste, religion, socioeconomic status, character, etc., are important factors for marriage. In West, individuals select their own marital partner, whereas in India, parents and the extended family members select the marital partner and ensure that the partner is a good match within their caste and family network [8]. ...
Background: Increased interest in romantic relationship (RR) is central to adolescents’ lives. RR has a significant influence on the emotional well-being of the adolescents and their future life. Objective: The present study aims at understanding the issues and concerns of adolescent girls in RR who come under care and protection issue. Methods: The study adopts a retrospective exploratory research design and analyzed the case reports maintained by psychiatric social workers. Reports elicit the information about the RR, marriage with the romantic partner, reason for run away with the marital partner, etc. Results: Majority of the adolescents run away with their romantic partner to get married and more than three-fourth of the adolescent girls believed that having sexual intercourse with their romantic partner would get their marriage approval and felt that marriage gave them sanction for the sexual relationship. Adolescents were worried about parent’s rejection of their romantic partner and had guilt feeling that they were not able to meet the expectations of parents nor they were able to fulfill the dreams of their parents. Most of the adolescents were also aware that their romantic involvement has been one of the reasons for academic decline; some have to drop out from the schools. Conclusion: It is important to understand the issues of adolescent girls in RR so that it would help us in designing interventions to facilitate developmental needs and for the healthy transition to adulthood.
... The empirical evidence remains equivocal. Studies have found that those in couple-initiated marriages have higher marital quality than those in arranged marriages (Israeli Arabs: Lev-Wiesel & Al-Krenawi, 1999;China: Pimentel, 2000; Chinese women: Xu & Whyte, 1990;Nepal: Allendorf & Ghimire, 2013;Turkey: Demir & Fişiloglu, 1999, Hortaçsu, 1999Hortaçsu & Oral, 1994), that those in arranged marriages have higher marital quality than those in couple-initiated marriages (India: Gupta & Singh, 1982;Yelsma & Athappily, 1988), and no differences in quality between the two types of marriages (Nepal: Hoelter, Axinn, & Ghimire, 2004; India/US: Myers, Madathil, & Tingle, 2005; Indians living in the US: Regan, Lakhanpal, & Anguiano, 2012;Israel: Shachar, 1991; Orthodox American Jews: Schwartz, 2007). Studies in Japan, Nepal and Turkey found interactions with gender, in which women in arranged marriages reported less positive spousal feelings compared to women in couple-initiated marriages and compared to men in arranged marriages (Blood, 1967;Hoelter et al., 2004;Hortaçsu, 2007). ...
Previous comparisons of relationship quality between individuals in couple‐initiated and arranged marriage have yielded inconsistent findings. One factor which may help to explain this inconsistency is variability in the way in which arranged and couple‐initiated marriages are practiced. To test this, we recruited 116 Bangladeshi women engaged to be married or within the first 3 years of couple‐initiated and arranged marriages. We tested to see which of three models (type of marriage only, perceived influence over partner selection only, and a model that included both relationship type and influence over partner selection) best accounted for variance in self‐reported intimacy, passion, commitment as well as positive and negative relationship quality. Results suggest that influence over partner selection is a better predictor of these outcomes than marriage type, with marriage type offering little if any information beyond that provided by perceived influence. Regardless of marriage type, women with greater influence over their partner selection reported higher levels of intimacy, passion, commitment and positive marital quality. Negative marital quality was unrelated. Future research may benefit from reconceptualising the arranged/couple‐initiated marriage dichotomy as a continuum.
... However, arranged marriage typically requires the informed consent of the future spouses [79]. In South Asian countries including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and Bangladesh [50,56,59], as well as most Middle Eastern countries [5,56], arranged marriages are the most common means of finding a spouse. Penn [56] remarks that arranged marriages, "[practiced by] half of the world's population ... will become more pervasive in the future since they predominate in countries with high rates of population growth." ...
We studied Indian matrimonial websites that facilitate arranged marriages, focusing on how they are designed to foster safety and inclusivity. We conducted 20 interviews with marriage seekers and parents to understand how they use the sites. We examined government policy, technical affordances, human services, and the presence of the social network. We contrast matrimonial sites to dating websites in the Indian context. Matrimonial websites’ affordances suggest ways we might make other kinds of sites safer.
Background and Aim: Solution-focused therapy is a branch of the postmodern approach in the field of family and couple therapy and focuses on finding solutions to problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of solution-focused couple therapy on marital satisfaction and adjustment of couples. Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with experimental and control groups and pretest-posttest and one-month follow-up, and its statistical population consisted of couples who visited Mehravar Counseling Center of Tehran in 2016. After screening with marital satisfaction Scale (Fowers and Olson, 1993) and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) (Spanier, 1976), we selected 20 non-adjustment couples using the purposive method, and randomly replaced 10 couples in the experimental group and 10 couples in the control group. The experimental group received eight sessions of solution-based couple therapy interventions in a group, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that the solution-focused couple therapy significantly increased marital satisfaction (F= 10.68, P= 0.002) and marital adjustment (F= 13.58, P= 0.001) and the results were stable in the follow-up phase (P=0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, solution-focused couple therapy could be a suitable treatment to increase marital satisfaction and adjustment in couples.
Arranged marriages in India represent a unique cultural institution that deeply influences interpersonal relationships and family dynamics. This practice involves families playing a central role in selecting life partners for their children based on various criteria, including caste, religion, and social status. This paper explores the intricate dynamics of arranged marriages, emphasizing the pivotal role of families in the matchmaking process. While family involvement can provide a sense of support and security, it can also lead to challenges as individuals navigate between their own desires and familial expectations. Additionally, the emphasis on long-term commitment and family stability in arranged marriages is discussed, along with the impact of factors like religion and caste on partner selection. The evolving landscape of arranged marriages, including the emergence of semi-arranged and love-cum-arranged marriages, is also highlighted, demonstrating the adaptability of this tradition in the face of changing societal norms and individual preferences. Overall, this study provides a glimpse into the complex interplay between arranged marriages and family dynamics in the context of interpersonal relationships in India.
Aim: The present study was aimed to develop a conceptual model of satisfactory sustainable marriage in couples seeking adoption. Method: This research has been done qualitatively using grounded theory of the foundation. Using purposive sampling method, the subjects were selected according to the inclusion criteria and until theoretical saturation, finally 18 couples with satisfied and stable marriages a semi-structured interview was conducted for them and analyzed using Strauss and Corbin continuous comparison method. Results: The product of the open coding stage was reaching 112 primary codes, 23 sub-categories and 9 main categories and one central category. The central category in this study is infertility acceptance, a dynamic for the experience of genuine and committed love during marriage. Community, strategic support of those relatives the interventionist conditions and the category of personality and educational structure of couples Background and couples used constructive strategies to resolve marital and family conflicts and religious confrontation as constructive strategies and the end result of life satisfaction, acceptance with compassion and commitment to the spouse. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, infertility acceptance and the experience of genuine and committed love in infertile couples whose main outcome is satisfaction is not accidental but is possible by constructive and active choice and action and is an individual, family and interactive process that Couples consciously strive for the growth and excellence of marriage and care for it, companionship, marital union and the acquisition of marital skills and effective strategies for health and happiness, and ultimately gain satisfaction and stability in marriage.
Marital satisfaction is a mental state that reflects a person's perceptions of the rewards and expenses of marriage. The more costs a marriage partner imposes on a person, the less content that person is with the marriage and the marriage partner in general. Similarly, the larger the perceived benefits, the happier one are with his or her marriage and marital partner. The present study tried to examine the level of marital satisfaction among married couples in Karnataka state. For the present study, the researchers adopted an experimental research design to identify marital satisfaction among married couples. Researchers used the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale to explore marital satisfaction. The result highlights that most respondent couples have low marital satisfaction levels for various reasons. However, the researchers suggested appropriate counselling and family environment enrichment activities to improve marital satisfaction among married couples.
Organic fertilizer is a good source of nutrients for
the soil. It improves the soil’s physical, chemical and biological
characteristics. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth
and yield performance of pechay applied with different levels of
compost as organic fertilizer and determines the effect of organic
fertilizer in terms of plant height, number of leaves per plant,
fresh weight per plant and leaf area. The pot experiment was laid
out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five
treatments and replicated three times. Significant differences
between treatments means were determined using the Duncan
Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The analysis of variance
(ANOVA) showed, that there were no significant differences in
the plant height and number of leaves. However, leaf area of
pechay was significantly affected by application of T3 = 50%
pure garden soil: 50% pure compost (OF) in combination and in
terms of yield, the fresh weight of pechay was significantly
increased with the application of T4 = 75% pure garden soil:
25% pure compost (OF). Application of 50% pure garden soil:
50% pure compost (OF) and 75% pure garden soil: 25% pure
compost (OF) significantly affected the leaf area and fresh
weight of pechay. This implies that compost application greatly
increased or influenced the growth and development of the
pechay plant.
The quality of romantic relationships influences physical and mental health. However, maintaining happy and healthy relationships is challenging; relationship satisfaction declines over time, and relationship dissolution is frequent. This raises the question of which factors contribute to the maintenance versus decline of relationship satisfaction. In this Review, we examine the key factors that have been linked to relationship satisfaction in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Specifically, we describe how self-reported perceptions (subjective perceptions of the self, the partner or the relationship), implicit evaluations (automatic evaluations of one’s partner assessed indirectly) and objective indexes (demographics, life events, communication patterns and biological indexes) relate to relationship satisfaction. This synthesis suggests that self-reported perceptions are not always the most reliable predictors of longitudinal changes in relationship satisfaction. Thus, to uncover why some relationships flourish and others struggle over time, future research should not solely focus on self-reported perceptions, but also on implicit evaluations, demographics, life events, communication patterns and biological factors, and their combination. The quality of romantic relationships influences physical and mental health. However, maintaining happy and healthy relationships is challenging. In this Review, Righetti et al. examine the key factors that have been linked to relationship satisfaction in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
Background and Aim: Solution-focused therapy is a branch of the postmodern approach in the field of family and couple therapy and focuses on finding solutions to problems. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of solution-focused couple therapy on marital satisfaction and adjustment of couples. Methods: The present study was quasi-experimental with experimental and control groups and pretest-posttest and one-month follow-up, and its statistical population consisted of couples who visited Mehravar Counseling Center of Tehran in 2016. After screening with marital satisfaction Scale (Fowers and Olson, 1993) and Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) (Spanier, 1976), we selected 20 non-adjustment couples using the purposive method, and randomly replaced 10 couples in the experimental group and 10 couples in the control group. The experimental group received eight sessions of solution-based couple therapy interventions in a group, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results: The results indicated that the solution-focused couple therapy significantly increased marital satisfaction (F= 10.68, P= 0.002) and marital adjustment (F= 13.58, P= 0.001) and the results were stable in the follow-up phase (P=0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings, solution-focused couple therapy could be a suitable treatment to increase marital satisfaction and adjustment in couples.
The article presents the results of a study conducted among the Indian diaspora in Tanzania. The data obtained confirm the existence of universal gender differences in the mating preferences and are consistent with the predictions of the theory of sexual strategies. Indian men tend to pay more attention to a woman's reproductive abilities, thus evaluating physical indicators of fertility, health and age, as well as the potential to be a caring mother. Women appreciate those male qualities that reflect his ability to provide for a family (and therefore joint children), such as intelligence, good education, social status, diligence, financial security, etc. At the same time, cultural components typical for Indian society influence the mating preferences. Caste and the role of parents’ opinion regarding the future marriage partner remain important criteria. Instead of a one-way movement towards Western marriage practices, as suggested by family change theories and as can be seen in other Asian contexts (such as China), trends in Indian society point to a combination of traditional Indian and Western practices.
هدفت الدراسة للتعرف علي الأساليب المفضلة في عملية الاختيار الزواجي من وجهة نظر طلبة الجامعة، وكذلك هدفت-أيضاً- للتعرف على المواصفات التي يفضلها طلبة الجامعة في الاختيار الزواجي، ولتحقيق ذلك اعتمدت الدراسة على استمارة استبيان، تم تطبيقها على عينة عمديه قوامها (400) طالب وطالبه. ولقد أسفر التحليل الإحصائي على جملة من النتائج كان من أهمها: أن الشباب الجامعي يفضل في الاختيار الزواجي، الأسلوب الشخصي، والزواج من غير الأقارب، وإطالته فترة التعارف، والاختيار من الجنسية نفسها، ومن البلدية نفسها، وان يكون الزوج اكبر من الزوجة، والزواج في سن العشرين فما فوق، كما تبين من النتائج – أيضا - بأنه من أهم المواصفات التي يفضلها الشباب الجامعي في الاختيار الزواجي-حسب الترتيب- هي: الالتزام الديني، التعليم، الوظيفة، الوضع المادي، الجمال.
Marriage is the most respected institution in the world, and it contributes to the foundations of procreation, leadership and peace and is the hub of economic stability. Currently, there are marital disharmony cases which have led to marriage being viewed with a negative perception. This trend is common in Lugari, Kakamega County, Kenya, resulting in psychological torture, issues with child development in terms of learning and discipline, and a long‐term effect on their behaviour as adults. Premarital counselling was conceived for the purpose of helping families to re‐evaluate their feelings about marriage and its values in order to experience marital harmony. This study sought to determine the relationship between premarital counselling and marital harmony among families. It was guided by solution‐focused theory (SFT). The target population for the study was married couples and premarital counsellors. Purposive and simple random techniques were used to select a representative sample of 20 men, 20 women and 10 premarital counsellors in Lugari, Kakamega County. There was a statistically significant relationship between premarital counselling services and marital harmony among families with a correlation of .893. Therefore, there should be awareness of the existing services, and couples intending to marry should seek premarital counselling interventions and continue to attend counselling after formalising their marriage to keep up with the changing times.
The purpose of this study was to investigate marital satisfaction and happiness among love
married couples and arrange married couples . The sample of this study included 60 couples
.30 were love married couples and 30 were arrange married couples . Marital satisfaction
measured using the Marriage Satisfaction Scale was developed by Brinda Amritraj and Indira
Jai Prakash in (1985) and happiness measured using the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was
developed by Michael Argyle and Peter Hills (2002). The results of this study showed a
significant difference in marital satisfaction between love married couples and arrange married
couples . And no significant difference was found in happiness between love married couples
and arrange married couples. There are several factors that can affect marital satisfaction .
Marital satisfaction is strongly linked with happiness. Success of any types of marriage
depends on mutual understanding of the couple.
The present study aimed to elucidate the psychometric properties, factorial structure, and predictive validity of Hindi version of Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale in Indian cultural milieu. A total of 21 to 75 years old 300 couples (300 husbands and 300 wives), conveniently sampled from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, completed the Hindi version of Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Factor analysis (principal components) with loadings equal to or more than 0.400, Eigen value equal to 1.00 and the Scree plot revealed single factors explaining a total of 81.116 % variance for husbands, 77.129 % variance for wives and 78.992 % variance for couples (husbands and wives). Confirmatory analysis revealed that the fit indexes were very good (χ2 = 0.00, p < 0.001; CFI = 1.00; GFI = 1.00; SRMR = 0.00; RMR = 0.00) over the level of analysis (for husbands, wives and whole sample). The reliability coefficients of the single factor emerged fairly high and indicated good reliability of the Hindi version of KMSS. KMSS correlated significantly and positively with all measures of DAS-H indicating good convergent validity of KMSS-H. The results also indicated no significant gender and age differences on marital satisfaction as measured by KMSS-H. The findings indicated that Kansas Marital satisfaction Scale-Hindi (KMSS-H) may function as a useful brief measure of marital satisfaction in Indian culture.
The present study aimed to elucidate the psychometric properties, factorial structure, and predictive validity of Hindi version of Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale in Indian cultural milieu. A total of 300 couples, 21 to 75 years old (300 husbands and 300 wives) were, conveniently sampled from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh, completed the Hindi version of Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Factor analysis (principal components) with loadings equal to or more than 0.400, Eigen value equal to 1.00 and the Scree plot revealed single factors explaining a total of 81.116 % variance for husbands, 77.129 % variance for wives and 78.992 % variance for couples (husbands and wives). Confirmatory factor revealed that the fit indices were very good (χ2 = 0.00, p < 0.001; CFI = 1.00; GFI = 1.00; SRMR = 0.00; RMR = 0.00) over the level of analysis (for husbands, wives and whole sample). The reliability coefficients of the single factor emerged fairly high and indicated good reliability of the Hindi version of KMSS. KMSS correlated significantly and positively with all measures of DASH indicating good convergent validity of KMSS-H. The results also indicated no significant gender and age differences on marital satisfaction as measured by KMSS-H. The findings indicated that Kansas Marital satisfaction Scale-Hindi (KMSS-H) may function as a useful brief measure of marital satisfaction in Indian culture.
This study was designed to establish the construct, convergent and predictive validity (gender and age differences) of Hindi version of Dyadic Adjustment Scale in Indian cultural milieu. For the purpose three hundred 21 to 75 years old married couples (300 husbands and 300 wives) with at least graduation qualification were sampled from Chowk and adjoining areas of Varanasi city of Uttar Pradesh following a multistage sampling procedure, and they completed the Hindi version of 32-items DAS (Spanier and Cole, 1976). Factor analysis (principal components) on Hindi version of DAS (DAS-H) with the loading equal to or more than 0.400, Eigen value equal to 1.00, by applying Promax rotation method following Scree plot revealed three factors, and finally, confirmatory factor analysis by AMOS - version 20 revealed an acceptable model fit on 17 items, content of 9 items of the first factor (# 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 14), 4 items of second factor (# 24, 26, 27 and 28) and 4 items of the third factor (# 16, 20, 21 and 22) showed similar behavioral components i.e., Dyadic Consensus (DC), Dyadic Cohesion (DCH) and Dyadic Satisfaction (DS). The psychometric properties of the DAS-H manifested good internal consistency with fairly high reliability and acceptable construct and convergent validity. The gender and age differences analyses also indicated that the instrument has good predictive validity, thus, the DAS-H produced a reliable and valid measurement of marital adjustment in Hindi speaking Indian cultural milieu.
This study presents evidence supporting a contextual model of marriage that demographic and personality variables relevant to relationship functioning provide a context within which marital events are appraised. Changes in marital relationships were examined from the time of marriage to 1 year later. Twenty-three couples who separated/ divorced before their first anniversary reliably differed from 353 couples who stayed together on demographic variables, personality variables and spousal discrepancies on the personality variables. The intact couples were divided into six types of couples which varied by marital history of each spouse (first marriage or remarriage after divorce) and presence/absence of children or stepchildren. Over both times of assessment, couples experiencing a premarital pregnancy reported the lowest marital quality. Marital quality decreased over the 1-year period, especially for couples having experienced a premarital pregnancy and for couples in a remarriage or in a stepfather family. Husbands' and wives' marital quality, as well as changes in marital quality over the 1-year period, were related to their own personality scores as well as to the overall discrepancy between husbands' and wives' personality scores.
Data from a probability sample of 586 ever married women in Chengdu, Sichuan, in the People's
Republic of China, are used to examine the transition from arranged to free-choice marriages
in that society. Retrospective data on mate-choice experiences reveal that the role of parents has
declined sharply, while young people more and more dominate the process of spouse selection.
However, the transition toward free mate choice appears to have made little further headway in recent
years, and there is still little sign of a "dating culture" emerging. Variations in mate-choice experiences
are used to test the prediction of defenders of arranged marriage that "love matches
start out hot and grow cold, while arranged marriages start out cold and grow hot." In a partial
replication of an investigation of the same question conducted by Robert Blood in Tokyo, Japan,
in 1959, the evidence refutes this prediction. Multiple regression analyses indicate that wives in
Chengdu love matches are more satisfied with their marital relationships than their counterparts
in arranged marriages, regardless of the length of the marriage, and that this difference cannot be
attributed to the influence of other background factors that differentiate these two types of
women.
Presents a triangular theory of love, which deals both with the nature of love and with loves in different kinds of relationships. It is suggested that there are 3 components: (a) intimacy encompassing the feelings of closeness, connectedness, and bondedness experienced in loving relationships; (b) passion encompassing the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, and sexual consummation; and (c) decision/commitment encompassing, in the short term, the decision that one loves another, and in the long term, the commitment to maintain that love. The amount of love one experiences depends on the absolute strength of the 3 components, and the kind of love one experiences depends on their strengths relative to each other. The components interact with each other and with the actions that they produce and that produce them so as to form a number of different kinds of loving experiences. The triangular theory of love subsumes other theories and can account for a number of empirical findings in the research literature, as well as for a number of experiences with which many are familiar firsthand. It is proposed that the triangular theory provides a comprehensive basis for understanding many aspects of the love that underlies close relationships. (53 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Two measures of marital satisfaction, the Quality of Marriage Index (R. Norton; see record
1983-27053-001) and the Relationship Satisfaction Questionnaire (D. D. Burns and S. L. Sayers, 1992) were compared to a measure of marital adjustment, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (G. B. Spanier; see record
1977-00122-001). The measures showed excellent convergent validity (high correlations among each other and with other measures of marital functioning) and discriminant validity (low or nonsignificant correlations with psychopathology subscales). However, spouses' ratings of frequency of disagreements differed significantly from their ratings of satisfaction in the same areas. Formulas for converting scores among the measures are given, and the measures were found to have modest classification powers. The relative advantages and disadvantages of adjustment and satisfaction measures are discussed, and recommendations are made for when to use each type of measure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This study sought to identify the effects of culture and sex on mate preferences using samples drawn world-wide. Thirty-seven samples were obtained from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (N = 9,474). Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed strong effects of both culture and sex, moderated by specific mate characteristics. Chastity proved to be the mate characteristic on which cultures varied the most. The preference ordering of each sample was contrasted with an international complement. Each culture displayed a unique preference ordering, but there were some similarities among all cultures as reflected in a positive manifold of the cross-country correlation matrix. Multidimensional scaling of the cultures yielded a five dimensional solution, the first two of which were interpreted. The first dimension was interpreted as Traditional versus Modern, with China, India, Iran, and Nigeria anchoring one end and the Netherlands, Great Britain, Finland, and Sweden anchoring the other. The second dimension involved valuation of education, intelligence, and refinement. Consistent sex differences in value attached to eaming potential and physical attractiveness supported evolution-based hypotheses about the importance of resources and reproductive value in mates. Discussion emphasizes the importance of psychological mate preferences for scientific disciplines ranging from evolutionary biology to sociology.
Two measures of marital satisfaction, the Quality of Marriage Index (R. Norton, 1983) and the Relationship Satisfaction Questionnaire (D. D. Burns & S. L. Sayers, 1992) were compared to a measure of marital adjustment, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (G. B. Spanier, 1976). The measures showed excellent convergent validity (high correlations among each other and with other measures of marital functioning) and discriminant validity (low or nonsignificant correlations with psychopathology subscales). However, spouses' ratings of frequency of disagreements differed significantly from their ratings of satisfaction in the same areas. Formulas for converting scores among the measures are given, and the measures were found to have modest classification powers. The relative advantages and disadvantages of adjustment and satisfaction measures are discussed, and recommendations are made for when to use each type of measure.
This article describes and evaluates 5 comprehensive premarital assessment questionnaires (PAQs) that can be used in high school, university, and church or secular settings by family life educators and premarital counselors. The criteria on which PAQs should be evaluated are described and each instrument is evaluated according to these criteria. Recommendations for using PAQs are discussed.
This book examines how Western behavioral science - which has generally focused on negative aspects of human nature - holds up to cross-cultural scrutiny, in particular the Tibetan Buddhist celebration of the human potential for altruism, empathy, and compassion. Resulting from a meeting between the Dalai Lama, leading Western scholars, and a group of Tibetan monks, this volume includes excerpts from these dialogues as well as engaging chapters exploring points of difference and overlap between the two perspectives.
Using data on 3,625 respondents from the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households, this analysis examines the long-term consequences of childhood family structure for adult relationships with parents and siblings. Using a broad array of indicators of family solidarity—relationship quality, contact frequency, and perceived and actual social support—this research compares adults raised by single parents with those raised in intact families and compares those who grew up in stepfamilies with those raised by single parents. Results show that divorced single-parent families are associated with reduced solidarity between parents and children. Custodial mothers' remarriages are associated with more parent-child solidarity than single-mother families, but the remarriages of custodial fathers are associated with lower solidarity. Sibling solidarity is not significantly affected by childhood family structure.
Structural Equation Modeling techniques were used to clarify the relationship between marital characteristics, marital processes, and the dependent variable—marital satisfaction—in a sample of 201 participants who were in 1st marriages. The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; G. B. Spanier, 1976) and the Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness Inventory (ENRICH; D. H. Olson, D. G. Fournier, & J. M. Druckman, 1987) provided scales to measure marital interaction processes and marital satisfaction. A new instrument, the Characteristics of Marriage Inventory (CHARISMA; J. R. Rosen‐Grandon & J. E. Myers, 2001), was developed using factor analysis to determine which marital characteristics were statistically significant. Structural equation modeling identified a path model wherein 6 marital interaction processes had a statistically significant influence on marital satisfaction when mediated by 3 latent factors of marital characteristics (love, loyalty, and shared values) and 2 moderating variables (length of marriage and gender of participant).
A holistic model of wellness and prevention over the life span was presented by T. J. Sweeney and J. M. Witmer (1991) and J. M. Witmer and T. J. Sweeney (1992). Recent advances in research and theory related to wellness support modifications of the original model. The foundation for the model is examined, research related to each component is explored, and implications for use of the model as a basis for counseling interventions are presented.
For those involved in international development, one of the major goals is an improvement in the quality of life of the poor. Bhargava and Chakrabati (1992: 133) see the “primary objective of development at any given time is to improve the quality of life”. Indeed, the mission statement for an international development organization explicitly commits itself to the improvement of the quality of life for the “poorest of the poor” (DID, 1994). Social indicators, as “transeconomic” measures of quality of life, have “become an integral part of ‘development indicators”’ (Kao and Liu, 1984: 400; see, also Kahn, 1991). The connection between quality of life and development extends beyond the Third World. For example, in the U.S. Myers (1987) found quality of life influenced inmigration to Austin, Texas, thus affecting its economic development.Undoubtedly the majority of the connections between social indicators and development has been examined at the macro, or national levels using economic, health, education and other objective, comparative indices. Recognizing that such measures as GNP are oftentimes inadequate, assorted indices have been derived to gauge the changes in social development over time, e.g., the well-known Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) constructed by the Overseas Development Council (Morris, 1976). Many of these tend to focus on objective, material indicators (commodity possessions) as opposed to the more subjective ones (Anand and Ravallion, 1993). It is not the purpose of this paper to examine the various critics' arguments about the strengths and weaknesses of extant macro versus micro indices, but rather to lend support for the general need to assess development and social change through social indicators, whether macro or micro, objective or subjective. Ultimately, the purpose of the assessment should guide which social indicators are selected.The purpose of this paper is to examine several issues arising from the linkages between development efforts and quality of life (QOL). Using empirical data which were gathered to evaluate a community development project in the Garhwal region of Northern India, several issues, germane to both social indicators and development, will be investigated. These include: (1) the relationship between “Basic Minimum Needs” (BMNs) and QOL, (2) some methodological innovations for measuring both BMNs and QOL, and (3) selected correlates of BMNs and social indicators of QOL for Garhwali villagers. Before describing the project and its findings, we will first place it in the overall development context.
The Wheel of Wellness, a theoretical model of well‐being, incorporates 16 dimensions of healthy functioning that can be assessed using the Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (WEL; J. E. Myers, T. J. Sweeney, & J. M. Witmer, 1998). A series of studies are reported concerning the development and validation of the WEL based on a large database. In the current study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the items and scales revealed 5 primary factors of well‐being (Creative, Coping, Social, Essential, and Physical) and 1 superordinate factor identified as “Wellness.”
In this study, we propose that the meaning given to women's work and the context in which it is embedded determine the impact of women's work on the well-being of husbands. The data come from an urban sample of 264 married Black couples and White couples in the 3rd year of their marriage. Women were allowed to define their own work status and were classified into homemakers, wage earners, and career women. The results indicate that the social context within which women's work is embedded is different for Black husbands and White husbands. Further, we find moderate support for a social contextual framework when examining the relationship between married women's work and the well-being of husbands.
This article reviews research on the premarital factors associated with later marital quality and stability in first marriages. Three major categories of factors are described, including background and context, individual traits and behaviors, and couple interactional processes. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal research are summarized. Recommendations for future research and implications for family life education and premarital counseling are described.
This study reports on the development of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, a new measure for assessing the quality of marriage and other similar dyads. The 32 item scale is designed for use with either married or unmarried cohabiting couples. Despite widespread criticisms of the concept of adjustment, the study proceeds from the pragmatic position that a new measure, which is theoretically grounded, relevant, valid, and highly reliable, is necessary since marital and dyadic adjustment continue to be researched. This factor analytic study tests a conceptual definition set forth in earlier work and suggests the existence of four empirically verified components of dyadic adjustment which can be used as subscales [dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, dyadic consensus and affectional expression]. Evidence is presented suggesting content, criterion related, and construct validity. High scale reliability is reported. The possibility of item weighting is considered and endorsed as a potential measurement technique, but it is not adopted for the present Dyadic Adjustment Scale. It is concluded that the Dyadic Adjustment Scale represents a significant improvement over other measures of marital adjustment, but a number of troublesome methodological issues remain for future research.
To improve understanding of Korean Americans' counseling needs, considers the characteristics and concerns of Asian American ethnic groups as a whole, such as identity and acculturation. Examines mental health services for Korean Americans and explores some of the implications for counseling practice and counselor preparation. (RJM)
Surveyed 31 American married couples and 53 Indian couples in arranged and love marriages on marital satisfaction and communication practices. Couples in Indian arranged marriages rated marital satisfaction higher than did American couples or Indian love marriages. Indian love marriages bore greater similarity to American companionate marriages in that verbal, nonverbal, and sexual communication had a greater influence on marital satisfaction than was the case with Indian arranged marriages. It is suggested that submissiveness and appropriate selection and external support of a wife influence the degree of satisfaction in arranged marriages. (French & Spanish abstracts) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Discusses the concept of locus of control (LOC). Some persons believe that life events are largely a result of their own effort—internal LOC. Others consider that luck, fate, and factors beyond their control determine what happens—external LOC. In the Western world, an internal LOC is generally idealized, while an external LOC is more prevalent and more admired in the East. The Indian view that events are predetermined—an external LOC—does not necessarily imply a refusal to accept the value of purpose or effort. An ideal attitude toward work should incorporate the value of self-effort while accepting an underlying deterministic framework. LOC scales currently used do not measure a philosophically homogeneous concept, and greater conceptual clarification to make such testing more useful for personality development is needed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Individualism and collectivism help explain culture-related differences in romantic love and in the importance of emotional intimacy in marriage. Three propositions are suggested: (a) Romantic love is more likely to be an important basis for marriage in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; (b) psychological intimacy in marriage is more important for marital satisfaction and personal well-being in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; and (c) although individualism fosters the valuing of romantic love, certain aspects of individualism at the psychological level make developing intimacy problematic. Evidence pertaining to these propositions is considered based on conceptual and empirical accounts of romantic love and psychological intimacy in marriage in two individualistic societies (Canada and the United States) and three collectivistic societies (China, India, and Japan). In addition, we suggest that consideration of individualism and collectivism as these constructs pertain to gender provides a framework for interpreting gender differences in the reported experience of love and intimacy in North American society.
Despite the wealth of research on marital satisfaction, little is known about the cross-effects of husband and wife variables on the satisfaction of the self, on the one hand, and the spouse, on the other. The study presents a model that simultaneously examines the direct and indirect effects of several sociocultural factors on the satisfaction of each spouse. In a sample of 206 Israeli couples, linear structural relationships path analysis revealed two dominant effects: the husband's liberalism and his desire to marry. The more liberal his attitudes and the stronger that desire, the greater the marital satisfaction of both spouses. Men were more satisfied when they themselves held liberal views and when their wives held conservative ones. Premarital cohabitation and the pattern of spouse selection had little effect on marital satisfaction, implying that arranged marriages and autonomous choice constitute symmetric options.
Responses of 56 (32 women, 24 men) subjects to the Men's Adult Life Experiences Inventory, a 97-item self-report assessment of the frequency and intensity of 11 developmentally related domains (relationships with parent, spouse, children, friends, death, health, job, leisure, sex, self-reflection, and pressure of time) of concerns of middle-aged men and women in India were similar. The men and women differed only in their response to the self-reflection and health domains of the Men's Adult Life Experiences Inventory. This study indicates that there is no midlife crisis in India.
Challenges to the Ameri-can family Family relations: Chal-lenges for the future (pp. 3–16) Interna-tional preferences in selecting mates: A study of 37 cultures
- T H Brubaker
- J A M Kimberly
Brubaker, T. H., & Kimberly, J. A. (1993). Challenges to the Ameri-can family. In T. H. Brubaker (Ed.), Family relations: Chal-lenges for the future (pp. 3–16). Newbury Park, NJ: Sage. Buss, D. M., Abbott, M., Angleitner, A., Biaggio, A., Blanco-Villasenor, A., Bruchon-Schweitzer, M., et al. (1990). Interna-tional preferences in selecting mates: A study of 37 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21, 5–47.
Humanistic psychotherapy: The rational emotive approach
- Myers
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Myers, Madathil, & Tingle Ellis, A. (1973). Humanistic psychotherapy: The rational emotive approach. New York: Julian.
PRE-PARE/ENRICH counselor's manual
- D H Olson
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Olson, D. H., Fournier, D. G., & Druckman, J. M. (1987). PRE-PARE/ENRICH counselor's manual. Minneapolis, MN: PRE-PARE/ENRICH.
Assessing successful committed relationships: CHARISMA, The Character-istics of Marriage Inventory. Unpublished manuscript The rela-tionship between marital characteristics, marital interaction pro-cesses, and marital satisfaction
- J Hattie
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Rosen-Grandon, J., Hattie, J. A., & Myers, J. E. (2002). Assessing successful committed relationships: CHARISMA, The Character-istics of Marriage Inventory. Unpublished manuscript. Rosen-Grandon, J., Myers, J. E., & Hattie, J. A. (2004). The rela-tionship between marital characteristics, marital interaction pro-cesses, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Counseling & Devel-opment, 82, 58–68.
Courtship and marriage: Choosing a primary relationship A lifetime of rela-tionships
- T G Sher
Sher, T. G. (1996). Courtship and marriage: Choosing a primary relationship. In N. Vanzetti & S. Duck (Eds.), A lifetime of rela-tionships (pp. 243–264). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Life satisfaction in relation to leisure and socio-cultural-sports activities
- Singh
Singh, P., & Joseph, G. (1996). Life satisfaction in relation to leisure and socio-cultural-sports activities. Indian Journal of Psychom-etry and Education, 27, 61–71.
Qualities desirable for engineering students and profession: I. Teachers sample
- Sinha
Sinha, D., & Misra, H. (1960). Qualities desirable for engineering students and profession: I. Teachers sample. Journal of Psycho-logical Researches, 5, 10–21.
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Assessing successful committed relationships: CHARISMA, The Characteristics of Marriage Inventory
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Locus of control: A conceptual analysis
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