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Effect of phytase on protein and energy utilization
World’s Poultry Science Journal
Abstract
Phytate is a molecule rich in phosphorus (P). However, the P in phytate is of low availability to monogastric animals because they lack the proper enzyme system to hydrolyse phytate. Consequently, there is a high P concentration in the manure from animals fed on diets containing phytate, and this can lead to pollution of the environment. Because phytate can complex with minerals, starch, proteins and digestive enzymes, it also has anti-nutritional properties. Limiting the P output by monogastric animals, by increasing the digestibility (availability) of the P in the diet by hydrolysing phosphate from phytate, was the original reason for developing the microbial phytase, Natuphos®. It has been shown in many studies that P excretion by pigs and poultry can be reduced by 30% by including phytase in their diets. The digestibility of other nutrients bound to phytate can also be increased considerably by hydrolysis of the phytate molecule by phytase. A number of studies have been performed in poultry and pigs to determine the effect on amino acid digestibility of adding microbial phytase to the feed. In general, an increase of 1-3% has been reported. It was shown by meta-analysis that these improvements were significant for most amino acids at a phytase supplementation rate of 500 FTU/kg diet. In piglets and broilers an improvement in performance of 1.5-3.0% was often observed when phytase was included in the diet, even if the diet met the digestible/available P requirement. This improvement in performance cannot be explained by improvements in amino acid digestibility alone. It has been suggested that there is an effect on energy utilisation as well, and this has now been confirmed in studies with poultry. To apply this information in feed compounding, matrix values are proposed for use by the industry in linear programming. Depending on many factors, feed costs can be decreased by up to EUR 3.50 (US$ 3.00)/tonne by the addition of phytase to diets that are not limiting in P. Limiting the total P content in the diet to a lower concentration can increase the economic advantage of adding phytase. Processing of feed, especially pelleting, can reduce the activity of phytase. It is therefore necessary to protect the enzyme and this can be very difficult, especially when it is important that the enzyme should also become rapidly available to the animal. The product Natuphos® 10000 G fulfils these requirements. The broadness of the impact of this enzyme on the nutritional value of feed makes it a really remarkable enzyme.
... The main effect of phytase is making phytin phosphorus avialable for monogastric animals. Moreover, numerous studies have reported the positive effect of microbial phytases on improving the nutritional value of plant-based feeds by enhancing protein digestibility and improving digestive health and immunity (KIES et al., 2001;CHOCT, 2006). Furthermore, SELLE et al. (2006) reported that phytase improved mineral utilization and ME value (1.5-3.0%) even if the diet met the digestible/available P requirement. ...
... In literature, phytase was reported to improve nutrient utilization of phosphorus inadequate and adequate diets (WU et al., 2003;BRUFAU et al., 2006;CHOCT, 2006;ASSUENA et al., 2009). However, the effect of phytase in phosphorus adequate diet is less pronounced (KIES et al., 2001). In addition, WATSON et al. (2006) reported an increase in growth and FI for broilers in the starter period with phytase addition to diets adequate (0.45% nPP) and deficient (0.25% nPP) in nPP. ...
... However, GHASEMI et al. (2006) reported that the effect of phytase on BW and FCR was less pronounced in the P adequate-diet. A variety of factors such as age of birds, non-phytin level, phytase dose and type and dietray composition can influence the response to phytase supplementation and differences among different experimental results could be expected (KIES et al., 2001). SELLE et al. (2006) reported that phytase improved mineral utilization and ME value (1.5-3.0%) even if a diet met the digestible/available P requirement, meaning that phytase had non-mineral effect. ...
Two hundred and eighty nine-day old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly distributed in a straight run experimental design among eight treatment groups, each containing five replicates, of seven unsexed chickens. The treatments included unsupplemented control, flavomycin supplemented at 0.5 g/kg, fungal (Aspergillus niger) phytase supplementation at levels of 250 and 500 FTU/kg diet, enzyme cocktail supplementation at 1 and 2 g/kg diet and probiotic supplementation at 0.5 and 1 g/kg diet. Body weight gain (BWG) of 23 day-old broilers was only significantly increased due to flavomycin, 500 FTU of phytase and 1 g/kg of enzyme cocktail compared to 250 FTU of phytase. Phytase supplementation at 500 FTU significantly improved FCR during 9 to 42 day of age compared with the other experimental groups. Phytase at 250 and 500 FTU significantly improved digestibility of crude fiber compared to the control group and the group supplemented with 1 g of probiotic. Only 250 FTU of phytase and 2 g enzyme cocktail/kg diet significantly increased meat lipid in muscle compared to those fed diet supplemented with 1 g/kg enzyme cocktail only. Plasma total protein and globulin were significantly increased due to 250 FTU of phytase supplementation compared to flavomycin and the rest of supplementations. In conclusion, fungal phytase at 500 FTU may enhance production performance of broilers fed corn-soybean meal diets adequate in nutritional profiles suggested that phytase may replace AGP in broiler diets although further research in needs towards alternatives to AGP in animal nutrition (NASIR and GRASHORN, 2008).
... Degradation of phytate therefore can potentially increase digestibility of protein and AA by decreasing the formation of phytate-protein complexes. The impact of phytase on ileal AA digestibility has been reviewed extensively (Kies et al., 2001;Selle et al., 2006;Selle et al., 2009;Cowieson and Bedford, 2009). In general, phytase supplementation does not always improve AA digestibility and the degree of response is variable depending on the specific AA, feed ingredients, and indigestible marker used. ...
... Phytase Effect. The impact of phytase on ileal AA digestibilities varies among AAs (Kies et al., 2001;Selle et al., 2006;Cowieson and Bedford, 2009;Selle et al., 2009). Rodehutscord et al. (2012) showed that birds fed a 0.89% Ca and 0.24% nPP diet from hatch to 21 d of age containing 2,000 U Aspergillus oryzae phytase/kg had greater digestibility of half of the AA (9 out of 17) examined. ...
... Effects of age and adaptation on apparent ileal digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and amino acids of broilers fed Trt diets from 7 to 9, 7 to 21, and 19 to 21 d of age -0.65% Ca. are: 1) decrease in the insoluble complex formation between phytate and dietary protein and proteolytic enzymes due to phytate dephosphorylation (Kies et al., 2001); and 2) reduced endogenous loss of AA (Cowieson et al., 2004). Even though FI was determined between 7 and 19 but not between 19 and 21 d of age, digestibility in birds fed from 19 to 21 d of age was not expected to be affected by FI due to the short duration of the phase (2 d) as was the case between 7 and 9 d of age where no effect of diet Trt on FI was observed. ...
A total of 1,152 straight-run hatchling Heritage 56M × fast feathering Cobb 500F broiler birds were used to determine Ca, age, and adaptation effects on apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (AID of CP), amino acids (AID of AA) and phytase efficacy. Twelve treatments with 8 replicates, each were fed from 7 to 9 d (6 birds per replicate), 7 to 21 d (6 birds per replicate) and 19 to 21 d (3 birds per replicate) d of age. Diets were prepared with 3 Ca (0.65, 0.80, and 0.95%) and 2 non-phytate P, (0.20 and 0.40%) concentrations. A 6-phytase was added at 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg to the 0.20% nPP diet at each Ca concentration. The age and adaptation effects were determined by comparing the responses between birds fed from 7 to 9 and 19 to 21 d of age, 19 to 21, and 7 to 21 d of age, respectively. An age effect was observed regardless of Ca, nPP, or phytase concentration, with older birds (19 to 21 d) having greater apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and CP than younger birds (7 to 9 d; P < 0.05). Response to adaptation varied depending on Ca, nPP, and phytase concentrations. Constant lower AID of CP and AA was seen in adapted birds (7 to 21 d) compared to unadapted bird (19 to 21 d) when 0.20% nPP diets were fed at 0.95% Ca concentrations (P < 0.05). At 0.40% nPP, there was no effect of adaptation on AID of CP and AA at any Ca concentration. Phytase efficacy was significantly lower in younger (7 to 9 d) compared to older birds (19 to 21 d; P < 0.05), except at 0.65% Ca. Phytase inclusion increased AID of CP and AA regardless of Ca (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the AID of CP and AA can be affected by diet, age, and adaptation.
... Practical poultry diets are largely made up of cereal grains and oilseed meals that are normally deficient in dietary phosphorus. This is because up to 80% of phosphorus in feed ingredients of plant origin is bound to phytic acid (Rama Rao et al. 1999 and Kies et al., 2001) and only about 30% of this amount is assumed to be available to poultry and other non-ruminants (Nelson et al., 1968) [1][2][3]. Thus, rather than depending on total dietary concentrations, phosphorus requirements in poultry and other non-ruminants are based on biological availabilities that estimates portion of dietary phosphorus that is absorbed and utilized by the animal (Shastak et al., 2012;WPSA, 2013) [4,5]. ...
... Practical poultry diets are largely made up of cereal grains and oilseed meals that are normally deficient in dietary phosphorus. This is because up to 80% of phosphorus in feed ingredients of plant origin is bound to phytic acid (Rama Rao et al. 1999 and Kies et al., 2001) and only about 30% of this amount is assumed to be available to poultry and other non-ruminants (Nelson et al., 1968) [1][2][3]. Thus, rather than depending on total dietary concentrations, phosphorus requirements in poultry and other non-ruminants are based on biological availabilities that estimates portion of dietary phosphorus that is absorbed and utilized by the animal (Shastak et al., 2012;WPSA, 2013) [4,5]. A number of response criterion are employed for assessing phosphorus bio-availabilities including feed intake, body weight gains, feed conversion ratios and mineralization of bones and blood. ...
A 14 day broiler chickens feeding trial was conducted to determine bio-availability and relative biological values (RBV) of phosphorus in raw and acidulated local rock phosphates (RPs) as potential replacements for imported and more expensive di-calcium phosphate (DCP). Treatments included Raw, Sulphuric acid and Phosphoric acid acidulated Sinda and Chilembwe RPs. Bio-availability was assessed based on feed intake, body weight gains, feed conversion ratios, phosphorus retention and mineralization of tibia bones and blood serum. RBVs were calculated on the same parameters using DCP as a reference standard. Phosphorus contents in local RPs were significantly (P ≥ 0.05) lower than in DCP, but acidulating RPs with Phosphoric acid significantly increased phosphorus, but reduced calcium contents. Other minerals were comparable with what was in DCP. Acidulating RPs significantly (P ≥ 0.05) increased body weight gains and feed conversion ratios, but not feed intake. Phosphorus retentions, weights and ash contents of tibia bones were significantly (P ≥ 0.05) lower in chickens fed diets based on raw than that of those fed diets based on acidulated RPs and DCP; an indication that acidulating the RPs improved phosphorus bio-availability in broiler chickens. There were however; no statistical differences (P ≥ 0.05) among treatments in calcium and phosphorus contents in both tibia bones and blood serum.
... Thus, dietary supplementation with exogenous phytases can reduce the requirement for non-phytate P (nPP), thereby decreasing reliance on costly and non-renewable inorganic P reserves [3,9,10]. Additionally, phytate forms indigestible complexes with other minerals, starch, proteins, thereby negatively affecting nutrient digestion and the energy utilization of diets [11]. Previous studies have reported that, in addition to increasing P availability, phytase can enhance nutrients availability and improve energy digestibility in laying hens [12,13]. ...
A 22-week trial was conducted to assess the effects of replacing inorganic phosphorus (P) with two levels of a hybrid bacterial 6-phytase in low-energy diets for laying hens, from 23 to 44 weeks of age. The study focused on hen performance, egg quality and bone health of laying hens. For this purpose, Lohmann Brown Classic hens (n = 432) were randomly allocated to four dietary groups, each comprising nine replicates of 12 birds. The groups included: (1) positive control (PC), a standard diet containing 3.7% calcium, 0.38% non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) and 2730 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME), (2) negative control (NC), a diet similar in nutritional specifications to the PC but with reduced nPP (0.12%) and ME (2630 kcal/kg), (3) NC300 and (4) NC600, where NC diets were supplemented with 300 and 600 phytase unit (FTU) per kg feed, respectively. All diets were provided as mash and formulated using corn, soybean meal and sunflower meal as the main ingredients. The NC diet significantly impaired hen performance compared to the PC diet (p < 0.05). Specifically, the NC diet led to deterioration in egg production (p < 0.001), egg weight (p = 0.001), egg mass (p < 0.001), feed intake (p < 0.001), feed conversion ratio (p = 0.002), body weight (p < 0.001), and livability (p = 0.036). Additionally, the NC diet increased the incidence of cracked (p < 0.001) and shell-less eggs (p < 0.001) and lowered eggshell breaking strength (p = 0.005). Bone health was also adversely affected by the NC diet, as indicated by reduced tibia ash content (p < 0.001), stiffness (p = 0.005), and maximum load-bearing capacity (p = 0.040). Moreover, with NC diet, there was a decrease in osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression (p < 0.001) and an increase in receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) expression (p < 0.001) in tibia, resulting in a greater RANKL/OPG ratio (p < 0.001). Supplementing the NC diet with bacterial 6-phytase at both levels (300 and 600 FTU/kg) effectively mitigated all adverse effects of P and ME deficiency on the aforementioned parameters, bringing them to levels comparable to those of the PC. Notably, the 600 FTU/kg supplementation provided slightly better results in terms of egg weight and eggshell breaking strength than the 300 FTU/kg level. Overall, this study suggests that supplementing the hybrid bacterial 6-phytase (300–600 FTU/kg) to P-deficient (0.12% nPP) and low energy (−100 kcal/kg) diets can fully replace inorganic P without compromising laying performance, egg quality, or bone health. Further research is recommended to determine the optimal levels of hybrid bacterial 6-phytase in P-deficient diets for laying hens throughout laying cycle of the birds with other nutrient matrices (energy, amino acids, calcium) to optimize layer feed formulations.
... Ptak et al. (2013) reported that the addition of phytase had no impact on fat digestibility. Previous studies have shown that microbial phytase supplementation significantly increases CP digestibility in various poultry species, including broiler chicken (Kies et al. 2001;Lan et al. 2002), turkeys (Bassi et al. 2021), and laying hens (Javadi et al. 2021). ...
Two phytase genes originating from Escherichia coli (6-phytase) and Aspergillus niger (3-phytase) (appA and phyA) were co-expressed in Pichia pastoris as the expression host. In vivo and in vitro tests were employed to assess the biological properties of the recombinant phytase. The recombinant protein had a phytase activity equal to 160.97 U/ml and was tested in the feed of 180 broilers to measure Crude Protein, Dry Matter, Fat, Phosphorus, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Zinc and p-phytate digestibility. The experimental chickens were subjected to six dietary treatments in six replicates (5 birds per replicate). The treatments included one control group (basal diet), and three feed treatments with 500, 1000, and 1500 FTU phyA + appA. The basal diet contained 500 FTU/kg Hostazym® P, and the basal diet contained native Pichia pastoris. Total tract apparent disappearance of phytate-P and nutrient retention were assessed at 19–21 days of age. Broilers fed with phytases had greater retention of P, Ca, Mg, Fe and p-phytate, and the digestibility of CP and DM (P < 0.05) was greater than the control group. Fat digestibility and Zn retention were not significantly different. As a result, the recombinant phytase used in this study could be used as a feed supplement in poultry farming to enhance mineral digestibility.
... This change is intimately related to the tannins, glucosinolates, and phytate that restrict its usage in fish feed (Von Danwitz and Schulz, 2020). Phytate, the primary phosphorus storage compound, has a significant chelating capability to make bonds with starch, protein, and minerals in intestine, reducing the bioavailability of these nutrients (Kies et al., 2001). Therefore, for the efficient use of plant-based proteins in aqua-feed, it is crucial to identify and destroy anti-nutritional factors that prevent nutrient consumption. ...
A 90-day feeding trial was designated to evaluate how canola meal (CM)-based diet supplemented with phytase (PHY) and citric acid (CA) affects whole-body composition and hematological parameters in Cirrhinus mrigala and Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. Sixteen experimental diets (T 1 ─T 16) with varied CA (0 and 2.5%) and PHY (0 and 750 FTU/kg) levels were prepared. The fingerlings were fed at the rate of 5.0% of live fish body mass. Fifteen fish were randomly stocked into triplicate tanks for each of sixteen test diets. Significant (p<0.05) increase in crude protein (CP) and crude fat (CF) was noticed in fish fed T 12 (2.5% CA and 750 FTU/kg PHY) diets. Comparison of treatments showed maximum values of RBCs (3.57×106 mm-3 and 3.18×106 mm-3), PLT (83.32 and 80.35), Hb (8.92g/100ml and 8.62g/100ml) and PCV (29.07% and 30.07%) in C. mrigala and C. carpio fingerlings, respectively, when fed with T 12 diets. Conclusively, a 50% CM-based diet with 2.5% CA and 750 FTU/kg PHY supplementation, performed better in terms of whole-body composition and hematological parameters in C. mrigala and C. carpio fingerlings.
... The impact of feed enzymes on performance, nutrient and energy digestibility is well accepted. For phytase, the improvement in digestibility of various nutrients such as P, Ca, Na, amino acids, trace minerals and energy can be supported by numerous studies (Kies et al., 2001;Cowieson et al., 2017). Similarly, the effect of NSPdegrading enzymes, namely xylanase (Yin et al., 2000) and β-glucanase, but also of other enzymes like amylases (Gracia et al., 2003) and proteases (Zuo et al., 2015) on nutrient digestibility has been reported in both swine and poultry research. ...
... In addition, Santos et al. (2008) found a greater bioeconomic index for diets with phytase. Kies et al. (2001) proposed that, depending on some factors, the use of phytase can reduce feed cost by U$ 3.00 per ton. In this study, comparing diets with 1000 and 1500 FTU/kg to 500 FTU/kg of phytase supplementation, the nutrient reductions suggested in the nutritional matrix implied a decrease of US$ 3.58 and US$ 6.12 per ton, respectively (US$ 1.00 = R$ 3.28). ...
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the reduction of calcium (Ca), crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME), and available phosphorus (aP) in the nutritional matrix of Brazilian commercial broiler diets supplemented with both phytase superdosing (1500 FTU/kg) or conventional doses (500 FTU/kg) on the feed cost and profitability, performance, bone mineralization, and carcass yield of broiler from 1 to 42 d. A total 1200 one-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed in a commercial feeding program composed of a positive control diet and three diets with reduction of Ca, aP, CP, and ME in the nutritional matrix supplemented with 500, 1000, and 1500 FTU/kg of phytase. The broilers subjected to diets with phytase superdosing presented similar performance, bone ash, and carcass yield, among the treatments. There was a linear effect in the total nutrition cost, gross margin, and estimated net margin per bird with the increase of dietary inclusion of phytase in all purposed scenarios. Thus, for each 500 FTU/kg of dietary phytase included in the diet with reduction of Ca, P, ME, and CP in the nutritional matrix, the total nutrition cost decreased R$ 0.072/bird,
... The presence of phytate also influenced to the reduction of availability of dietary AA and energy (Selle et al., 2000). There are several modes of action to explain the interaction between phytate and AA digestibility (Kies et al., 2001). The binary protein-phytate complex does not undergo enzymatic degradation in the digestive system and excreted in faeces. ...
The aim of the study was to investigate the interaction between exogenous phytase with protease and protein source in laying hens diet. A completely randomised design study with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement was conducted to observe effects of protein source (soybean vs. yellow lupine seeds diet) and enzyme addition (no enzyme vs. phytase or protease or both) on laying hens performance, bone mineralization and some egg traits. One hundred sixty Hy-Line Brown hens at the age of 18 weeks were weighed and randomly assigned to 10 treatments, each with 16 birds. According to the producer recommendation in diets containing enzymes reduced the level of available phosphorus (50% reduction) and digestible amino acids - 5% reduction. The egg production during the entire experiment was similar in all groups without significant differences. The egg weight was also on an equal level in all treatments and it was about 58 g. Birds fed different protein source were characterized by similar feed intake and feed conversion ratio during the whole experiment. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was about 1.9-2.0 in all groups. Tibia ash was affected by enzymes supplementation. There was an interaction between protein source and enzymes addition. Birds from treatments fed with yellow lupine meal (YLM) diets reached highest tibia ash level in a group with phytase addition and in groups with SMB in a group with phytase and protease mix. The inclusion of enzymes improved the thickness of the shell. There was an interaction between protein source and enzyme inclusion. It was an interaction between experimental factors in shell breaking strength. Stronger eggshell was laid by hens from groups fed with the inclusion of yellow lupine meal. Addition of phytase had a positive impact on increasing the strength of eggshell. Only inclusion of enzymes affected significantly on shell elastic deformation in part I of eggs. Eggs from hens fed diets with inclusion of protease and phytase mix were most resistant to elastic deformation.
... vannamei) and emphasized the reductions in zinc bioavailability due to the effect of Phytic acid. In addition to negative effects on the growth performances of fish and shrimp, Kies, Van Hemert and Sauer (2001) and Baruah, Sahu, Pal and Debnath (2004) emphasized the potential environmental pollution due to high phosphorous concentration in the manure from animals fed with phytate-containing diets which is one of the major concerns as well. During the current study, significantly positive correlations were observed for TGC with phytic 10 acid and phytate phosphorous levels of the diets. ...
Solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) is generated using different varieties of soybeans grown under a range of conditions and then processed at different crushing plants. Due to its competitive cost and availability, it is a popular plant‐based protein source for shrimp feed formulations. However, there is limited information about effects of variations in the nutritional composition of soybean meal have on performances of shrimp. Hence, the present study was designed to determine the effects of different soybean sources on the growth performances of Litopenaeus vannamei. Two growth trials were conducted with iso‐nitrogenous and iso‐lipidic (350 g/kg protein and 80 g/kg lipid) test diets formulated with 25 sources of soybean meal. Trial one incorporated 14 treatments including a soy‐based diet containing 517 g/kg SBM (eight replicates) and this soy source was then replaced with 13 different soybean sources (four replicates per treatment). The second trial used the same basal diet and 11 different sources of soybean meal (Total 12 diets) with five replicates per treatment. Both growth trials were conducted with a stocking density of 10 shrimps/aquarium in a semi‐closed recirculating system and the initial weight of shrimps for trials 1 and 2 were 0.23 g ± 0.02 and 0.67 g ± 0.02 respectively. During the two trials, shrimp were fed four times/day assuming a FCR of 1.8, over 42 days for trial 1 and 35 days for trial 2. Results indicated that there are differences among sources of soybean meal for standardized percentage TGC. Diet 21 that contained SBM4550 had the largest value for TGC whereas the lowest value for TGC was observed for shrimp fed diet 17 that contained SBM45536. According to the statistical analysis that was used to interpret the growth performance data from the complete chemical profile of the SBM, phosphorous, phytate‐phosphorous and total phytic acid levels had positive correlations (p < 0.005) with TGC whereas raffinose (p = 0.086) had a negative correlation with TGC. Results of this work indicates phosphorous, phosphorous in phytic acid and total phytic acid and raffinose are important components in SBM that may have significant effects on the growth performances of pacific white shrimp.
... Enzyme such as microbial phytase has been used as commercial feed additive in broiler feed production to improve nutritive values of plant based diets. Addition of microbial phytase to broiler diet leads to hydrolysis of phytase, which bind phosphorus of the plant based diet (Kies, et al., 2001). Moreover, interest in the use of phytase as feed additive has now increased due to problems posed by phosphates in animal wastes. ...
... Previous studies have shown improved growth performance in nursery pigs fed high concentrations of phytase at or above 10,000 FTU/kg (Kies et al., 2006;Nyannor et al., 2007;Zeng et al., 2014). The suggested mode of action for high concentrations of phytase comes in the form of non-P related benefits from improved digestibility of energy, AA, and other minerals (Kies et al., 2001). ...
A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200 × 400, initially 5.9 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 42-d trial to determine the effect of high doses of a recently available phytase source (Natuphos E 5000 G, BASF Corporation, Florham Park, NJ) on nursery pig growth and bone ash. Pigs were randomly allotted to pens at weaning by BW and pens were allotted to 1 of 8 corn-soybean meal based dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 5 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. Diets were fed in 3 phases (d 0 to 7, 7 to 21, and 21 to 42) with formulated total Ca:P of 1.07, 1.05, and 0.93, respectively. Treatments included a negative control (NC) with 0.40, 0.30, or 0.25% aP from monocalcium P for Phases 1, 2, and 3 respectively; and NC with either 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, or 4,000 FTU/kg phytase. The last two treatments were a positive control (PC) with 0.55, 0.45, or 0.40% aP from monocalcium P for Phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, or PC with 2,000 FTU/kg phytase. The NC diet with 500 FTU/kg and PC without added phytase were formulated to be equivalent in available Ca and P. On d 42, one pig per pen was euthanized and the right fibula was removed for bone ash analysis. From d 0 to 42, pigs fed increasing phytase in the NC tended to have increased (quadratic, P = 0.064) ADG and (linear, P = 0.082) ending BW and had improved (quadratic, P = 0.008) G:F. Adding 2,000 FTU/kg phytase to the PC did not influence ADG or ADFI, but tended to improve (P = 0.060) G:F compared with the PC. In addition, percentage bone ash increased as phytase increased in the NC (linear, P < 0.001) or when 2,000 FTU/kg was added to the PC diets (P < 0.001). Pigs fed the PC had increased (P = 0.007) ADFI and tended to have greater (P = 0.099) percentage bone ash than pigs fed NC+500 FTU/kg phytase, but the pigs fed NC+500 FTU/kg phytase had improved (P = 0.032) G:F compared to pigs fed the PC. In summary, increasing concentrations of dietary phytase in a P deficient diet improved growth and bone ash measurements, and was optimized at 1,000 FTU/kg. There were varied improvements when 2,000 FTU/kg phytase was added in P adequate diets.
... Water is essential for plant growth and agricultural productivity is solely dependent upon water and it is necessary from seed germination to plant maturation [1]. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stress factors which are generally accompanied by heat stress in dry season [2]. Plants often suffer from water deficit stress, and the severity of the resulting damage varies depending on the intensity and duration of the stress. ...
p>Salicylic acid (SA), an endogenous plant growth regulator has been found to generate a wide range of metabolic and physiological responses in plants affecting their growth and development. In order to study effect of salicylic acid foliar application and limited irrigation on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat, this experiment was conducted at Varamin, Iran during 2014 growing season. The experimental design was laid out in a randomized complete block with a split plots arrangement of treatments in three replications. Main plots included four different levels of irrigation (complete irrigation, irrigation withholding at stem elongation stage, irrigation withholding at flowering stage and irrigation withholding at seed filling period stage) and different concentration of foliar application of salicylic acid (0, 150 and 300 μM) were allocated to subplots. The results showed that irrigation withholding conditions in different growth stages significantly decreased seed yield, RWC and total chlorophyll but by contrast increased membrane stability, proline content, SOD and CAT enzymes activity and also lipid and protein peroxidation. Salicylic acid foliar application had positive effect on all attributes in this experiment. In general, the results of the present study indicate that usage of salicylic acid reduces the harmful effects of water deficit stress and increases resistance to drought stress in wheat plant.
International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(2) 28-33</p
... Many cereals and their byproduct contain non starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as cellulose, xylose, galactonic acid, arabinose which are not easily digested by poultry [1] . More over 70-80% phosphorus exist as phytate in the plant origin feed stuff and birds are unable to hydrolyze due to lack of necessary enzymes [2] . Most of the feed ingredients contain some anti-nutritional factors and nondigested part, which inhibit feed utilization and birds' performance. ...
p>To investigate the effect of exogenous enzymes, multivitamin and growth promoter on growth performance and different hemato-biochemical parameters of broilers, ten days old “Cobb 500” chicks were used and randomly divided into five equal groups (n=10). Group A was considered as control, fed only with commercial ration. Group B, C, D and E were supplemented with enzymes, multivitamin and enzymes plus multivitamin and growth promoter, respectively for the period of 21 days. Results revealed that body weight was increased significantly (p <0.05) in all four treated groups and highest body weight was recorded in group D. Weights of different organs except viscera (liver, spleen, skin, legs, breast meat, leg meat and viscera) were also varied significantly (p <0.05) among the treated groups. TEC increased significantly (p<0.05) in birds of all treated groups except group E whereas Hb concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups (B, C, D and E) as compared to control group A. Highest PCV was also recorded in group C but all the values were more or less similar and statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Biochemical parameters like AST were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in treated groups except group B and C. But, ALT values decreased significantly (p<0.05) in all treated groups in comparison to control group. It is concluded that combined supplementation of enzyme and multivitamin improved better in body weight and different organs weight gain and improves hemato-biochemical profile in broilers.
International Journal of Natural Sciences (2014), 4(1) 1-4</p
... Keshavarz (2000) reported that the beneficial effects of phytase enzyme on growth performance improvement could be due to increasing the digestibility and availability of some nutrients, other than phytate phosphorus, which might have been limited in the diets. As stated by Sebastian et al. (1998), andKies et al. (2001), by applying the phytase enzyme to a RB-containing diet better growth performance, CF digestibility and energy availability could be achieved, mostly due to the phytic acid degradation and release of nutrient compounds. However, it should be noted that a part of the observed improvement in broiler chicken growth performance was due to the activity of other enzymes such as NSP hydrolyzing enzyme and the lipase enzyme which were present in the enzyme supplement composition. ...
... Brady et al [33] reported an increase in dietary DE content, contrary to the reports of Shelton et al [34] and Nortey et al [35], who found no effect of phytase addition on dietary DE content. Some studies reported increases of 1% to 3% in CP and amino acids (AA) digestibility when phytase was fed [36,37] while other experiments showed no effect [9,12]. In this experiment, high dose of phytase was added, according to Zeng et al [38], the apparent ileal digestibility of IP 6 and other nutrients would be even greater with super dose phytase addition compared with a normal phytase level (500 U/kg) because more phosphorus resources could be released. ...
Objective:
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of adding exogenous phytase and xylanase, individually or in combination, as well as pelleting on nutrient digestibility, available energy content of wheat and the performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets.
Methods:
In Experiment 1, forty-eight barrows with an initial body weight of 35.9±0.6 kg were randomly assigned to a 2×4 factorial experiment with the main effects being feed form (pellet vs meal) and enzyme supplementation (none, 10,000 U/kg phytase, 4,000 U/kg xylanase or 10,000 U/kg phytase plus 4,000 U/kg xylanase). The basal diet contained 97.8% wheat. Pigs were placed in metabolic cages for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d total collection of feces and urine. Nutrient digestibility and available energy content were determined. Experiment 2 was conducted to evaluate the effects of pelleting and enzymes on performance of wheat for growing pigs. In this experiment, 180 growing pigs (35.2±9.0 kg BW) were allocated to 1 of 6 treatments according to a 2×3 factorial treatment arrangement with the main effects being feed form (meal vs pellet) and enzyme supplementation (0, 2,500 or 5,000 U/kg xylanase).
Results:
In Experiment 1, there were no interactions between feed form and enzyme supplementation. Pelleting reduced the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 6.4 percentage units (p<0.01), increased the digestibility of energy by 0.6 percentage units (p<0.05), and tended to improve the digestibility of crude protein by 0.5 percentage units (p = 0.07) compared with diets in mash form. The addition of phytase improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) and calcium (p<0.01) by 6.9 and 7.6 percentage units respectively compared with control group. Adding xylanase tended to increase the digestibility of crude protein by 1.0 percentage units (p = 0.09) and increased the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p<0.01) compared with control group. Supplementation of the xylanase-phytase combination improved the digestibility of phosphorus (p<0.01) but impaired NDF digestibility (p<0.05) compared with adding xylanase alone. In Experiment 2, adding xylanase increased average daily gain (p<0.01) and linearly improved the feed:gain ratio (p<0.01) compared with control group.
Conclusion:
Pelleting improved energy digestibility but decreased ADF digestibility. Adding xylanase increased crude protein digestibility and pig performance. Phytase increased the apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus and calcium. The combination of phytase-xylanase supplementation impaired the effects of xylanase on NDF digestibility.
... The negative effect of phytic P on CP and AA digestibility has been confirmed in an earlier publication (Cowieson et al., 2006). Some authors have speculated that the mechanism of phytate action on CP and AAs can be explained by the presence of protein-phytate complexes in feedstuffs, the de novo formation of binary and ternary protein-phytate complexes in the digestive tract, phytate inhibition of proteolytic enzymes and exacerbation of endogenous amino acid losses (Ravindran et al., 1999;Kies et al., 2001;Selle et al., 2006). ...
The study was conducted to investigate the nutritional value of 5 cultivars of Vicia faba L. seeds. The study group included 132 male one-day-old Ross 308 chickens. The birds were randomly assigned to 11 dietary treatments (12 replications in each). Birds were kept in individual cages. Nutrient digestibility was calculated using the difference method. From day 1 to 16, birds received only basal diets. From day 17 to 21, in 10 of the treatments, diets contained faba bean meal in raw or extruded form (Merlin, Olga, Albus, Amulet, Kasztelan) and the basal diet in the ratio 40:60. On days 19 and 20, excreta were individually collected, and then all chickens were sacrificed and ileal digesta were sampled for determination of ileal digestibility. The apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) of raw faba bean seeds ranged from 8.12 to 12.16 MJ/kg; the lowest was determined for the Albus and the highest for the Amulet cultivars. Albus faba bean contained more crude protein (347 g/kg DM) than the other cultivars. The lowest concentration of crude protein was determined in cv. Kasztelan (281 g/kg DM). The AMEN of faba beans was negatively correlated with their content of oligosaccharides (r = −0.80; P ≤ 0.001), raffinose (r = −0.79; P ≤ 0.001) and phytic P (r = −0.55; P ≤ 0.001). Similar negative correlations were observed with respect to the apparent digestibility of dry matter, starch, crude protein and the ileal amino acid digestibility. Extrusion cooking of faba beans decreased their concentration of NDF, ether extracts, trypsin inhibitor, phytic P and resistant starch as well as total and free sialic acid in digesta (P ≤ 0.05). Extrusion improved the AMEN values of raw faba bean seeds and the nutrient digestibility in broilers (P ≤ 0.05).
... Phytic acid slows down the exchange of other important trace elements: zinc, magnesium and calcium, which can cause zinc deficiency problems for non-ruminants (Selle et al., 2000; Veum et al., 2002 ). As phytic acid is known to form complex compounds with proteins, the digestibility of protein and amino acids is reduced under its influence (Kies et al., 2001 ). Special breeding programmes have been targeted to increase the available phosphorous in grain (Poulsen et al., 2001; Rosnagel, 2000). ...
Medicinal plants have played a major role as a functional food and pharmacological source of active substances. Barley grass (BG) is young green barley leaves. It is the young grass of the common barley plant Hordeum vulgare L of the family Poeaceae (Graminae). It is a type of green grasses, and the only vegetation on the earth that can supply sole nutritional support from birth to old age. It contains a wide spectrum of vitamins, minerals, as well as eight essential amino acids that we must get from our diets. BG possesses several pharmacological activities as anticancer activity, anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity. It has been argued that BG helps blood flow, digestion and general detoxification of the body. The major pharmacologic interest of BG is its use in the treatment of chronic diseases. The beneficial effects observed in chronic disease may be related to bioactive compounds contained in BG such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and bioflavonoids (lutonarin and saponarin). Thus, this paper is focused on the various studies that emphasize the therapeutic potential of BG in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.
... Phytase is used in cereal feeds (containing natural phosphorous bound to phytic acid) consumed by monogastric animals. The addition of phytase to these feeds results in a significant reduction in phosphorus excretion from monogastric animals (Lei and Stahl 2000;Kies et al. 2001). ...
Enzymes are the key substances responsible for a variety of biotechnological processes involved in the production of useful bioproducts. Malt and microbial species (bacteria, fungi, etc.) are the main sources of endogenous hydrolyzing enzymes (EHEs). EHEs are primarily involved in the digestion of complex substrates into simpler units and the resulting formation of biological products. Based on origin and substrate specificity, EHEs are categorized into cell wall-, starch-, protein-, lipid-, nucleic acid-, polyphenol-, and thiol-hydrolyzing enzymes. The substrate specificities and reaction mechanisms of individual EHEs and groups of EHEs have been verified through isolated and purified enzymes. A number of methods have been reported for high-yield, economically feasible isolation of enzymes. The endogenous enzymes contained in microbial cells are separated from cells, cellular fragments, and organelles through several cell lysis and separation methods. Analysis of the mechanism of action has revealed that most enzymes systematically undergo biological processes through a cascade of enzyme-specific reactions. The applications of these EHEs are involved in almost every aspect of human and animal life and are important in food, animal feed, textile, paper and pulp, fuel (energy), pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. In this chapter, we describe the origins, classes, isolation techniques, mechanisms, and applications of various EHEs with examples from updated literature.
... Phytase is used in cereal feeds (containing natural phosphorous bound to phytic acid) consumed by monogastric animals. The addition of phytase to these feeds results in a significant reduction in phosphorus excretion from monogastric animals (Lei and Stahl 2000;Kies et al. 2001). ...
Enzymes are the key substances responsible for a variety of biotechnological processes involved in the production of useful bioproducts. Malt and microbial species (bacteria, fungi, etc.) are the main sources of endogenous hydrolyzing enzymes (EHEs). EHEs are primarily involved in the digestion of complex substrates into simpler units and the resulting formation of biological products. Based on origin and substrate specificity, EHEs are categorized into cell wall-, starch-, protein-, lipid-, nucleic acid-, polyphenol-, and thiol-hydrolyzing enzymes. The substrate specificities and reaction mechanisms of individual EHEs and groups of EHEs have been verified through isolated and purified enzymes. A number of methods have been reported for high-yield, economically feasible isolation of enzymes. The endogenous enzymes contained in microbial cells are separated from cells, cellular fragments, and organelles through several cell lysis and separation methods. Analysis of the mechanism of action has revealed that most enzymes systematically undergo biological processes through a cascade of enzyme-specific reactions. The applications of these EHEs are involved in almost every aspect of human and animal life and are important in food, animal feed, textile, paper and pulp, fuel (energy), pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. In this chapter, we describe the origins, classes, isolation techniques, mechanisms, and applications of various EHEs with examples from updated literature.
... Acid phytases show better dephosphorylating between pH 5.0 and alkaline phytase in pH 8.0. All phytases show great pH between 4.0 and 6.0 (Kies et al. 2001;Lei and Stahl 2000). Phytase is produced in large commercial scale by recombination DNA techniques, from fungi of genus Aspergillus niger. ...
In recent years, the sensitivity of consumers and producers towards the environment and health topics has increased significantly, and these issues are involving more and more the agricultural world. Much has been done in terms of cropping systems and technology, but the issues relating to the quality and nutritional value of products turn out to be more complex and sensitive. In this regard, the consumer is more aware of these issues thanks to the many suggestions offered daily both in the health and in a healthy diet.
In this sense, this chapter aims to provide a current status of the concept of quality in the context of vegetable products and highlight its importance especially in order to promote vegetables by improving the final consumer diet. In this regard, the indicative pattern of the chapter could include three main sections. The first concerns about the identification and exploration of the quality concept and its evolution over time with respect to all aspects that contribute to its perception by the consumer. Moreover the technical-agronomic factors and environmental factors that determine the product quality associated with pre-harvest until the ripening stage will be considered. Finally, in the last section of this chapter, we will refer to the quality maintenance in post-harvest considering the evolution of multiple physiological aspects (antioxidants, phenols, vitamins, macro- and micronutrients, etc.) to the hypothetical purchase of the product by the consumer. During all the steps described so far, in which quality is involved, we will consider the potential health traits and benefits relevant to the health of the consumer trying to provide a clear and complete view in this research field.
... Acid phytases show better dephosphorylating between pH 5.0 and alkaline phytase in pH 8.0. All phytases show great pH between 4.0 and 6.0 ( Kies et al. 2001;Lei and Stahl 2000). Phytase is produced in large commercial scale by recombination DNA techniques, from fungi of genus Aspergillus niger. ...
The prospect of biomolecules using microorganisms in fermentation processes is widely used, in this context to solid state fermentation (SSF) has advantages such as the possibility of using agricultural and industrial waste and reduction of water waste. Studies show that different microorganisms can be used in SSF; actinomyces and fungi are the most used due to growth in media with low water activity. Among the highlight biomolecules produced are antibiotics, anticarcinogenic agents, anticoccidians, antiviral, neuroactive, antioxidants, and enzymes. The enzymes are produced in greater scale among the different classes; hydrolases have gained importance because of cellulases, hemicellulases, proteases, chitinases, lipases, and phytases. Cellulases are a complex capable of acting on cellulosic materials, promoting its hydrolysis to release sugars, of which glucose is the one with largest industrial interest. Xylanolytic enzymes act on xylan, hemicellulose components, which may be attached to the cellulose and lignin in the plant cell wall. The study of chitinase has been stimulated by their possible involvement as agents of defense against pathogenic organisms that contain chitin, such as insects, nematodes, and fungi. Proteases catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds of proteins and may have activity on ester and amide bonds. Lipases allow catalysis of the hydrolysis and synthesis, often in chemo, regal, or enantioselective reactions. Furthermore, phytase catalyzes the hydrolysis of phytate to phosphate and inorganic phosphorus, increasing the bioavailability of phosphorus for monogastric animals.
... The improved growth due to phytase supplementation indicates that phytic acid is a growth limiting factor for chicks [8]. Our results are in complete agreement with observation of other workers [9,10]. This may be due to the improved nutrients absorption especially crude protein which complicates with phytate and inhibit other proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin [10][11][12][13]. ...
The present study was conducted to reduce phosphorus pollution from broilers waste by supplementing phytase enzyme in broilers fee. Two hundred two-week-old broilers (Hubbard) were selected and randomly allocated to three dietary treatment groups, one control group (without phytase) and two trial groups (group A with 300 U/kg phytase and group B with 600 U/kg phytase). Each group was composed of 5 replicates with 10 chicks. Broilers fed the control diet (without phytase) gained weight slower (
P
< 0.05) than the other treatment groups. A significant increase in body weight gain of group A (28.00 ± 2.97) and group B (29.75 ± 3.45) was observed as compared to control group (26.75 ± 2.78). The feed intake of the birds fed the diets containing microbial phytase 600 U/kg was the highest. Phytase significantly (
P
> 0.05) reduces excreta P and Ca level. Phytase addition did not affect excreta pH. The presence of phytase in feed mixtures significantly (
P
> 0.05) improves the body weight gain and feed intake of broiler chickens.
1. Two concurrent experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of using the crude protein (CP) value of supplemental amino acids (AA) in formulating reduced-crude protein (RCP) diets. The RCP diets formulated without accounting for CP values of supplemental AA (RCPN) or otherwise (RCPY) or a positive control (PC) diet were fed without (Experiment 1) or with (Experiment 2) phytase.2. Each experiment utilised 105 male broiler chicks. Birds were provided a common starter diet from d 0-7. On d 21, ileal digesta were collected from the distal half of the ileum. For mRNA expression analysis, tissues were collected from the mid-jejunum and the liver. Excreta grab samples were collected for analysis for N content.3. In Experiment 1, there was a stepwise decrease (p < 0.01) in weight gain and excreta N for birds receiving PC, RCPN and RCPY diets. The coefficients of ileal digestibility of His, Leu, Phe and Trp were greater (p < 0.05) in birds that received RCPY rather than the PC diets. The relative mRNA expression of CAT1 was greater (p < 0.05) for birds that received the PC diet.4. In Experiment 2, growth performance and excreta N were not different between the PC and RCPN diets, but weight gain, feed intake and excreta N were greater (p < 0.01) in birds receiving PC or RCPN diets. The coefficients of digestibility were greater (p < 0.01) in RCP than PC diets for Lys, Thr, Cys, Gly and Ser. The mRNA expression for S6kinase and PRKAβ2 was greater (p < 0.05) for birds fed RCPN compared to PC.5. In conclusion, accounting for the N content of supplemental AA during feed formulation for RCP diets will influence the effect of CP reduction on growth performance and ileal amino acid digestibility.
This study evaluated the effects of different nutrient matrices, with or without phytase supplementation, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility, and blood inositol in pigs fed a complex diet based on corn‐soybean meal. Four hundred newly weaned cross‐bred (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) 21‐day‐old piglets of initial body weight 6.35 ± 1.91 kg were allotted to one of the five dietary treatments: Control (CNT), a corn‐soybean‐based standard diet; negative control 1 (NC1), a standard diet with reduced available phosphorus (Av.P) (−0.125%), metabolizable energy (ME) (−40 kcal), and crude protein (CP) (−0.3%); NC1 with 500 phytase units per kilogramme (FTU/kg) (N1P5); negative control 2 (NC2), a standard diet with greater reduction of Av.P (−0.150%), ME (−55 kcal), and CP (−0.45%,); and NC2 with 1000 FTU/kg (N2P10). Piglets were housed in a random arrangement based on sex and body weight and data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using analysis of variance. Results showed that the body weight and average daily gain of the NC2 treatment were lower ( p < 0.05) compared to NC2. Gain to feed ratio was greater ( p < 0.05) in the CNT and N1P5 treatments compared to the NC1, NC2, and N2P10 treatments. The CP digestibility was higher ( p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, the digestibility of phosphorus and calcium was higher ( p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments than in CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments. The digestibility of non‐dispensable AA; histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and valine were increased ( p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 than in CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments. Nevertheless, the digestibility of dispensable AA, glutamic acid, was higher ( p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments than in CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments. Blood myo‐inositol concentration was higher ( p < 0.05) in N1P5 and N2P10 treatments compared to CNT, NC1, and NC2 treatments in phase 2. These results demonstrated enhanced outcomes under conditions of moderate deficiency, whereas more pronounced deficiencies necessitated increased phytase dosages to observe significant improvements. The efficacy of phytase was evident in its ability to elevate average daily gain, gain to feed ratio, phosphorus and calcium, CP, AA, and blood myo‐inositol.
Phytin is the Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-K⁺ salt of phytic acid that is created and deposited in the aleurone layer and/or germ of grains and legumes. Its high presence in feedstuffs for fowl and swine diets results in it being a universal and significant impediment to optimum performance. Phytin impairs gastrointestinal recovery of a wide array of nutrients, the effect varying with the nutrient concerned. On exposure to low pH during gastric digestion, phytin dissociates into phytic acid and solubilized Ca²⁺. Even at low gastric pH, phytic acid is negatively charged which forms the basis of its anti-nutritive behavior. Pepsinogen has extensive basic amino acids on its activation peptide that are presented as cations at low pH which are targeted by pepsin for activation. Partially crystalized Ca²⁺ near the enzyme's active site further stabilizes its newly formed structure. Thus, phytic acid appears to interfere with gastric digestion by several mechanisms; interfering with pepsinogen activation by binding to the polypeptide's basic amino acids; coordinating free Ca²⁺, destabilizing pepsin; binding some dietary proteins directly, further compromising gastric proteolysis. Upon digesta attaining neutrality in the duodenum, Ca²⁺ and other cations re-bind with accessible anions, phytic acid being a significant contender. Phytate not only binds free cations but can also strip them from enzymes (e.g. Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺) which reduces their structural resistance to autolysis and ability as co-factors (e.g. Zn²⁺) to increase enzyme activity. Goblet cells initially employ Ca²⁺ as an electronic shield between mucin layers enabling granule formation and cell storage. After mucin granule release, Ca²⁺ is progressively displaced by Na⁺ to free the viscous mucins enabling its translocation. Mucin entangles with the glycocalyx of adjacent enterocytes thereby constructing the unstirred water layer (USWL). Excessive removal of Ca²⁺ from mucin by phytic acid increases its fluidity facilitating its loss from the USWL with its associated Na⁺. This partly explains increased mucin and Na⁺ losses noted with high phytate diets. This review suggests that phytic acid binding of Ca²⁺ and less so Zn²⁺ is the basis for the diversity in nutrient losses encountered and that such losses are in proportion to dietary phytate content.
The objective of this research study was to review of liquid and power enzymes uses in the feed manufacturing technology. This study also reveals that role and function of enzymes and types of enzymes in pig, poultry, cattle, pet and fish feed industries. It was found that there were four types of enzymes currently dominate the animal feed market enzymes to break down fiber, protein, starch and phytic acid. To break down anti-nutritional factors that are present in many feed ingredients, these substances, many of which are not susceptible to digestion by the animal's endogenous enzymes, can interfere with normal digestion, causing poor performance and digestive upsets. There was importance role in processing of feed in pelleting, expansion and extrusion process while making of feed. Enhances the feed intake and efficiency, growth rate and productivity Increase the energy value of cereal feed stuff, Better digestibility of feed ingredients by better feed conversion
This study investigated the effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation, specifically phytase and protease, in fish meal-free and phosphorus-limited diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei through two feeding trials The trials aimed to assess shrimp growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility simultaneously in a clear-water recirculating tank system (34 ppt, 30°C) employing a continuous feeding regime, with feces being collected on a daily basis throughout the feeding trials. In the first feeding 50-day feeding trial shrimp (3.4 g initial body weight) were fed diets supplemented with phytase (1000 and 2000 FTU/kg) and phytase together with protease (1000 FTU/kg + protease and 2000 FTU/kg + protease), in addition to animals fed a positive control (supplemented inorganic phosphate) and a negative control diet without supplementation. In the second shrimp feeding trial (4.3 g initial body weight), in addition to negative and positive controls, shrimp were fed increasing levels of phytase (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 8000 FTU/kg) over a 42-day experimental period. Both feeding trials showed beneficial effects phytase addition compared to the negative control, with significant improvements (P < 0.05) observed at dietary phytase levels of 2000 FTU/kg and above. Gains were obtained in growth performance (observed weekly growth of 1.46 and 1.86 g/week for shrimp fed the negative control and diet supplemented with 3000 FTU/kg, respectively), and apparent phosphorus digestibility increasing from 41.7% in animals fed the negative control diet to 52.9% in animals fed the 3000 FTU/kg supplemented. Results indicated that phytase supplementation yielded significant improvements in shrimp growth performance and phosphorus digestibility compared to the negative control. Notably, the observed benefits were evident at specific dietary phytase levels. However, the addition of protease supplements did not demonstrate any discernible effects on shrimp performance under the experimental conditions. Overall, these findings underscore the potential of phytase supplementation as a means to enhance nutrient utilization and promote optimal growth in Litopenaeus vannamei . Further investigations are warranted to explore the full range of benefits and mechanisms associated with protease supplementation in shrimp diets.
Within 15 years after introduction, the application of enzymes in the feed industry has gained general acceptance. Even though the range of feed enzymes has not really been extended in this period, a lot of progress has been made, particularly in a better understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes. The main enzymes used are those able to hydrolyse non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and phytase.
Lower energy consumption for producing feed pellets is an important part of the economy in the feed mill. The same is if physical pellet quality is degraded. The interest in using of novel ingredients is increasing due to requirements for the sustainable development goals. Defatted microalgae as by-product from biodiesel production is one of many novel ingredients. The purpose of this experiment was to understand how the addition of small amount of enzymes can reduce the flow resistance in the die during pellet discharge, without affecting the physical quality of pellets. Thus, possibly reduce the total consumption of electrical energy during compaction. Three enzymes, phytase, protease, xylanase, and combinations of those were added to defatted Desmodesmus subspicatus microalgae at 3 inclusion levels. Feed enzymes xylanase and phytase helped lowering the flow resistance of the material in the die. Reduction of flow resistance was in average 17 times lover when all three levels of enzyme phytase were used. The same was observed when 0.01% xylanase was added. All feed enzymes and their combination have evidently lowered underwater pellet swelling due to their hydrolytic activity at the surface of the microalgal particles. The hydrolytic activities of the feed enzymes did not affect hardness of the microalgal pellets. Contact angle degree between pellet surface and oil droplet was lowered when xylanase and protease was used at all three dosage levels. However, contact angle degree between pellet surface and water droplets was unaffected by the hydrolytic activity of enzymes.
This research aims were to evaluate management of broiler production projects in Baghdad province via using the criteria of management, included production index and economic figure (PI and EF) that specified to those projects. in addition to criteria of economic efficiency also applied (INME) index number of management efficiency, in order to the research requirements, data were obtained based on a questionnaire prepared for this purpose, which was collected by personal interview of (60) projects of the broiler production projects from (516) projects representing 11.6% of the research community in Baghdad province in 2016. The results show that mean of PI and EF was (338). The increase in these two criteria is generally due to control of management procedures, while 48% of the sample projects according to the INME index gave values higher than 100. This reflects the effect of the high level of management efficiency on FCR and consequently on the level of production of meat broiler. The results were also shown in accordance with the economic and financial criteria used in the evaluation of meat broiler projects. All the categories of projects achieved positive returns. The research concluded that the sample projects are economically merit, with the benefit cost ratio (1.5). Also the broiler projects rely little on the permanent work represented by the number of administrators. This is confirmed by the low percentage of fixed costs, The research recommends to adoption of modern administrative, production and technical methods to manage the production of broiler projects and to encourage investment in such of these projects because of their economic efficiency and featured in the short cycle of capital. Keywords: production Index, index number of management efficiency, economic efficiency criteria.
A study carried out in quail’s field Department of Animal production/Agriculture Collage/Tikrit University. 72 females quail Coturnix japonica at age (48weeks) with period 16/3 to 11/5/2014 (8weeks) for study adding phytase enzyme to Quails ration and effect on some productive and eggs Qualities traits. The birds randomly distributed to three treatments, every treatment included three replicates (8 females quail each replicate). The birds were fed stander ration without phytase supplement (T1 control treatment) while treatments 2nd (T2) and 3rd (T3) fed stander ration and added phytase with concentration (250 and 500 gram/ ton feed). The results appears higher significant(P<0.05) in eggs production hen day(H.D), eggs production cumulative, eggs weight, eggs mass and feed conversion ratio for(T2) and (T3) compared with (T1) and higher significant(P<0.05) in egg white weight% for(T1) and (T3) compared with (T2) which recorded lowest white %. No significant showed among different experimental treatments in mean of feed consumption, egg shell thickness, shape index, shell%, high, diameter and index for white, Huagh unit, high, diameter, index and weight% for yolk.
Key words: phytase, quail birds, productive and eggs qualities traits.
Abstract
A study was carried out in poultry house of Animal Production/ College of Agriculture/ University of Tikrit, to determine the positive effect of adding Phytase enzyme on some productive and physiological performances of final ration of broilers. 90 birds (Ross308) with 21 days of age were reared in cages with 3 floors, every floor was (1.9x.9x..) diameter for two weeks. The Phytase enzyme was added with 250 and 500 grams/ton levers to second (T2) and third (T3) treatments respectively, and the first treatment (T1) was without supplementation. Results showed significant improve men (P≤0.05) in productive traits for (T2) and (T3) as live body weight , weight gain and feed efficiency. Also them physiological traits as red and white blood cells, packed cells blood volume, hemoglobin concentration, total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations, and the experimental treatments significant (P≤0.05) towered the feed intake as compared with (T1). Not significant differ encase were Round among treatments in, carcass cut up, concentrations of glucose, uric acid, cholesterol and blood enzyme (ALT and AST).
Key word: Phytase, broilers, productive and physiological traits.
Prior research indicated that foot ash determinations were as robust as tibia bone ash determinations in reflecting the degree of bone mineralization in chicks at 14 d of age. In the current research, the relative effectiveness of the 2 procedures was evaluated in 21-and 42-day-old broilers while also evaluating a new dietary phytase supplement. In experiment 1, broilers were fed until 21 d of age a negative control diet with 0.24% available phosphorus, a positive control diet with 0.48% available phosphorus, or the negative control diet supplemented with 300, 500, 1,000, or 2,500 phytase units/kg diet. In experiment 2, broilers were fed until 42 d of age negative control diets having 0.275, 0.250, and 0.225 percent available dietary phosphorus in the starter, grower, and finisher periods, respectively, positive control diets having 0.475, 0.450, and 0.425 percent available dietary phosphorus in the starter, grower, and finisher periods, respectively, or the negative control diets supplemented with 500, 1,000, or 2,500 phytase units/kg diet. At 21 and 42 d of age, broilers fed diets supplemented with the 2 highest doses of phytase had foot and tibia ash values equal to those fed the positive control diet and higher than those fed the negative control diet. At 42 d of age, feed conversion and total breast meat yield values for the broilers fed the highest dose of phytase were superior to the values of the birds fed the positive control diet or the diet containing the lowest dose of phytase. The results indicate that adding levels of this new dietary phytase beyond what is necessary for normal bone mineralization enhances feed conversion and that dried foot and tibia bone ash determinations are both reliable in detecting differences in bone mineralization in 21-and 42-day-old broilers.
The study was conducted to investigate the nutritional value of five samples of raw and extruded pea seeds (Pisum sativum L., Tarachalska cv.) from different experimental fields. The study included 150 male 1-day-old Ross 308 chickens, which were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (50 replications each) and kept in individual cages. From days 1 to 16, all birds received only the basal diets. From days 17 to 21, the control group received still the basal diet, but for the two other groups, 20% of basal diet was replaced by raw or extruded peas. Furthermore, the groups receiving raw or extruded peas were divided into five subgroups of 10 animals each, where the diets contained one of the five pea samples of the same cultivar grown at different locations, respectively. On days 19 and 20, excreta were individually collected, and then all chickens were sacrificed and ileal digesta were sampled for determination of ileal digestibility, which was calculated by the difference method. Extrusion of pea seeds decreased the contents of crude fibre, acid and neutral detergent fibre, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), phytic P and resistant starch (RS) (p ≤ 0.05), but increased the contents of apparent metabolisable energy (AMEN) by approximately 2.25 MJ/kg dry matter (DM). Furthermore, extrusion improved the DM and crude protein digestibility significantly by about 21.3% and 11.6%, respectively. Similar results were observed for the digestibility of all analysed amino acids. In conclusion, extrusion markedly influenced the chemical composition of peas, reduced their contents of phytic P, TIA and RS and consequently had a positive impact on nutrient digestibility and AMEN values.
The effect of 500 FTU phytase/kg, and 500 U phospholipase A2/kg, or their combination or formulating the diet based on true digestible amino acid (TAAD) on improving utilisation of diet containing 15% in grower and 20% in finisher diet of rice polishing (15/20% rice polishing) was investigated in trial (1). The effect of phytase alone when added to broiler diets containing either 10/15% or 20/30% rice polishing, or a combination of 500 FTU of phytase and 1 g/kg of multienzymes mixture (Optizyme®) to 20/30% rice polishing diet was studied in trial 2. Including rice polishing at 15/20% in trial 1 or 10/15% in trial 2 in the diet for broilers did not affect BWG and FCR, therefore enzymes or dietary formulation based on TAAD showed no positive impact. In trial 2, rice polishing at 20/30% in broiler diets significantly reduced BWG and FCR, whilst phytase or phytase + multienzymes mixture partially improved growth performance, though the combination yielded superior effect. Phytase significantly improved apparent digestibility of CP, and consequently increased plasma protein and CP of meat.
Precise phosphorus nutrition is important for significant reductions in both P pollution and ration costs. The influence of different levels (%) of dietary nPP fed from 0 to 20 d (0.45, 0.40, 0.35, 0.30, 0.25, compared with feeding 0.20 nPP with and without 500 F.T.U. of phytase per kg of diet) and from 21 to 36 d of age (0.414, 0.364, 0.314, 0.264, 0.214, compared with 0.164 nPP with and without 500 F.T.U. of phytase per kg of diet) were evaluate using a total of 588 day-old commercial broiler chicks. Each treatment was replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Body weight (BW), daily gain (DG), feed intake (DFI), feed conversion ratio, plasma P level and bone characteristics were determined, and from these data the P equivalency of the phytase was estimated. Feeding diets containing less than 0.40% of nPP to birds between 0 and 20d resulted in inferior BW, DFI, plasma P level and bone characteristics compared with the control. However, optimum FCR and mortality was supported at lower levels of nPP (0.25%). Between 21 and 36 d, 0.364% was enough to optimise BW, DFI, and femur ash (%); whilst only 0.314% or greater was needed to support optimum DG, toe and tibia ash and only 0.214 to 0.264% was required to optimise shank, femur and tibia lengths; FCR and survivability. A broken line analysis also showed that the nPP (%) requirement ranged from 0.267 to 0.410 and 0.272 to 0.380% during 0 to 20 and 21 to 36 d, respectively. Phytase supplementation improved performance and bone criterion and its P equivalency, depending upon the response of interest and birds age, ranged from 0.00 to 0.110%. In conclusion, the results showed that the combination of a lower level of nPP and phytase may be used to increase dietary P utilization, without severe changes in performance and bone quality.
The efficacy of three microbial phytases to increase the amount of digestible phosphorus (dP) was studied in pigs. A basal diet was prepared meeting the requirements of 30-kg pigs with the exception of P. Concentrations (in g/kg dry matter) were : P 2.9, phytate P 1.3, calcium (Ca) 6.9, and crude protein 208. Intrinsic phytase activity was below detection limit. Microbial phytase was supplemented from three sources (Aspergillus niger (Asp), Peniophora lycii (Pen), and consensus phytase (Con)) at the following levels (phytase units (FTU) per kg diet) : 150, 300, 450, 600 and 900. Diets were pelleted without steam. Forty-eight male castrated crossbred pigs ((Large White X German Landrace) X Pietrain) initially weighing, on average, 28 kg were individually penned. Each of the 16 diets was offered to three pigs in three consecutive periods of 17 days each, resulting in nine replicates per treatment. No animal received the same diet twice. Faeces were spot-sampled for each individual pig twice daily for the last 7 days of each period. TiO2 was used as an indigestible marker. An exponential function was fitted to the data, and both marginal and cumulative efficacies of phytases were described on the basis of the resulting functions. No significant period effect was detected for any of the obtained data. On overall average, daily live-weight (LW) gain was 730 g, and 2.57 kg food were needed per kg LW gain. Neither criterion was significantly affected by source or level of supplementary phytase. Digestibility of organic matter and crude protein averaged 0.90 and 0.84, respectively, again without a significant treatment effect. Digestible P concentration in no case exceeded 1.5 g/kg DM, indicating that P supply to pigs was marginal in all treatments. Digestibility of P from the basal diet was 0.22. P digestibility was significantly affected (P = 0.001) both by the source and by the level of supplementary phytase. It responded in a non-linear fashion to increasing phytase supplementation, this course being less clear for Pen than for Asp and Con phytase. In no case was a clear plateau in P digestibility reached within the range studied. For Asp and Con, marginal efficacy decreased from about 2 mg dP per incremental FTU at low supplementary level to roughly 0.6 mg dP per incremental FTU. This clear dose dependent effect was not present for the Pen phytase, where about 0.6 to 0.7 mg dP per incremental FTU were released almost irrespective of the level of supplementation. It is concluded that phytases of different origin rank differently from each other regarding their efficacy, depending on the level of supplementation. Dose-response studies are recommended in cases where different phytases are to be compared.
The effect of dietary microbial phytase and metabolizable energy and their interaction on the performance and dressing percentage of broiler chicks were studied. Two levels of microbial phytase (0 and 500 unit/kg) with two levels of metabolizable energy (3000 and 3200 Kcal/kg) which replicated 4 times were used in 2 × 2 factorial design. A total of 96 one-day old, unsexed broiler chicks (Ross) which were randomly distributed into 16 pens at the rate of six chicks per pen for 7 weeks duration. Health of the tock and performance parameters were recorded. Dressing percentage and financial evaluation were calculated. The results indicated that, the supplementation of dietary microbial phytase caused a significant (P<0.05) increasing in the body weight gain and feed intake, while the effect on feed efficiency and dressing percentage was not significant (P>0.05). The effect of dietary metabolizable energy levels on body weight, feed efficiency and dressing percentage was not significant (P>0.05) while the feed intake was decreased significantly by increasing the level of metabolizable energy. The interaction between the dietary microbial phytase and metabolizable energy was not statistically significant (P>0.05) on weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and dressing percentage of broiler. The diet supplemented with microbial phytase gained more net profit/kg (358.6 SD) as compared to control diets (272.7 SD). The net profit was increased from 253.7 SD to 297.3 SD as dietary metabolizable energy decreased from 3200 Kcal/kg to 3000 Kcal/kg.
Eighty-four Hy-line pullets at 19 weeks of age as a commercial egg strain were used and divided into 12 groups (4 treatmentsx3 replicates). A corn-soybean meal basal diet formulated and served as control. The basal diet was supplemented with three levels of phytase (500, 750 and 1000 FTU kg -1 of feed) for treatment groups, two and three, respectively. To evaluate, the effect of phytase supplementation on egg number, egg weight and egg mass egg production, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and determine minerals. The results show that the addition of phytase increased egg number, overall egg number, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio but the difference not significant. The effects of phytase supplementation on egg quality did not show any significant effect on egg quality measurements excepted egg weight mean shell thickness, shell breaking, shell percentage and Huag unit. Also, it can indicated that phytase supplementation significantly improved calcium (Ca), phosphours (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) in serum from the present study it can concluded that phytase supplementation at level (1000 FTU kg -1 of feed) in period second four months and third four months had significant effect on most of laying hen performance, egg quality and some blood parameters.
The objective of this work was to study the efficacy of different enzymes (Natuphos® phytase at 500 FTU/kg, Optizyme® a mixture of multienzymes at 0.075%, and phospholipase A2 at 500 U/kg) on enhancing nutrient utilisation of diets containing 7.5, 15 or 30% rice bran compared to 0% rice bran fed to broilers during 28-49 d of age. Also, 15 or 30% rice bran containing-diets were formulated based on tree available amino acid value (TAAA) only, or combined with phytase plus phospholipase for only 30% rice bran-containing diet. Results indicated that rice bran is containing 12.5% CP, 15% ether extract, 0.26% methionine, 0.63% Met + cystine, and 0.70% lysine. Methionine is the 1st limiting amino acid, arginine the 2nd and isoleucine the 3rd limiting amino acid in rice bran. Results showed that AAAA of the investigated batch of rice bran averaged 63%, whereas TAAA was 71%. The determined values for total P, phytic acid, and phytase of this batch of rice bran were 1.01%, 3.31%, and 164 FTU/kg, respectively. A content of 39.7 unit/mg protein was determined for trypsin inhibitor. Calorific value was 12.06 and 12.46 MJ/kg rice bran for AMEn and TMEn, respectively. Natuphos® phytase, Optizyme® or phospholipase completely overcame the negative effect of the diet containing 7.5% rice bran on feed conversion ratio (FCR). Performance of broilers fed diets containing 15 or 30% rice bran was partially compensated when any of the enzymes was added. Also, formulating broiler diets containing 15 or 30% of rice bran based on TAAA numerically increased growth, and significantly improved FCR. Formulating 30% rice bran containing-diet based on TAAA, besides addition of phytase plus phospholipase, resulted in a further amelioration in FCR, and showed a performance comparable to the diet containing 15% rice bran, indicating the dietary level of this feedstuff could be increased quite drastically. Enzyme supplementation partially reversed the negative impacts of 15 or 30% rice bran on ash, Ca and P-contents of the tibia, and plasma Ca, and alkaline phosphatase, depending on rice bran level. Also, phytase supplementation to 15% rice bran containing-diet completely alleviated pancreas hypertrophy. In general, phytase and phospholipase appeared to be more effective than Optizyme®, which showed in its turn larger effect than TAAA-based formulation. The combination of TAAA-based formulation, phytase and phosphilipase addition to the 30% rice bran-containing diet was, however, most effective of all treatments. These enzymes and its combination permit, consequently to incorporate higher levels of rice bran into broiler diets.
The objective of this work was to elucidate the responses of growth performance, carcass characteristics, internal organs, carcasses composition, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and efficiency of nutrient retentions of broiler chicks raised under constant relatively high ambient temperature to enzymes (multi-enzymes vs. phytase), or increased SAA level, or arginine level, or increased nutrient concentration (high-nutrient diet). 360 male, 14 d old broiler chicks (ROSS) were assigned to 6 isonitrogenous dietary treatments. The control diet was fed with or without 1 g multi-enzymes/kg diet or 500 FTU phytase/kg diet, or 10% increased concentration of SAA by DL-methionine, or 10% increased concentration of arginine, or 10% increased dietary density including ME, SAA, lysine, Ca, P, trace minerals and vitamins. Each treatment was replicated six times with 10 broilers each. The experimental period lasted from 14-35 d of age. The temperature averaged 33.1°C with 41.9% RH, 30.1°C with 42.8% RH and 29.1°C with 53.4% RH during 14-21, 22-28, and 29-35 d of age, respectively. Feeding diets with 10% increased nutrient concentration (except crude protein) improved growth, FCR, protein retention efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio by 8.0, 7.6, 8.7, and 8.5%, respectively, with no negative impact on carcass characteristics, internal organs, chemical composition, and plasma constituents compared with the control group. The dietary supplementation with either multi-enzymes supplementation, or increased dietary SAA, or arginine by 10% had no positive effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics, chemical composition of carcasses, and apparent digestibility of nutrients and efficiency of nutrient retentions. Phytase addition showed similar effects, except that it significantly improved phosphorus retention by 21.4% and reduced excrement phosphorus by 21.9%, which can contribute to reduce phosphorus related environmental pollution in hot regions.
The present experiment was conducted to study the growth performances of weanling piglets following supplementation of Zinc:Copper with or without phytase for a period of 4 months. A total of 30 numbers of crossbred piglets (Hampshire X Meghalaya local), aged 60 days, maintained under standard feeding and managemental condition were randomly divided into six groups viz. Group A1, A2,B1, B2, C1and C2 allocating 5 (n=5) piglets comprising 3 males and 2 females in each group. The supplementation was done as follows Group A1= 100ppm Zn + 10ppm Cu, Group A2 =100ppm Zn + 10ppm Cu + 500U phytase, Group B1=200ppm Zn + 20ppm Cu, Group B2 =200ppm Zn +20ppm Cu + 500U phytase, Group C1 =300ppm Zn + 30ppm Cu and Group C2 =300ppm Zn +30ppm Cu + 500Uphytase. The higher BWG (P<0.01) and average daily body weight gain (ADG) were recorded in group C2 (56.90 ± 0.332 kg; 0.486 ± 0.062 kg) followed by C1, B2, B1, A2 and lowest in group A1 (45.00 ± 0.873; 0.373 ± 0.026). Addition of phytase further increased in body weight gain and ADG in group A2, B2, and C2. The best Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) was recorded in C2 (2.593 ± 0.037) group followed by C1 (2.773 ± 0.039), B2 (2.839 ± 0.046), B1 (2.971 ± 0.080), A2 (3.046 ± 0.036) and A1 (3.498 ± 0.094).
For investigate the effect of feeding cumulative levels of Sesame meal (SSM) as a replacement for Soybean meal (SBM) with the supplementation of phytase enzyme (Phy) on performance, blood constituents and carcass traits and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens, total 384 one days old broilers chickens (Ross 308) at completely randomized factorial design with 4 treatments of use sesame meal in 2 level of using phytase enzyme with 4 replicates for each of them were used. body weight, body weight gain BW, feed consumption FI and feed conversion ratio FCR was calculated.at the end of the experiment, estimated slaughter yield were also carried out by randomly using 2 broilers around the average body weight from each treatment group. Selected chickens were deprived from feed for 12 hours, weighed and were slaughtered to complete bleeding, followed by plucking feathers then weighted. Carcass weight, dressing, abdominal fat and intestine weight were recorded and intestine length was also measured. To evaluate the digestibility of phosphorus (P.DI) 0.3 % Dichromium trioxide Marker Cr2o3 was used. Data showed that use of SSM lead to increase feed intake (FI) in broilers (P<0.05). In addition use of phytase increased FI and interaction between SSM×Phy caused higher FI on broilers significantly (P<0.05).use SSM decreased Daily body weight gain (BW) totally but use Phy increased BW and SSM×Phy interaction lead lesser BW on broilers Compared with the control groups (P<0.05).higher consumption of sesame meal were increased FCR and addition Phy supplementation Had no significant effect on reducing FCR. Data from this study that showed the calcium and phosphorus changed with use experimental diets. Amount of Calcium and Phosphorus in blood and Tibia ash were increased were SSM and Phy enzyme were used (P<0.05).Data from Antibody titers against New Castle Vaccine were measured that showed the antibody titers were not significantly higher when broilers fed with higher content of SSM (p<0.05).Evaluation of Phosphorous digestibility that showed when we used SSM with out Phy enzyme PDI came down and when we used SSM with Phy enzyme PDI was increased significantly(p<0.05) SSM×Phy interaction could increase PDI non significantly. As result was relevant small intestine mucosa and sub mucosa diameters were significantly increased when we applied T1,T2,T3 diets for them (p<0.05). Musclaris and serosa parts diameter were higher in T2, T3 than others. Data from this study showed use of SSM in broilers diets is likely to increase total diameter of small intestine parts (p<0.05).
The study was designed to evaluate the effects of different dietary levels of rice bran (RB) in laying duck diets on performance, egg quality, oxidation status, egg yolk fatty acid composition, and hepatic expression of fatty acid metabolism-related genes. Longyan females (1080) with similar BW at 19 wk of age were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments, each consisting of 6 replicates of 30 birds. The basal diet (I) was a typical corn-soybean ration while the experimental diets (II to VI) substituted RB for corn and wheat bran and a small reduction of soybean meal. The level of substitution in diets (II to VI) was 6%, 12%, 18%, 24%, and 30%, respectively. The experiment lasted for 12 wks. Average egg weight and daily egg mass decreased linearly as the level of RB inclusion increased (P < 0.001) and feed conversion ratio linearly increased (P < 0.001). The proportions of C14:0 and C18:0 and total saturated fatty acids (SFA) in egg yolk linearly decreased with increasing RB, and many of the key polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), like C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3, linearly increased (P < 0.001), but not those of C20:5 n-3 and C22:6 n-3. There were linear decreases (P < 0.001) in hepatic abundance of FAS and SREBP1 transcripts, with a substantial reduction to about 30% those of ducks fed the control diet; there were no treatment effects on productive performance, eggshell thickness, strength, Haugh unit, antioxidation status, and egg yolk cholesterol or triglyceride content (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the current study suggests that ducks from 19 to 31 wk could be fed diets with up to about 18% RB without effect on the number of eggs produced, egg quality, and oxidative status. Increasing amounts of RB linearly increased egg yolk concentrations of key fatty acids like C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 and decreased the hepatic abundance of FAS and SREBP-1 transcripts.
PHYTATE phosphorus in plants is the mixed calcium-magnesium-potassium salt of phytic acid (Anderson, 1915; Averill and King, 1926). Most feed ingredients of plant origin contain from one-half to three-fourths of their total phosphorus as phytate (Common, 1940; Mollgaard, 1946). The chicks’ ability to utilize phytate phosphorus remains a controversial subject despite extensive research to determine its availability. This problem was discussed in reviews by Kastelic and Forbes (1961), Taylor (1965), and Nelson (1967). It was stressed in the two earlier reviews that there was still no general agreement on the extent to which chicks utilize phytate phosphorus. Nelson (1967) concluded that the chick has a limited ability to utilize phytate phosphorus.
Soybean meal (SBM), the major protein supplement in poultry feeds, is also a source of phosphorus. However, two-thirds of SBM phosphorus is bound as phytate. This report describes the ability of chicks to utilize the phytate phosphorus in untreated . . .
The influence of microbial phytase on the ileal amino acid digestibilities in three cereals (corn, sorghum, and wheat), four oilseed meals (soybean meal, canola meal, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal) and two cereal by-products (wheat middlings and rice polishings) was determined using 5-wk-old broilers. Supplementation of microbial phytase (1,200 FTU/kg) improved (P < 0.001 to 0.10) the digestibilities of protein and amino acids in all feedstuffs, but the magnitude of response varied depending on the feedstuff and the amino acid considered. Mean digestibility of the 15 amino acids in the feedstuffs without and with phytase were: corn, 78.0 and 80.4%; sorghum, 74.7 and 79.4%; wheat, 77.7 and 84.6%; soybean meal, 82.2 and 85.5%; canola meal, 78.7 and 80.7%; cottonseed meal, 70.8 and 74.2%; sunflower meal, 76.7 and 80.2%; wheat middlings, 70.8 and 73.4%; and rice polishings 62.1 and 66.9%, respectively. When individual amino acids were considered, the increments in digestibility were relatively higher for threonine and valine. This effect was consistent across all feedstuffs. The observed variations in response among feedstuffs were influenced by the inherent protein digestibility, but not by dietary phytic acid concentration. No correlations were determined between the dietary concentrations of phytic acid and phytase responses in terms of protein digestibility (r = 0.20; P > 0.31) and mean amino acid digestibility (r = 0.12; P > 0.51); however a significant negative correlation was observed between inherent protein digestibility and phytase responses in protein digestibility (r = -0.42; P < 0.03). It appears that solubilities of phytate salts and protein, and their influence on the degree of phytate-protein complexing in different feedstuffs, may be more relevant than total phytic acid concentrations. Interestingly, dietary phytic acid concentrations were negatively correlated with inherent protein (r = -0.81; P < 0.001) and mean amino acid (r = -0.85; P < 0.001) digestibilities of the feedstuffs evaluated in this study.
Nutrient equivalency of Natuphos Phytase for minerals, amino acids, and energy has been estimated elsewhere for broiler chickens. The current study was to evaluate equivalent values of 600 FTU/kg Natuphos Phytase for amino acids and energy in 3,150 broiler chicks from hatch to 7 wk of age. Treatments consisted of a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of three levels of dietary amino acids (AA; 100, 92.5, and 85% of Illinois Ideal Protein for Broiler Chickens) and three phytase inclusion approaches (positive control: 0 FTU/kg with no reduction of Lys, TSAA, and ME; negative control: 0 FTU/kg with reduction of 2% Lys, 1% TSAA, and 0.5% ME; and reformulation with phytase: 600 FTU/kg with reduction of 2% Lys, 1% TSAA, and 0.5% ME). The effect of AA was linear on BW gain and feed conversion (FC); a greater AA level improved performance. No interaction of AA and phytase inclusion approach was significant in terms of BW gain, feed intake (FI), and FC of growing and finishing broilers. Birds fed the positive control diet had greater BW gain than those fed the negative control diet. Body weight gain of birds fed the diet reformulated with phytase did not differ from those of birds fed the positive control. Feed conversion was not affected by phytase inclusion approaches. Effects of phytase supplement on apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of CP and AA were not significant. Restoring BW gain lost in the negative control by reformulated feed with 600 FTU/kg phytase indicates that equivalent values estimated elsewhere might be adequate.
An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of adding microbial phytase (Natuphos) on the performance in broilers fed a phosphorus-adequate, lysine-deficient diet. A wheat-soybean meal-sorghum-based diet, containing 1.00% lysine and 0.45% nonphytate phosphorus, was supplemented with L-lysine monochloride to provide 1.06, 1.12, or 1.18% lysine or with 125, 250, 375, 500, 750, or 1,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg diet. Each diet was fed to six pens of 10 chicks each from Day 7 to 28 posthatching. Addition of lysine to the lysine-deficient diet linearly increased (P < 0.001) weight gain and gain per feed of broilers. The response in weight gain to added phytase reached a plateau at 500 FTU/kg diet (quadratic effect, P < 0.001). Phytase had no effect on gain per feed to 250 FTU/kg diet and then increased (quadratic effect, P < 0.05) with further additions. Assuming that the observed responses in weight gain and gain per feed to added phytase were due to the release of lysine alone and by solving linear or nonlinear response equations of lysine and phytase levels, the lysine equivalency value was calculated to be 500 FTU phytase/kg diet = 0.074% lysine. Addition of increasing levels of supplemental phytase to the lysine-deficient diet improved (P < 0.001) the digestibilities of nitrogen and all amino acids. Phytase also increased the AME, and the response reached a plateau at 750 FTU/kg diet (quadratic effect, P < 0.001). These results showed that amino acid and energy responses are responsible for the performance improvements observed when phytase was added to a wheat-soybean meal-sorghum-based diet.
The sites of supplemental phytase activity in the gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of young pigs fed added microbial phytase were determined in two tests. In Test 1, samples of diets and GIT (stomach, upper and lower small intestine) contents were taken from pigs (BW = 20.3 kg) that had been fed a soybean meal-based semi-purified diet containing two levels of available P (0.5 and 1.6 g kg−1 aP), without or with added microbial phytase (1050 U kg−1 diet) for 5 weeks. There was no detectable phytase activity in the diets and GIT contents of pigs fed the basal diets without added phytase, and phytase activity did not differ for diets or GIT contents between the two dietary P levels. For pigs fed diets with added phytase, phytase activity in the digesta from stomach was higher (P < 0.001) than that from upper small intestine (51 or 31% of diet activity). No phytase activity was detectable in the digesta of the lower small intestine. In Test 2, samples of diets and GIT contents were taken from young pigs (BW = 16.7 kg) that had been fed a corn and soybean meal diet with added microbial phytase (750 U kg−1 of diet) containing one of three levels of citric acid (0, 15, and 30 g kg−1) for 4 weeks. Adding 30 g kg−1 citric acid decreased (P < 0.06) phytase activity in the stomach digesta; but there was no difference between the 15 and 30 g kg−1 added citric acid. About 40% of the added phytase activity remained in the digesta of the stomach from pigs fed the diet without added citric acid; whereas, only 27% of the phytase activity remained in the stomach digesta from pigs fed the diet with added citric acid. Again, phytase activity in the digesta from stomach was higher (P < 0.05) than that in digesta from upper small intestine (16 and 10% of added activity, respectively for diets without and with citric acid). As in Test 1, no phytase activity was detectable in lower small intestine digesta. In summary, the stomach is the site of highest added microbial phytase activity most likely because of a more favorable pH and lower protease activity.
A total of 384 piglets from a three-way cross Yorkshire ♂ × (Finnish Landrace ♂ × Dutch Landrace♀) ♀ in the live-weight range of 11 to 25 kg were used in a feeding trial. The effect of supplementary microbial phytase from Aspergillus niger var. Van Tieghem on performance (average daily gain (ADG), average daily food intake (ADFI) and food conversion ratio (FCR)) and apparent digestibility of total phosphorus (P), in comparison with a non-supplemented basal diet or a diet supplemented with one or two levels of monocalcium phosphate (MCP), were studied.
The piglets were allotted to 12 blocks. Within each block, four experimental diets were offered ad libitum for a period of 4 weeks i.e. (1) basal diet; (2) basal diet + 1·0 g P, from MCP per kg diet; (3) basal diet + 1·9 g P, from MCP per kg diet; and (4) basal diet + 1450 phytase units (PTU) per kg diet. The diets, with added chromium III oxide as a marker, were cold pelleted without steam at a temperature not above 60°C to avoid a possible inactivation of the phytase. In all diets the ratio calcium: digestible P was intended to be constant.
Adding 1450 PTU of Aspergillus niger phytase enhanced the apparent digestibility of P by proportionately 0·216 when compared with diet 1 and by proportionately 0·100 compared with diet 3. In addition, significantly higher ADG and ADFI and better FCR were noted in pigs receiving supplementary microbial phytase than in pigs on any other treatment. The content of digestible P of the diet with added phytase, however, zvas between the two levels of the diets with added MCP.
In vitro activity of the proteolytic enzyme trypsin using casein as the substrate was substantially inhibited by low levels of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate). The possible significance of this finding for protein availability in nutrition is discussed.
An extensive review is given of the literature concerning phosphorus feeding of pigs. Subjects dealt with are: 1. physiological background, regulation and effect of diet composition and nutrient supply on phosphorus absorption and retention; 2. estimation of the amount of P present in the bodies of pigs using several models and 3. estimations of the P requirements of slaughter pigs from results of balance and slaughter experiments.In the own experiments -using balance, slaughter, digestibility and feeding trials- on growing pigs the following aspects were studied: accuracy of measurements ; P absorption and retention as related to diet composition and nutrient supply; the effects of reduced P supply on performance and, possibly, on locomotory disturbances. It was shown that in phosphorus balance studies, because of carry-over effects, the adaptation period should be at least 21 days when there is a substantial change in phosphorus supply. Effects of dietary energy and protein on P absorption and retention could best be explained by their effect on the daily amount of protein and fat retention. The retention of P measured by the balance was only six per cent (25 + 17 g P) higher than measured by the comparative slaughter technique. Animals with a normal type of daily gain retained 5.0 to 5.1 g P/kg live weight gain, those with a leaner gain 0.2 to 0.3 g P/kg live weight gain more.A technique was described to measure the digestibility of P in various feedstuffs and feed phosphates; substantial differences in digestibility of P between various feedstuffs and feed phosphates were observed. Maximal utilization of P was found at a dietary Ca/digestible P ratio between 2.9 and 3.5.In various feeding trials, leg weakness was not observed any more frequently when slaughter pigs from 30 kg live weight onwards received diets with very low concentrations of phosphorus (g/kg feed) and calcium. However, calcification of the bones was poorer than that of the control animals.Both optimal and just sufficient P requirements for slaughter pigs, were derived. These were expressed as the concentration of digestible P per kg diet.
Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Hohenheim, 1999.
Techniques have been developed to produce microbial phytase for addition to diets for simple-stomached animals, with the aim to improve phosphorus availability from phytate-P in plant sources. The activity of the crude microbial phytase showed pH optima at pH 5.5 and 2.5. The enzyme was able to degrade phytate in vitro in soya-bean meal, maize and a liquid compound feed for pigs. When microbial phytase was added to low-P diets for broilers the availability of P increased to over 60% and the amount of P in the droppings decreased by 50%. The growth rate and feed conversion ratio on the low-P diets containing microbial phytase were comparable to or even better than those obtained on control diets. Addition of microbial phytase to diets for growing pigs increased the apparent absorbability of P by 24%. The amount of P in the faeces was 35% lower.
A simple and rapid method is described for determining the enzymatic activity of microbial phytase. The method is based on the determination of inorganic orthophosphate released on hydrolysis of sodium phytate at pH 5.5.
Inhibition of trypsin activity by phytate Phytate: a factor influencing starch digestibility and blood glucose response Enzyme formulations and nutritional aspects. Factors influencing choice of type of formulation
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