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Effects of indoor lighting on mood and cognition
Abstract
Two experiments investigated the effect of indoor lighting on cognitive performance via mood. Experiment 1 varied two lighting parameters in a factorial, between-subject design: two illuminance levels (dim; 300 lx vs bright; 1500 lx) by two colour temperatures (‘warm’ white; 3000K vs ‘cool’ white; 4000K) at high CRI (Colour Rendering Index; 95). In experiment 2 the parameters of lighting were identical to the first experiment, except for the low CRI (CRI; 55). In both experiments gender was introduced as an additional grouping factor. Results in experiment 1 showed that a colour temperature which induced the least negative mood enhanced the performance in the long-term memory and problem-solving tasks, in both genders. In experiment 2, the combination of colour temperature and illuminance that best preserved the positive mood in one gender enhanced this gender's performance in the problem-solving and free recall tasks. Thus, subjects' mood valences and their cognitive performances varied significantly with the genders' emotionally different reactions to the indoor lighting. This suggests, in practice, that the criteria for good indoor lighting may be revised, taking into account females' and males' emotional and cognitive responses as well.
... Furthermore, the exact temporal course of light incidence on the retina, from changes in neuronal and hormonal activity to manifest changes in perception and behavior, is not yet fully clarified. In addition to the duration and intensity of exposure, individual and situational factors play a major factor [17,18]. ...
... Psychological pathway. Light may yield psychological effects by mechanisms of classical conditioning [19] and mood [17,18]. For example, dark-warm light like an open fire has been associated with cozy memories, yielding states of relaxation, etc. Dark and cold light, like in the cellar, is paired with unpleasant experiences and reminds one of fear or depression [19]. ...
... For example, dark-warm light like an open fire has been associated with cozy memories, yielding states of relaxation, etc. Dark and cold light, like in the cellar, is paired with unpleasant experiences and reminds one of fear or depression [19]. Bright daylight is linked to activity and creates a mood that increases concentration [17,18]. Knez [17], for example, showed a connection between light, mood and attention. ...
Bright daylight has various positive influences, such as the long-term synchronization of circadian rhythms and an associated alertness that creates optimal conditions for attentional performance. However, the short-term effects of light on attention have not yet been sufficiently researched. Studies of these short-term effects on selective attention also showed partly contradictory effects. To investigate these short-term effects, 95 participants completed the Attention Network Test, under conditions of bright daylight or warm-white light. The focus of the present study was on executive attention, because this construct comes closest to the ANT short form of selective attention used. A significant enhancement of executive attention was observed under bright daylight conditions. This specifically means a short term effect of bright daylight on executive attention and thus selective attention in young adults.
... Illuminance level and correlated color temperature (CCT) are two of the most commonly analyzed features of interior lighting [14,15]. Illuminance, measured in lux (lx), indicates the amount of light falling onto a surface. ...
... Their result found that women were significantly more likely to express dissatisfaction with all types of IEQ factors, including indoor lighting, whereas men were more likely to tolerate the lighting and expressed less perceived need to change it. Similarly, Knez's [15] study showed similar results that women generally perceived the room light as less dim, more intense, and more glaring than men. Another study by this group [111] explored how indoor lighting (warm and cool), gender, and age (younger and older adults) affect mood and cognitive performance. ...
... Prior research has shown that illumination and CCT had any positive or negative effect (see section 1.1) on reported emotions [27][28][29]95,[125][126][127][128][129][130], and thus, we are looking for a replication of those results in the current study using VR. Concerning gender, we are interested in investigating whether the effects of varying illuminance and CCT levels on arousal and emotional valence are more pronounced in women than in men, aligned with former studies introduced in section 1 [15,120,121]. ...
This article presents a novel approach to assessing human reactions to indoor artificial lighting and lighting adjustment behavior. Participants (n = 27) were each exposed to 17 different lighting conditions via selected combinations of seven illuminance levels and seven different correlated color temperatures (CCTs) in a virtual office environment. We collected data about emotional valence, arousal, adjusted values, and adjustment uncertainty (via the number of button presses) in each lighting condition. We also considered potential gender effects in the responses to the lighting. The study confirmed the presence of “anchor effects,” in which starting conditions significantly impacted subsequent preferences and adjustment behavior. After multiple randomized trials, we also found that lighting preferences shifted toward reduced illuminance. Moreover, women were found to have a lower preference for illumination levels and correlated color temperature than men. A greater Adjustment Uncertainty for illumination was associated with lower illumination values (<290 lx), while this was peaking at mid-range levels for CCT (3500 K–5500 K). The variety of behavioral response profiles we found in lighting adjustment, along with the likely impact of gender and other demographic variables, highlights the importance of customization options in lighting design for higher indoor environmental quality. This research supports architects and engineers in creating lighting designs attuned to occupants' emotions, preferences, and adjustment behaviors while emphasizing the benefits of using VR simulations in the AEC industry to assess lighting design impacts on users.
... Among the IEQ factors, light environment and sound environment are indispensable elements for the building occupants to live indoors [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. First, the light environment may vary depending on daylight, shading, and artificial light, which affect the building occupants' work performance, thus, investigating the relationship between them is important [22][23][24]. ...
... Among the IEQ factors, light environment and sound environment are indispensable elements for the building occupants to live indoors [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. First, the light environment may vary depending on daylight, shading, and artificial light, which affect the building occupants' work performance, thus, investigating the relationship between them is important [22][23][24]. Related studies showed that the building occupants' average attention rate increased as the illuminance level increased from 200 to 1500 lux [22]. ...
... Related studies showed that the building occupants' average attention rate increased as the illuminance level increased from 200 to 1500 lux [22]. In addition, the color temperature that caused the least negative mood helped improve long-term memory and problem-solving abilities [24], and high-frequency lighting, which is more comfortable than low frequency lighting, improved problem-solving abilities [23]. Meanwhile, studies on the light environment and physiological response have been actively carried out [30][31][32]. ...
... As a matter of fact, some literature studies have highlighted the importance of control and design the natural light effectiveness for energy consumption reduction and guaranteeing daylight autonomy [5][6][7][8]. Some researches [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] have provided specific lighting design methods to assure the proper lighting conditions for different uses and activities, especially in school buildings at the proper time and proper area of each classroom, in compliance with the CIE suggestions [15,16]. Some authors by means of several climate based daylight (CBD) simulations, have provided the effective combination between natural and artificial light on spatial daylight autonomy and annual sunlight exposure metrics [17]. ...
... They have also suggested a useful methodological approach for smart lighting system design, considering dynamic colour temperature and emission spectrum changes, together with user visual comfort criteria [4]. In particular, other studies on this matter have proposed an advanced smart self-calibrating lighting control system for energy consumption reduction [11]. Some literature has suggested effective factors, specific parameters and metrics (e.g. ...
... In particular, dedicated colorimetric references is taken into account, considering current research in the pedagogical and psychological fields that link colour to the development phases, intellectual growth and learning of children [6,7,10,11,15,16,[19][20][21]. ...
How the human centred design solutions will implement the benefit of daylighting in an existing primary school? This paper shows research experiences on students visual comfort inside the school building Don Milani, in Prato (Italy). The layout of training spaces, distribution and functional organization is also re-designed as flexible/resilient space/place, with a focus on the control of natural light effects for the luminous environment quality, vision and perception, but also an energy consumption reduction. The project is based on a human centred design approach, fostering the integration between sustainable lighting, human perception and biological clock (i.e. circadian rhythm) connected to the Sun daily path. Results showed the importance of natural light optimization to assure different children activities and behaviour, reorganization of the indoor environment and work/observation stations, combining the light colour variability of different materials. Findings highlighted that natural light quality assessment is fundamental to achieve not only a good lighting quality and energy consumption reduction, but also high level of visual comfort in learning spaces, implementing both the students wellbeing and their proactive behaviour, as it should be in a sustainable school building.
... Two of the most significant qualities of light to consider in terms of human mood effects are the overall illuminance level (i.e., brightness at work surfaces), and the correlated color temperature (CCT), which extends along the spectrum from "cool"/blue to "warm"/yellow [17,18]. Illuminance level has been shown to have an effect on people's feelings of alertness and vitality, as well as their ability to accomplish tasks [19,20]. ...
... Parietal brain region activity including (a) α power relative to β and (b) β power relative to θ, were observed to have a positive and significant correlation with the level of illuminance in the VR space. Broadband frontal neural synchronization (higher power) at 4-50 Hz, with a smaller effect at the β-band (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30), was observed to be positively correlated with color temperature. ...
... This finding is contradicted by our results, which indicated the opposite-that blue light had a stronger impact than red (at equivalent illumination levels) on alpha-band activity. However, our results correspond to those of Lin and colleagues in the case of the beta-band (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30) in bright condition (160 lx), where both studies found that blue light had a higher impact than red. Our study found increased power in all of the main EEG bands associated with "bluer" color temperatures at the same level of illumination. ...
Investigating human responses to light can reveal important information with the potential to improve environmental design, circadian health, cognitive performance, and overall wellbeing. In this study, the researchers used VR immersion, EEG, and a machine-learning approach to better understand the relationship between brain activity and two important lighting properties—the illumination level and the correlated color temperature (CCT). Participants (N = 25) were asked to experience 17 different artificial lighting conditions and rate their perceived arousal and pleasure levels, and then adjust the lighting to their optimal preference. The results from the experiment demonstrated an association of illumination level and CCT with specific EEG band-features in the frontal and parietal brain regions. Our machine-learning classification approach was able to predict participants' behavioral choices of desired vs. non-desired lighting based on the EEG data from their first 10 s of exposure, a finding that has notable implications for the potential development of brain–computer interfaces for automatic lighting adjustment.
... In the experiment, birdsong, voice conversation, and traffic noise were selected as sound variables, corresponding to natural (positive), man-made (neutral), and mechanical (negative) sounds in the urban environment, respectively (Knez, 1995). Using a high-fidelity portable recorder (Figure 3), these sounds were recorded at the Beijing Zoo, the 3w Cafe in Zhongguancun, and the Second Ring Road in North Beijing. ...
... Frontiers in Psychology 04 frontiersin.org facade is needed (Knez, 1995). This is done by setting a camera at the participant's viewing position to the surroundings to capture each intensity gradient image and record the maximum luminance on the window using a luminometer [color luminance meter (TOPCON BM-7)]. ...
... The effects of different sound intrusions on human tolerance from low to high are traffic noise, birdsong, and conversation (see Table 4). This result differs from that obtained by Meihui Ba and Jian (Knez, 1995), who studied the comfort, preference, familiarity, and loudness of these three sounds in the laboratory. The results show that natural sound was positively evaluated in terms of comfort and sound preference, while mechanical sound was negatively evaluated. ...
To determine the sound and light combined conditions pollution in urban residential environments at night, this paper comprehensively evaluates cross-visual and auditory sensory channels in the laboratory. Experimental variables include extremum and gradient, and the working state of the participants was determined and verified. A subjective evaluation experiment on 18 combined conditions was carried out by synthesizing real-world data. Results from the sound and light combined conditions experiment show that there are significant differences in the tolerance limits of participants to different content sound variables (p = 0.000 < 0.05, p = 0.033 < 0.05, p = 0.002 < 0.05). Among them, the traffic noise (p = 0.000 < 0.05) has the greatest impact on the tolerance limits of people, followed by birdsong (p = 0.033 < 0.05) and human voice (p = 0.002 < 0.05). There is no difference in the tolerance limits of light pollution (p = 0.288 > 0.05, p = 0.122 > 0.05, p = 0.146 > 0.05) at different color temperatures. The tolerance limits of participants will not be reduced due to the superposition of two interference variables: sound pollution and light pollution. Adding light pollution to sound pollution can increase the tolerance limits of participants, while adding sound pollution to light pollution has no significant effect on the tolerance limits. The study also found that adding light with different color temperatures to the human voice can increase participants’ tolerance limit to human voice (1% -2%), indicating that visual elements can change individuals’ perception of sound. In addition, the physiological and psychological differences between participants may affect the performance differences of individual participants in sound and light combined conditions.
... Although there is not a standardized one, these techniques may be divided into three groups: (i) subjective measures, i.e., the NASA task load index; (ii) various physiological measures, i.e., EEG, heart rate or eye activity, and ( Several studies, on the other hand, have revealed that the illuminance values (Knez, 1995;Hygge & Knez, 2001;Sun, Lian & Lan, 2001;Smolders, De Kort & Cluitmans, 2012), luminance distribution (Eklund, Boyce & Simpson, 2000;Fostervold & Nersveen, 2008), types of artificial light sources (Hawes, Brunye & Mahoney, 2012;Ferlazzo et al., 2014), colour temperature (Knez, 1995;Knez & Hygge, 2002) have an effect on cognitive performance. However, these studies were predominantly conducted in static artificially lit environments and only a few attempted to examine cognitive performance under daylight illumination which has varying light output. ...
... Although there is not a standardized one, these techniques may be divided into three groups: (i) subjective measures, i.e., the NASA task load index; (ii) various physiological measures, i.e., EEG, heart rate or eye activity, and ( Several studies, on the other hand, have revealed that the illuminance values (Knez, 1995;Hygge & Knez, 2001;Sun, Lian & Lan, 2001;Smolders, De Kort & Cluitmans, 2012), luminance distribution (Eklund, Boyce & Simpson, 2000;Fostervold & Nersveen, 2008), types of artificial light sources (Hawes, Brunye & Mahoney, 2012;Ferlazzo et al., 2014), colour temperature (Knez, 1995;Knez & Hygge, 2002) have an effect on cognitive performance. However, these studies were predominantly conducted in static artificially lit environments and only a few attempted to examine cognitive performance under daylight illumination which has varying light output. ...
... Of the existing literature, Baron et al. (1992) investigated the effects of illuminance and correlated colour temperature (CCT) on cognitive task performance and inter-personal behaviours. Findings from this research did not reveal any direct mood reactions to various lighting conditions, and were later argued by Knez (1995), stating that the measure of participants' mood in the research of Baron et al. (1992) was operated not before but only after the light exposure, and that the duration of light exposure was relatively insufficient to induce an affective response. With these limitations given, he tested participants' moods before and after exposure to dim or bright as well as cool or warm white light in a between-subjects design. ...
This dissertation proposes a holistic, multi-dimensional approach for analysing task performance by understanding the psychological, physiological and cognitive performance-based changes with respect to various lighting quality factors. The main objective was to observe and integrate these three categories of potential affecting variables into the evaluation of overall task performance of video display terminal (VDT) users. In the existing literature, specifically in daylit offices, human behaviour and physiology are not sufficiently considered while evaluating task performance, or vice versa, performance changes in VDT users are not often taken into consideration while behavioural and psychological processes are analysed.
This PhD dissertation describes different stages of conception of this holistic method that includes objective performance measures coupled with ocular and behavioural responses, in order to overcome the limitations associated with the subjectivity and individuality aspects of lighting effects for analysing occupants’ task performance. The assessments were done in a series of experiments in a mock-up office setting under different (day)lighting conditions where participants’ ocular behaviour as well as their subjective assessments were recorded while monitoring photometric quantities including vertical illuminance at the eye and luminance data. In the first experimental phase, an initial study was made for proper integration of the adopted methods and techniques regarding ocular behaviour into visual comfort assessments. Development of several algorithms and tools to identify and translate the ocular behaviour in order to derive the actual luminous distribution perceived by the participants were needed to achieve this goal. In the next comprehensive experimental phase, the impact of daylight illuminance and luminance on various physiological, performance and psychological measures during visual display terminal work was explored. Additionally, the results from the relationships between photometric variables and physiological and subjective responses as well as performance measures are presented. The developed approach demonstrates the need to integrate ocular patterns and human behaviour into task performance assessments, which move us beyond the existing rigid and rough design approaches towards a holistic, human-centric lighting design in computerized offices.
... Most studies either selected validated adjectives or validated survey questionnaires, such as the aesthetic impression questionnaire proposed by Veitch [65] and the atmosphere metrics proposed by Vogels [91,92] Three papers presented the process of selecting and analyzing suitable adjectives [36,41,60]. Moreover, researchers who conducted a series of studies have developed their adjective systems, such as Knez's studies [70][71][72]75] and Chamilothori and ...
... However, conflicting conclusions were found on the interactive effects between CCT and illuminance levels. Knez found that the participants' positive mood was better preserved under the cool white lighting (4200 K) at low illuminance (300 lx) and the warm white lighting (2950 K) at high illuminance (1500 lx) [75]. Zhu et al. found that subjective positive mood was better preserved under the cool white lighting (6500 K) at high illuminance (1200 lx) and warm lighting (3000 K) at low illuminance (200 lx) [56]. ...
... According to the selected studies, the illuminance levels impact subjective lighting impressions and mood states to various degrees. Participants reported dimmer and softer impressions under low illuminance levels, along with brighter and more intense impressions under greater illuminance levels [75]. However, only variations of Eh had little effect on subjective assessments of spatial attractiveness [63]. ...
Indoor lighting quality influences both physical and psychological aspects. Although reviews concerning lighting psychical influences continue being updated, few reviews concerning lighting psychological influences are in the literature. This paper presents a comprehensive and thorough analysis of 64 articles (1973–July 2022) regarding both artificial lighting and daylighting influences on subjective responses to lighting impressions and mood states. First, this review categorizes the methods adopted by these selected studies for collecting subjective data and identifies the lighting design parameters and measures used in these studies. Second, this review analyzes the findings on the following four aspects: 1) artificial lighting effects; 2) daylighting effects; 3) non-design variables, and 4) insignificant effects. Among the reviewed studies, there is a lack of consensus on lighting effects upon subjective lighting impressions and mood states in two aspects: significant or insignificant lighting effects as well as positive or negative influences. In addition to individual differences and experiment design, image-based simulations and sample size are two factors that require extra considerations in lighting research.
... This strains the human eye because it has to compensate the red with cyan. The eye is fatigued and tension arises (Knez, 1995;El-Nasr, 2006). Beside that, red is associated with anger and aggression, fire, blood, and violence. ...
... Sticking to highly illuminated environments, warm reddish light is appraised as pleasant which evokes positive feelings such as enthusiasm and joy (Baron et al., 1992;Knez, 1995;Knez and Niedenthal, 2008). In the context of gaming performance, players performed better and faster when exposed to pleasant warmtoned light compared to cool lighting (Knez and Niedenthal, 2008). ...
... In the context of gaming performance, players performed better and faster when exposed to pleasant warmtoned light compared to cool lighting (Knez and Niedenthal, 2008). Regarding low illuminated environments, cooltemperatured light is preferred (Knez, 1995). Using multiple light-tones in one scene, they can be balanced to avoid uncomfortable feelings in users, e.g. by value with a small high contrast area counterbalanced by a large area of low contrast. ...
Virtual environments (VEs) can evoke and support emotions, as experienced when playing emotionally arousing games. We theoretically approach the design of fear and joy evoking VEs based on a literature review of empirical studies on virtual and real environments as well as video games’ reviews and content analyses. We define the design space and identify central design elements that evoke specific positive and negative emotions. Based on that, we derive and present guidelines for emotion-inducing VE design with respect to design themes, colors and textures, and lighting configurations. To validate our guidelines in two user studies, we 1) expose participants to 360° videos of VEs designed following the individual guidelines and 2) immerse them in a neutral, positive and negative emotion-inducing VEs combining all respective guidelines in Virtual Reality. The results support our theoretically derived guidelines by revealing significant differences in terms of fear and joy induction.
... Twenty-four studies reported the use of questionnaires and scales for assessing alertness/sleepiness -mainly through the Karolinska and Epworth Sleepiness Scales- [33,34,38,40,46,53,57,62,69,70], for reporting mental effort and work load [51,57,70], mental health and stress [45,74,103], subjective wellbeing and quality of life [30,45,57,62,74,77,102], and some symptoms, such as muscular ache, headache, eyestrain and fatigue [46,50,51,55,65,70,74,87,90,96]. In 17 studies, the emotional state was assessed through affective tests [31,37,47,52,87,98,102], self-reported mood assessments and mood rating inventory [31,34,38,40,[46][47][48][55][56][57]73,75,94]. Effects of lighting were analyzed through melatonin and cortisol by measuring hormones secretion or concentration using salivary or urinary samples [40,44,46,54,57,65,73,75,95,102] or other physiological responses as heart rate [44,51], brain activity [44,87], pupil size and eye fatigue [56,97], and body temperature [100,101]; while monitoring devices were used to track circadian entrainment and motion, mainly during sleep [37,62,67]. ...
... Lighting levels (650 and 1050 lux) had an effect on brightness perception [35]. Another two studies investigated two levels of CCT (3000 and 6000 K [89], and 3000 and 4000K [98]) and illuminance (500 and 1000 lux [89], and 300 and 1500 lux [98]) and found that higher values of CCT (i.e., cooler light) were perceived brighter than lower values of CCT (i.e. warmer light). ...
... Lighting levels (650 and 1050 lux) had an effect on brightness perception [35]. Another two studies investigated two levels of CCT (3000 and 6000 K [89], and 3000 and 4000K [98]) and illuminance (500 and 1000 lux [89], and 300 and 1500 lux [98]) and found that higher values of CCT (i.e., cooler light) were perceived brighter than lower values of CCT (i.e. warmer light). ...
This paper presents a critical review of studies addressing the effects of window views, daylighting, and lighting on occupant behavior, perception, performance, and well-being. A systematic search in the Scopus database was performed in November 2021 and yielded 515 hits. Seventy-six studies were selected according to the following criteria: i) papers presenting research results with participants' responses and ii) accounting for daylighting, lighting, or window view assessments. The study and setting features, participants, predictors and outcomes, the statistical approach, the reported significance level, and study limitations were extracted from each paper. The analysis then identified differences in the effect of the predictor on the outcome. The number of records obtained through the structured analysis was 240. A wide range of predictors have been used in indoor daylighting, lighting, and window view research to assess people's responses. The most commonly used predictors were artificial lighting features and window features -qualitative predictors - followed by some properties of the light sources, such as correlated color temperature, spectral distribution and horizontal illuminance. Differences in the methods for data collection, the used predictors, the outcomes, and the ways to measure the outcomes generated inconclusive results or results that were limited to the specific study. We extracted data from selected studies to suggest a simple model for the prediction of occupant performance from illuminance and correlated color temperature. The data points were few and scattered and the model, therefore, suffers from considerable uncertainties. Yet, it quantifies performance effects in ranges that are comparable with similar models from other indoor environment domains.
... Ancak Butler ve Biner (1987) tercih edilen ışık seviyesinde sadece iki davranış için (43 davranıştan) cinsiyet farklılıkları bulmuştur: bulaşık yıkamak ve kapalı otoparktan çıkmak [20]. Knez (1995), aydınlığın ve lamba tipinin değiştiği ve hem erkek hem de kadın katılımcılar için ruh hali ve performansın ölçüldüğü iki deney gerçekleştirmiştir [21]. Deneylerden birinde, gerçek koşullar ne olursa olsun, kadınlar aydınlatmayı erkeklerden daha yoğun ve göz kamaştırıcı olarak değerlendirmiştir. ...
... Ancak Butler ve Biner (1987) tercih edilen ışık seviyesinde sadece iki davranış için (43 davranıştan) cinsiyet farklılıkları bulmuştur: bulaşık yıkamak ve kapalı otoparktan çıkmak [20]. Knez (1995), aydınlığın ve lamba tipinin değiştiği ve hem erkek hem de kadın katılımcılar için ruh hali ve performansın ölçüldüğü iki deney gerçekleştirmiştir [21]. Deneylerden birinde, gerçek koşullar ne olursa olsun, kadınlar aydınlatmayı erkeklerden daha yoğun ve göz kamaştırıcı olarak değerlendirmiştir. ...
Nitelikli bir aydınlatma, iç mekânda temel bir kriterdir. Bireyi ve iç ortamını dikkate alan çalışmalar, bireyin fiziksel ve psikolojik refahı için gereken ihtiyaçları kapsamlı bir şekilde analiz etmelidirler. Bu tür çalışmalar ayrıca bireylerde farkındalığı ve yapay aydınlatma kullanımını artırmıştır. Teknik gelişmeler, kontrol edilebilme kolaylığı ve farklı ihtiyaçlara ve ortamlara cevap verebilme yeteneği nedeniyle yapay aydınlatma sistemleri önemli bir tasarım bileşeni olarak görülmektedir. Akkor ve deşarj lambaları hala yaygın olarak kullanılırken, her ikisi de katı halli aydınlatma ailesinin üyesi olan LED ve OLED aydınlatma sistemleri gibi daha yeni teknolojiler giderek daha avantajlı hale gelmiştir. OLED’ler aydınlatma etkileşimlerinde yepyeni bir dünyanın kapılarını açmaktadır. Diğer çözümlere göre değişen dünyaya ayak uydurabilecek şekilde yüksek oranda geri dönüştürülebilir bileşenlerden üretilmeleri, enerji verimli ve sirkadiyen dostu olmaları, mavi ışık riski taşımamaları, hafif olmaları, düşük ayak izine sahip olmaları ve uzun ömürlü olmaları gibi birçok avantaja sahiptirler. İç mekân aydınlatması, kişinin fiziksel durumunu analiz etmek için etkili bir çevresel faktör olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, katılımcılar arası bir deneyle yapay aydınlatma, görsel konfor ve cinsiyetin arasındaki ilişki araştırılacaktır. Bu çalışmada LED aydınlatma, 3 adet görsel konfor kriterini (dikkat dağınıklığı, görsel netlik ve görsel yorgunluk) değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel veriler değerlendirilmiş ve sonuçlar karşılaştırmalı olarak tartışılmıştır.
... esim. Knez 1995;Knez, Niedenthal 2008;Hutchinson et al. 2011;Sleegers et al. 2013;Zhu et al. 2019). Samoin on tutkittu valaistuksen roolia kasvojen tunnistamisessa (ks. ...
... esim. Johnston et al. 1992;Knez 1995;Hill & Bruce 1996;Adini et al. 1997;Enns & Shore 1997;Liu et al. 1999;McMullen et al. 2000;Favelle et al. 2007;2017) sekä toisen yksilön tunteiden ja katseen suunnan arvioimisessa (ks. esim. ...
... Despite the aforementioned shortcomings, some academic research on the technical and artistic history (e.g., Bordwell et al. 1985;Keating 2006Keating , 2009Keating , 2014 and semiotics (e.g., Roth 1978;Russell 1981;Leeuwen, Boeriis 2016;Sadowski 2016Sadowski , 2017; Mohammed Ezzat Ibrahim Ammer 2020) of film lighting has been published over the years, and a lot of research on lighting and its effects has been conducted in fields other than cinema (e.g., Knez 1995;Knez, Niedenthal 2008;Hutchinson et al. 2011;Sleegers et al. 2013;Zhu et al. 2019). Also, the role of lighting in face recognition and identification (e.g., Johnston et al. 1992;Knez 1995;Hill, Bruce 1996;Adini et al. 1997;Enns, Shore 1997;Liu et al. 1999;McMullen et al. 2000;Favelle et al. 2007Favelle et al. , 2011Favelle et al. , 2017 and in judgments of emotion and gaze direction (e.g., Fotios et al. 2015) has been addressed. ...
... Despite the aforementioned shortcomings, some academic research on the technical and artistic history (e.g., Bordwell et al. 1985;Keating 2006Keating , 2009Keating , 2014 and semiotics (e.g., Roth 1978;Russell 1981;Leeuwen, Boeriis 2016;Sadowski 2016Sadowski , 2017; Mohammed Ezzat Ibrahim Ammer 2020) of film lighting has been published over the years, and a lot of research on lighting and its effects has been conducted in fields other than cinema (e.g., Knez 1995;Knez, Niedenthal 2008;Hutchinson et al. 2011;Sleegers et al. 2013;Zhu et al. 2019). Also, the role of lighting in face recognition and identification (e.g., Johnston et al. 1992;Knez 1995;Hill, Bruce 1996;Adini et al. 1997;Enns, Shore 1997;Liu et al. 1999;McMullen et al. 2000;Favelle et al. 2007Favelle et al. , 2011Favelle et al. , 2017 and in judgments of emotion and gaze direction (e.g., Fotios et al. 2015) has been addressed. ...
One key aspect of cinematographic lighting – and lighting in general – is its direction and how the lighting illuminates people and other objects of attention. In a natural setting, the light reaching the target usually has at least some level of directionality instead of being just ambient overall light. In cinematography directionality is used, among other things, to enhance the lit object’s three-dimensionality in an otherwise two-dimensional medium by bringing out its shape and texture and separating it from the background. While lighting has typically been studied based on its physical qualities that render for quantitative measures, such as intensity or color spectrum, less is known about how cinematographic lighting gives rise to the spectator’s emotive-cognitive experiences. Overall, film lighting has been studied surprisingly little, although both practical and academic literature emphasize its important role in cinematic expression. This paper presents a pilot study that examines viewers’ emotional reactions to photographs of an expressionless human face under lighting from different directions. The initial results indicate that lighting that obscures, hides, or distorts facial features creates stronger emotional reactions in the viewer than lighting that reveals them, contributing to the scientific understanding of the audience’s reactions and the filmmaker’s creative decisions.
... 3 Numerous studies have explored how different lighting designs affect users, consistently highlighting illuminance and colour as the key components influencing emotions and user experience. 1,[9][10][11] Different levels of illuminance can create distinct experiences for users. Studies have shown that higher illuminance tends to enhance energy, alertness and vibrancy, 12,13 while lower illuminance promotes relaxation. 1 Especially in office settings, finding the right balance is crucial for both visual comfort and productivity, as overly bright lighting can cause glare and eye strain. ...
This study proposes context-aware lighting presets for the office lounge based on user behaviour. We explored five kinds of optimised light scenarios: empty, relaxation, discussion , chatting and party, while matching them with patterns of user behaviours. Firstly, we designed lighting solutions for each context through expert interviews. Using these, we developed an algorithm that detects the number of users, their movement and their sound volume using a camera and microphone and suggests appropriate lighting settings based on this data. Then, we implemented the algorithm in two types of office lounges. Finally, user assessments and interview results confirmed that the adaptive lighting preset enriched users' experience. We also discussed the challenges for better implementation.
... Moreover, the identification of the direct and indirect effects of light on humanity has spurred the conduct of relevant research across various fields. According to previous studies, light influences different biological processes associated with blood pressure, heart rate variability, melatonin, and cortisol [1][2][3][4][5][6] but also affects cognitive aspects, including alertness, attention, and memory in humans [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. These effects, thus, play a critical role in the lives of modern-day people, who spend most of their time under artificial lighting sources. ...
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of blue light and its brightness on long-term memory. Blue light was tested under four distinct illuminance conditions ranging from 400 to 1000 lux, and the results were compared with those of red light as a comparison group. A total of 25 individuals, including 16 men and 9 women with a mean age of 22.04 ± 1.74 years, participated in these tests based on a within-subject research design. Initially, each participant was exposed to individual light conditions for 30 min in the morning. Subsequently, they were asked to complete learning memory tasks, which involved memorizing specific words composed of randomly chosen English consonants. Exactly 20 min after these memory tasks, their long-term memory retention was measured through recall. It was found that blue light was superior to red light in terms of long-term memory enhancement; the difference was statistically significant, with a confidence level of 95%. Moreover, brighter light environments were found to affect long-term memory performance more significantly compared to darker light environments. That said, there was no significant difference in interaction effects between light color and brightness. These findings confirm the results of previous studies highlighting the effectiveness of blue light in enhancing memory retention while also demonstrating that the degree of enhancement may vary depending on light brightness.
... While both music and lighting have been separately studied for their psychological effects [1][2][3], limited research has explored their combined influence on human perception and cognition. This study aims to bridge the gap by investigating how music paired with chromatic lighting might interact to shape perceptual and cognitive responses. ...
While both music and lighting have been separately studied for their psychological effects [1-3], limited research has explored their combined influence on human perception and cognition. This study aims to bridge the gap by investigating how music paired with chromatic lighting might interact to shape perceptual and cognitive responses. The primary objective is to (1) determine whether light alone has a significant impact on perceptual and cognitive responses, and (2) whether the presence of music further influences these responses. The experiment consists of six lighting conditions: three with music and three without music. Participants are randomly assigned to either the music or no-music condition in a between-subjects design. Lighting conditions are generated using a commercially available multi-color LED system to provide similar brightness at the eye level to mitigate the Hunt effect [4]. In each group, participants are exposed to three chromatic lighting conditions (while, blue, and red) for three minutes per trial while engaging in various tasks that require perceptual and cognitive processing. Participants' responses are collected using objective measures, such as accuracy and reaction times to cognitive tests, as well as subjective self-report measures (mood, alertness, and subjective evaluations of the physical environment) completed using a rating scale [5]. The findings of this study will contribute to our understanding of the impact of light and music on perceptual and cognitive responses. Understanding these interactions could have applications in areas such as immersive experiences, therapeutic environments, and entertainment design.
... The German version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) assesses affect (Breyer and Bluemke 2016;Crawford and Henry 2004). In several previous studies, the PANAS has been used to measure the affect state in light intervention studies (Knez 1995;Plitnick et al. 2010;Viola et al. 2008). The scale consists of 20 adjectives (ten positive and ten negative affective states). ...
LEDs simplify the personalization of lighting. However, research on the effects of personalizable lighting is in its infancy. The present study investigates the impact of personalizable workplace lighting on subjective parameters, cognition, and physiological stress while performing cognitive tests. In a cross-over design, 22 participants were randomly assigned to standard workplace lighting and lighting with adjustable illuminance and color temperature for two hours on two separate days. Subjective outcome measures were sleepiness, affect, and asthenopic complaints. We further assessed vigilance and three cognitive domains (task switching, working memory, and information processing) and derived heart rate variability parameters from an electrocardiogram. Some beneficial effects of personalizable lighting on cognitive performance were observed, although the overall results remain inconclusive. Standard and personalizable lighting did not differ in subjective ratings and physiological stress responses. Exploratory analysis of personalizable lighting revealed significant variation in self-selected workplace illuminances and limited variation in self-selected correlated color temperatures. Despite the preference for increased workplace illuminance under personalizable lighting, no visual impairment was observed compared to standard lighting. Personalizable workplace lighting is a promising new design feature to support individual visual and nonvisual lighting needs in daylight-deprived environments.
... Lighting in classrooms has been researched from various points of view. For instance, some of them have focused either on the energetic efficiency (Li, Cheung, Wong, & Lam, 2010) (Rebec, Klanjsek-Gunde, Bizjak, & Kobak, 2015) (Delvaeye, y otros, 2016), performance, mood, and learning (Knez, 1995) (hygge & Knez, 2001), or understanding and visual comfort (Liu, y otros, 2020) (Noda, Lima, Souza, Leder, & Quirino, 2020) (Fakari, Vahabi, & Fayaz, 2021). ...
The study of lighting in learning environments is not a new topic and is not only present in recent research. This work summarizes the current status of the lighting quality at the Instituto Tecnológico de La Laguna, according to the work realized by an external company to the Instituto, in addition to providing some recommendations as claimed by the current legislation, along with the regulations of the accreditation organisms. The results were surprising since the illumination of classrooms seemed adequate in most cases; however, after analyzing said results, it was proven that they were not as adequate as expected. Our main recommendation, predictably, is to increase the quality of illumination to acceptable parameters, considering the opinion of experts in the areas involved such as the cost-benefit ratio to take the illumination to a first level.
... Both natural and artificial lighting are used in the workplace. Because natural light is highly dependent on external factors (such as day, night, and weather conditions), artificial light is almost entirely used in lighting (Heschong et al., 2013;Knez, 1995;Mott et al., 2012). ...
... Lighting can make an indoor environment graceful, and also, for a learning environment, proper lighting, with the right illuminance and CCT level, can make that space pleasant and improve the mood status (16). Although some Studies, such as Knez, have demonstrated the impact of illuminance on human mood (17) and visual performance, little research has focused on the impact of the combination of these two key aspects of indoor lighting on students (18). ...
Background: Light is a physical factor that can influence the mood and vision of people during work and study. According to the importance of these physical factors, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of the source and color temperature on the mood and vision (acuity and color recognition) of students of TUMS and USWR medical universities. Methods: The present study is an applied study, and the research method is quasi-experimental. Twenty subjects were determined by first-type error (0.05) and test power (0.08). The mood was measured using the profile of mood states (POMS), visual acuity in different lighting conditions based on Snellen and FrACT methods, and color recognition by Ishihara’s test. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22, one-way ANOVA, and Greenhouse-Geisser. Results: The results of investigating six subscales of the POMS scale in sunlight, LED, and fluorescent with color temperatures of 4000 K and 3000 K indicated improvement in mood states (P < 0.001). Color recognition under different lighting conditions showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). However, visual acuity with the FrACT method under sunlight showed a significant difference in other lighting conditions (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Light sources can influence mood and vision states (acuity and color recognition) under different lighting conditions. Therefore, using sunlight in educational environments can improve the mood and state of students.
... There were similar studies done on this subject, such as how three colors of lighting on the impacts of perception [3] or luminosity impacts on human mood and choices [4]. These generally talk about how either it affects the mood or only perception, but few or none have done them both in one and fully analyzing both at the same time and using modern 3d tools to interpret the idea. ...
In today's life, lighting design has become a very important part of the indoor environment, affecting not only the presentation of the design, but also human health. In current lighting designs, there is still a lack of attention to the use of lighting, resulting in visual and health discomfort for occupants. Based on the original light research, this paper analyzes and applies the light to explore the most scientific direction of light use. Analysis of color temperature, light flux, illumination, and other data of lighting types on the market, and investigation of the effect on human perception. The types of lighting should also not be harmful to the eye and safe to use for long periods of time. Reflective materials are another alternative method to reflect natural lighting to the room to bring spaciousness when there is no available natural lighting directly. In the future, there should be experimental lighting that may mimic or replace lighting in nature, or lighting that is fully adapted to the user's senses, emotions, and fatigue. This paper looks forward to finding more appropriate ways to use interior lighting and is dedicated to addressing unreasonable lighting designs in interior design.
... Several topics have been investigated related to lighting in schools. For example, there have been prior investigations related to lighting in schools with the focus being either on energy efficiency (1-3), performance, mood and cognition (4,5), or perception and visual comfort (6)(7)(8). The topics presented in research are often related to research interests and tendencies, based on the scientific developments, such us the existence of the ipRGCs, or technological advancements, such as the use of digital tools, of each decade. ...
The present paper summarises tendencies related to research in lighting for school environments from 1980 to 2020. Methods and tools used to evaluate and analyse both daylight and electric lighting are presented. The studies in this literature review were grouped in four decades and are presented chronologically. The review suggests a shift from on-site evaluations in the early decades, both when using qualitative and quantitative research methods, to software-based research and analysis in more recent studies. during the past decade, there appears to be a general increase in both software and user-based techniques for evaluation and design of educational spaces. However, it is interesting that the lighting layout in classrooms does not show significant changes during the four decades since it follows the same grid pattern regardless of the changes in architectural, design and teaching tendencies.
... Although it is still unknown what long-term effects dynamic and tunable lighting will have on the quality of focus and concentration, research by (Mott, et al., 2012) and (Sleegers, et al. 2012) supports the theory that high Kelvin lamps may have a positive effect on focus and concentration. There has been evidence to demonstrate positive effects of high correlated color temperature (CCT) on cognitive performance and on-task/off-task behaviors in laboratory studies conducted by (Grangaard, 1995), (Knez, 1995), (Smolders and de Kort, 2016), as well as (Hawes, et al, 2011). ...
Human performance is influenced by lighting in many situations. Many studies have
investigated how lighting impacts academic performance, focus, and motivation. The issue of color rendering and temperature is becoming increasingly important as high efficiency lamps and government regulations are enforced. For decades, fluorescent lamps have been used in educational systems to provide high-quality, efficient lighting. Fluorescent lamps can negatively affect the built environment as well as the surrounding environment. Several studies have been conducted to show that LED lamps have positive effects in the built environment. Several studies show that LED lamps with high color temperature correlation affect perceptions and actions positively in the classroom and workplace. In the workplace and in school, it can increase engagement and on-task behavior. This study develops experimental research for effects of LED, fluorescent, and full spectrum lighting on classroom’s children. To assess various effects related to classroom lighting on children between the ages of four and seven, an online survey was developed.
During the Mother's Day morning tea celebration, a survey was conducted among three
classrooms of Victoria International School's Early Learning Center. Results of the study
indicate that 5000K or higher LED lighting has a significant impact on perceptions of attitudes and behaviors associated with alertness, focus, and performance in a classroom. Further experimental studies are required to evaluate attitudes as well as behaviors related to classroom illumination and how dynamic lighting affects students.
... Over the years, however, the variables used in atmospheric studies have extended to other areas, such as environmental and emotional studies, environmental studies, and construction and environmental studies, which often involve human emotions in a particular study context. [1][2][3][4][5]. The goal of this synthesis is to analyze and compare the effects of atmospheric effects on human emotions, based on 23 studies from different fields over the past 20 years, to better understand the topic. ...
In many environments, atmospheric effects have been extensively studied to assess human activities in enclosed buildings in response to environmental stimuli. The goal of this paper is to examine a review of 25 studies on atmospheric influences on consumers' emotions in the business environment over the past 20 years. The synthesis involves elements used as environmental stimuli that have been commonly used and the results of previous studies. In short, in atmospheric studies with stimuli such as spatial layout, color, scents, lighting and music are the most discussed variables influencing human emotions through emotion.
... The purpose of light source illumination is to assist the user's visual response to changes in perceptual, cognitive, and emotional states [43,44]. Some studies that have examined the effects of color temperature and brightness of light source illumination on emotional states [45] have found that warm or cool environments affect negative or positive emotional responses of people engaged in cognitive tasks [46]. ...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the key factors for creating a positive visual perception response evaluation for social media video communication. The aim of this study was to determine what factors of light sources impact visual perception to increase the interactions in social media video communication. First, the key factors of visual perception and response evaluation of visual effects in social media video communication were summarized and analyzed through an interview consultation panel of experts and scholars. Key factors were compiled into four dimensions (48 sub-dimensions), including (1) visual perception, with 12 sub-dimensions; (2) emotional perception, with 12 sub-dimensions; (3) preference perception, with 11 sub-dimensions; and (4) shape perception, with 13 sub-dimensions. Second, 12 experts and scholars were invited to form a panel to develop the Delphi technique questionnaire. After three Delphi technique questionnaires were conducted, the mean (M), mode (Mo), and standard deviation (SD) of each response were statistically analyzed, and the one-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to analyze the appropriateness and consistency of the Delphi technique survey results. The results of this study indicate that 15 sub-dimensions met the criteria of appropriateness and consistency, which were used to establish 15 key factors for evaluating visual perception responses to social media visual communication. This study will provide a technical reference for the visual perception of digital messages in social media to improve the quality of visual perception of digital communication. View Full-Text
Keywords: social media; visual perception; light source illumination; response evaluation; key success factors; Delphi technique; K-S test
... It has also been demonstrated that simply their presence can cause an effect on creativity, even though there is no interaction (Aiello et al., 1977;Stokols et al., 2002). Likewise, the stimulation of different senses has also been studied, including sight (Knez, 1995), hearing (Mehta et al., 2012), smell (Knasko, 1992) or other sensory receptors (Alencar & Bruno-Faria, 1997). ...
Within the literature devoted to studying the influence of environment factors on people’s creativity, the majority analyzed these factors as isolated elements and assess individual’s creativity in general. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of some of these environmental factors on the design outcomes in terms of creativity, considering the potential emotion it can cause (relaxation or arousal). An experiment was developed to test the results generated in different settings combining environment factors that enhance creativity, in which designers were asked to develop different creative concepts. Different colors and music were combined in order to set arousing and relaxing environments. Results point to differences in the creativity parameters, according to the environment in which designers worked.
... xx (2022), No. x, pp. 0xx-0xx number of studies on the psychological effects of lighting in retail appeared in the 90s (Knez, 1995). The reason for such a development in understanding of the impact of lighting on an individual's emotional response lies in the fact that, until the 1970s, stores mostly relied on daylight as the dominant source of illumination. ...
The aim of this paper is to evaluate whether lighting in a retail facility affects the behaviour of shoppers on the Serbian market. The subject of the paper is lighting, which represents one of the instruments of shopper marketing. Review of the relevant literature suggests that lighting can have a significant impact on the appearance of the observed product. Data for testing hypotheses were collected from the samples on the markets of Serbia. In order to collect data, an online experiment was conducted. Data were processed using repeated measures one-factor analysis of variance. Based on the research results the conclusion is that different treatments of lighting colour and temperature affect the shoppers' perception of the quality of the observed product, but do not affect shoppers' price perception of the observed product on the Serbian market.
... According to the researches importance of the natural lighting is not only in field of energy, but it effect psychology and human wellbeing. Exposure to natural light emphatically influence people's circadian rhythms, which can prompt to higher productivity and greater satisfaction with internal environment (Knez, 1995). (Webb, 2006). ...
In today’s world, energy is one of the most important factors in each individual’s life, people cannot imagine their life without energy. Due to increasing human needs in different types of energy in everyday life, energy efficiency has become a significant issue, especially after the energy crises in 1970s. Thus, one of the main challenges in recent years is finding ways to use passive solar design strategies in order to respond to human needs. When it comes to architecture, again finding ways in order to benefit from passive systems become an important. This is especially valid for high rise buildings which consume huge amount of energy due to their scale and function. If their large facade areas are considered, they may provide great opportunities to make use of passive solar design strategies. Accordingly, Because of global warming that the Earth is facing today, if designed with passive solar design strategies, buildings could play a vital role in the reduction of energy costs during their life cycle. Although, there is considerable research on how to design sustainable facades, nonetheless, there is a gap in the literature relating to facade design in different climatic zones to minimize energy use. In order to achieve this task, high rise buildings in four major climatic zones are analyzed in terms of passive solar design strategies and materials utilized in the building. Meanwhile, the author’s main attempt is to make viewpoint of architects more clear about the influence of benefiting from passive design systems for façade of the high rise buildings. Thereby, this study is based on a theoretical research where relevant literature and selected case studies of Norman Foster have been reviewed to arrive at conclusion. On the other hand, it is mainly qualitative method of data collection. Finally, High rise buildings in vertically growing cities of Dubai, Frankfurt, Kuala Lumpur and Moscow for example need to be designed in accordance with passive solar design strategies so that maximum reduction in the energy costs can be achieved from manufacturing to operation stage of high rise buildings. Furthermore, the results of this study prove that high rise buildings can be energy efficient if appropriate passive solar design strategies are used in their design to make maximum use of natural light, ventilation, passive solar heating and cooling.
... Furthermore, among the studies focused on analyzing the influence of the physical and structural characteristics of the workspace, we find the contributions of (McCoy and Evans 2002) on how the way furniture is arranged in a room can affect users' creativity. Other studies have analyzed the influence of the type, intensity, and temperature of the light that illuminates the workspace (Knez 1995;Ceylan et al. 2008), the presence or absence of windows that allow natural light to enter the room (Stone 1998;Ceylan et al. 2008) and the effect of ventilation, whether natural or artificial (Alencar and Bruno-Faria 1997). ...
The study of the mechanisms linked to creativity has become a topic of great interest in various scientific fields in recent decades. One area in which a particularly large amount of research has been conducted is on the positive effect of natural environments on creativity. Yet, none of these studies have focused on the interaction that may arise with the design method used. That is, they consider the empowering effect of nature on creativity to be something general, without taking into account other factors that may influence it, such as the type of methodology used. This paper therefore aims to go a step further and investigate how the type of design methodology used—intuitive or logical—in a simulated natural environment affects the designer’s creativity. The analysis of both the design process and its outcomes shows that the main differences in the way of working with design methodologies occur mainly in the case of intuitive methodologies, helping designers to improve the quality of their outcomes.
... Furthermore, some studies have also found that lighting affects cognition through emotions. A number of Knez studies have found that lighting alters the positive and negative emotions in participants, thereby impairing or enhancing the cognitive performance in memory and problem-solving tasks, and that lighting conditions that induce the lowest level of negative emotions and the best positive emotions improve long-term memory and cognitive ability in problem-solving tasks [49]. Many studies have explored the effect of colour (of either lighting or wall colour) of rooms on human psychology and physiological responses. ...
During space missions, astronauts live in a confined technological environment, completely isolated and deprived of the variety and variation found in the environment on Earth. This circumstance has a strong impact on the psycho-physiological states of the crew. Particularly in light of the plans for long-duration missions, new research needs to be carried out. The goal of this study, conducted at Xiangtan Central Hospital in China, was to test whether multicolour lighting can improve people’s psychological state in an isolated and confined environment over a period of seven days. Twenty participants (10 male and 10 female) were randomly divided into two groups: one group that was exposed to multicolour lighting and a control group, which was exposed to a static, monotonous white interior. The participants’ psychological state was recorded on the first day, the fourth day, and the seventh day. The results of the control group showed that the participants’ negative emotions and anxiety continued to increase over time, whereas the group randomly exposed to multicolour lighting that changed every three hours did not show any significant increase in negative emotions and anxiety. Moreover, the random change of light colour in the isolated environment appeared to help the participants increase their sense of surprise, thereby counteracting monotony. Finally, during this experiment, it was observed that when people who are accustomed to being connected to social networks were deprived of this, they experienced insomnia and unaccustomed reactions, in particular on the first days of deprivation. This article contributes to future space exploration and to social and psychological support of life in isolated and confined environments.
Purpose
Around the world, prison complexes have always been fundamentally taxing environments. The strained atmosphere within these prisons often contributes to the deterioration of mental health, mostly those who may already be psychologically vulnerable. This paper aims to understand whether there exists a relationship between the built environment of prisons, particularly the central prisons of India and its effects on the mental health of inmates.
Design/methodology/approach
By means of literature reviews, the study parameters were found to be connectivity to nature, lighting, acoustics, colour, air quality and thermal comfort. The data collected through interviews and email correspondences with identified experts were analysed thematically using a deductive approach to derive a set of practical recommendations, which could be implemented in Indian prisons.
Findings
The built environment of prisons impacts the prison population by further contributing to depressive symptoms. The effects of the built space persist regardless of social factors. A well-designed environment is healthy for its occupants and would yield positive changes. However, it is not the sole contributor to depression; social interactions, prison management, societal acceptance and meaningful activities are equally relevant factors. The sole focus of this paper is the relationship between the built environment and the mental health of inmates.
Originality/value
There is a paucity of research into the intersection between prison architecture and the mental health of inmates in the Indian subcontinent. This paper that addresses the gap may have significant consequences on how criminal reform is perceived, and also encourage further research in this field.
Astronauts are forced to deal with stress from microgravity, claustrophobic environments and loud noise during missions on the space station, which can have a variety of negative psychological and physiological effects on astronauts. The use of appropriate lighting in the hygiene areas of the ISS can help provide a comfortable experience for the astronauts and thereby reduce their stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of light illumination on near-infrared brain images, the emotions and satisfaction level of astronauts during the disposal of metabolic waste in the hygiene area of the space station. Participants were tested using head-mounted headphones in a −12° head-down (HD) bed rest simulating microgravity, where the headphones play 60 dBA noise to simulate space station background noise. The results showed significant variation in cortical activity and emotions among participants at different light illumination levels. Comparing these results with the participants’ resting-state NIR brain imaging data, we found that 300 lx light illumination had a negative effect on the participants, who showed a significant increase in cortical metabolic activity. The 500 lx light illumination resulted in optimal emotion states and lower cortical metabolic activity, which provides a valuable reference for future improvements to the illumination of the hygiene areas of the space station.KeywordsIlluminanceFNIRSSpace station hygiene areaPsychological and physiological effects
In today’s corporate environment, organizations are paying increasing attention to the spatial configuration of workspaces where creative processes and innovation are supposed to take place. These environments are designed to foster and sustain creative performance at work, providing digital, physical, and hybrid solutions to fulfill individuals’ needs and to enable modes of working alone as well as in teams. Starting with a literature review of previous research on this multidisciplinary topic addressing team dynamics, workspace design, and their relations to creativity, this chapter provides useful guidelines for the processes of creation and usage of physical, digital, and hybrid environments to foster and manage creativity in work-related settings. Firms’ strategic intents and users’ needs, sensorial experiences, and modes of interaction during the development of the creative process are aspects that are thoroughly explored and explained.KeywordsWorkspace designCreativity management
This paper reviews 49 studies that addressed how window view, daylighting, and lighting in buildings affect occupants’ behavior and well-being. The systematic literature search was performed in November 2021 and focused on office and educational buildings. We quantified the number of papers per study type, study aim, and lighting condition. Predictor categories and methods for data collection were also considered. We analyzed the results according to a structure of records, defined by the number of predictors and type of outcomes from a study. We obtained 106 records. A gap in the number of studies under different lighting conditions and building types was identified. Studies under natural light and studies conducted in learning environments were fewer than studies dealing with artificial lighting in offices. A wide variety of methods for data collection was found. Artificial lighting features and correlated color temperature were the most used predictors. Based on the analysis of records, we found that 61.3% of the associations between predictors and outcomes were statistically significant. The type of effect was not reported in 3.8% of the records-meaning that approximately 35% of the records found no significant associations between predictors and outcomes.
Views provided by windows are key factors that affect occupants' overall psychological and physiological comfort inside buildings. Despite their importance, there are no established approaches and regulations to guide designers and researchers in investigating view perception. This paper systemically reviews studies on view perception in terms of quality and quantity factors affecting view perception (i.e., content-related factors, design-related factors including window's shape and size, shading devices, mullions, and partitions, dynamic changes in views based on observer-related factors, and view size) and discuss views impact on other visual (i.e., glare) and non-visual (i.e., privacy and thermal comfort) perceptions. In addition, the notion of view quality and quantity is discussed. Furthermore, methods used to visually represent views from windows, and methods used to quantify view perception subjectively and objectively are critically reviewed. As a result, knowledge gaps were identified for future studies in relation to view quality assessment and experimental design; and an all-inclusive comprehensive approach to quantify view quality using subjective and objective assessments along with an adequate representation method is proposed.
Despite the awareness that employees spend at least half of their awake time at work, knowledge about how the physical office work environment (POWE) shapes employee wellbeing remains fragmented, inconsistent and scattered across disciplines. We provide a narrative review of the empirical literature to summarise the current state of the science and lay the groundwork for advancing a more holistic and nuanced theoretical understanding of the mediating mechanisms underlying the POWE‐wellbeing relationship. To do so, we propose an updated taxonomy of POWE features, incorporating a new dimension – exposure to nature, and use this extended taxonomy to examine the evidence base on the relationship between POWE features and five dimensions of wellbeing: affective, physical, social, cognitive and professional. Based on our findings, we extend a meta‐theoretical model which identifies three distinct theoretically‐driven mediating pathways – relatedness, energy and functional discomfort – through which POWE features differentially influence wellbeing dimensions. In doing so, we integrate the organizational behaviour theory of Job Demands‐Resources and the environmental psychology framework of POWE functions to argue that POWE functions can be both demands and resources‐generating, and can, therefore, have simultaneous positive and negative consequences for employee wellbeing. We conclude with a critical examination of theoretical, methodological and practical implications for future research.
Contextual influences in the workplace have been increasingly acknowledged as being crucial for enhancing creativity. Among various factors in the context surrounding employees, organizational culture and organizational climate have gained much attention in creativity research over the last decades. However, still many challenges exist about the role of culture and climate on creativity. For example, the literature stresses the importance of the physical work environment but research addressing physical aspects of the organizational context has received little attention. This chapter attempts to provide an overview of existing knowledge by synthesizing previous literature on organizational culture and climate influencing creativity. We focus on key issues and major trends. We further discuss perspectives for future research and important questions that remain to be answered. Finally, the chapter suggests some practical recommendations for organizational promotion of creativity.
In recent years, sustainability practices in Africa have been promoted as the relatively most effective means of reducing adverse environmental impacts associated with buildings and occupants. Occupants' perception within buildings, whether green or non-green, is crucial for the understanding of building sustainability (energy performance) and comfort conditions. However, there has been a scanty research-based knowledge from empirical studies, particularly in Dar es Salaam. This study endeavoured to bridge that knowledge gap. The study evaluated the occupants' satisfaction rate of 2 certified green office buildings and 15 non-green office buildings and the extent to which they control indoor environmental performance. The study deployed a PoE questionnaire based on two types of scales, a bipolar and unipolar scale to measure the occupants' perception of the indoor environmental performance: temperature comfort, temperature sensation, noise, air movement, air freshness, air quality and satisfaction with the amount of natural light. A total of 532 occupants from the buildings set provided valid responses. The results show that overall occupants were quite satisfied in all buildings set. However, there are some differences regarding air movement, air quality, glare from artificial light, noise levels, and lighting control. Occupants of green buildings were more satisfied with lighting control; nonetheless, improved lighting control alone is insufficient to enhance occupants’ satisfaction in green buildings to a superior level than that of non-green buildings. This study can provide feedback to building owners, property managers, green building certification systems and can aid architects in designing climate-responsive buildings that encourage long-term occupant satisfaction.
This chapter explores our personal biases and how they impact our design effectiveness. It discusses a variety of biases arising from our need to survive and grow as human beings, as well as the biases implicit in how we think, how we feel, and through our preferences and beliefs. It identifies how we can minimize the impacts of such biases.KeywordsBiasesHeuristicsThinkingFeelingPreferencesBeliefsValue judgments
The main objective of this study is to understand the impacts of retail greenery and correlated color temperature in biophilic design on consumers’ emotions, perceptions (pleasure, arousal, perceived merchandise quality) and responses (satisfaction and purchase intentions) in virtual reality fashion stores. This study is a 2 × 2 experimental design. Retail greenery/non-retail greenery is a within-subjects design, while correlated color temperature (warm/cool) is a between-subjects design. Shopping orientations (utilitarian/hedonic) is examined as a moderator. 295 undergraduate US female students participated in this study. The results showed that consumers prefer a retail greenery application over a non-retail greenery application. Cool lighting creates higher arousal than warm lighting. There are significant interaction effects between a retail greenery application and correlated color temperature as well as moderating effects of shopping orientations (utilitarian/hedonic). Being the first to measure the combined effects of retail greenery and correlated color temperature on consumers’ responses in a 360-degree virtual reality fashion retail space, this study provides insights into how retailers strategically plan their use of biophilic design to improve the 3D Virtual Reality (VR) shopping experience.
Given the wide application of eye-controlled systems, the target population is not only people with a physical disability. The importance of design is increasing; no matter where the eye-controlled system is to be applied, research on the interface needs to keep up with system development. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of eye movement, and the interaction of eye-controlled systems and visual design principles, the aim of this study was to explore whether a change in the colour of the interactive elements in an eye-controlled system will affect the efficiency of a user's visual search. Based on the actual needs of the eye-movement interaction process in the eye-controlled system, we developed an eye-controlled interaction system using Unity software. Based on this system, we investigated whether a change in the colour of the interactive elements in the eye-controlled system interface was related to search duration. The experimental data verified that changes in colour saturation and brightness affected users’ search efficiency. When the saturation value of the icon colour was in the three ranges of 33% to 44%, 62% to 70, or 85% to 98%, reaction time was longest; the brightness value of the icon colour should be higher than 16%, and it is not recommended to be less than 5% under any circumstances. The experiment was combined with a questionnaire to quantitatively analyse participants' evaluation of the three types of feedback colours: reducing brightness, converting to the contrasting colour and converting to white. It was found that participants generally believed that the feedback form of reducing brightness was very natural, and the feedback form of converting to the contrasting colour was very clear. Moreover, it was found that participants of different ages had significant differences in the evaluation of feedback colour types. This study adds substantial evidence to the field of colour research in the visual representation of eye-controlled system interfaces.
In two studies twelve subjects were exposed to different types of ventilation noise in a simulated office. In Study 1, a ventilation noise with a gradually falling frequency/level spectral character, was considered as more annoying than a ventilation noise with a band of raised levels around 43 Hz and in particular a tone at 43 Hz. The differences in acceptable comfort levels were aproximately 7 dB when comparing the tonal and gradually falling frequency/level ventilation noise. The frequency character thus has to be considered when evaluating the annoyance due to ventilation noise. The result from Study 2 gives support to the suggested lowering of the highest acceptable level of ventilation noise from 40 to 35 dB(A) and that the level should be reduced even more in environments designed for intellectual work.
The weekly incidence of headaches among office workers was compared when the offices were lit by fluorescent lighting where the fluorescent tubes were operated by (a) a conventional switch-start circuit with choke ballast providing illumination that pulsated with a modulation depth of 43-49% and a principal frequency component at 100 Hz; (b) an electronic start circuit with choke ballast giving illumination with similar characteristics; (c) an electronic ballast driving the lamps at about 32 kHz and reducing the 100 Hz modulation to less than 7%. In a double-blind cross-over design, the average incidence of headaches and eyestrain was more than halved under high-frequency lighting. The incidence was unaffected by the speed with which the tubes ignited. Headaches tended to decrease with the height of the office above the ground and thus with increasing natural light. Office occupants chose to switch on the high-frequency lighting for 30% longer on average.
Both the lighting level of a setting and the social situation can affect arousal. If individuals attempt to maintain an optimal arousal level, then preferred lighting levels for a particular setting should vary with social variables. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesis. Male and female subjects (N = 105) were presented with 48 hypothetical situations and were asked to indicate their lighting level preferences for each. Some of the situations involved activities requiring a high degree of visual attention, while the other situations involved activities of a nonvisual nature. Activities were crossed with a social variable: a platonic friend present, a romantic partner present, or a group of platonic friends present. Across all activities, brightness preferences for the romantic partner situations were significantly lower than preferences for either the platonic friend situations or the group of friends situations. The effect of the social situation was very strong for nonvisual activities, but it was considerably weakened for visual activities. Also, brightness preferences were lower for situations with a group of friends than with one friend, but only for complex tasks. The results are consistent with arousal optimization theory.
Typically, studies of illumination have emphasized its effects on performance of specific tasks. The present study instead examined preference for lighting levels. Among the reasons for investigating preferences is that preference measures theoretically include a variety of human reactions to lighting, including comfort, aesthetics, and performance. The purposes of Experiment 1 were to obtain preferences for lighting levels, judgments of the importance of lighting levels, and judgments about the desirability of controlling lighting level for 43 behavior settings of college students. The purposes of Experiment 2 were to replicate part of Experiment 1 and extend the research to other common behaviors occurring in the same settings studied in Experiment 1. Results indicated large differences in the variety of lighting preferred for various behaviors and settings. Judgments of importance of lighting level had a quadratic relationship to preferred illumination, that is, importance was greater for behavior settings preferred either dark or bright. Importance and control were strongly linearly related. Implications for I ES standards and future research are discussed.
The effect of lighting level and room decor on interpersonal communication was investigated. Arousal and comfort models were invoked to generate hypotheses that (a) brighter lighting would stimulate more general communication, (b) lower lighting levels would encourage more intimate communication, (c) over time, lower light levels would dampen both general and intimate communication, and (d) home-like decor would encourage more general and more intimate communication. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, pairs of female friends wrote two letters to one another in bright vs. soft lighting and office-like vs. home-like decor. All the hypotheses were confirmed, except that brighter light encouraged more rather than less intimate communication.
Subjective scaling is being used more frequently to assess the lighting characteristics of interiors, although there has been little attempt to validate the responses that subjects provide. It is argued that investigators using subjective scaling should calibrate their subjects in some way because idiosyncratic responses can alter averaged scaling estimates. In this experiment task contrast was varied and estimates of visual performance (speed and accuracy) were collected simultaneously with subjective responses on seven-point semantic scales. Subjects exhibited sterotypical behaviour on the performance measures; their scaling responses were quite idiosyncratic, although some subjective responses to the experimental parameters varied like the performance responses. It is argued that visual performance measures could be used to calibrate subjective scaling responses.
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
Proposes that verbal reports are data and that accounting for them, as well as for other kinds of data, requires explication of the mechanisms by which the reports are generated, and the ways in which they are sensitive to experimental factors (instructions, tasks, etc). Within the theoretical framework of human information processing, different types of processes underlying verbalization are discussed, and a model is presented of how Ss, in response to an instruction to think aloud, verbalize information that they are attending to in short-term memory (STM). Verbalizing information is shown to affect cognitive processes only if the instructions require verbalization of information that would not otherwise be attended to. From an analysis of what would be in STM at the time of report, the model predicts what could be reliably reported. The inaccurate reports found by other research are shown to result from requesting information that was never directly heeded, thus forcing Ss to infer rather than remember their mental processes. (112 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Three studies examined the effects of key aspects of indoor lighting (illuminance, spectral distribution) on the performance of tasks that did not primarily involve visual processing. It was hypothesized that lighting conditions which generated positive affect among subjects would influence behavior and cognition in ways consistent with the findings of previous research on the influence of such affect. Results of all three studies offered partial support for this hypothesis. In Study 1, male and female subjects exposed to relatively low levels of illuminance (150 lux) assigned higher performance appraisals to a fictitious employee and included a broader range of words in specific word categories than subjects exposed to relatively high levels of illuminance (1500 lux). In Study 2, subjects exposed to warm white light reported stronger preferences for resolving interpersonal conflicts through collaboration and weaker preferences for resolving conflicts through avoidance than subjects exposed to cool-white light. Additionally, illuminance and spectral distribution (color) interacted to influence subjects' self-set goals on a clerical coding task. In Study 3, receipt of a small, unexpected gift and exposure to warm-white light both increased the amount of time subjects were willing to donate as unpaid volunteers. In addition, in the absence of a gift, subjects volunteered more time under low than under high illuminance.
Fluorescent illumination has become common, but its alleged effects on behavior are still controversial. This experiment was designed to determine whether warm white, cool white, and full-spectrum fluorescent spectra at approximately equal illuminances differentially affect performance on simple verbal and quantitative tasks, salary recommendations, rated attractiveness and friendliness of others, judged room attractiveness, estimated room size, and self-reported pleasure and arousal. The results showed no significant differences among the three lighting types on any of the dependent measures. A subsequent power analysis indicated that if differences actually do exist, they are quite small. Cool white or warm white lamps are recommended because they are much less expensive than full-spectrum lamps.
This article provides a critical review of the empirical literature on the role of depression and elation in biasing mnemonic processing. Two classes of effects—state dependence and mood congruence—are examined. The latter, which involves the enhanced encoding and/or retrieval of material the affective valence of which is congruent with ongoing mood, is the more extensively researched of the two and is thus the focus of much of the present review. Though the support for claims of such a phenomenon is impressive in its size, consistency, and diversity, a number of questions remain. These include whether such effects are linked to mood states per se, and the possible role that such effects may play in the development of persistent depression.
Changes in subjective fatigue and mood were measured using the Feeling Tone Check List and Mood Adjective check list as 12groups of 12 participants (144 total) wearing indoor clothing wrote stories to accompany pictures in ambient temperatures of 13, 23 or 30°C under illuminations of 100 or 300 lx while viewing either a slow, accurate or fast clock. Fatigue increased in warm air and declined in cool air. The fast clock decreased fatigue in cool air and the slow clock increased fatigue in warm air. Mood was significantly poorer in the cool-bright (300lx × 13°C) and warm-dim (1001x×30°C) conditions. Productivity, measured in terms both of numbers of stories and number of words written, was greater in cool air. Females responded more favourably to bright illumination and their judgements suggested greater field dependence. It is concluded that cooler than normal air may be suitable for sedentary work provided that illumination is properly adjusted. Subjective. fatigue and mood are clearly influenced by the perception of ambient conditions having minimal physiological effect.
Describes 2 experiments with 52 women (approximate average age, 34 yrs). In Exp I, Ss were tested individually on an embedded figures task in both noise (85 db) and quiet (55 db). Half of the Ss had the noise treatments in the order quiet–noise and half in the order noise–quiet. In Exp II, Ss were given a more difficult embedded figures task. Neither experiment showed any effect of noise on performance. (13 ref)
Bright artificial light suppressed nocturnal secretion of melatonin in six normal human subjects. Room light of less intensity,
which is sufficient to suppress melatonin secretion in other mammals, failed to do so in humans. In contrast to the results
of previous experiments in which ordinary room light was used, these findings establish that the human response to light is
qualitatively similar to that of other mammals.
From a review of the literature on the effects of light on man, three elements have been extracted which that field has in common with the field of decision making: autonomic arousal, affective state, and vision. A model was proposed in which mood, visual performance, and decision making strategy are all affected by the visual environment and all compete for mental capacity. If the demands placed on capacity by mood and/or vision are great, simple decision strategies will be preferred, strategies which may be beneficial or detrimental to the decision at hand. Arousal enters the model through its effect as a primer or facilitator of certain material in memory. The decision strategy selected under the influence of a given lighting environment is then applied to the material in memory which that same environment causes, via arousal, to be cued. Finally, the implications of the current work on the lighting design profession were examined.
The study presents an investigation of the effects of the recommended office lighting on subjects' mood and cognitive performance in the physical setting of an office. In addition, a gender effect in the performance appraisal task was examined, both as a between-and within-subject factor. The results showed no significant effect of the lighting on the performance of cognitive tasks. However, an interaction between gender and color temperature on mood showed that 3000K (more reddish) and 4000K (more bluish) office lighting may communicate different affective loadings or meanings to each gender. The cognitive workload induced by almost 2 hours of intellectual work diminished the subjects' positive mood and augmented a negative mood. Moreover, independently of their gender, the raters evaluated the neutral female significantly different from the neutral male ratee. Implications of these findings for the mood effects of indoor lighting and the gender effect in work-related judgment are discussed.
In this study, room brightness preferences of two groups of subjects were tested across an eight month period in a lighting simulation laboratory. Subjects were selected on the basis of their responses to the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ) used by researchers to screen for seasonal affective disorder (SAD). One group of 10 subjects scored high on the SPAQ, indicating seasonal changes in mood and behavior. A control group matched on age and gender did not experience seasonal changes in any of the symptoms measured by the SPAQ. The study tested two hypotheses: (a) people with SAD are "light hungry" and should prefer a more brightly lighted room; and (b) if "light hunger" is seasonal, then the SAD group should prefer brighter light in the winter than in the spring months. Results indicate that the SAD group preferred a more brightly lighted room than did the control group across all testing sessions, thus supporting the first hypothesis. Because lighting levels did not differ significantly across the testing sessions, light hunger does not appear to be a seasonally expressed need. The SAD group had significantly higher levels of negative affect and depression across the testing sessions than did the control group. However, the SAD-like symptoms did not disappear in June, as expected. These findings suggest that (a) the SAD group did not, in fact, have SAD; or (b) testing did not occur long enough to measure mood and behavior changes. Results are discussed in terms of vulnerability to affective episodes and lack of light in the environment.
Under six lighting conditions an "accused" was assessed for perceived guilt by observers listening to different taped evidence over headphones. The split-plot experimental design ensured that each observer heard three types of evidence about three different accused for one fixed lighting condition. A significant interaction effect was found between lighting and evidence. Subjective judgements following evidence in favour of the accused were found to be influenced by lighting. However the mean and variance of these judgements suggested the lighting had been influential when considerable observer uncertainty existed despite the apparent favourable nature of the evidence. No simple vector or scalar lighting measure could account for the results although there was evidence that perceived guilt was related to the pupil diameter of the accused under the different lighting conditions.
This study has focused on the impact of fluorescent light on endocrine, neurophysiological, and subjective indices of wellbeing and stress. Results from two types of fluorescent lamps, 'daylight' and 'warm-white', were compared, each at two different levels of illuminance. Exposure lasted one day for each of the four combinations. The condition involving 'daylight' lamps with a high illuminance evoked a negative response pattern. The social evaluation of the office space went down, and at the same time the visual discomfort increased. The EEG contained less delta rhythm under the high illuminance conditions. During the day of light exposure the alpha rhythm became attenuated under the 1700 lux 'daylight' lamps. The results warrant the conclusion that fluorescent light of high illuminance may arouse the central nervous system and that this arousal will become accentuated if the lamps are of the 'daylight' type. The practical implication may be that people should not be exposed to fluorescent light of high illuminance for a prolonged period of time.
The paper reports two experiments concerned with the balance between illuminance and lamp colour properties for equal satisfaction with visual appearance. The first demonstrates the existence of this balance over a wide range of interior colourfulnesses. An explanation, based on the influence of lamp type and illuminance on the saturation of colours in an interior is proposed, which suggests that Colour Discrimination Index should be a better predictor of the magnitude of the balance than Colour Rendering Index. To test this suggestion the second experiment was designed, using both coloured and achromatic interiors. The results for the coloured interior support the earlier study and lead to the conclusion that Colour Discrimination Index is a better predictor. The results for the achromatic interior are of a different nature.
The long standing controversy about whether disability glare is essentially a matter of intra-ocular light scattering or also has a neural inhibitory component is discussed. The controversy now seems to be decided in favour of the stray-light-only explanation. Next the angular dependency of the stray-light veil is discussed and a complete light profile from O degree to 100 degree angular distance to the point glare source is given. This stray-light could be attributed mainly to approximately equal scatter contributions from cornea, crystalline lens and retina. The main uncertainty exists in the age effect: experimental data not only show considerable spread, but they never cover the whole angular domain. The tentative introduction of an age factor in the stray-light formula must therefore be considered with due reserve.
Although light has the obvious function of providing visibility for visual task performance, the article is concerned with the reorganization and the reevaluation of lighting priorities. This presentation argues that these revised priorities should begin with the overall user well-being, the visual quality of a room, and should not be limited to task visibility and other somewhat mechanistic arguments. For example, the use of Semantic Differential (SD) Scaling and Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) provides evidence that light is a factor in a visual language or cue system.
Reviews the literature on emotional states as they influence memory and other cognitive processes. Six topics of research are examined: (1) theoretical approaches, (2) methodological issues, (3) state-dependent effects, (4) mood-congruency effects, (5) clinical studies of mood effects, and (6) mood effects on personal memories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
adult age differences in everyday problem solving
assists the reader in defining and understanding problems and hassles people face in everyday situations (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Provides an analysis of recall and recognition processes, focusing on two different theoretical positions that have been advanced to describe the relation between recall and recognition: (a) the two-stage theory which assumes that recall and recognition are basically different processes and (b) the theory which holds that recall and recognition are basically similar processes of utilization of stored information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
discuss several promises as well as potential problems with the circumplex model of emotion / while this model promises to organize much of what we know about emotion, it is nevertheless open to misinterpretation / before detailing these particular strengths and weaknesses, we begin by describing how a circumplex model is applied in the emotion domain / by advocating the circumplex model, a claim is made that the majority of emotional experience can be captured by two affect dimensions [positive affect and negative affect]
despite the promise a circumplex model holds for aiding our understanding of emotion, a number of problems need to be understood / one set of problems relates to specific interpretational issues concerning the emotion circumplex: are there basic dimensions in the circumplex and how should the dimensions be named / the second set of problems is broader: what does the circumplex fail to do in describing and explaining the relationships between emotions, and what are the shortcomings of the extant data / we will consider first the interpretational issues and, after that, the broader issues (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The impact of indoor lighting, gender, and age on mood and cognitive performance was examined in a between-subject experiment. It was hypothesized that indoor lighting is an affective source that may convey emotional meanings differentiated by gender, age, or both. A two-way interaction between type of lamp and age on negative mood showed that younger adults (about 23 years old) best preserved a negative mood in the “warm” (more reddish) white lighting while working with a battery of cognitive tasks for 90 minutes; for the older adults (about 65 years old), “cool” (more bluish) white lighting accounted for the identical effect. The younger females were shown to preserve the positive mood as well as the negative mood better than the younger males, and a main effect of age in all cognitive tasks revealed the superiority of younger to older adults in cognitive performance.
Beliefs about full spectrum lighting were manipulated to test the hypothesis that demand characteristics, not lamp type per se, underlie the anecdotal reports of beneficial effects of full spectrum lighting on performance and mood. The dependent measures were reading, arithmetic, noun underlining, and mood. Subjects worked under either full spectrum or cool white fluorescent lamps. Under full spectrum lamps they were given one of three instruction sets: ‘Full spectrum lamps improve performance and decrease fatigue’ (positive set); ‘There is no evidence to support such claims’ (negative set); or neutral information about light. The participants in the cool white condition received only the neutral information set. The results showed that when existing beliefs about lighting are controlled, both positive and negative information about full spectrum lighting effects lead to improved reading performance and increased self-reported arousal. No effect of lamp type was found, confirming previous research.
Ten groups of four female introductory psychology students discussed fictional job candidates in a laboratory setting in a between-groups design comparing two levels of illuminance, 1,274 and 400 lux mean horizontal illuminance. The dependent measures were conversational sound energy level, liking for group members, and evaluation of the successful job candidate. Contrary to expectations based on widespread notions about the behavioural effects of light in architectural environments, conversational sound energy level decreased in the high illuminance condition; the liking and evaluation measures showed no significant differences. The results suggest that some of the persistent notions about lighting and behaviour may need revision.
Popular articles and manufacturers' literature assert that full-spectrum fluorescent lighting improves cognitive performance, vision, and mood. Previous experimental investigations have failed to demonstrate these effects. This paper reports an attempt to replicate earlier work concerning the effects of information sets about lighting on performance and mood. In this 2 (lamp type) × 4 (information sets) × 2 (gender) factorial experiment, 104 male and 104 female participants were led to expect good, poor or indifferent outcomes of working under full-spectrum or cool-white fluorescent lighting, or they were not given any information. There were no effects of lamp type or information set on performance or mood. The results are discussed in relation to other evidence that cognitive processes mediate lighting-behaviour relationships.
Vigorous activity by committees of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), will soon establish an agenda for future research on psychological aspects of lighting. Powerful and flexible tools for characterizing luminous interiors, and statistical methods for relating physical measures to subjective effects have, until recently, been unavailable. This article reviews previous work on the psychological aspects of lighting. It also highlights some of the pitfalls of conventional measurement techniques typically used to investigate psychological aspects of lighting, and gives suggestions on how to avoid them. Finally, the article describes how new tools and statistical procedures can be integrated into a new experimental program paradigm, leading to a more fundamental understanding of lighting quality than previously available.
There is evidence that the thermal stress encountered in many work environments may negatively affect various aspects of human performance and behavior. Evaluation of the empirical research is, however, complicated by differences in both the methodology and the definition of the basic stimulus. Effects of heat and cold stress are briefly reviewed, with particular regard to theoretical considerations.
This study explored whether males and females differ in facial muscle reactivity when exposed to facial expressions. The study also examined whether the sex of the stimulus faces differentially influences the response patterns to facial stimuli. Thus, the sex was manipulated in a 2 x 2 factorial design by exposing males and females to slides of angry and happy faces displayed by both sexes. Facial electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured from the corrugator and zygomatic muscle regions. The subjects were also required to rate the stimuli on different dimensions. The results showed that angry faces evoked increased corrugator activity whereas happy faces evoked increased zygomatic activity. As predicted, these effects were more pronounced for females, particularly for the response to happy faces. Interestingly, there were no facial EMG effects for gender of stimulus. It was further found that males and females perceived the stimuli similarly. The results are consistent with previous findings indicating that females are more facially reactive than are males.
The use of bright light (phototherapy) for psychiatric disorders has recently generated much interest among researchers and the lay population. The authors review the treatment studies of phototherapy for seasonal and non-seasonal depressive disorders, and the empirical evidence for theories of the psychophysiology of phototherapy. Although its mechanism of action remains to be explained, phototherapy appears to be a safe and effective treatment for seasonal depression and a promising treatment for non-seasonal depression. Further questions and future research directions are presented.
In recent studies of the structure of affect, positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as two dominant and relatively independent dimensions. A number of mood scales have been created to measure these factors; however, many existing measures are inadequate, showing low reliability or poor convergent or discriminant validity. To fill the need for reliable and valid Positive Affect and Negative Affect scales that are also brief and easy to administer, we developed two 10-item mood scales that comprise the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The scales are shown to be highly internally consistent, largely uncorrelated, and stable at appropriate levels over a 2-month time period. Normative data and factorial and external evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the scales are also presented.
A total of 417 students in the seventh grade, 12-14 old, took part in three 15 min learning sessions in their ordinary class-rooms. Their task was to read a text, and they were tested one week later with difficult recall questions and less difficult recognition items on the text. The first session was a pretest for their learning abilities. This session was run in ambient noise conditions and all the students read the very same text. The scores from this session were employed to split the pupils along the median into two groups of learning ability. Sessions two and three were counterbalanced as a noise condition or an ambient noise condition. In these sessions two other texts were employed, and they appeared equally often under the noise and ambient conditions, as well as under the two different presentation orders. Three subgroups of the pupils were exposed to aircraft noise, train noise and road-traffic noise. The noise types were of the same equivalent level (66 dB(A) Leq) in all subgroups. The design of the study permitted two different analyses of long-term learning. First, in a within subject analysis, the difference scores between the noise and ambient noise conditions in session 2 and 3 were calculated, and crossed with learning ability (high and low) and type of noise. In a second between subject analysis, the difference scores in session 1 and 2 were crossed with the group factor whether they had noise or ambient conditions in session 2, and the ability and noise type factors. Both analyses yielded the same results. Noise impaired long-term recall of the difficult items. Degree of impairment on the recall items did not interact with noise source or learning ability. The average impairment due to aircraft and road traffic noise was around 23% of the scores. Train noise had no effect. For the easy recognition items there were no effects of noise exposure, nor of its interaction with noise source and learning ability. Since the number of pages read did not differ between noise and ambient conditions, an explanation in terms of distraction is ruled out. The results are discussed in terms of arousal and cognitive overload.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a depressive disorder which occurs during the winter and remits in the spring and summer. It differs from non-seasonal depression in its seasonal variation and in the presence of neurovegetative symptoms such as increased appetite and hypersomnia. This review is aimed at clinical practitioners and presents a detailed description of the syndrome before discussing the assessment of SAD and the current treatment of choice of phototherapy. Particular attention is paid to the impotant issue of differential diagnosis during assessment and the practicalities involved in the administration of light therapy during treatment.
Physiological and behavioral rhythms are governed by an endogenous circadian clock. The response of the human circadian clock to extraocular light exposure was monitored by measurement of body temperature and melatonin concentrations throughout the circadian cycle before and after light pulses presented to the popliteal region (behind the knee). A systematic relation was found between the timing of the light pulse and the magnitude and direction of phase shifts, resulting in the generation of a phase response curve. These findings challenge the belief that mammals are incapable of extraretinal circadian phototransduction and have implications for the development of more effective treatments for sleep and circadian rhythm disorders.
In working environments all over the world, fluorescent tubes are by far the dominating light source. Still, there have been very few studies on the impact of the non-visible flicker from fluorescent tubes. The purpose of the study was to compare the impact on subjective well-being, performance and physiological arousal of fluorescent light powered by conventional and high-frequency ballasts. Thirty-seven healthy males and females were subjected to either condition in a laboratory office on two separate occasions with 1 week in between. Although the methodology was quite extensive, only a few general effects were observed. However, when the light was powered by the conventional ballasts, individuals with high critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) responded with a pronounced attenuation of EEG alpha waves, and an increase in speed and decrease in accuracy of performance. These results may be understood in terms of heightened arousal in the central nervous system in response to the pronounced light modulation caused by the conventional ballasts. In order to alleviate this potential stress source, it is recommended that fluorescent lighting be powered by electronic high-frequency ballasts of good quality.
Subjective assessments are quick and easy to obtain. They give answers to questions which are difficult to answer otherwise. Unfortunately subjective assessments suffer from two kinds of observer bias. First, the assessment selected tends to be closer than it should be to the middle of the range of available assessments. This is called a range effect. Secondly, a general subjective assessment not tied to a specific task may be determined by common knowledge instead of by the details of the question under consideration. If so, the assessment may give a wrong answer. Clearly, subjective assessments should be used only when it is impossible to obtain valid objective measures of performance. They need to be interpreted with extreme caution.