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Optimising sampling techniques and estimating sampling variance of fleece quality attributes in alpacas
Abstract
Huacaya and Suri alpacas (n=120) of varying age, live weight (LWT) and sex (female, male) were selected randomly from four farms in southern Australia. At shearing, fleeces were divided into four components: saddle (S), neck (N), pieces (P; front and back legs, belly, apron) and the midside sample (MS). Components were weighed, sampled using the grid sampling technique and fleece attributes measured: clean washing yield (CWY), mean fibre diameter (MFD), coefficient of variation of the MFD (CV(D)), incidence of medullated fibres (Med), mean medullated fibre diameter (MedMFD) and coefficient of variation of the MedMFD (MedCV(D)). The MS and saddle grid sample (SGS) were used to create models to predict the fleece attribute of the total fleece (TF), saddle and neck fibre. For each fleece attribute MS had lower values than SGS and TF (P
... In addition to the great differences between animals, the fiber diameter variability within the fleece also produces different fiber qualities, and this is transferred into economic losses that are finally derived by the fiber stakeholders, the breeders among them. The fleece uniformity has been of concern in animal breeding programs of fiber animals such as goats (Taddeo et al., 2000;McGregor and Butler, 2008), sheep (Scobie et al., 2015;Tao et al., 2017), and also alpacas (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al., 2012). Several studies have been carried out to evaluate this variability in alpacas, mainly analyzing the fiber diameter to choose the best sampling area (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al., 2012), or to predict the performance of the whole fleece from a sample (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002). ...
... The fleece uniformity has been of concern in animal breeding programs of fiber animals such as goats (Taddeo et al., 2000;McGregor and Butler, 2008), sheep (Scobie et al., 2015;Tao et al., 2017), and also alpacas (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al., 2012). Several studies have been carried out to evaluate this variability in alpacas, mainly analyzing the fiber diameter to choose the best sampling area (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al., 2012), or to predict the performance of the whole fleece from a sample (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002). ...
... The fleece uniformity has been of concern in animal breeding programs of fiber animals such as goats (Taddeo et al., 2000;McGregor and Butler, 2008), sheep (Scobie et al., 2015;Tao et al., 2017), and also alpacas (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al., 2012). Several studies have been carried out to evaluate this variability in alpacas, mainly analyzing the fiber diameter to choose the best sampling area (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al., 2012), or to predict the performance of the whole fleece from a sample (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002). ...
Fiber diameter is the main selection objective and criterion in alpaca breeding programs, but it can vary across anatomic regions of the animal. As fiber diameter is usually registered from a unique sample from the mid side of the body, fiber diameter variability within fleece is never addressed and phenotypic and genetic differences may exist for fleece uniformity in alpaca populations. The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters of fleece uniformity in an alpaca population. Fiber diameters measured in three different locations were used as repeated records of the same animal and studied fitting a model that considers heterogeneous the residual variance of the model. Also, the logarithm of the standard deviation of the three measures was used as a measure of the fleece variability. Estimate of the additive genetic variance of the environmental variability was 0.43 ± 0.14, enough high to suggest the existence of wide room to select for fleece uniformity. Genetic correlation of the trait with its environmental variability was 0.76 ± 0.13 showing that fleece uniformity will be indirectly selected when aiming to reduce the fiber diameter. On the light of these parameters, and due to the cost of registering and the cost of opportunity, it looks no worthy to include uniformity as a selection criterion in alpacas breeding programs.
... The MFD, not only of alpaca wool but also of sheep wool, mohair, cashmere, and vicuna wool, varies depending on the site of the body it is sampled from. This is indicated by studies completed on the variability of fiber diameter, staple length, and crimping of merino wool [12], Angora goats [13][14][15], alpacas [16,17], and vicunas [18]. Knox and Lamb [19] reported that fiber diameter varies significantly across the body. ...
... The coarsest fibers are on the belly and legs, while the side and neck are finer, and the finest is found on the back [20]. According to the study of Aylan-Parker and McGregor [16], the MFD on the back is about 1.5 µm less than from the side of the animal. In turn, McGregor et al. [17] found that the wool on the shoulder is the finest across 24 sites across the body. ...
... In addition to the variation in fiber diameter for the different sites of the body, there can also be variations in the degree of medullation. According to Aylan-Parker and McGregor [16], the difference between the incidence of medullated fibers on the legs and on the saddle was approximately 11%. The variation in medullation within the fleece in Angora goats was also indicated in studies by Taddeo et al. [13]. ...
Simple Summary
Alpaca wool is luxurious and, hence, arouses great interest among consumers. However, the drawbacks of this wool are its variation in thickness and the proportion of medullated fibers. Knowing about variations in the quality characteristics of the wool on an animal’s body can help in properly evaluating and using this wool. This study has shown that the wool from the belly, front and hind legs, and the neck need to be separated from the total fleece. The most appropriate site from where to collect a representative sample of wool from the fleece for testing purposes is at the midside of the animal.
Abstract
Wool characteristics vary depending on where on the body the wool is produced. Knowledge of this variation is important in order to separate the fleece into more homogenous parts. Similar parts from different animals can then be pooled to create batches of wool with similar characteristics. This will allow for better alpaca products with less variation. The aim of this study was to determine the variation in fiber diameter, medullation, and staple length across the body of alpacas from one herd. Wool samples were collected from 16 adult (3–5 years old) females: from the saddle (S), midside (MS), neck (N), and pieces (P). The mean fiber diameter (MFD) and medullation were measured using a projection microscope according to the IWTO-8-2011 standard. The fiber diameter of the pieces was greater (p < 0.05) than for the S, MS, and N areas. The highest medullation was found on the neck. The neck was also characterized by the shortest wool. The MFD for the fleece, excluding P, showed the strongest correlation (r = 0.927) with the MFD of MS. The study showed that due to the variation of fiber diameter, the incidence of medullation, and staple length, the wool from the pieces and the neck should be separated from the total fleece. The most appropriate site from where to collect a representative sample of wool from the fleece for testing purposes is the midside site of the animal.
... Since fiber diameter varies greatly over the body, samples for analysis should always be taken from the same site. The mid-flank of the animal (Figure 1) is considered to be the most representative area (12). ...
... Originally, it was intended to look at individual colors but there were too few alpacas of each color to allow meaningful statistics on fiber quality to be performed; most colors were represented by ≤7 individuals. Montes et al. (7) and Radzik-Rant and Wiercińska (30) concluded that females had coarser FD than males, while Aylan-Parker et al. (12) observed the opposite. However, in the study by Montes et al. (7), the males were selected breeding animals whereas the females were of different genetic origin. ...
Introduction
High testosterone levels might be associated with coarser fiber in alpacas, affecting fiber quality. In the husbandry systems employed in the Andes, males with higher libido might have an increased frequency of successful matings than males with lower libido. This study aimed to determine some of the factors affecting fiber quality in Peruvian alpacas and to evaluate the association between fiber quality and male mating behavior.
Methods
The study population consisted of 189 adult male alpacas at La Raya, Cusco, Peru, at 4,400 m above sea level, belonging to the National University of San Marcos, Lima, and the National University of San Antonio Abad of Cusco. Fiber samples were collected from male alpacas in September 2015; body condition score (BCS) was evaluated. After washing and drying, the fiber samples were analyzed using an Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser 2000; linear regression analysis between predictor variables (location of alpacas, age, BCS, and fiber color) and fiber quality outcomes was conducted. Fertility data were available only for some males belonging to San Marcos University, consisting of hand-written records from the breeding season January to April 2015; individual fertility quotients were calculated for each male.
Results
Age was associated with fiber quality, young alpacas having the finest fibers (p < 0.05). An increased BCS was associated with increased fiber length, fiber diameter and spinning fineness, but decreased comfort factor (p < 0.05). White fibers were thinner (p = 0.05) than colored fibers, with lower comfort factor and spinning fineness. A significant association between the fertility quotient and fiber curvature was observed (p = 0.018).
Discussion
These results suggest that careful selection of breeding individuals and attention to husbandry could result in improved fiber quality among alpaca herds in Peru. However, it would be advisable to increase the number of males studied, using more reliable methods for evaluating male fertility and pregnancy diagnosis than were available for this study.
... Se tomaron 14 068 muestras de fibra (machos: n=1890; hembras: n=12 178) al momento de la esquila. Las muestras (100 g) fueron tomadas del costillar medio del animal (Figura 1), que es la zona más representativa del vellón y la que mejor se correlaciona con otras partes del cuerpo (Aylan-Parker y McGregor, 2002). Todos los animales tuvieron similares condiciones de alimentación y manejo. ...
... El modelo aditivo lineal fue: Y ijklm = µ + α i + β j + γ k + δ l + ε ijklm , donde Y ijklm representa la variable dependiente analizada; µ representa la media general; α i representa el efecto del sexo (i = macho o hembra); β j representa el efecto de raza (j= Suri o Huacaya); γ k representa el efecto de edad del animal (k= DL, 2DL, 4D y BLL); δ l representa el efecto de provincia (l= Melgar, Chucuito, Puno, El Collao, Lampa y San Román) y ε ijklm representa el error aleatorio residual que se asume no correlacionado y Figura 1. Localización de la zona corporal utilizada para la toma de la muestra de fibra en la alpaca -mid side (Aylan-Parker y McGregor, 2002) normalmente distribuido (0, σ 2 ε ). Las estimaciones de efectos fijos se expresan como media de mínimos cuadrados ± errores estándar. ...
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las principales características físicas y correlaciones del diámetro de fibra (DF), coeficiente de variación (CVDF), factor de confort (FC) y factor de picazón (FP) de la fibra de alpaca en la zona agroecológica seca de la región Puno, Perú. Se colectaron 14 068 muestras de fibra que fueron analizadas con el equipo OFDA 2000. Se consideraron los factores sexo (macho, hembra), raza (Suri, Huacaya), edad (DL: dientes de leche; 2 DL: dos dientes; 4D: cuatro dientes; BLL: boca llena) y provincia (Melgar, Chucuito, Puno, El Collao, Lampa, San Román) a través de un arreglo factorial de 2×2×4×6. El DF estuvo influenciado por la edad, sexo, raza y provincia (p<0.01), siendo de menor diámetro en alpacas diente DL (20.10 μm) y de mayor grosor en BLL (23.29 μm). En machos fue 21.25 μm y en hembras 21.91 μm (p<0.05) y en alpacas Huacaya 21.25 μm y en Suri 22.21 μm (p<0.05). Las variables CVDF y FP variaron según edad, sexo, raza y provincia (p<0.01), al igual que el FC con excepción del sexo. El DF y FC mostró (r=-0.89) correlación alta y negativa y el DF con CVDF tuvo una correlación baja y negativa (r=-0.11). Las correlaciones del FC y FP fueron negativas y altas (r=-0.67). Las alpacas de la zona agroecológica seca de la región de Puno producen una buena calidad de fibra con buen potencial para su mejoramiento genético.
... Se tomaron 14 068 muestras de fibra (machos: n=1890; hembras: n=12 178) al momento de la esquila. Las muestras (100 g) fueron tomadas del costillar medio del animal (Figura 1), que es la zona más representativa del vellón y la que mejor se correlaciona con otras partes del cuerpo (Aylan-Parker y McGregor, 2002). Todos los animales tuvieron similares condiciones de alimentación y manejo. ...
... El modelo aditivo lineal fue: Y ijklm = µ + α i + β j + γ k + δ l + ε ijklm , donde Y ijklm representa la variable dependiente analizada; µ representa la media general; α i representa el efecto del sexo (i = macho o hembra); β j representa el efecto de raza (j= Suri o Huacaya); γ k representa el efecto de edad del animal (k= DL, 2DL, 4D y BLL); δ l representa el efecto de provincia (l= Melgar, Chucuito, Puno, El Collao, Lampa y San Román) y ε ijklm representa el error aleatorio residual que se asume no correlacionado y Figura 1. Localización de la zona corporal utilizada para la toma de la muestra de fibra en la alpaca -mid side (Aylan-Parker y McGregor, 2002) normalmente distribuido (0, σ 2 ε ). Las estimaciones de efectos fijos se expresan como media de mínimos cuadrados ± errores estándar. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the main physical characteristics and correlations of fibre diameter (FD), coefficient of variation (CVFD), comfort factor (CF) and itching factor (IF) of alpaca fibre in the dry agroecological zone of the Puno region, Peru. In total, 14 068 fibre samples were collected and analysed with the OFDA 2000 equipment. The factors sex (male, female), breed (Suri, Huacaya), age (DL: milk teeth; 2 DL: two teeth; 4D: four teeth; BLL: full mouth) and province (Melgar, Chucuito, Puno, El Collao, Lampa, San Román) through a factorial arrangement of 2×2×4×6 was evaluated. The FD was influenced by age, sex, breed and province (p<0.01), being smaller in alpacas DL (20.10 µm) and thicker in BLL (23.29 µm). In males it was 21.25 µm and in females 21.91 µm (p<0.05) and in
Huacaya alpacas 21.25 µm and in Suri 22.21 µm (p<0.05). The CVFD and IF variables
varied according to age, sex, breed and province (p<0.01), as did the CF, except for sex. The FD and FC showed a high and negative correlation (r=-0.89) and the FD with CVFD had a low and negative correlation (r=-0.11). The IF and CF correlations were negative and high (r=-0.67). Alpacas from the dry agroecological zone of the Puno region produce good quality fibre with good potential for genetic improvement.
... Studies on types of medullation in alpaca fibers, using the projection microscope, have generally been performed with relatively few samples (Villarroel, 1963;Carpio, 1991;Radzik et al., 2018;Pinares et al., 2019;Radzick-Rant & Wierckinska, 2021;Checalla, 2021), or with few fibers read per sample (Villarroel, 1963;Carpio, 1991;Contreras, 2010;Cordero et al., 2011;Aruquipa, 2015). Other studies with a larger number of samples have been carried out using the OFDA100 (Aylan-Parker & McGregor, 2002;McGregor, 2006;Lupton, McColl, & Stobart, 2006; which evaluates the incidence of medullated and unmedullated fibers based on opacity (Turpie & Steenkamp, 1995;Balasingam, 2005). However, the OFDA100 may underestimate the incidences of medullation in alpaca fibers. ...
... The alpacas were born between January and March of each year and the shearing was done between November and December. The fiber samples were taken from the mid-side site, located over the third last rib, half-way between the mid-line of the belly and the mid-line of the back (Aylan-Parker & McGregor, 2002). Sampling location (Lachocc, Pacomarca), the breed (Huacaya, Suri), sex (male, female) and age (in months) were recorded along with animal identification. ...
The presence of medullated fibers affects the textile processing, comfort and appeal of alpaca apparel. Measuring the incidence of medullated fibers is slow and expensive. Previous reports of the incidence of medullated fibers are often based on small test samples. The objectives of this work were to: 1. evaluate the Fiber Med device which uses artificial intelligence technology to rapidly and accurately identify the incidence of alpaca fibers according to their type of medullation and determines average fiber diameter (AFD); and 2. to relate the incidence of medullated fibers to a range of animal and fiber characteristics including age of alpaca at shearing, sex of alpaca, breed (Huacaya, Suri), location, and AFD. This study examined fiber from two locations, using 302 alpacas from two breeds and six age groups. Over 630,000 fibers were assessed (average per sample 2112) with AFD 22.1 μm (range 15.5-33.3 μm). Fiber medullation was categorized as either not present (58.6%; AFD 19.6 μm), fragmented (17.1%; 23.0 μm), discontinuous (7.6%; 25.6 μm), continuous (15.4%; 28.6 μm) or strongly medullated (1.3%; 37.8 μm). After appropriate data transformation, analysis of variance, linear and multiple regression analyses were performed to determine relationships between total medullation, AFD, location, breed, sex and age at shearing. There were significant differences in total medullation between location, breed and age at shearing but not sex of alpaca. However, in multiple regression analyses, once AFD was included in models, neither sex or age at shearing were significant. AFD alone explained over 70% of the variation in total medullation. Differences in the incidence of the degree of medullation between age groups and marketing categories determined using AFD, were associated with differences in AFD. The differences due to location were explained by genetic selection programs to reduce AFD at one location. There was a persistent small incidence of strongly medullated fibers at all age groups (mean range 0.33-1.14%), locations, breeds and sexes and a higher incidence in fiber with AFD > 26.5 μm (mean range 2.87-6.50%). Suri alpaca had a lower incidence of medullation than Huacaya alpaca. Since the Fiber Med device provided a direct, fast and low-cost measurement of the incidence of medullation it appears to be a practical option for use in programs to improve fiber quality, marketing and processing of white alpaca fiber. To reduce strongly medullated fibers in all categories of alpaca fiber, the measurement of the incidence of medullation should become a routine assessment in alpaca breeding programs.
... Moreover, this index shows a large dispersion of the wool diameter which confirms that the standard uniformity of the wool goes from average to poor uniformity (Harizi and Abidi, 2015). The magnitude of this index depends upon the location on the animal's body (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002). In the present study, CVMFD showed great variability at the beginning (from 2005 to 2012) of the establishment of the herd. ...
... These values are in agreement with those reported by other authors. In the samples measured from the middle of an animal's side, Aylan-Parker and McGregor, (2002) reported higher average values for CVMFD of 24.3±4.0%, while Montes et al. (2013) reported CV < 20% for fibre diameter of nearly 35% of fleeces and greater than 25% for 13% of fleeces. ...
Background: The fibre characteristics of fleece weight (FW), mean fibre diameter (MFD), coefficient of variation of mean fibre diameter (CVMFD) and common phenotypic correlations between them of Huacaya alpacas (Vicugna pacos) breed, were estimated on 959 one-year-old animals, under extensive rangeland management conditions. Methods: Samples were taken between 2005 and 2018 (male and female), of two coat colors (white and brown), at the Toccra CEDAT-DESCO Alpaca Development Center (Arequipa, Perú). Model were developed an they included year, sex and coat color and their interactions with FW, MDF and CVMDF of alpaca’s fibre under the experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial arrangement of 12×2×2. Result: Statistical significant effect was for year of birth × sex interaction when FW was analyzed while year of birth × color interaction explained MFD and CVMFD variation (p less than .001). Phenotypic correlation calculated by Pearson’s coefficient showed that FW was positively correlated with MFD (0.24) while CVMFD was positively correlated with MFD (0.10). Results from this study indicated that the FW was influenced by both year of birth and sex, while MFD and CVMFD were influenced by both year of birth and color. Overall, it was concluded that a genetic progress can be achieved in the huacaya alpaca breed of CEDAT genetic improvement program.
... The interest in breeding these animals in Poland has increased, although their population is small and only comprises about 2000 animals (Krajewska et al., 2020). Peruvian farmers keep alpacas for wool (fiber), meat and as a means of transportation, although their use as a source of wool has long been in a priority (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;Frank et al., 2006;Gutiérrez et al., 2009). Similarly, wool production is the main purpose of keeping these animals in Poland, although "alpacotherapy" and recreation are also of great interest. ...
... Wool samples were collected just prior to annual shearing from the middle of the left side of the animal, behind the third rib, halfway between the back line and the belly line -the most representative area for evaluating the average diameter of alpaca wool fibers (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002). About 10 g of wool was collected for each sample. ...
The objective of this study was to analyze the thickness and medullation characteristics of the wool of a herd of Huacaya alpacas kept in Poland. Wool
samples were collected from 36 adult alpacas, including 22 females and 14 males. Light (15 animals) and dark (21 animals) color varieties of wool were considered in
this research. A projection microscope was used to measure the fiber diameter and assess the medullation. Each fiber was
categorized according to the medulla as a non-medullated, discontinuous medullated or continuous medullated fiber. The mean fiber diameter (MFD), standard
deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), comfort factor (CF) and prickling factor (PF) were determined for each sample. The MFD, SD and CV were also determined for the abovementioned
fiber categories. The mean fiber diameter of all alpacas tested was 25.31 µm. The CF and PF were
77.79 % and 22.21 %, respectively. The medullation percentage in the wool of the study alpacas was 68.91 %. The mean fiber diameter was larger in
males (P<0.05) than in females. There were no differences between males and females in terms of the proportion of fibers with a diameter < 30 µm
(CF) and > 30 µm (PF). The non-medullated fibers in the wool of females were thinner (P<0.05) than in the wool of males. The wool
of males also had a larger degree of medullation. Light wool was thinner (P<0.05) than dark wool. The discontinuous
and the continuous medullated fibers were thicker (P<0.05) in dark wool than in light wool. In dark wool, the share of discontinuous fibers
was higher (P<0.05) and the share of the non-medullated fibers was lower (P<0.05) than in light wool. The presence of various types of
medulla or the absence of medulla was noted in fibers with smaller and larger diameters, regardless of the sex of the animals or the color of the wool.
... Although there is a high PM variability in alpacas, the PM mean in the highly selected animals of Pacomarca experimental farm was found to be 37.31% in Huacaya genetic type and 32.74% in Suri genetic type (Table 1), higher percentages than those reported by Pinares et al. (2018) in the males of the same highly selected Pacomarca experimental farm (24%). It was a similar value to that reported by Wang et al. (2003) in Australian alpacas (32.28%), higher than the 24.4% value reported in another Australian alpaca population (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002). Nonetheless all these values are much lower than the 66.49% mean reported by Quispe et al. (2013) in non selected Peruvian alpacas. ...
... They commented that independently of all these effects, the impact of these kemp and gare fibers was negligible in the finished product in ultra fine Merino sheep. Similar variations in medullation across all the diameter rank appeared also in Australian alpacas (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002) and also Pinares et al. (2018) reported that when observing alpaca fibers using a projection microscope, both fine but medullated fibers, and coarse but not medullated fibers were usually observed. They also found that the continuously strongly medullated fibers were found in the right skewed tail of the distribution, inferring that the thick fibers were mainly medullated. ...
The alpaca fiber diameter (FD) varies from 18 to 36 μm, being the finer fiber categories highly appreciated. However, the alpaca fiber presents some limitations in the textile industry due to the high incidence of fiber medullation and diameter variability, both reduces the comfort feeling of the garments. Decreasing or even removing medullation could be a possible selection objective in alpaca breeding programs for increasing economic value of the alpaca fiber. Therefore, the present work aimed to estimate genetic parameters regarding medullation traits, as well as the genetic correlations with other economical important traits, to be able to select the appropriate criteria to reduce or remove medullation on alpaca fiber and help to reduce the prickle factor in the garments. The data was collected from 2000 to 2017 and belonged to the Pacomarca experimental farm. There were 3698 medullation records corresponding to 1869 Huacaya and 414 Suri genetic types. The fiber samples were taken from the mid side, and were analyzed in an OFDA 100 ® device. The traits analyzed were percentage of medullation (PM), medullated fiber diameter (MFD), FD, standard deviation of FD, greasy fleece weight as fiber traits; density, crimp in Huacaya and lock structure in Suri, head conformation, leg coverage as morphological traits; weaning weight and age at first calving as secondary and functional traits. Genetic parameters were estimated via a multitrait restricted maximum likelihood. The heritabilities for PM and MFD were 0.225 and 0.237 in Huacaya genetic type and 0.664 and 0.237 in Suri genetic type, respectively; heritabilities for other traits were moderate for productive and morphological traits, and low to moderate for secondary and functional traits. The genetic correlations PM–FD and MFD–FD were high and favorable in both genetic types, between 0.531 and 0.975; the genetic correlation PM–MFD was 0.121 in Huacaya and 0.427 in Suri. The rest of genetic correlations with other traits were in general moderate and favorable. The repeatabilities were 0.556 and 0.668 for PM, and 0.322 and 0.293 for MFD in Huacaya and Suri genetic types, respectively. As a conclusion, PM was identified to be a good selection criterion, probably combined in an index with FD to reduce prickling factor.
... In the 1980s of the last century alpacas were successfully introduced from Chile and Peru to Australia (McGregor and Butler 2004), New Zealand (Wuliji 2000), the United States, Canada, and from Australia to Europe (Aylan-Parker and McGregor 2002). ...
... Curves of variation indicate that all the analyzed wool samples can be classified as uniform wool, which is consistent with the widespread recognition (McColl et al. 2004, Hoffman 2006. Although alpaca wool does not have a clear division into thin and no-medullated and thicker with the medulla fibres, the occurrence of medullation in these animals has been confirmed in many studies (Aylan-Parker and McGregor 2002, Lupton et al. 2006, McGregor 2006). The level of medullation in the wool samples from alpacas kept in Australia, Africa and Europe was similar (P ≥ 0.05) - Table 1. ...
... In the analysis of the technological characteristics of Cha'cu llama fiber, both dehaired and no-dehaired, a completely randomized design (CRD) with a 4 × 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was employed. The factors considered were age groups (milk teeth, MT; two teeth, 2 T; four teeth, 4 T; and full teeth, FT), body region (shoulder (SH), mid-side area (MS), and rump (RU) (Lozano et al. 2023;Aylan-Parker and McGregor 2002), and fiber type (dehaired and no-dehaired). The response variables such as the variation coefficient of MDF (VCMDF), comfort factor (CF), and curvature index (CRV) were subjected to a trigonometric transformation (arcsine). ...
In the high altitudes of the Andes, llama breeders shear the fiber from their animals, obtaining fleeces for many purposes. Dehairing the fleece of these animals is a viable alternative to improving the quality and value of the fleece. The study examined the attributes of fiber quality and pilose follicle of dehaired and non-dehaired fleece from Ch’aku llamas and the relationship among these characteristics. From 80 animals, 480 fleece samples (240 dehaired and 240 non-dehaired), and 198 skin biopsies of dehaired specimens were collected. The data was analyzed using a model that contain fleece type effect, age group effect, sex effect, body region effect, and their respective interactions. Also, the Spearman correlation between fiber quality attributes and pilose follicle traits was calculated. The findings showed that non-dehaired fiber had a diameter of 22.01 ± 0.17 µm, while dehaired fiber measured 20.85 ± 0.16 µm. Removing the hair from the fiber resulted in a decrease in the average fiber diameter, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation while increasing the comfort factor and curvature index. The age group had an impact on primary follicles, secondary follicles, follicular density, and follicular index. Furthermore, gender influenced secondary follicles and follicular density, whereas body region affected secondary follicles and follicular density. Negative correlations were observed between mean of follicular density (MFoD) and mean fiber diameter (MFD), as well as curvature ratio (CRV), whereas a positive correlation was found between mean of follicular index (MFoI) and MFoD, and a negative correlation was noted between MFoI and CRV. It is concluded that the dehairing of the Ch’aku llama fiber improves the quality of the fleece.
... Cada muestra de aproximadamente 10 g de fibra fue tomada del costillar medio de cada alpaca de color blanco, de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de Aylan-Parker y McGregor (2002). Las fibras fueron cortadas a nivel de la piel de los animales y se guardaron en bolsas de papel debidamente etiquetadas. ...
Determinación del diámetro medio y porcentaje de medulación de fibras representativos de vellones de alpaca
... Fiber samples were collected from the midrib region at the level of the third to fourth rib on the left side of the alpaca (Mid-side), which is representative for evaluating the mean fiber diameter (Aylan and McGregor, 2002;Radzik et al., 2021). Each collected sample contained approximately 6 grams of fiber. ...
Background: Fiber is a distinctive attribute of the alpaca due to its softness qualities; it contains less grease and has a finer cuticle compared to sheep's wool. Therefore, the types of medullation were estimated: non-medullated fibers (NoMed), fragmented medulla (FragMed), discontinuous medulla (DiscMed), continuous medulla (ContMed) and strongly medullated fibers (StrMed), considering the age and sex of Huacaya breed alpacas (Vicugna pacos) under extensive management conditions in high Andean pastures. Methods: Six grams of fiber samples were collected from the mid-side region (located above the third last rib, halfway between the midline of the belly and the midline of the back) of 240 Huacaya alpacas from the district of Macusani, province of Carabaya, Puno, during the year 2022. They were then processed in the Fiber Laboratory of the Faculty of Textile Engineering and Garments at the National University of Juliaca using the FIBER EC V4.0 and FIBER MED V1.0 equipment. Result: The results obtained show that the percentage of non-medullated fibers decreases as the animal’s age increases (1 year= 75.60%, 2 years=69.43%, 3 years=69.05% and greater than 4 years=66.25%) (P≤0.05). The percentage of medullated fibers in animals of 1 year was 24.40%; 2 years, 30.57%; 3 years, 30.95% and greater than 4 years, 33.59% (P≤0.05). The mean fiber diameter in 1-year-old alpacas is 17.32 mm, 2 years=19.49 mm, 3 years = 19.91 mm and 4 years=20.10 mm (P≤0.05). The comfort factor in 1-year-old animals is 99.47%, 2 years with 98.02%, 3-year-olds with 97.01% and those older than 4 years with 96.45% (P≤0.05). Regarding the curvature index, values of 55.86 °/mm were obtained for 1-year-old animals, 53.43 °/mm for 2-year-olds, 53.99 °/mm for 3-year-olds and 52.23°/mm for those older than 4 years (P≤0.05). In conclusion, Huacaya alpacas exhibit low values for the percentage of strongly medullated fibers due to the age and sex of the animal, demonstrating very good fleece uniformity.
... The analysed wool samples were taken during shearing from the most representative zone (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002), the middle of the left side of the trunk and the middle part of the 10th rib midway between the back line and belly. The animals were sheared once a year. ...
The aim of this study was to analyse the thickness and medullation of Huacaya alpaca fibre depending on the colour of the wool and the age of the animal. The analyses were conducted on 30 females with ages of under 1 year (12), from 1 to 4 years (6), and over 4 years (12). There were individuals with white (12) and brown (18) wool in all age groups. The animals were maintained in the same conditions; they were fed hay and concentrate feed throughout the whole year, with permanent access to water, and in the spring and summer periods, they were also fed grass. The fibre diameter and medullation were measured using a projection microscope according to the IWTO-8-2011 standard. The analysis showed no significant effect of the wool colour variety on the average fibre diameter and the degree of medullation, in contrast to the age. The average fibre diameter and fibre medullation percentage were lower in alpacas up to 1 year old (P<0.05) than in alpacas aged 1 to 4 years and over 4 years old. All types of fibres (non-medullated, with continuous and discontinuous medullas) were present in the wool of the examined alpacas, regardless of the thickness and/or colour of the wool and the age of the animals.
... For vicuñas, the average diameter of fibers is known to increase from the dorsal area (13.9 µm) to the flanks and extremities (14 µm), and from the anterior area (13.2 µm) toward the back region (13.6 µm) (Quispe et al. 2014). This finding aligns with those reported for Angora mohair (McGregor and Butler 2008;Taddeo et al. 2000), Bolivian and Peruvian alpacas (Aylan-Parker and McGregor 2002;McGregor, Ramos, and Quispe Peña 2012), Merino sheep wool (Fish, Mahar, and Crook 2002), and American bison wool (McGregor 2012). In terms of variability, the vicuña fleece has comparatively greater variance in fiber attributes among sampling sites but smaller within fibers of the same sampling area and along the length of the fiber. ...
The variability of camel hair fibers physical-mechanical properties across sampling body areas and phaneroptics continue to be relatively unexplored topics in scientific literature. With the aim to valorize camel hair fibers, the present investigation has examined, through discriminant canonical analysis, fiber properties of Canarian camel hair regarding the body region sampled by comparing them with Merino sheep wool, world’s most demanded textile fiber. Additionally, camel hair attribute differences depending on phaneroptics such as coat or eye color and particularities have been determined. Diameter at the base of the fiber is higher for adult camels and increases from the mid-region to the back of the animal. Besides, the highest variability in both staple length and mean diameter was found for camel shoulder and hump fibers. Camel tail dock was the region with the finest fibers but also the one accounting for the highest percentage of residual dirt. Coat color and particularities were unlikely to significantly (p < .05) affect fiber diameter and strength but did affect the brightness of final textile products. These results may help to tailor strategies within camel farming systems seeking the maximization of their productive outcomes, which is of utter relevance in endangered animal genetic resources.
... Sin embargo, [1], señala que las hembras tienen un menor diámetro de fibra en los 2 primeros años de edad y a partir de los 3 años va engrosando notablemente en comparación a los machos que mantienen su finura durante su vida reproductiva, [11] [19] poseen mayor diámetro de fibra en comparación con las hembras, esto probablemente se debe por los factores del medio ecológico y grado de mejoramiento genético. [40] en un estudio realizado en Cotaruse, Apurimac reporta que la mayor finura del diámetro de la fibra (MDF) en los machos (19.6 μm), en comparación con las hembras (20.1 μm), resulta contradictoria con el reporte de [19] y [2], quienes indican que los machos tienen mayor diámetro de fibra. [45] y [22], refieren que no existe efecto del sexo sobre la MDF; sin embargo, concuerda con lo encontrado por [24] y [32]. ...
El presente estudio, se desarrolló en las Provincias Aymaraes y Antabamba, Región Apurímac, con una población de 108,497 alpacas [36]. Se determinaron las características textiles de la fibra en alpacas Huacaya color blanco, según sexo y edad, estableciéndose sus correlaciones entre estas características. La muestra fue de 90 machos y 90 hembras: DL (Dientes de leche > de 1 año), 2D (2 - 3 años), 4D (3 – 4 años) y BLL (> de 4 años); de las cuales se colectó muestras de fibra (5 gr.) debidamente identificadas de la región del costillar medio del animal y analizadas en el OFDA 2000. Los resultados y conclusiones fueron: Objetivo 1, si existe diferencia significativa en la variación del diámetro de fibra, factor de confort en alpacas de 2 y 4 dientes por efecto edad (P≤0.05), mientras que no existe diferencia significativa en la variación del diámetro de fibra, factor de confort, índice de curvatura y coeficiente de variabilidad por efecto sexo y la interacción sexo/edad (P≥0.05). Objetivo 2, existe alta correlación entre el diámetro de fibra y factor de confort por efecto sexo y entre diámetro de fibra con factor de confort por efecto edad destacando las alpacas de 4 dientes.
... Pertenecientes a las comunidades de Siusay y Cruz pata pertenecientes a la region de Apurímac, El muestreo se realizó por las mañanas debido a que los animales salen a ingerir sus alimentos desde tempranas horas, primero se identificó al animal, luego se sujetó con la ayuda de los propietarios, esta actividad se realizó previo boqueo de los animales para identificar la edad, para el corte de la lana, se utilizó una tijera curva y se empezando del cuello, vellón anterior, vellón central, vellón posterior, miembro posterior, barriga y miembro anterior una cantidad de 10g. [7] se consideró las siete regiones corporales se buscó el inicio de la lana, luego se prosiguió a separar y seguidamente a cortar la lana.en seguida la misma muestra se rotuló con las características del animal en una bolsa de polietileno, para el rotulado se usó una tinta indeleble consignando datos como: edad, sexo y regiónes corporales, las muestras fueron llevados al Laboratorio de fibras y lanas de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco u fueron analizados con el equipo OFDA 2000. ...
El presente trabajo de investigación se ha realizado, con el objetivo de determinar las características tecnológicas de la lana del ovino criollo (Ovis aries) en algunas comunidades del distrito de Lambrama para optimizar su productividad de la provincia de Abancay de la región de Apurímac. La población fue de 192 animales, 68 ovinos 2D (34 machos y 34 hembras) 68 ovinos 4D (34 machos y 34 hembras) y 56 ovinos 6D (28 machos y 28 hembras). Se ha trabajado con el equipo OFDA 2000, Para el diámetro medio de la lana y el coeficiente de variabilidad se encontró diferencia significativa para el sexo, la hembra tuvo mejor finura que el macho y regiones corporales, pero no para el grupo etario y comunidad. Asimismo el factor de confort se encontró significancia para sexo, grupo etario regiones corporales y comunidad, donde el macho tuvo menor confort respecto a la hembra, para el grupo etario los animales con dos dientes tuvieron mayor confort frente a los animales seis dientes. Así mismo, para el factor de picazón, el macho tuvo mayor picazón respecto a las hembras, para la región corporal en donde la región corporal de la barriga se encontró mayor picazón. Por otro lado, para finura al hilado, no tuvo un comportamiento variado para el sexo, edad, región corporal y comunidad. a medida que avanza la edad va engrosando el diámetro de la lana, por lo que la edad influye en la finura del vellón, respecto a las regiones corporales de muestreo del vellón se encontró una mejor finura de la lana en el VC y el mejor factor de confort en animales con dos dientes y las hembras con valores de 82.80±5.80 y 81.37±7.11 % respectivamente. lo cual el vellón central es la zona indicada para el muestreo de los animales, por otro lado el mayor factor de picazón se ha encontrado en la región de la barriga con 21.30±9.81%, finalmente para la comunidad Cruzpata tiene la mejor finura y factor de confort y menor factor de picazón respecto a la otra comunidad.
... Estudios sobre tipos de medulación en fibras de alpacas, se han realizado principalmente con el microscopio de proyección, y con cantidades reducidas de muestras (Pinares et al., 2019;Radzik-Rant & Wiercińska, 2021;Villarroel, 1963), o con pocas lecturas por muestras (Aruquipa, 2015;Contreras, 2010;Villarroel, 1963), debido a la laboriosidad que involucra su determinación. Otros estudios con mayor cantidad de muestras se han llevado a cabo utilizando el OFDA100 (Aylan-Parker & McGregor, 2002;Cruz et al., 2019b;Lupton et al., 2006;McGregor, 2006;X. Wang et al., 2003) que evalúa la incidencia de fibras meduladas y no meduladas en base a la opacidad (Balasingam, 2005); sin embargo, se ha demostrado que dicho dispositivo subestima los valores de medulación de fibras mohair hasta en 8% (Lee et al., 1966) y de alpacas en forma considerable, existiendo a la vez amplias diferencias con valores de medulación obtenidos por el microscopio de proyección (Pinares et al., 2018;Torres Quintanilla, 2020). ...
Se expone y sustenta la inclusión de la densidad de fibra y la tasa de medulación para la mejora de la calidad y cantidad de fibras de alpaca, basado en diferentes experimentos, pues bajo el contexto actual es posible la medición de dichos caracteres en forma objetiva, práctica, económica y no invasiva mediante dos inventos peruanos (FIBER DEN y FIBER MED). El FIBER DEN permite determinar la cantidad de fibras y la cantidad de conductos pilosos existentes en la piel de alpacas por mm2. Mediante ella se ha demostrado que dichas características tienen relación directa con el peso de vellón e inversa con el diámetro medio de las fibras. Complementariamente, el FIBER MED, determina la incidencia de fibras de camélidos por tipo de medulación. De este modo, tomando una muestra de fibra de alpaca es posible conocer el porcentaje de fibras que no tienen médula, con medulación fragmentada, discontinua, continua y fuertemente meduladas en
tan solo 40 segundos, lo que anteriormente tomaba alrededor de 3 horas por muestra. Se recomienda seleccionar a favor de la eliminación de fibras fuertemente meduladas, lo cual anularía el factor de picazón, mejoraría el rendimiento durante la transformación textil y también permitiría obtener hilos y telas y vestidos de apariencia uniforme, lo que sería beneficioso para el productor, pues obtendría mejores beneficios por su fibra, y también para la industria textil, que obtendría mejores productos textiles.
... Several publications in alpacas fiber about medullation incidence assessed with OFDA100 have been made [37,24,10,5] without doing a previous validation; but that would be inappropriate, because alpaca and llama fiber have their peculiarity around the presence, variability, incidence and type of medullation, which is reflected in characteristics such as their density, which would be leading to the defined opacity threshold, would not be suitable for this case. ...
The aim of this research was to compare two methods: Projection Microscope (PMic) and Computerized Projection Microscope (CPMic) with Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA100), for determination of the medullation in alpaca fibers expressed in percentage (MED). Fiber samples were taken from Pacomarca Scientific Station. At experiment 1, the MED was determined in 36 Huacaya alpaca males using PMic and OFDA100. At experiment 2, the MED was determined in 200 alpacas using CPMic and OFDA100 in Arequipa; and at experiment 3 carried out at Huancavelica, the MED was measured in 105 fiber samples with CPMic and OFDA100. OFDA medullation mean was very low in the three experiments (between 9.81±0.61 and 18.30±1.68%), compared with the total medullation obtained by the PMic (67.43±1.74%) and CPMic (between 28.71±1.37 and 41.14±2.00%). The continuous medullation + strongly medullated fibers reported by CPMic was even greater compared with OFDA medullation. These results indicate that the OFDA100 procedure provides a very low and different reports of MED than PMic and CPMic. Although the OFDA100 was a system for rapid evaluation of wool MED, it would not be recommended in alpaca fibers. Finally, the PMic and CPMic are useful for the objective evaluation of MED.
... It is worth noting that while Huacaya alpacas produce crimpy, curly, dense and soft wool, Suri alpacas have longer cylindrical locks resembling dreadlocks. All samples were taken from the mid-side area, which is located over the third last rib, half-way between the mid-line of the belly and the mid-line of the back at the height of the tenth dorsal rib (Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al., 2011). The fibers had an average diameter of 21.72±0.21 ...
The aim of this research is to develop and validate two computer programs based on artificial intelligence (AI) and digital image analysis (DIA) in order to determine the incidence of medullation in white alpaca fibers. Two data sets were analyzed: 76 samples of Huacaya alpaca fibers obtained from Huancavelica, Peru, and 200 samples of white alpacas of two genotypes (Huacaya, n = 100; Suri, n = 100), obtained from Arequipa, Peru. The preparation of each sample followed the procedure described in IWTO-8-2011. The Pytorch framework was used to generate several training models based on the You Only Look at Once (YOLO) architecture. Circa 4000 pictures of fibers were taken and 661 of them were selected as representative. Using the LabelImg software, the fibers present in each representative picture (approximately 10 fibers/picture) were labeled as one of these two classes: either medullated or non-medullated. Subsequently, the data augmentation technique was applied to expand the data set to 3,966 photographs. Thus, 90 of them were used as initial validation data, while the reaming 3,876 pictures (containing a total of 23,964 labeled fibers) were used as training data. Matlab was used to develop the DIA-based software. More specifically, algorithms of pre-processing, segmentation, smoothing, skeletonization and Hough transform were implemented to detect medullated and non-medullated fibers. Correlation and linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the models. The medullation percentage results show that there is no statistically significant difference between the AI-based method and the projection microscope method (p-value = 0.668 and 0.672 for the t-student and Wilcoxon tests, respectively). Moreover, the correlation of each of the developed computer methods with the projection microscope method is very strong (r = 0.99 and 0.97). This confirms the software ability to perform the recognition of fibers with and without medullation. Similar results (p-value = 0.357) were obtained when comparing the projection microscope method and DIA-based software method. Finally, using the proposed framework, the average time required to analyze a sample was 19.44 s. As a result, this software allows the implementation of practical, precise, and efficient methodologies to determine the incidence of medullation of alpaca fibers.
... Our analysis was performed by applying systematic random sampling, based on Stereology, to obtain unbiased representative samples of the alpaca skin. Others methods as the grid sampling has been used for estimating the fleece quality in cashmere goats, in Australian Merino sheep and in alpacas (Butler et al., 1991;McGregor, 1994;Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002). It is clear that the accurate sampling and the quantification methods are imperative to obtain reliable date to animal selling programs and breeding. ...
Alpacas are reared mainly for fiber extraction, which is a highly valued product in the textile industry. The quality of fiber has close relation to the skin. For this reason, this work aims to evaluate the skin of different body regions; scapular, costal and lateral femoral in Huacaya and Suri alpacas by means of stereology, an accurate quantification method. The total volume of the skin, derma, follicular groups and sebaceous and sweat glands was estimated. Total volume of skin (Vref) and total volume of follicular groups (VGF) were different for body regions. Femoral region showed higher values for VGF. Colour and breed were also different for Vref and total volume of derma (VD). Comparing the two breeds the femoral region presented higher fiber production. Dark animals had more derma and it was reported close relationship between total skin volume and their fractions volumes: derma, follicular groups and sweat glands.
... Wool tops and waste and preparation of samples for fineness testing. But it does not determine the amount of grease, suits and wax, see in (Table 5), [16,17]. ...
Ethiopia’s economy is primarily based on agriculture (46% of Gross Domestic Product). The Ethiopian textile and apparel industry have
grown an average of 51% over the last five years. Ethiopia’s sheep population, estimated to be 25.5 million heads, is found to be widely distributed
across the diverse agro-ecological zones of the country. Wool, common name applied to the soft, curly fibers obtained chiefly from the fleece of
domesticated sheep and used extensively in textile manufacturing. The fleece of sheep raised for wool is generally shorn once yearly, in the
spring or early summer. In regions where the climate is warm throughout the year, shearing may occur twice annually. The value of wool on the
market depends primarily on fineness and length of fiber. Strength, elasticity, amount of crimp, and uniformity are also considered. The present
study was carried out to investigate the physical properties of raw wool fibers. A total of 24 sheep were used in this study. Samples of fiber were
analyzed using standard measurements for wool fiber crimp, tenacity, moisture and amount of trash in the raw wool and comparing the weight
of the raw wool to the cleaned wool fiber. Samples are drowning from four different parts of the country and the breeds are menz, tikur, farta and
washera. The fineness of wool was coarser based on the microns grading system
... El presente trabajo es de tipo descriptivo, no presenta tratamientos se tomaron 60 muestras de fibra del costillar o costado del vellón, de acuerdo a lo establecido por Aylan-Parker y McGregor [7], las cuales posteriormente fueron los objetos de estudio. DOI desde el lugar de reposo hacia el lugar de la esquila con mucho cuidado. ...
Abstract The alpaca is one of the four South American camelids that mainly inhabit the inter-Andean zone of Ecuador. Alpaca fiber is characterized by being a natural, soft and resistant fiber, of which, the fleece is the most valued part. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality parameters of alpaca fiber in terms of physical-mechanical properties. The research was carried out in the Tunishi Experimental Station, ESPOCH. A descriptive statistic of mean, minimum and maximum range, and separation of means per student was applied. The alpaca with characteristics of Huacaya breed was selected and the shearing was carried out manually to obtain the fleece. Later, the performance of the fleece was evaluated, which was 85.71%. Two categories of fiber were selected: fine and thick. Sixty samples were taken for analysis by stretched and unstretched fiber length. The measurements of unstretched fiber length in cm for the thin and thick fiber were 12.50 cm and 13.52 cm respectively, presenting significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). The measurements of the stretched fiber length in cm were 17.29 cm for fine fiber and 17.27 cm for thick fiber, presenting no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05). The resistance of thread and fabric for fine fiber was 590 N/cm 2 , and for thick fiber was 2835.5 N/cm 2 , presenting highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01). Regarding the percentage of yarn elongation, the values obtained were 19% for fine fiber and 12% for thick fiber, observing highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01). The thick fiber fabric had a better resistance (2.3 BAR) than the fine fiber fabric (1.7 BAR), with a time of 2.34 s and 1.88 s respectively. The classification of the fiber by its softness did not present significant differences. Finally, regarding the sensory classification, it was established as a soft fiber with 91%.
... El diámetro de la fibra (DF) es una de las características importantes de la fibra (Manso, 2011), considerada como el principal objetivo de selección (Gutiérrez et al., 2011). La media de los diámetros de fibras (MDF), es el parámetro físico de calidad más importante del vellón de la alpaca, pues permite definir la mejor utilización y valor de las fibras (Rojas, 2006); está relacionado con la finura y sobre cuya base se han fijado distintas categorías de calidad (Aylan-Parker y McGregor, 2002). ...
The diameter and the distribution of diameters of fibers in alpacas are important forthe determination of the quality, appearance and comfort of the product. However, these parameters are not exactly resolute for alpaca populations, due to conceptual and procedural deficiencies that slant their estimates. The present work establishes reference values forthe average, standard deviation and others of the diameter of the fiber in alpacas of the region Puno, as well as it evidences deficiencies and weaknesses of the carried-out determinations. It was analyzed two groups of samples of fleece of alpacas, being executed diameter determinations through the projection microscope and the OFDA. It was used summary procedures and analysis of data of Descriptive Statistic. It was determined that the fiber diameter, the means of the fiber diameters, is distributed as a function Gamma. The average and standard deviation forthe fiber diameter in alpacas of the region Puno was of 23.42 ± 6.08 µm obtained by of the Gamma function parameters. The average and standard deviation obtained of the distributions of means are not real, and they are smaller since they use a different variable that reduces the range of the values of fiber diameter. 8.95 % fibers in alpacas corresponds to the thickest area. More than 60.00 % ofthe fibers of alpacas of the region Puno has a smaller diameter to 23 µm, that guaranteesthe quality ofthe fiber ofthe alpacas of this region
... Together with homogeneity and length of cashmere fibres (Schneider, 2010), fineness is one of the most important characteristics for spinnability and value of textile products (Allain and McGregor, 2006). In animal fibre producers, the diameter seems to be affected by both, body areas and age Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al.,2011;Tabbaa et al., 2001;Taddeo et al., 2000). Yet, breeders comb cashmere on the whole body of goats, and cashmere from animals of different ages is collected in the same bag, thus reducing the value of cashmere fibre. ...
... Together with homogeneity and length of cashmere fibres (Schneider, 2010), fineness is one of the most important characteristics for spinnability and value of textile products (Allain and McGregor, 2006). In animal fibre producers, the diameter seems to be affected by both, body areas and age Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al.,2011;Tabbaa et al., 2001;Taddeo et al., 2000). Yet, breeders comb cashmere on the whole body of goats, and cashmere from animals of different ages is collected in the same bag, thus reducing the value of cashmere fibre. ...
One experiment was conducted in order to test the utility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict mohair quality, i.e.i) clean mohair content and ii) mean fibre diameter (MFD) in Angora goat fleece. A total of 397 mohair fleece samples were collected in 2016 within the framework of the French selection scheme including performance recording, fleece assessment and fibre measurements. Fleece samples were laboratory measured for clean mohair content and MFD by OFDA methodology, then scanned in a Petri dish using a NIRS portable instrument (LabSpec ® 5000; ASD Inc, Boulder, USA) by reflectance in the VIS and NIR regions (350to 2,500nm). Partial least square (PLS) regression was used to develop a number of calibration models between the spectral and reference measurements. Different mathematical treatments were used during model development. The methods studied were partial least squares regression (PLS) and first-derivative pretreatment + PLS.Cross validation was used to assess the performance and avoid overfitting of the models. NIR prediction of MFD gave a low R² (<0.70) whatever the calibration models. By using the firstderivative of the raw spectra in the NIR region (800 to 2,500nm), the calibration models gave a coefficient of determination in calibration (R²) of 0.81 for clean mohair content with a low relative error (3.5%). It is concluded that NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to predict clean mohair content with a good precision but not for determining mean fibre diameter. However the use of OFDA 2000 MFD measurement along the greasy staple can be used as an alternative. Thus NIR spectroscopy to predict clean mohair content and OFDA2000 to measure fibre diameter along greasy staple would be widely used to assist the French Angora goat breeding program and allowing a large reduced cost of fibre measurements.
... These findings are in agreement with Schlink (2009), who reported that FDSD increased with the increase in average MFD while CVFD is relatively independent of the MFD. Variation in fiber diameter is of prime importance as lesser the variation in fiber diameter, higher is the quality of wool and market demand (Aylan-Parker and McGregor 2002). A 5% decrease in CVFD results has been found to be equivalent to one-micron reduction in the average MFD (Greeff 2006;Wood 2003). ...
Mean fiber diameter (MFD) is the main characteristic of processed wool that determines its use in the textile industry. Selected Pakistani sheep breeds/crosses were investigated for analysis of MFD. Overall, the Kari breed was found to have the lowest MFD (24 ± 0.31 µm) whereas, the Balkhi-cross had the highest MFD (28 ± 0.43 µm). MFD was found to be affected by breed/cross, gender, and shearing season (P < .05). The average MFDs in wool from Kari, Balkhi and Ramghani-cross fleeces were different from the Balkhi-cross, while no significant difference was found between the MFD of wool from Kutta and Balkhi-cross sheep. In the samples tested, the average MFDs of Kari, Ramghani-cross, and Balkhi wool were found to be lower than Balkhi-cross by 1.9, 1.8, and 2.1 µm, respectively. The average MFD of male sheep was found to be 1.0 µm lower than female sheep. The wool sheared in summer was on average 4.3 µm coarser than that sheared in spring. However, no significant difference was found in the MFD of wool samples sheared in winter and spring. Various features affecting wool quality were explored which can be considered for a sheep-breeding program to obtain optimal wool for the textile industry.
... Together with homogeneity and length of cashmere fibres (Schneider, 2010), fineness is one of the most important characteristics for spinnability and value of textile products (Allain and McGregor, 2006). In animal fibre producers, the diameter seems to be affected by both, body areas and age Aylan-Parker and McGregor, 2002;McGregor et al.,2011;Tabbaa et al., 2001;Taddeo et al., 2000). Yet, breeders comb cashmere on the whole body of goats, and cashmere from animals of different ages is collected in the same bag, thus reducing the value of cashmere fibre. ...
In the Peruvian highlands livestock production is especially developed in the South and Center of the country between altitudes ranging from 2,200 to 4,500 meters above sea level. Community-owned pasture is the main source of animal feed in this region. Llama rearing is commonly combined with other species, such as alpacas and sheep. One way to technically evaluate livestock systems is by calculating technical parameters. These indicators allow to synthesize the information contained in the production records and to standardize the evaluation criteria of the production unit. The following technical parameters were used in this study: Annual average capital (AAC), gross birth rate (%GBR), real birth rate (%RBR), mortality (%M), harvest (%H), gross increase (%GI), real increase (% RI) and livestock efficiency (%LE). In the present study, the technical evaluation of livestock was carried out using the monthly records of llamas, alpacas and sheep of the Communal Cooperative San Pedro de Racco, located in Pasco Region, Peru. The evaluation period for llamas and alpacas was from 2012 to 2015, whereas for sheep the evaluation period was from January 2014 to December 2015. It was concluded that the Community Cooperative San Pedro de Racco presented values of technical parameters corresponding to a good technological level company, possibly due to the capacity development of human resources in terms of animal and grassland management.
La investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar a las vicuñas de la Cuenca del Lago Poopó (Oruro, Bolivia) mediante el análisis de medidas zoométricas cuantitativas relacionadas con la producción de fibra. Se utilizaron 108 vicuñas de tres comunidades (Yuruna, Pumasara y Wanapa), elegidas aleatoriamente. Se midieron las variables peso vivo, altura a la cruz, ancho de la grupa, largo del cuerpo, perímetro toráxico, peso del vellón, diámetro de fibra, longitud de fibra y longitud de mecha. La prueba de t Student determinó que el único dimorfismo sexual fue en el ancho de grupa, siendo mayor en hembras. El análisis factorial identificó dos componentes principales explicando 72.4% de varianza. El Factor 1 incluyó medidas de tamaño/peso corporal con correlaciones alométricas, reflejando crecimiento diferencial de regiones corporales. El Factor 2 agrupó a la longitud de fibra y de mecha. Asimismo, se encontró 69.4% de correlaciones positivas, evidenciando una alta coherencia zoométrica. En conclusión, el dimorfismo sexual se manifestó solo en el ancho de grupa, mientras otras medidas respondían a relaciones alométricas por tamaño corporal. Las medidas morfométricas se correlacionaron mayormente positivas y presentaron características morfoestructurales de alta armonía.
Although fibers of animal origin make up only a small part of the global textile fiber industry, sheep’s wool and also fibers of other species like alpaca, due to their unique properties, are an important and appreciated part of this industry. Our study involves the analysis of mechanical and physical properties of fibers derived from Huacaya alpacas and Olkuska sheep. Additionally, the wool of Olkuska sheep lambs was also analyzed. Fibers belonging to ten individuals of each species were evaluated for their diameter, breaking force, elongation at break, tenacity and heat transfer rate. It was found that the diameter of alpaca fibers was lower than that of sheep fibers, while the fibers of lambs were thinnest. A dependence was observed between the breaking force and fiber diameter. The stress parameter analogically to breaking elongation showed significant and highly significant differences for analyzed fibers. The highest values were shown for sheep, followed by alpaca and lamb. The heat transfer rate was the highest in alpacas. The study demonstrated that fibers from both alpacas and sheep are suitable for yarn material.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the variability of the percentage of medullatedfibres, according to sex and location and to compare the colorimetric characteristics inwhite fibre from Huacaya and Suri alpaca. The study was carried out in two communities(Juntaya in the Oropesa district and San Juan in the Sabaino district) in the province ofAntabamba, Apurímac region (Peru), located between 3950 and 4543 meters above sealevel. In total, 451 (Huacaya = 410 and Suri = 41) fibre samples (10 g) were taken from themid side area. The medullated fibres (%) and the mean fibre diameter (μm) were evaluatedusing the Fiber Med device. For the colour analysis, a spectrometer coupled to anintegrating sphere was used and for the characterization of the chemical bands, an FTIRspectrophotometer. The percentage of total medullation, continuous medullation andstrongly medullated fibres were greater in female Huacaya alpacas (p<0.01). The meandiameter of medullated and non-medullated fibres differed depending on the location,while the mean fibre diameter and mean diameter of medullated fibres were higher in males(p<0.01). The colorimetric parameters of luminosity (L*), chromaticity (C*) and tone (Hº)were similar (p>0.05) in the fibres of the two groups of alpacas. In conclusion, in Huacayaalpaca there is variability in the percentage of continuous medullation and mean fibrediameter, depending on sex and location, but the colorimetric characteristics of whitefibres are like those of the Suri.
Al noroeste de Abra Pampa, en la Puna Jujeña, existen comunidades originarias que buscan conocer la calidad de la fibra y así mitigar la incertidumbre y promover la esquila de los animales. Se realizó un primer relevamiento poblacional en 5 comunidades originarias (CO) conformado por 27 tropas, 1842 animales. Se obtuvieron 1473 muestras de vellón las cuales fueron enviadas al laboratorio donde se clasificó por criterios de calidad de fibra (CCF): finura de mecha (FM), tipo de mecha (TM) y pigmentación de mecha (PM). Complementariamente se determinó el diámetro de fibra (DF) y la longitud de mecha (LF). Para los tres CCF se calcularon frecuencias relativas medias y errores estándar ponderados por los tamaños de tropa. Además, se realizó una prueba de homogeneidad de proporciones de los CCF para la población y una prueba de independencia para verificar su asociación con comunidad. Para DF y LM se realizó un análisis no paramétrico. En cuanto a FM, la variante fina es la más frecuente y junto a la súper fina suman el 70 % aproximadamente, siendo variantes <25,0 µm. Respecto a TM, predominan los vellones simple capa (47,54 %), existe también una importante cantidad de doble capa (36,61 %) y además lustre (15,86 %). Respecto a PM, el crudo es la variante predominante (62,24 %). En las pruebas de homogeneidad de proporciones y de independencia se observó en todos los casos valores altamente significativos del estadístico de prueba. El DF encontrado fue 24,66±0,09 µm y la LM fue 15,33±0,13 cm, existiendo diferencias significativas para CO. Estos resultados muestran una fibra con un importante potencial textil. Se requiere incorporar una esquila periódica y dada la variabilidad de los CCF, es necesario un sistema de clasificación y tipificación. En su procesamiento se requiere el descerdado sobre todo para los vellones doble capa.
The study was carried out with Creole sheep in flocks from the communities of Cruzpata and Siusay, both in the Lambrama district, Apurímac, Peru. The study aimed to characterize its productive capacity for meat and wool. Samples were taken from 60 sheep from two flocks to determine live weight, carcass weight, carcass yield, fleece weight and lock length. In addition, using 187 sheep from six flocks from the same area, samples of rib wool (10 g) were taken for analysis using OFDA 2000 equipment. The phenotype of the Creole sheep presents an angular body covered with fleece of various colours; bare face, belly and long legs, which grazes the puna, in an extensive system and without technical support from the State. Live weight, carcass weight and carcass yield are low, mainly affected by age, with variations like what occurs in other places in the mountains; Measurements of fleece weight and lock length are affected by age and sex, and by the lack of periodic shearing. The textile characteristics of the wool show medium fineness, with high variability, with relatively high comfort and spinning fineness indexes; better on the fleece of two-toothed females. The most important correlations were between fibre diameter (DM) and comfort factor (FH) (r=-0.5925); between DM and fineness of yarn (FH) (r=0.5857) and between FC and FH (r=-0.8767), which would indicate that the wool from the Lambrama area is of good quality for the textile industry.
Demand for alpaca fiber is subject to an increase, which is due to its beneficial properties. The study aimed to determine the differences in physical and mechanical properties, as well as heat insulation properties of alpaca fibers differing in color. The research material consisted of Huacaya alpaca fiber samples of white (W), light fawn (LF), medium fawn (MF), dark fawn (DF), and black (BLK) colors. The following properties were examined: diameter, comfort factor (CF), breaking force, elongation at break, tenacity and heat transfer rate. The finest fibers were found in W and DF fleece, while the coarsest ones in MF. CF was the highest in DF fibers. Breaking force LF varied between 6.4 (DF) and 11.7 cN (BLK), while elongation at break was 43.6 (LF) to 54.7% (BLK). No significant differences were found in case of tenacity. The best insulation properties were found for DF fibers. Correlations were confirmed between diameter and mechanical properties, and they differed slightly depending on colors.
Anualmente se realiza una feria ganadera en el sur del Perú, la que se caracteriza por exponer ejemplares de ganado de planteles seleccionados de camélidos sudamericanos del altiplano peruano. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la fibra de alpacas Suri que fueron admitidas en la LVIII Feria Ganadera, Artesanal y Agroindustrial del Sur (FEGASUR) del 2019. Se evaluaron características tecnológicas. Para el efecto, se utilizó 178 muestras de fibras de la alpaca Suri. El diseño estadístico fue completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial de tres factores (sexo, color del vellón y categorías de juzgamiento). La comparación de medias fue a través de Tukey-Kramer. La fibra de alpacas Suri evidenció características tecnológicas particulares de calidad. El diámetro medio de la fibra tuvo una media general de 22,14 ± 3,42 µm, con valores muy próximos por el efecto del sexo, color del vellón y edad. Los resultados para las otras características tecnológicas relacionadas al diámetro medio de la fibra acreditan la calidad de la fibra, contexto que visualiza la calidad genética de las alpacas Suri a nivel de los rebaños élite en la Región Puno de Perú.
Con la finalidad de identificar las variaciones del diámetro de fibra en el tipo de medulación en alpacas Huacaya procedentes del Centro Experimental La Raya, Puno; se colectaron 6 g de fibra del lado izquierdo del costillar medio de 190 alpacas, considerando el factor sexo (machos: 89; hembras: 109) y grupo etario (I: 1-2; II: 3-4; III: 5-6; IV: 7-8; V: 9-10 años). Las variables consideradas incluyeron fibras no meduladas, con medula fragmentada, medula continua, medula discontinua y fuertemente meduladas con sus respectivos porcentajes. Las fibras fueron analizadas utilizando el equipo FIBER MED y la evaluación de los porcentajes fue previa transformación angular Bliss a valores enteros arcoseno. Se utilizó un arreglo factorial 2x5 bajo un diseño completamente al azar. Asimismo, se determinó la correlación de Spearman. El diámetro medio de fibra (DMF) se incrementó con la edad (p<0.05). El porcentaje total de fibras meduladas (TFM) aumentó de 34.79% en el grupo de 1-2 años a 74.72% a los 9-10 años (p<0.05) y el porcentaje de fibras no meduladas (FNM) disminuyó de 65.69% a 25.60% (p<0.05). Las correlaciones más resaltantes fueron entre porcentaje TFM y DMF (r=0.883) y el porcentaje FNM y DMF (r=-0.883). Se concluye que en alpacas Huacaya el diámetro de fibras meduladas es superior a las fibras sin médula, en tanto que los porcentajes de fibras meduladas son superiores a las fibras sin médula.
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características textiles de fibra sucia y tops de alpacas de raza Huacaya color blanco. Se determinó características textiles como: diámetro medio de la fibra (DMF), coeficiente de variación de la media del diámetro (CVMD), factor de confort (FC), factor de picazón (FP), factor de hilado (FH) y longitud de mecha (LM). Se tomaron al azar 30 vellones, 10 por categoría (Extrafina, Fina y Semi Fina) los que fueron categorizados y clasificados por una maestra clasificadora y según la norma técnica peruana (NTP), obteniéndose 77 muestras de fibra clasificada de diferentes calidades (Super Baby (SBL), Baby (BL), Fleece (FS) y Medium Fleece (MFS)). Para determinar las características textiles de la fibra sucia, tops y el control de calidad seempleó el Fiber EC 4.1 siguiendo la norma [IWTO-47-2013], se realizó el contraste de datos entre el subjetivo (maestra) y objetivo (análisis). El DMF más fino se obtuvo para la calidad SBL tanto para fibra sucia como para tops de alpaca con promedios de 17.82 µm y y18.76 µm respectivamente. Esta calidad también presentó los valores más bajos de factor de picazón (2.6%) y el mayor factor de confort (67%). Se concluye que la evaluación objetiva con el equipo Fiber EC 4.1 versus los resultados del DMF en fibra sucia y tops se mantiene en los respectivos rangos de la NTP y las mejores características textiles (DMF, FC y FP) se observan en la calidad SBL en las categorías extrafina y fina.
Se describe la aplicación de inteligencia artificial basada en el modelo de regresión lineal múltiple con gradiente descendiente estocástica con la finalidad de determinar la calidad de la fibra de alpaca Huacaya de color blanco. Se analizaron 1200 fibras correspondientes a seis muestras de alpaca. Las fibras se caracterizaron mediante microscopía óptica y con el equipo analizador óptico de diámetro de fibra (OFDA 100). Se consideraron como variables independientes al diámetro de fibra, diámetro de médula, porcentaje de medulación por volumen, factor de confort, fibras objetables y como variable de respuesta al factor “Soft”. Esta última variable resultante de la diferencia del factor de confort y fibras objetables sirvió para darle un ordenamiento lógico a la matriz de datos y obtener un modelo de predicción preciso. Los valores promedio fueron 26.80±6.95 para el diámetro de fibra, 14.10±5.92 en diámetro de medula, 24.75±13.20 μm para el porcentaje de medulación por volumen y 71.56± 13.04% para el factor de confort. El modelamiento de regresión lineal múltiple de machine learning se adaptó con gran precisión a un tamaño muestral pequeño, mostrando errores mínimos, y optimizado con el algoritmo de gradiente descendiente estocástico predijo un factor Soft muy cercano al factor Soft observado. Se concluye que la técnica de regresión lineal múltiple con el enfoque estocástico satisface la predicción del nuevo factor denominado “soft” y que representa el modelamiento adecuado para la predicción de calidad de fibras en la industria textil.
The ovine population of the central Argentine territory is the result of constant introductions of different animal biotypes, which determined the existence of ovine populations with great variability. The main objective of the breeders is to produce a lamb for self-consumption and sale of surpluses, without considering the wool product. The production of a lamb for the market is compatible with the production of wool for the textile industry, having to evaluate the feasibility for the commercialization of lamb wool that they produce. This work aimed to provide information and tools to evaluate the quality of lamb’s wool and the evolution of the weight of lambs belonging to the native flocks of the area. Characterization of the productive systems was carried out, seeking to highlight the attributes of meat and wool of native lambs. The characteristics of wool and meat lamb product were evaluated under two treatments, either in free rage conditions or lambs supplemented under confinement. The analysis of the behaviour of the productive systems did not show significant differences between lamb biotypes, which allows affirming that the variation within an animal biotype is even more important than the expected one between biotypes. This indicates that both treatments can be used according to the particular situation of each productive unit. Therefore, it is possible to produce wool and meat of outstanding quality looking for the goodness of the wool produced and optimizing through proper handling practices the meat product.
El presente estudio, se desarrolló en la Provincia de Antabamba, Región Apurimac, con una población de 108,497 alpacas (INEI, 2012) por encima de los 3,800 m.s.n.m. El objetivo fué determinar las características fenotípicas de la fibra en relación a la edad y sexo en alpacas Huacaya color blanco. Fueron seleccionados 40 alpacas machos y 40 hembras del grupo etario DL (Dientes de leche > de 1 año), 2 dientes (2 - 3 años), 4 dientes (3 – 4 años) y boca llena (> de 4 años); de las cuales se colectó muestras de fibra (5 gr.) debidamente identificadas de la región del costillar medio del animal, las cuales fueron analizadas en el OFDA 2000, determinando el diámetro (DF), factor de confort (FC), índice de curvatura (IC), coeficiente de variabilidad (CV). Los resultados y conclusiones son: Para el objetivo 1, si existe diferencia significativa en la variación del diámetro de fibra, factor de confort en alpacas de 2 y 4 dientes por efecto edad (P≤0.05), mientras que no existe diferencia significativa en la variación del diámetro de fibra, factor de confort, índice de curvatura y coeficiente de variabilidad por efecto sexo y la interacción sexo/edad (P≥0.05). Para el objetivo 2, existe alta correlación entre el diámetro de fibra y factor de confort por efecto sexo y entre diámetro de fibra con factor de confort por efecto edad destacando las alpacas de 4 dientes. Estos resultados contribuyen al planteamiento de iniciativas o programas de mejoramiento enfocados a las características cuanti y cualitativas de la fibra de alpaca; finalmente servirá como una base sólida para futuras investigaciones en este campo.PALABRAS CLAVE: Alpaca, coeficiente de variabilidad, diámetro de fibra, factor de confort, índice de curvatura.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de la edad y estado reproductivo en el perfil de la fibra en alpacas Huacaya hembra de Puno, Perú. Se consideró la edad (joven, adulta menor, adulta mayor y vieja) y estado reproductivo (lactante preñada, lactante vacía, preñada sin cría al pie y vacía sin cría al pie). Después de un año de crecimiento de fibra se tomaron muestras del costillar medio (5 g) y se analizaron con el equipo analizador óptico de diámetro de fibra (OFDA 2000). Los datos fueron ajustados a una regresión lineal cúbica, y analizados bajo un arreglo factorial de 4x4 conducido en un diseño completamente al azar. La comparación de medias se hizo con la prueba múltiple de Duncan. La edad y el estado reproductivo interaccionan en la presentación del perfil de diámetro de fibra, al igual que en el diámetro mínimo inicial y el diámetro máximo, donde las hembras jóvenes y lactantes preñadas presentan el menor diámetro (p<0.05). El factor edad tuvo efecto significativo sobre el diámetro mínimo final y la tasa de cambio inicial, en tanto que la edad y el estado reproductivo tuvieron efecto sobre la tasa de cambio final del perfil de fibra. En conclusión, el perfil de diámetro de la fibra en alpacas Huacaya hembra muestra un patrón característico en los cambios de diámetro en el transcurso del año, que coincide con la estación de lluvias donde hay cambios importantes de disponibilidad de nutrientes en la pradera andina.
El presente trabajo de tesis se desarrolló en la población de alpacas Huacaya de color blanco de la región de Huancavelica, con el objetivo principal de estimar el progreso genético y consanguinidad bajo diversos esquemas de selección planteados. Adicionalmente se realizaron la evaluación de características productivas y textiles de la fibra de alpacas Huacaya de color blanco que vienen siendo criadas en Huancavelica; la determinación de los objetivos y criterios de selección, con establecimiento de valor agregado genotípico, y el establecimiento de un modelo de evaluación genética. El trabajo de campo se desarrolló en 27 centros de producción, ubicados en ocho comunidades (Pastales Huando, Alto Andino, Pucapampa, Choclococha, Sallcca, Santa Bárbara, Lachocc, Carhuancho) de Huancavelica, situadas en altitudes que oscilan entre 4.000 y 4.800 metros sobre el nivel del mar, con temperaturas que varían desde -5 °C a 18 °C, y con una precipitación pluvial que alcanza los 752,4 mm/año. Para la evaluación de los caracteres productivos y textiles, se consideraron 10 variables dependientes y siete variables independientes, obteniendose medias globales ± error estándar de 2,343 ± 66 g, 20.94±0.32μm, 115.40±3.00mm, 21.40±0.30%, 20.90±0.40µm, 95.10±2.70%, 38.80±1.10°/mm, 19.43±0.4μm, 24.4±0.5μm y 5.00±0.3μm, respectivamente para peso de vellón sucio (PVS), media de diámetro de fibra (MDF), longitud de mecha (LM), Coeficiente de variación de la MDF (CVMDF), Finura al hilado (FinHil), Factor de confort (FCon), Ìndice de curvatura (ICur), Diámetro mínimo a lo largo de la fibra (DMinL), Diámetro máximo a lo largo de la fibra (DMaxL) y las diferencias entre DMaxL y DMinL (Cambio), encontrándose en la mayoría de los casos efecto de la edad, comunidad, productor y campaña. Para la determinación de los objetivos y criterios de selección, con establecimiento del valor genotípico agregado, bajo un sistema extensivo de crianza se realizaron 07 reuniones de trabajo con participación de diversas organizaciones involucradas lideradas por el Gobierno Regional y la Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica, determinándose como objetivos de selección: la cantidad y calidad de fibra; como criterios de selección el PVS y la MDF, y valor genotípico agregado en base a la ecuación: H= 24.35(YPVS) – 4.00(YMDF), cuyos pesos económicos fueron encontrados tomando en cuenta el reporte de los precios pagados en distintas campañas por la Asociación de Productores Alpaqueros de Huancavelica (APROAL) durante los años 2005 al 2009, bajo la metodología de beneficios marginales del PVS y MDF. Para la evaluación genética se utilizó el modelo animal con medidas repetidas (y = Xb + Zu + Wp + e), considerando efectos: fijos [edad, sexo, comunidad y RAC (rebaño-año-campaña)], permanentes (repetición de las mediciones) y aleatorios (genético aditivo y residual); y como no hubo conección de machos, la evaluación sólo arrojó evaluaciones intrarebaños. Los resultados obtenidos de la evaluación en términos de desviaciones, fueron estandarizados con media 100 y desviación estándar 10, considerando a animales con valor de cría entre 100 a 110 como animales de una estrella (animales buenos), entre mayor de 110 a 120 animales con dos estrellas (animales muy buenos) y mayor de 120 animales con tres estrellas (animales sobresalientes). Finalmente para la propuesta del esquema de selección más apropiado para el sistema de crianza de la población de alpacas de la región de Huancavelica, se evaluaron seis esquemas de selección considerando un núcleo compuesto por 1500 hembras, planteados en función a la cantidad de machos a utilizar y al tipo de núcleo de reproducción, mediante el progreso genético y consanguinidad, bajo tres escenarios de correlación genética entre PVS y MDF (baja=0.12; media=0.25; alto=0.50), y tres tipos de información utilizada, encontrando que en todos los esquemas de selección planteados, la rPVS,MDF y el progreso genético/generación para PVS tienen una relación negativa; y que ganancias genéticas para PVS que varían entre 29.54 y 146.81g se obtienen a rPVS,MDF bajo y medio, mientras que con una rPVS,MDF alta incluso el PVS puede tener un detrimento cuando se selecciona utilizando el valor genotípico agregado sólo en base a la performance del propio individuo, lo cual mejora bastante cuando se utiliza mayor información. Asimismo se ha obtenido que el progreso genético/generación de MDF, en todos los escenarios, disminuye entre un rango de 0.68 a 1.45 μm. En los esquemas de selección planteados se podría obtener incrementos de consanguinidad que varía entre 0.28 a 0.02, valores que no constituirían problema, sin embargo en el esquema donde se utilizaría inseminación artificial, la consanguinidad puede llegar a 0.9, lo cual se podría controlar mediante renovación de machos por intercambio interrebaños. Se concluye que existen buenas posibilidades para la mejora genética de la fibra de alpaca por medio de la selección, debido a la existencia de animales de alto valor genético, pudiéndose lograr ganancias genéticas de regulares y buenas, con bajos incrementos de consanguinidad, lo que permitiría incrementar sus beneficios a los productores alpaqueros huancavelicanos, recomendándose que bajo el sistema de crianza extensiva se debe de asegurar la participación de productores, técnicos, consumidores y de la industria textil a fin de asegurar la sostenibilidad del programa de mejora.
Se caracterizaron las fibras de alpacas Huacaya blances (n=143) y de color (n=100) participantes en la LVIII Feria Ganadera del Sur del Perú (FEGASUR). Las fibras fueron procesadas en el Laboratorio de Fibras del Gobierno Regional Puno. Se describen las frecuencias bajo un modelo de efectos fijos (p<0.05). Las distribuciones de frecuencias de los atributos de la fibra difieren de la curva normal, en distinto grado y según sea la variable; a excepción del Factor de Confort (FC), presentan un sesgo de cola hacia la derecha; siendo moderada la asimetría del Diámetro Medio (DM) y ligera asimetría del Índice de Curvatura (IC). En tanto, las variables de dispersión, FC y Largo de mecha (LM) presentaron curvas muy asimétricas. Las fibras blancas exhiben mayor finura que las de color (p<0.05), sin diferencias para el factor sexo. La Desviación estándar del diámetro medio [DS(DM)] y el Coeficiente de variación del diámetro medio [CV(DM)] de las fibras blancas tuvieron menor dispersión (p<0.05), en tanto que el FC y el IC presentaron mejores valores (p<0.05). El LM no mostró diferencias entre fibras blancas y de color. Los atributos, en función a la categoría de las alpacas, se relacionan con la edad, a excepción del CV(DM). Se concluye que las alpacas Huacaya de plantel, blanca o de color, difieren entre sí y son peculiares respecto a los reportes que no tipifican el tipo de rebaño.
Se determinaron las características tecnológicas y el perfil del diámetro de fibra según edad (1, 3, 5 y 7 años) y sexo (macho y hembra) de alpacas Huacaya del Centro Experimental La Raya (Puno, Perú). Se tomaron muestras de vellón del costillar medio al momento de la esquila y se analizaron con el equipo OFDA 2000. Los datos fueron ajustados a regresión múltiple cuadrática para el análisis de las tasas de cambio. El diámetro promedio, factor de confort, índice de curvatura y longitud de fibra fueron estadísticamente similares entre sexos, mientras que para la edad, el diámetro incrementó (de 19.48 ± 0.25 a 24.82 ± 0.80 µm), y disminuyó el factor de confort (de 98.15 a 86.95%) y la longitud de fibra (de 102.18 ± 12.92 a 75.00 ± 11.34 mm), mientras que el índice de curvatura no mostró tendencia definida. Los parámetros que caracterizan el perfil del diámetro de fibra mostraron un solo valor máximo del diámetro medio de fibra, que mostró una curva cóncava con dos segmentos ascendente y descendente. Las tasas de cambio fueron positivas y negativas, aunque sus magnitudes fueron pequeñas. Se concluye que las alpacas del estudio presentan características tecnológicas propias y el perfil del diámetro configura un patrón característico estacional coincidente con la estacionalidad pluvial del Altiplano.
The objective of this trial was to determine if an anticipated first shearing at 10 months of age affects skin characteristics and fibre quality in alpacas in order to assess the possibility of practice two different shearings over a period of 16 months in the animals destined for slaughter. Twenty alpaca Huacaya (10 females and 10 males) were randomly assigned to two groups named Group S and Group NS. Group S alpacas were sheared in December at the age of 10 months, when fibre had reached the length of 12.78 cm. Group NS alpacas were not sheared and their fibre length in December at the age of 10 months was of 13.11 cm. Skin biopsies and fleece were sampled from each animals at 10, 11, 12, and 16 months of age. The recorded data were used to calculate the fibre diameter, the fibre length, the percentage of active secondary follicles and the ratio of secondary to primary follicles. Data were analysed as a split-plot design with the shearing effect as whole-plot, the age effect as subplot and the animals as replication term in testing the shearing effect. Fibre diameter, percentage of active secondary follicles and S/P ratio showed no statistically significant differences between treatment groups and age. Significant different (P < 0.05) between treatment groups and age were observed only for the fibre length. At the end of the trial the fibre length was of 7.71 cm and 17.4 cm for the sheared and non-sheared animals respectively. This implies that during the six months following the shearing of 10 months old alpacas from the Group S (from January to June), the fleece length had increased by 7.71 cm and 4.29 cm in sheared and non-sheared animals respectively. In other words, the fibre length in sheared alpacas showed an increase compared to the fibre from non-sheared one of 3.42 cm (+79.7%). This result showed that shearing increased fibre growth in yearling alpacas. Based on our trial, breeders could practice two different shearings, first at 10 months of age and later at 16 months of age right before slaughtering, in order to harvesting two batches of fine kid fleece with an average length of 12.78 cm and 7.71 cm.
El estudio se desarrolló en 544 alpacas Huacaya de color blanco localizadas en 19 centros de producción de la Región de Huancavelica, ubicadas un rango de altitud entre 4000 y 4800 msnm. Antes de la esquila se tomaron muestras del vellón de aproximadamente 20 g de la zona del costillar y posterior a ella se registró el peso de vellón grasiento (PVG), sexo, edad y unidad productiva de cada animal. El diámetro de fibra (DF), coeficiente de variación del diámetro de fibra (CVDF) y el factor de picazón (FP) fue determinado utilizando el Sirolan-Laserscan. En función a los datos obtenidos se realizó el planteamiento de un esquema de mejora y sobre ello se estimó la respuesta a la selección bajo distintos escenarios. Los promedios ±E.E. del PVG, DF, CVDF y FP fueron de 2300±39 g, 21,56±0,12 mm, 22,82±0,12% y 6,33 ± 0,30% respectivamente. El PVG y el DF muestran variaciones significativas (p
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la variabilidad fenotípica del porcentaje de fibras meduladas de alpacas Huacaya, así como calcular la correlación fenotípica entre el diámetro medio de fibra (DMF) y el porcentaje de medulación total (PM). Se tomaron muestras de fibra de 36 alpacas Huacaya (machos entre 0.4 y 10.4 años) para determinar el DMF y el PM con el microscopio de proyección. El tipo de médula de las fibras fue considerada como no medulada, fragmentada, discontinua, continua y fuertemente medulada. Se observó una alta variabilidad fenotípica del PM entre alpacas y dentro de las muestras. El promedio ± desviación estándar del PM y DMF fue 32.56 ± 18.30% y 17.58 ± 2.52 µm para fibras no meduladas; 29.29 ± 11.67% y 21.49 ± 2.39 µm para fibras con medulación fragmentada; 14.01 ± 10.14% y 24.04 ± 2.40 µm para fibras con medulación discontinua; 23.90 ± 13.01% y 28.04 ± 3.10 µm para fibras con medulación continua; y 0.59 ± 0.44% y 50.85 ± 9.86 µm para fibras fuertemente meduladas, respectivamente. La correlación fenotípica entre el PM y el DMF fue 0.80, y entre el PM y el porcentaje de medulación continua fue 0.74. En conclusión, existe una alta variabilidad fenotípica del PM y de los porcentajes de fibras meduladas continuas, discontinuas y fragmentadas en el vellón de alpaca Huacaya. Las fibras finas tienen una baja frecuencia de médulas fragmentadas y discontinuas, mientras que las fibras más gruesas tienen una mayor frecuencia de médulas discontinuas y continuas.
The objective of this study was to determine the productive and textile characteristics of the fibre in Huacaya alpacas considering age (2, 4 and 6 years), sex and origin. Fibre samples were collected from the flanks of 120 alpacas from two communities of the Ayaviri district, Puno. The diameter, comfort factor and curvature index and fineness of yarn was determined using the computer analysis Optical Fiber Diameter 2000 and fibre length using the ASTM method. The diameter of the fibre and the fineness of yarn increased significantly with age (p<0.05), while the comfort index and wick length decreased significantly with the age of the animal (p<0.05). The curvature index was not affected by age, sex or origin of the animal. The sex and the community of origin did not affect the fibre diameter, the comfort index, the length of the wick or the fineness of the yarn. A negative and moderate correlation was found between the diameter of fibre with the index of curvature (r=-0.40) and comfort factor (r=-0.58), while a high correlation was observed between fibre diameter and fineness of yarn (r = 0.75). © 2018 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. All Rights Reserved.
El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las características productivas y textiles de la fibra en alpacas Huacaya considerando la edad (2, 4 y 6 años), sexo y procedencia. Se tomaron muestras de fibra del costillar medio de 120 alpacas de dos comunidades del distrito de Ayaviri, Puno. Se determinó el díametro, factor de confort, índice de curvatura y la finura al hilado utilizando el equipo Análisis Óptico del Diámetro de Fibra 2000 y la longitud de fibra mediante el método de la ASTM. El diámetro de fibra se incrementó y la finura al hilado se afectó significativamente con la edad (p<0.05), en tanto que el índice de confort y la longitud de mecha disminuyeron significativamente con la edad del animal (p<0.05). El índice de curvatura no se afectó con la edad, sexo o procedencia del animal. El sexo y la comunidad de procedencia no afectaron el diámetro de fibra el índice de confort, la longitud de mecha ni la finura al hilado. Se encontró una correlación negativa y moderada entre el diámetro de fibra con el índice de curvatura (r = -0.40) y factor de confort (r = -0.58), en tanto que se observó una correlación alta entre diámetro de fibra y finura al hilado (r = 0.75).
The relationships and reliability of midside samplin g in estimating cashmere content (yield), production and fibre diameter of entire shorn fleeces was determined in Australian farmed cashmere goats. Midside sampling overestimated cashmere yield and cashmere weight by 29.7% and underestimated cashmere fibre diameter by 0.3 ,um. The proportional overestimation occurred over a wide range of cashmere yields (28.6-68.9%), nutritional treatments (below maintenance to ad libitum feeding), liveweight changes (-6-O-+10.0 kg) and cashmere production levels (71-446 g). The reliability of entire fleece samples and midside samples for measuring cashmere content, ranking animals, for fleece and animal valuation and scientific research are discussed. Samples from the entire fleece are recommended for evaluation of cashmere goats.
Occasions of unduly heavy and prolonged rainfall during the period April 1946 – July 1951 resulted in the occurrence of fleece-rot in sheep of the Field Station flock in each of the six years. Data obtained from periodic examinations of the flock have been related to the nature of climatic conditions associated with outbreaks of the disease. They show that when rain occurs in falls of sufficient intensity and frequency to wet sheep to the skin for a period of a week or more, fleece-rot may be expected to develop in some of them. The longer the period for which the sheep are kept wet, the greater the number in a flock which will be affected. Fleece-rot was experimentally induced in four out of five Merino sheep known to be susceptible to the condition, whereas five animals known to be resistant were unaffected by the same treatment. Microscopic examination of skin sections taken from naturally occurring cases revealed the presence of a dermatitis. A similar condition was observed in skin sections from the animals in which fleece-rot was experimentally induced. Young sheep were found to be more susceptible than old. There was no association between degree of wrinkling and susceptibility or between 'grip' and susceptibility. When subjectively-appraised attributes of the fleece were related to the occurrence of fleece-rot, confusing results were obtained. However, when measured fleece data, obtained from a group of Merino sheep which had been under observation for four consecutive years, were considered, it was found that those for clean-scoured yield, wax and suint ratio, and density of fibre population per unit area of skin surface, were related to resistance or susceptibility. Nevertheless, a number of animals were found which were susceptible or resistant to the disease despite the nature of their fleece attributes. Differences in susceptibility were found between families of Merino sheep. These are associated with between-family differences for the fleece attributes found to be important in fleece-rot reaction.
A new technique was developed to measure the yield and mean fibre diameter of cashmere. The fibre diameter distribution of 2-mm snippets measured by the Optical Fibre Diameter Analyser (OFDA) was used to calculate cashmere yield of a goat fleece without dehairing. The total volume of fibres <35 and >35 ¦m was then calculated from the diameter distribution, and from this it was possible to predict the cashmere yield of 6 standards ranging from 10 to 60% yield (r2 = 0.98, n = 30). In addition, the Shirley Analyser was compared with the OFDA technique for measuring cashmere yield (r2 = 0.59, n = 110). OFDA estimates of cashmere yield were on average 10% higher (standard deviation ¦ 7%) than those of the Shirley Analyser, indicating poor agreement between the 2 techniques. This is likely to be due to the Shirley Analyser and OFDA estimates of cashmere yield being affected by different fibre properties of the fleeces. There was good agreement between the Fibre Diameter Analyser (FDA) and the OFDA for measuring mean fibre diameter (MFD) of dehaired cashmere samples (r2 = 0.97, n = 108). There was also a good agreement in estimates of cashmere MFD between whole fleece and dehaired cashmere samples measured by the OFDA (r2 = 0.97, n = 77). Calculation of cashmere yield and down MFD by the OFDA has shown it to be accurate for measuring standard samples, and as precise as the Shirley Analyser. Therefore, the use of the OFDA is a potential low cost alternative to rank the value of cashmere goats for breeding.
Down production of 93 feral, F1 and F2 cashmere-producing goats run in Victoria was investigated. The goats were visually assessed for down production and shorn. Their fleeces were evaluated for total fibre, down yield, fibre diameter, grease and moisture content. Analyses on down yield and fleece characteristics indicated that they compared favourably with those of traditional cashmere-producing countries. Mean down production ranged from 330 g for males to 148 g for females. Sampling at three body sites was accurate in determining total fleece measures and visual assessment proved a reliable screening technique for on-farm selection. Large variation was found in down production indicating the possibility of rapid genetic gain through selection.
El descubrimiento de llamas y alpacas naturalmente momificadas hace 900 a 1000 años en el sitio arqueológico de El Yaral, Moquegua, Perú, ha permitido por primera vez la descripción de sus razas autóctonas prehispánicas. Mediante análisis de muestras de piel y fibra, se han obtenido evidencias de la preexistencia de dos razas de llamas y dos de alpacas. Existía una raza de llamas, aparentemente ya extinta, de fibra fina sin pelos (promedio del vellón 22,4 ± 2,3 m; y otra de fibra gruesa (promedio del vellón 34,8 ± 7,3 m) semejante a los animales de hoy pero más uniforme. Había alpacas con fibra extrafina (promedio del vellón 18,0 ± 1,1 m) y otras de fibra fina (promedio del vellón 2,6. ± 1,6 m). Las llamas y alpacas antiguas fueron seleccionadas intensivamente, pues se caracterizan por uniformidad de finura, conformación del vellón y color, mientras que las actuales se caracterizan por su gran variación en el grosor, pilosidad y color de su fibra, producto del cruzamiento no controlado. En las llamas peruanas actuales el diámetro promedio del vellón varía desde 27,0 ± 15,6 m para las ccaras lanudas hasta 35,3 ± 17,8 m para los chakus pelados (Vidal 1967); mientras que en las alpacas las cifras van de 26,8 ± 6,0 m para la suri (Von Bergen 1963) y 32,3 ± 2,5 m para la huacaya (Carpio 1991). Sin embargo, es probable que la variación a través de los Andes sea aún mayor que lo reportado. El deterioro de la calidad de fibra de las actuales llamas y alpacas andinas se puede explicar como producto de la hibridación entre ambas, hecho probablemente ocurrido durante el caos y la destrucción que acompañó la conquista española. Documentos de los siglos XVI y XVII registran la virtual desaparición de la llamas y alpacas, junto con 80 p.c. de la población humana, en menos de un siglo después de la conquista de Cuzco en 1532. El análisis del ADN de animales prehispánicos permitirá medir los cambios genéticos producidos por la conquista y la incidencia de hibridación en las llamas y alpacas de hoy.
This paper describes the development of an image-analysis system designed to determine rapidly and precisely the fibre-diameter distribution of a representative specimen of fibre snippets.The instrument hardware and software are described, together with the procedures developed for the measurement of wool samples. Other animal and artificial fibres may also be satisfactorily measured by the instrument. This paper includes details of system trials and of a round trial undertaken in October, 1991, for the purpose of assessing precision statistics on wool for a proposed IWTO Test Method under Examination.The round trial confirmed that the test method proposed has an over-all precision very similar to that of the Fibre Diameter Analyser (FDA) test method, which was recently accepted by IWTO as a Test Method under Examination for wool.
The measurement of effective fineness for wool is difficult to reconcile with mean fiber diameter because the former is always numerically greater. In this study, a modification of the effective fineness, called spinning fineness, is proposed and tabulated. It is easily compared with mean fiber diameter and can be sensibly quoted in micrometer units. Information on spinning fineness therefore yields commercial benefits for wool purchasers and processors.
Forty female Angora goats were selected at random from the experimental nucleus of the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (Pilcaniyeu, Argentina), with the aim of analyzing the variability of main fleece characteristics of the Angora goats and establishing an optimum sampling site. Samples were taken at the first and second shearings (12 and 18 months of age) from the following parts of the fleece: neck, midrib, back, britch, belly and shoulder. For each sample the following determinations were made: oven-dry yield (YLD); average (AFD); standard deviation (SDAFD) and coefficient of variation (CVAFD) of fiber diameter; percentage of medullated fibers (MFT); characterization of three types of medullated fibers: continuous (MFC), interrupted (MFD) and kemp (KEMP) by estimating their proportion, average fiber diameter, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of fiber diameter; wax (WAX); suint (SUINT); humidity (HMD); staple length (STAPLE); degree of brightness (Y) and degree of yellowness (Y-Z). All variables studied showed statistically significant variability among to the sampling position (P<0.05), except of Y-Z, proportion of FMC, average fiber diameter of MFD and KEMP, and standard deviation of fiber diameter of KEMP at 12 months of age, at 18 months old for STAPLE and standard deviation of fiber diameter of MFD, and for CVAFD at the two ages of shearing (P0.05). The results showed that sampling from the midrib of Angora goats gave adequate representation for most of the fleece variables analyzed.
The production performance, repeatability and heritability estimates for live weight, fleece weight and fiber characteristics of alpacas farmed in the South Island of New Zealand are reported. Male alpacas produced heavier fleeces (p<0.001) than females, but with relatively similar fiber diameter. Mean (S.E.) shearing weight, greasy fleece weight (GFW), clean fleece weight (CFW), yield, staple length (SL), resistance to compression (RtC) and fiber diameter (FD) in adults were 68.0kg (1.0), 2.16kg (0.06), 2.03kg (0.06), 93.6% (0.4), 9.9cm (0.2), 5.3kPa (0.1) and 31.9µm (0.5), respectively. These means in tuis were 68.1kg (1.9), 3.02kg (0.20), 2.94kg (0.27), 92.2% (0.4), 12.2cm (0.3), 4.8kPa (0.1) and 30.5µm (0.9), respectively. The corresponding measurements in crias were 40.5kg (1.1), 1.97kg (0.07), 1.84kg (0.07), 93.4% (0.3), 12.6cm (0.2), 4.6kPa (0.1) and 26.4µm (0.4), respectively. The birth weight (BWT) was 8.4kg (0.1) and SS was 28.4 N/ktex (1.9) in crias. The seasonal variation of fiber growth and fiber diameter was small to moderate, with lowest values in the winter. Mid-side fleece site FD was highly correlated with other main sites sampled and shown to be appropriate as a standard sampling site. The phenotypic correlation between CFW and FD was 0.40 (p<0.001) and for fleece weight and shearing live weight was 0.47 in adult alpacas (p<0.001). Correlation coefficients for GFW and CFW with FD and SL were highly positive (GFW with FD and SL: 0.32-0.45, 0.39-0.54; CFW with FD and SL: 0.37-0.46, 0.40-0.53) in both tui and cria fleeces. The heritabilities for BWT, summer weight, spring weight, GFW and CFW, yield, SL, RtC and FD were estimated as 0.63, 0.41, 0.99, 0.63, 0.68, 0.67, 0.57, 0.16, 0.69 and 0.73. Production performance and heritability estimates for these traits were markedly higher than that previously reported in South American camelids.
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