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The Strength of Weak Ties
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... If we disregard misunderstandings and not knowing the local rules, all situations can be seen as social dilemmas (according to the authors). To give the aspect of collective rationality more perspective, the sociological theory of Granovetter [3] about weak and strong ties is translated into 3 different levels of collectivity: ...
... The monitoring of behaviour is equal to the category "high probability a sanction will occur". The proposal about a trust system in [8] (or the example of PunkBuster in the same article) is in our mind equal with the introduction of a monitoring system and thus part of solution 3. • Pargman & Ericsson micro-public is the community with close ties to speak with [3]. This is equal to the situation with collective expectations and collective evaluations. ...
... Pargman & Ericsson meso-public is a situation that is equal to a situation with collective evaluations but no collective expectations. Pargman & Ericsson macro-public is the weak ties situation of [3]. This is equal to the situation where there is no collective evaluation. ...
... The positive impact of interactions between refugees and host members on integration thus depends on the quality of social relationships (Hynie 2018). Moving beyond Putnam's bonding/ bridging distinction, I argue that relationship quality depends on a combination of factors like the duration of the relationship, emotional depth, intimacy, and reciprocal support (Granovetter 1973). Examining these aspects offers insight into enhancing relationship quality, ensuring refugees receive both practical and emotional support-defined as intentional efforts to help individuals cope with distress, which is crucial for relationship satisfaction (Burleson 2003(Burleson , 2008 and improving refugees' health and well-being (Ndofor-Tah et al. 2019;Echterhoff et al. 2020). ...
... These friendships, often with sponsors, suggest that refugee-sponsor relationships frequently extend beyond the 12-month sponsorship agreement, as noted in previous studies (Phillimore et al. 2020). Regular interactions are crucial for the strength and longevity of relationships (Granovetter 1973), yet this is often overlooked in social integration policies. While the UK's CS requires Intersection of social relationships and refugee integration policies | 13 sponsors to find housing for refugees locally, this does not guarantee regular contact. ...
... This article provides empirical evidence that CS can offer refugees valuable emotional support, which is often lacking for caseworker-supported refugees (Fratzke and Dorst 2019). Evidence also suggests that time, a significant factor in shaping social connections (Radcliffe-Brown 1940;Barnes 1954;Granovetter 1973), can affect refugees' relationships differently depending on resettlement policies. Compared to government-led resettlement programmes, sponsorship initiatives can foster more enduring and intimate relationships among refugees, positively impacting their sense of security and empowerment and facilitating integration. ...
This study compares the social relationships of refugees resettled through the UK’s Vulnerable Persons Resettlement Scheme (VPRS) and Community Sponsorship (CS) programme, focusing on relationship quality, the support offered, and effects on integration. Results show that CS refugees tend to have more relationships providing emotional support, while VPRS refugees often lack such support. By introducing the concepts of ‘helpful’ and ‘caring’ relationships, this study distinguishes between practical help and emotional support, highlighting factors like intimacy and frequent contact. Findings suggest that emotional support in CS networks enhances refugees’ confidence and comfort, facilitates engagement with the broader community, and boosts their ability to reciprocate. This study provides a nuanced understanding of how social relationships, individual factors, and refugee-integration-opportunity structures intersect to shape integration, emphasizing the crucial role of emotional support in facilitating integration.
... Indeed, social capital is a highly effective resource for gathering information about agents and the work environment (Sirvin, 2001). It can thus be argued that social capital makes access to information easier and less costly (Stigler, 1962;Granovetter, 1973), at a time when mastery of information has become a key factor in improving job quality (Colombier, 2007;Rubery and Grimshau, 2001;Magruder, 2010;Deguilhem, 2018). This positive vision of social capital is de facto a lever for achieving the eighth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), which calls on the international community to "promote sustained, shared, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all". ...
... However, the existence of very little empirical work in the Cameroonian context highlighting the effects of social capital on the labor market calls for our attention. Although the link between social capital and the labor market has been widely addressed in the literature since the work of pioneers (Granovetter, 1973;Montgomery, 1991), its exploration has not received much attention in African countries (Wapoh, 2013;Zenou, 2015;Matsuda and Nomura, 2017;Kloman-Kouakou et al., 2020), let alone in Cameroon. In the latter context, most studies conducted on labor supply have focused either on traditional determinants of labor market insertion (Njikam et al., 2005), or on youth participation in the labor market (Tchakounté and Mbam, 2016), or on the digital divide (Bakehe and Fambeu, 2015;Bakehe et al., 2017;Fambeu, 2021), or on the impact of public policies on youth employment (Ngueken, 2021), or on the role of ICTs in the quality of young employment (Meka'a et al., 2023), or on the effect of gender on job quality (Fotso, 2021), or on the role of social capital in labor market participation and job perception (Yogo, 2013). ...
... The social capital theory developed by socio-economists (Granovetter, 1973;Bourdieu, 1980;Lin et al., 1981;Coleman, 1988;Putnam, 1999) supports the thesis that social capital is the "key" to obtaining a quality job on the labor market. This theory holds that social relationships constitute social capital. ...
Issues relating to job quality are increasingly coming to the fore in professional and scientific circles because of the stakes involved. The literature has extensively studied the determinants of job quality, yet little is known about the impact of social capital (index) on job quality. To fill this gap, this article examines the effect of social capital on job quality in Cameroon, using data from the fourth Cameroon household survey conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (INS) in 2014. Job quality is apprehended according to the multidimensional approach via the construction of an index from the Multiple Correspondence Approach (MCA) on four dimensions, namely income, job security, working time, and job satisfaction. We use the double least squares (2LS) model to address the endogeneity bias associated with social capital. The empirical results show that social capital has a negative and statistically significant effect on job quality in Cameroon. This result argues in favor of making less use of social capital in the Cameroonian labor market by strengthening policies aimed at promoting the use of formal channels, which would be likely to improve job quality.
... Connections to diverse others do exist nevertheless, and one of the most cited works in sociology addresses exactly this phenomenon: the nature of ties that span boundaries, and the significance of such connections. Mark Granovetter argues in his 1973 article, "The strength of weak ties," that even though our strong ties form along lines of homophily and closure-creating dense and homogeneous social communities-we also have weaker ties that are not as influenced by homogenizing pressures, forming on the sides by maintaining affiliations to former schoolmates, colleagues, distant relatives (Granovetter, 1973). The power of these weaker ties lies in the fact that they can span boundaries to reach into diverse communities, and help to learn about new opportunities, for example in finding a new job. ...
... Granovetter cited sociometric evidence from research conducted over the 1960s and 70s that showed strong ties to almost exclusively form closed communities. As his focus was on weak, bridging ties, he naturally disregarded any occasional occurrences of openbut-strong triads, because "processes of cognitive balance tended to eliminate it" anyway (Granovetter, 1973(Granovetter, : 1364. It is certainly true that open-but-strong triads are imbalanced structures potentially fraught with tension, as they violate strong tendencies to balance triads in networks (Askarisichani, Lane, Bullo, Friedkin, Singh, & Uzzi, 2019;Cartwright & Harary, 1956;Doreian & Mrvar, 1996;Heider, 1946;Hummon & Doreian, 2003;Rambaran, Rahwan, Cebrian, et al., 2015). ...
... Adicionalmente, se examina cómo las percepciones culturales y las redes sociales influyen en las trayectorias laborales de los diferentes grupos étnicos. Este análisis toma en cuenta trabajos como los de Berrittella (2012) y Granovetter (1973), quienes destacan la relevancia de las redes sociales étnicas tanto como facilitadoras como limitadoras de la movilidad laboral. ...
... • Mark Granovetter (1973): Introdujo la teoría de la fuerza de los lazos débiles, destacando cómo las redes informales son cruciales para acceder a oportunidades laborales. ...
La inteligencia artificial (IA) está transformando
significativamente el panorama
de la educación superior, ofreciendo
herramientas innovadoras para personalizar
el aprendizaje, mejorar la evaluación
y optimizar los procesos educativos.
Este artículo explora las aplicaciones,
implicaciones éticas y potenciales
beneficios de la IA en el contexto académico,
analizando su evolución, categorías
principales y su impacto en la
enseñanza, investigación y gestión universitaria.
A través de una revisión sistemática
de literatura especializada, se
destacan las oportunidades para adaptar
contenidos educativos, identificar
patrones de aprendizaje y desarrollar estrategias
pedagógicas más eficientes. Simultáneamente,
se examinan los desafíos
éticos relacionados con privacidad,
sesgo algorítmico y uso responsable de
tecnologías de IA por parte de estudiantes
y profesores.
Palabras claves: inteligencia artificial,
enseñanza superior, innovación pedagógica,
ética de la tecnología, enseñanza
individualizada.
... Metoda generatora pozicija omogućava šire razumijevanje socijalnog kapitala, jer obuhvata ne samo bliske kontakte, već i slabije veze koje često pružaju pristup resursima koji nisu dostupni unutar lokalnih mreža. To je važno jer slabije veze često otvaraju mogućnosti za pristup resursima iz različitih dijelova društvene strukture, što može imati značajan uticaj na status i mobilnost pojedinca (Lin, 2001;Granovetter, 1973) . ...
... Posebno je važno razmotriti ulogu kulture neformalnosti, koja na Zapadnom Balkanu ima dvostruko značenje u kontekstu osoba sa invaliditetom. S jedne strane, kultura neformalnosti može pomoći u prevazilaženju strukturalnih rupa, omogućavajući osobama s invaliditetom da putem slabih veza, kako ih Granovetter (1973) definiše, prošire socijalne mreže i dođu do različitih resursa. S druge strane, oslanjanje na neformalne mreže može produbiti zavisnost od nestabilnih struktura i otežati uklanjanje sistematskih barijera, što u krajnjem slučaju može otežati integraciju osoba sa invaliditetom u formalne društvene strukture i perpetuirati nejednakost. ...
Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled teorijskih stanovišta i istraživanja o socijalnom kapitalu osoba sa invaliditetom. Ciljevi ovog rada usmjereni su na istraživanje značaja socijalnog kapitala u svakodnevnom životu osoba s invaliditetom, s naglaskom na njegove efekte na pristup resursima i socijalnu inkluziju. Analizom se nastoji dublje razumjeti način na koji socijalni kapital oblikuje mogućnosti i iskustva ove populacije, to jest kako različiti oblici socijalnog kapitala utiču na kvalitet života i socijalnu participaciju osoba sa invaliditetom. Dodatni cilj rada jeste ispitivanje metoda za mjerenje socijalnog kapitala kod osoba s invaliditetom, pri čemu se poseban akcenat stavlja na metodu generatora pozicija. Socijalni kapital, shvaćen kao resursi dostupni pojedincima kroz njihove socijalne mreže, koji se može mobilisati u svrsishodnim akcijama, ima značajnu ulogu u različitim aspektima života osoba sa invaliditetom, uključujući obrazovanje, zapošljavanje, zdravstvenu zaštitu i socijalnu integraciju. U radu će se napraviti poseban osvrt na metodu „generatora pozicija“, kao ključnog alata za mjerenje socijalnog kapitala različitih grupa, tako što ispituje pristup ispitanika određenim pozicijama u društvenoj strukturi. Metoda se fokusira na tri glavne dimenzije socijalnog kapitala, a to su opseg, snaga i pristup, među kojima posebnu pažnju posvećujemo prvoj, u kontekstu naše ciljne grupe. Opseg se odnosi na raznovrsnost resursa kojima osoba ima pristup kroz svoje društvene mreže, a jedna od glavnih pretpostavki u radu je da upravo sistemske i infrastrukturne prepreke doprinose da ovi resursi budu oskudni za lica sa invaliditetom. U tom kontekstu, rad identifikuje specifične izazove koje ove osobe susreću u izgradnji i korištenju socijalnog kapitala, svom pozicioniranju u socijalnim mrežama, kao i faktore koji mogu olakšati ili otežati ovaj proces. Među njima, uvrstili smo kulturu neformalnosti kao posebnost prostora Zapadnog Balkana, čija dvojaka uloga ne bi trebala biti zanemarena u analizi socijalnih mreža. Na kraju, autor predlaže smjernice za buduća istraživanja koja bi mogla doprinijeti dubljem razumijevanju i unapređenju socijalnog kapitala među osobama sa invaliditetom.
... Tinklaveikos teorija (Burt 1982;Granovetter 1973;Castells 2004) siekia analizuoti ir aprašyti tarpusavio saitų modelius socialinėje sistemoje. Šios teorijos šalininkai vadovaujasi pozicija, jog visų pirma reikia tirti socialines struktūras, nes ugdymo dalyvių elgesys yra varžomas so cialinių struktūrų (Wellman 1983). ...
... In terms of social conflict so ciety is the actual and potential arena of conflicts. Network Activity Theory (Burt 1982;Granovetter 1973;Castells 2004) aims to analyze and de scribe reciprocal link models in the social system. The followers of this theory keep to the opinion that social structures need to be investigated first, as the players' behavior is constrained by social structures. ...
Straipsnyje analizuojamos mokslinės struktūrinio funkcionalizmo, kapitalo, socialinio konflikto, tinklaveikos, modernizmo teorijos. Šių teorijų prieiga leidžia interpretuoti švietimo institutą, jo reikšmę visuomenei ir individui, švietimo instituto funkcijų kaitą, ugdymo dalyvių lygiavertiškumą bei švietimo prieinamumą visų socialinių grupių atstovams.
... Por lo tanto, para las familias campesinas pobres del periurbano, las relaciones sociales tienen gran importancia porque influyen en la generación y mantenimiento de capital social funcional, que contribuye a la preservación de sus medios de vida agropecuarios, pero también les apoya en la diversificación de actividades. El capital social para este trabajo se ha definido como un activo que se encuentra en estructuras sociales que conforman redes familiares y extrafamiliares, regidas por normas y sanciones, así como valores, que pueden dar lugar a beneficios individuales y colectivos (Granovetter 1973;Bourdieu, 1986;Putnam, 1995;Coleman, 1998Coleman, , 1990Portes 1998;Narayan 1999;Lin, 1999;Woolcock, 2001;Durston, 2002). Dichos beneficios pueden traducirse en bienes y servicios que contribuyan a mejorar las condiciones de vida (Moser, 1998;Narayan, 1999;Durston, 2002;Bebbington, 2003Bebbington, , 1999. ...
... Los beneficios que se obtienen son producto de la participación en intercambios sociales recíprocos, a cambio de la adquisición de deudas sociales. Los vínculos fuertes y débiles (Granovetter, 1973) son un elemento central en las relaciones y redes sociales, y, por tanto, en la generación de capital social. La familia, por ejemplo, es un tipo de red cerrada (Putnam, 1995;Woolcock, 1998) y se caracteriza por generar vínculos fuertes dentro de la misma. ...
... While this would indeed be a worthy endeavour, it would require a much longer and more extensive study. Instead, the authors wish to exemplify the relevance of network theory by focusing upon the results of Granovetter (2005, 36-38;1995, 93-96;1985, 504-508;1983, 202;1973, 1369-1373 who demonstrated the importance of acquaintance interactions, as opposed to the stronger relationships had with family or friends, for the dissemination of economically advantageous information. It follows from the work of Granovetter that those engaged in a business activity should also have increased access to economically advantageous information through their participation in the market network. ...
While recent contributions to the development literature suggest that the provision of small business grants, even accompanied by training, may not be a cost-effective means of achieving development outcomes, this article provides evidence that such provision may be cost-effective in relation to humanitarian outcomes, especially in the absence of economic growth. Since 2016, the International Committee of the Red Cross, in partnership with the Syrian Arab Red Crescent Society, provided 1000 Swiss franc grants to conflict-affected Syrian households to establish small businesses. The objective was to increase household income such as to meet essential needs. In 2023, an evaluation assessed the programme’s medium-term impact by examining businesses that had received support at least 2 years prior. The findings show a 2-year survival rate of 80% and a 5-year rate of 47%. Those households continuing their small business activity were found to have an average annual income of 17 million Syrian pounds, entailing they were just able to meet their essential needs. Beyond income generation, all supported households, regardless of whether they were continuing their small business activity or not, were found to be benefiting from increased market network participation, improving their access to economically advantageous information. Notably, as network theory suggests, it was acquaintance interactions, rather than the stronger relationships with family and friends, that seems to be the primary source of novel economic information. These results suggest that in the presence of a robust informal sector, small business grants can have a significant positive impact on household resilience, even where the macro-economic conditions are poor.
... Much of the scholarly discussion about post-migration ties has revolved around whether they straddle ethnic boundaries and, specifically, whether they are ties to the majority population. This focus builds on the seminal distinction between weak and strong ties (Granovetter, 1973(Granovetter, , 1983) and further conceptual developments towards bonding and bridging ties, where weak ties are considered as "bridges" to persons outside one's immediate social circle (Putnam, 2000(Putnam, , 2007. These are crucial for gaining new information and thus provide advantages compared to strong ties with family members or close friends. ...
This paper examines the new ties refugees form within the first years after arriving in destination countries. While prior research has assessed new ties mainly in relation to integration outcomes and within inter-ethnic ties, our analyses take a broader view of the importance of new contacts by systematically adopting an ego-centric network approach and by differentiating between various types of networks (emotional support, companionship, and practical support network). Drawing on representative quantitative survey data of recent refugees from Eritrea and Syria collected in Germany in 2020 (TransFAR survey), our analytical approach is divided into two parts: First, we investigate on the alter-level (i.e., the persons mentioned in the network) who the newly met persons are and which kind of support they provide, employing descriptive analyses. Second, we conduct multivariate regression analyses on the ego-level (i.e., the respondent) to examine the migration and family-related factors associated with forming new ties. The empirical findings underscore the importance of new contacts as crucial sources of resources and support, particularly in providing practical assistance. Furthermore, our study shows that migration and family-related factors are important for establishing new ties: refugees having other family members in Germany, either a spouse or because they arrived together with kin, are less likely to include newly established contacts in their networks compared to those without a spouse or who arrived in Germany without family. The relative importance of these factors varies between network types. Moreover, as migration circumstances and family constellations differ by gender and country of origin, substantial variations concerning the formation of new ties are observed between men and women and between refugees from Eritrea and Syria.
... Kolaborasi dan jejaring merupakan elemen penting dalam pengembangan UMKM kuliner di era digital. Teori jejaring sosial yang dikemukakan oleh Granovetter (1973) Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui beberapa metode, yaitu: Wawancara, Observasi, Dokumentasi. Adapun analisis dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut: a. Transkripsi dan Koding Data yang diperoleh dari wawancara ditranskripsi dan dilakukan koding untuk mengidentifikasi tema-tema utama yang muncul. ...
This study aims to explain how the transformation of culinary MSMEs in the digital era is a strategic step in developing the creative economy, which plays an important role in improving the welfare of culinary MSME family actors in Sampang Regency. This study was conducted using an interactive qualitative approach. While the selection of informants was carried out using the purpose sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the development strategies that can be applied by culinary MSMEs; I Application of Digital Technology in Culinary MSMEs through e-commerce platforms, delivery service applications, social media and digital marketing. 2. Creative Economy Development Strategy through product innovation, collaboration and partnerships and customer experience 3. Improving Family Welfare seen from increasing income, improving quality of life, sending children to higher education, economic stability, self-development. This strategy is important so that culinary MSME actors can survive and develop in the long term. Based on the research results, it is known that this strategy can really be implemented and improve family welfare.
... Na terceira posição, identificou-se o pesquisador Putnam (1993) que publicou o livro Making Democracy Work com nove citações. Em quarto lugar identificou-se o autor Granovetter (1973), o qual publicou a obra The strength of weak ties no American journal of sociology obteve oito citações. ...
Este trabalho tem como objetivo elaborar um mapeamento bibliométrico da produção científica a respeito do tema cidadania insurgente como capital social. Para tanto, foi executada uma busca nas bases de dados Scopus e Web of Science, usando a palavra-chave principal: social capital, configurando o painel de busca para as palavras-chave: citizenship e urban studies. A pesquisa foi delimitada considerando os periódicos científicos publicados entre 2019 a 2023. Os termos foram pesquisados nas palavras-chave, no resumo e no título dos periódicos. Os levantamentos demonstraram que as pesquisas sobre cidadania insurgente publicadas nesses periódicos estão inseridas principalmente na área de conhecimento das ciências sociais, sendo a cidade o palco, onde a cidadania insurgente tem maior expressão. Em relação às redes bibliométricas, identificou-se que a rede de colaboração ainda é pouco integrada, onde os pesquisadores se reunem em pequenos grupos. A rede de co-ocorrência, por sua vez, demonstrou uma integração maior, havendo uma conexão maior entre as áreas de pesquisa. Enquanto a rede bibliométrica de co-citação foi a que se verificou uma maior integração entre as áreas de pesquisa, onde a configuração da rede está formada por três grandes grupos de pesquisadores.
... Marginalized persons, similarly to upper layers, have an inclination to build strong ties only: while the rich usually do not have problems in accessing the resources they want, for those living in the margins the strategy may be a result of their poor condition that generates several crisis situations where immediate help is a priority. (Granovetter, 1973;Csermely, 2005) Quite a paradox, but social crises states can not be solved constructively in such closed contexts as the sources of relevant new knowledge are missing. ...
Volunteering has gained much publicity as a feasible solution to emerging financing problems in public health care, social care, education, and in the cultural sector. Human resource management in the civil/nonprofit and public institutions that employ both paid staff and volunteers is a special field with a number of new challenges. In the current paper volunteering is discussed from a multidisciplinary perspective that may help in understanding both the opportunities and the challenges involved. After outlining the changing global context, authors focus on existing Hungarian traditions on volunteering. In both contexts, budgetary restrictions force the organizations to seek cost-effective alternatives to maintain previous standards of their services. How do these changes promote shaping a volunteer friendly organizational culture (Allen, 2006) and a volunteer friendly society? Management techniques and approaches that help build such an environment are discussed in details. Authors provide a substantial survey on the international literature and complement these with several findings from national and regional studies. Presently, the majority of the civil/nonprofit organizations are aware of the many possible advantages of employing volunteers, such as active citizenship, building social solidarity and trust, promoting personal development and offering a remedy for burnout, extending community based learning and providing a rich resource of motivations for the entire organization. Still, volunteering is most often interpreted as a way to employ "free workforce". Studies on volunteer management have shown that the idea of "invest to save" holds for volunteering as well: serious deficiencies in management usually cost more to these organizations than the amount they wished to "save" by neglecting management needs. Authors argue that professional human resource management is a priority in this field; and leaders and paid staff should be prepared to work effectively with volunteers. Social professionals' expertise supplemented with specific trainings could serve this purpose well.
... The moderating variable in this study is social networks. In 1973, Granovetter [97] proposed the "weak ties theory", categorizing social networks into strong and weak ties based on interaction frequency, relational closeness, and reciprocity. Strong-tie networks consist of kinship groups with blood ties and geographical proximity, demonstrating high trust and stable interest-based bonds. ...
In countries and regions where Asian elephants are distributed, human–elephant conflict has become an important ecological and socio-economic issue. As one of the major habitats of Asian elephants, China faces severe challenges. Based on the theory of planned behavior and the risk perception theory, this study takes the survey data of 449 smallholder farmers in the Asian elephant distribution areas of Pu’er City, Yunnan Province as samples and uses the Tobit model and the mediating effect model to empirically analyze the impact of human–elephant conflict on farmers’ land use efficiency and its mechanism. The results show the following: (1) The human–elephant conflict risk perception has a significant negative impact on farmers’ land use efficiency. A one-unit increase in risk perception decreases land use efficiency by 250.34 CNY/mu. (2) Social networks positively moderate the negative impact of the human–elephant conflict risk perception on farmers’ land use efficiency, further strengthening the negative impact of risk perception. (3) From the perspective of the mechanism, the human–elephant conflict risk perception increases the likelihood of farmers changing their land use behavior. Farmers with high risk perception tend to reduce agricultural capital investment, which in turn leads to a decline in land use efficiency. In view of this, this paper puts forward suggestions in terms of strengthening ecological monitoring and control, increasing support for agricultural production, and guiding rational social network communication, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for alleviating human–elephant conflict and improving farmers’ land resource use efficiency.
... Mundial-aparece más debilitada, ya que se trata de contactos que no tienen efecto en las posibilidades de ascenso ocupacional.Las relaciones sociales que sí parecen tener efectos relevantes en el aumento de chances de acceder a posiciones de alto prestigio son aquellas que se dan fuera de los amigos de confianza, en el marco de redes de mayor tamaño y más variadas, que ofrecen mayores oportunidades de acceso a recursos escasos, especialmente los contactos laborales activos y los institucionales. Este señalamiento coincide con la hipótesis de MarkGranovetter (1973) en lo referido al potencial de la diversidad de vínculos que operan como puente hacia nuevos contactos e información que brindarían oportunidades de movilidad ascendente. Sin embargo, los hallazgos de Espinoza se distanciarían de esta hipótesis en su aspecto central referido a la fuerza de los lazos, ya que los vínculos que mejor han funcionado para el acceso a posiciones ocupacionales de alto estatus no han sido los débiles sino los que implicaban contacto frecuente, confianza y disponibilidad, de modo tal que la intensidad de las relaciones agrega valor a los contactos laborales e institucionales existentes, siempre y cuando no lleguen a ser amigos de confianza muy cercanos, los cuales no brindan nueva información ni contactos a los que posee un individuo, por lo cual serían redundantes en términos de oportunidades.La evidencia del caso chileno, sostiene Espinoza, parece apuntar a que las vinculaciones informales en el lugar de trabajo, así como los contactos institucionales y las relaciones de La Plata, 5 al 7 de diciembre de 2012 sitio web: http://jornadassociologia.fahce.unlp.edu.ar ...
... Al mismo tiempo, para comprender la pobreza en su complejidad, se retoman las teorías de Mark Granovetter (1973) sobre redes sociales y de Ilia Prigogine (1997) sobre autoorganización. Estas teorías permiten analizar la movilidad social y las posibilidades de cambio dentro de un sistema lejos del equilibrio. ...
Este artículo examina las percepciones sobre la pobreza y las estrategias de superación desde la perspectiva del pensamiento complejo, para lo cual, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 105 personas entre mayo y septiembre de 2024, de las cuales 95 fueron útiles en el sentido de que cumplieron con el requisito de dar una respuesta clara a las preguntas realizadas. A través del software VOSviewer (nocodefunction), se generaron mapas semánticos que permitieron visualizar los principales nudos conceptuales. El análisis reveló que las percepciones sobre la pobreza oscilan entre puntos de vista donde cuando se habla del pobre es una explicación extensa, sin embargo, cuando se habla de la o las formas a través de las cuales se puede salir de tal situación, no existen muchas ideas o ánimo de contribuir, observándose una especie de fractura en el tejido social, lo que sugiere la necesidad de estrategias de intervención integrales y adaptadas a las dinámicas sociales particulares.
... Hence, a participant in a GVC will benefit from knowledge spillover from its partnerships within a value chain (Humphrey & Schmitz, 2002;Giuliani et al., 2005). Social network theory also suggests that relationships and network structure facilitate access to resources and information (Granovetter, 1973). A recent study by Rigo (2021) also confirms that GVCs are a vehicle for technology transfer to developing nations. ...
This paper examines the intersection between entrepreneurship government policy and managerial theory. The context chosen for this study is India. India has experienced a significant global geopolitical shift that is coinciding with India’s domestic policy reforms and notable domestic initiatives. Since 2014, India’s entrepreneurial ecosystem has seen a significant increase in the number of startups and unicorns. This paper presents arguments that the confluence of global realignments, such as the diversification of supply chains away from China and increasing interest in the Indo-Pacific region, along with domestic initiatives like “Make in India”, “Startup India”, and digitalization drives, along with massive investments in infrastructure improvements, have made India a desirable destination for entrepreneurial activity. By examining these factors through the lens of three theories—resource-based view, global value chain, and innovation ecosystem theory—this paper identifies key opportunities and challenges for entrepreneurs across various sectors. It is hoped that this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of India’s evolving entrepreneurial landscape. In addition, entrepreneurs, policymakers, and investors can benefit from this article to understand the opportunities and challenges India poses in order to contribute to India’s continued economic growth and its emergence as a global entrepreneurial powerhouse. Finally, this paper helps to bridge the gap between economic policy and management theory.
... Tie strength Granovetter (1973) described tie strength in form of "a combination of the amount of time, the emotional intensity, the intimacy, and the reciprocal interaction services which characterize the tie" (p. 1361). ...
The present study objective is to operationalize an elaboration likelihood model to integrate five technology-driven factors- online promotion, stickiness, social commerce, tie strength, and recommendation agents- to determine their underlying influence on shoppers’ conspicuous online consumption. Furthermore, the research explores the moderating effect of the material self to explain buyer behavior. The data was collected through a time-lagged approach from 612 regular online fashion shoppers. SmartPLS is used to perform partial least square structural equation modeling which enabled model validation. The results confirmed that all five factors are significant predictors of conspicuous online consumption and that compulsive buying mediates the relationships. Moreover, it is revealed that the material self positively moderates the interactions between online promotion, stickiness, social commerce, tie strength, and compulsive online buying but does not significantly moderate the interactions between recommendation agents and compulsive online buying. The study offers a significant and timely contribution to facilitate researchers, and fashion marketers in developing suitable e-tailing strategies.
... 15 The sense of unity in hatred unbounds the usual conception of nationalism as far-right groups look to the achievements of the far right elsewhere and copy their tactics through information exchange. Such transnational linkages may be personal rather than formally forged and tend to reflect what sociologist Granovetter (1973) called "the strength of weak ties," meaning that ties are not "strong" as in close personal friendships or kin-based relations; rather, they are comparatively infrequent and function at particular moments to bridge distinct groups and ensure intergroup flows of information (Fangen and Weisskircher, 2024). This role of transnational communication and collaboration is helpful in interpreting Mcswiney et al.'s finding that European transnationalism makes little use of memes, which entail a strong participatory culture reliant on ordinary far-right individuals constantly creating, sharing, or interpreting the coded symbols in meme communication (Donovan et al., 2022;McSwiney et al., 2021;Woods and Hahner, 2019). ...
Increasing attention paid to the far right commonly glosses over transnational activity, which reflects an imperial strategy to globalize far-right thinking and its attendant discursive and physical violence against others. Empirically, I focus on far-right
transnational linkages among ordinary people (not state officials) between the United States and Europe and across Europe, and between India and the Indian diaspora especially in the United States to present variation in organizational strategies.
Transnational far-right activity’ s under-the-radar status is due to dated assumptions that presume transnational linkages occur on a top, down basis, and emanate from the formal political sphere, overlooking significant transnational material and immaterial linkages forged online by ordinary people who carry messaging through the far-right online ecosystem to affect political decision-making and societal discourses more generally. In the case of the far-right Indian diaspora, public-facing self-presentation aligns with Hinduism, which embraces peace and coexistence, despite the pursuit of the opposite, and this multicultural guise complements the bottom, up flow of far-right messaging to render Hindu nationalism, Hindutva, difficult to see. The far right throughout the world unites around casteism, the embrace of a fixed and “natural” societal hierarchy, and is fueled emotionally by the Great Replacement conspiracy theory. Both casteism and replacement theory are adaptable to different contexts to enable unity across contexts despite internal diversity among far-right groups, notably in the United States, and diverse targets of hatred. Far-right unity-in-diversity obviates constraints on transnational activity based on nativism and enables different in organization and psychosocial and cultural practices.
... Doing so would enable analysts to understand the exact nature of the dyadic relationship between ego and alters. This would, then, make it possible to specify social negativity in terms of tie strength (Granovetter, 1973) in formulating nuanced hypotheses. ...
The objective of this research is to explore the factors associated with subjective well-being in a multi-country context. Specifically, it seeks to advance the literature in the following two ways. First, the analysis focuses on harmful (not beneficial) implications of network ties, or social negativity. Second, and more importantly, this study investigates whether the link between negative ties and well-being varies in magnitude across the level of economic development, i.e., existential security. This paper’s main thesis is that social negativity would be more harmful in the context of greater existential security, where postmaterialist happiness depends on self-expression values such as freedom, autonomy, and agency. To empirically examine this idea, mixed-effects (multilevel) models are estimated using comparative data on 28 high- and low-income countries from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP 2017). This data source provides a wealth of information, especially on social negativity measured with a multi-item scale. Existential security is operationalized using gross domestic product (GDP) and, as a robustness check, human development index (HDI). Controlling for a host of individual and contextual confounders, findings indicate that negative social ties are positively associated with emotional distress but negatively related to life satisfaction. Moreover, the focal relationships become stronger in countries characterized by greater existential security. An important implication is that material progress has an unintended consequence of undermining (postmaterialist) well-being by exacerbating harmful implications of social negativity.
... If successful, however, the contacts newcomers forged with long-term city dwellers in the popular mall often benefitted them in multiple ways. Through crucial "weak ties" (Granovetter 1973), they learned about free hotel rooms, administrative procedures, and jobs for relatives. ...
... The "contagion" of negative selection spreads through both formal and informal networks, making it particularly difficult to contain, as corrupt practices in one sector, such as the judiciary, quickly infect other sectors, like business or law enforcement, through the individuals and organizations that are connected to both. This networked contagion is facilitated by the very structure of these societies, where informal networks, often based on patronage, kinship, or shared illicit activities, become the primary channels through which power and resources flow, operating according to their own internal logic, often prioritizing loyalty and self-preservation over the broader interests of society (Granovetter, 1973). These networks are not passive conduits; they actively shape the behavior of individuals and institutions, creating a "path dependency" that makes it difficult to break free from the cycle of negative selection (Pierson, 2000). ...
This paper analyzes the pervasive and detrimental phenomenon of negative selection, a systemic issue where loyalty and connections supersede merit and competence, particularly within underdeveloped democracies and post-authoritarian states. It argues that negative selection is not merely a collection of isolated incidents but a self-reinforcing web of distorted incentives, power structures, and manipulated networks that permeates all levels of society. The paper introduces the concept of the "dark art" of leadership, a necessary skillset for navigating these complex environments, emphasizing the importance of "negative empathy"-a strategic understanding of individuals' motivations within corrupt systems. It further examines the multi-sectoral impact of negative selection, highlighting its corrosive effects on the economy, culture, social fabric, and the psychological well-being of individuals. The paper emphasizes the role of informal networks in perpetuating negative selection, drawing upon social network analysis to illustrate how power operates through these often-hidden channels. Finally, it explores the transformative potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in this context, recognizing it as a double-edged sword that can either reinforce existing power structures or be leveraged to enhance transparency and potentially dismantle the intricate webs of negative selection. The paper concludes that understanding the "dark art," coupled with the strategic use of AI, is crucial for those seeking to operate within and ultimately transform environments shaped by this systemic malaise.
... Šajā brīdī ir noderīgi atsaukties uz amerikāņu sociologa Marka Granovetera (Mark Granovetter) 1973. gada konceptuālajā darbā "Vājo saišu stiprums" (The Strength of Weak Ties) piedāvāto dalījumu stiprajās un vājajās saitēs, kas savieno dažādus dalībniekus tīklā un atšķiras ar attiecību ciešumu un mijiedarbju biežumu (Granovetter, 1973). Šis nošķīrums joprojām ir aktuāls un ir attiecināms arī uz radošo starpnieku attiecību modeļiem. ...
... Individuals' behavior is influenced and limited by the social networks in which they are embedded, according to numerous studies (Granovetter 1973 and1985). This embeddedness and these social and environmental characteristics also influence the language used in scholarly publications. ...
The majority of academic and scientific research articles and works are written in English. The dominance of
English in worldwide academic settings can be attributed to a number of factors. English is crucial for higher education
since it introduces students to new technology that is merely accessible using English. English as an additional language
(EAL) are increasing in order for their research findings to be published in foreign publications. English for Academic
Purposes (EAP) includes the quickly emerging subject of English for Research Publication Purposes (ERPP). The term
"English as a lingua franca" (ELF) has become widely used for referring to communication in English among speakers
of diverse first languages.
... In the area of human resources management and organizational studies, previous research consistently reveals that social capital is a substantial determinant that elucidates the relative achievements of actors across multiple domains, including employee attraction (Granovetter, 1973(Granovetter, , 1995, firm recruitment (Fernandez et al., 2000), career development (Gabbay & Zuckerman, 1998), employee retention (Krackhardt & Hanson, 1993), interunit resource sharing (Hansen, 1999), and product innovation (Adler & Kwon, 2002). ...
Objective: The objective of this study is to develop a conceptual framework to elucidate how social capital enhances talent development practice and organizational sustainable development. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework integrates social capital theory and organizational support theory to explore how relationships, networks, and organizational support influence talent development. Social capital theory emphasizes bonding (internal cohesion) and bridging (external connections) dimensions, which foster collaboration, trust, and resource access. Organizational support theory highlights how perceived organizational support enhances employee engagement and sustainable growth. Results and Discussion: The research synthesizes insights from existing literature on talent management and social capital. The findings indicate that bonding social capital, characterized by strong ties within an organization, fosters trust and collaboration, which enhance talent development. Bridging social capital, involving weaker, external ties, facilitates access to diverse knowledge and opportunities for resource sharing across organizational boundaries. Together, these dimensions of social capital significantly contribute to developing individual capabilities, organizational performance, and sustainable competitive advantage. Research Implications: This study makes theoretical contributions by integrating social capital theory and organizational support theory into talent development research. Practically, it provides actionable insights for employers and policymakers about leveraging internal and external networks to create inclusive and sustainable talent development strategies. The framework emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach to bonding and bridging social capital, promoting both internal cohesion and external collaboration for professional development. Originality/Value: By linking social capital to talent development, this study advances understanding in the fields of talent management and organizational studies, with implications for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in decent work and economic growth.
... They also play an important role in decision-making at every step of the migratory journey. For example, discussions online may influence the choice of a country of settlement and integration strategies (Fogelman and Christensen 2022;Gius 2021), allowing migrants to capitalize on "weak ties" (Granovetter 1977;Komito 2011) to find housing and jobs. Social networks also represent a source of legal and administrative information (Kolbasi-Muyan and Rittenberger-Tilic 2023), where the "socialization from below" that takes place creates communities of practice: "petitioners learn behaviors and performative techniques that empower them to overcome administrative hurdles" (Odasso 2024, 305). ...
Getting access to the right information to complete their immigration file, follow-up on their application or appeal a decision is crucial for immigration applicants. However, the Canadian immigration bureaucracy is known for its inefficiency, complexity, and opacity. Applicants often turn to online discussion forums to guide them through the process. Based on interviews with twelve immigrants to Canada and ethnographic observations in four online Canada immigration forums, this article focuses on the development of immigration expertise online. Building on the concept of interpretive labor, we suggest that the violence of the immigration bureaucracy pushes migrants away from official sources of information and paves the way for the emergence of lay experts through their intensive participation in online forums. Online lay experts provide current, essential tips tested and validated through firsthand experience and the experience-based knowledge collected from thousands of users, which allow them to circumvent immigration difficulties and thus, be one step ahead of the system.
... The connections between clusters are predominantly weak ties, representing less frequent or less intimate contacts. Weak ties can serve as bridges or gatekeepers between different parts of a network (Granovetter, 1973;Kadushin, 2012). These ties enable the flow of information between actors within the network. ...
At the beginning of 2023, the responsibility for organizing health care, social welfare, and rescue services in Finland shifted from municipalities and joint municipal authorities to 21 wellbeing services counties. The primary aim was to strengthen the financial basis of service delivery and to guarantee equal access to health and social services. This chapter explores the interfaces between local government services and health care and social welfare services, with a particular focus on functional integration. Through social network analysis, the empirical part describes the pre-existing collaboration within service areas and the interconnections between municipal services and policy issues before the establishment of the wellbeing services counties. The results point out that a number of service chains were disrupted due to the reform, resulting in a need to re-establish viable coordination channels within municipalities; hence, the service role of the local governments has transformed from a healer of malady to a guardian of wellbeing.
... On the other hand, employees in the stages of mid-career may be spending more time adjusting to changing life priorities such as family and care responsibilities (Levinson et al., 1978) and have less time to invest in social relationships (Granovetter, 1973). As life changes, so too many potential career and employer change. ...
Purpose The Australian retail industry is facing skills shortages while mature and old-age workers are experiencing high unemployment rates. This study focuses on understanding organizational inclusion and turnover intentions in the context of employee age. Design/methodology/approach This mixed-methods study entails sequential qualitative analysis of organizational documents and quantitative analyses of survey data from 502 retail supervisors and employees. Findings The qualitative document analysis showed that Australian retail organizations value diversity but rarely mention their age diversity policies and practices. On the contrary, employees show concern about a lack of inclusion and display varied levels of commitment and turnover intention. Drawing on social capital perspective and social exchange theory, the quantitative study indicates: no difference in inclusive supervisory behaviors perceptions for different age groups; a significantly higher workplace social inclusion perceptions among employees aged 55 plus than among employees aged 35-44; a significantly lower turnover intention among employees aged 55 plus and 45-54 years than other age groups; a positive relationship between inclusive supervisory behaviors and workplace social inclusion; and a negative relationship between workplace social inclusion and turnover intention which was stronger for older employees than for younger employees. Research limitations/implications The findings present a strong business case for hiring older employees and indicate that managers need to prioritize inclusion. Originality/value of the paper The study addresses the underexplored area of employee age differences in inclusion perceptions among retail employees. It links inclusive supervisory behaviors, social inclusion, and turnover intention.
... For example, one of the most prominent theories of social network analysis is the theory of weak tie of the network structure between nodes. According to Granovetter (1973), the strength of a weak network is access to novel information. The effect of the weak tie on innovation is also pointed out. ...
The goal: This research is a preliminary report that analyses the inter-organisational collaboration networks related to generative AI (Artificial Intelligence), which has spread rapidly in recent years, and empirically clarifies the key players and their relationships in the business ecosystem during the introduction phase of the technology lifecycle. The methodology: Information on the collaborative relationships between organisations in the six months following the launch of Chat GPT4 in March 2023, which triggered the rapid expansion of the actual use of generative AI in companies, etc., was extracted from more than 100 major newspaper articles and press releases worldwide, and analysed using the method of social network analysis. The conclusion: The development and utilisation of generative AI is increasingly forming a business ecosystem with very diverse inter-organisational collaborations on applications and system devices, and each organisation is strategically positioning itself within the business ecosystem. The empirical analysis of the structure of the inter-organisational collaboration network has allowed an exploratory identification of various distinctive organisations in the business ecosystem.
... This dynamic highlights the unequal distribution of opportunities in the maritime sector. According to Granovetter (1973), individuals with weaker ties, or those without connections, often experience delayed career progression. The reliance on social capital in maritime employment can thus create a bottleneck for highly qualified graduates who lack access to influential backers, further perpetuating inequality within the industry. ...
... We may consider positive and negative relations ( = { , }). It is also possible to model strong and weak ties, which were introduced in the work of Granovetter (1973). ...
... Psychologists (McClelland 1961) identified a high need for achievement as a critical driver for entrepreneurial action, suggesting that entrepreneurs are motivated by intrinsic goals. Sociologists have explored how societal factors, such as family background, education, and networks, shape entrepreneurial behavior (Granovetter 1973). ...
This article empirically examines various hypotheses about young people's perceptions of entrepreneurship. Bulgarian, Italian, Turkish, Romanian, and Maltese students participated anonymously and voluntarily in a survey conducted simultaneously across five universities in these countries. The results were analyzed comparatively. Traditional perceptions suggest that young people in the Global South lack entrepreneurial drive, but the findings offer new perspectives. Although students are intensely interested in entrepreneurship, few are inclined to start their own businesses, with most expecting to work in salaried roles. This seeming contradiction stems from limited access to information, opportunities, and training. While many students aspire to excellence and creativity, they are also aware of lacking practical resources, balancing a desire to learn about entrepreneurship with an understanding of the need to adapt to available opportunities.
... Эти и другие аналогичные работы представляют нам важные доказательства корреляции поведения индивидов с поведением связанных с ними людьми, а в случае заболеваний (учитывая природу заражения) предоставляют даже некоторые прямые доказательства диффузии. Существуют классические исследования, которые показывают важность социальных связей для распространения информации, например, о вакансиях [6,7] или показывают то, что даже случайные знакомства или непостоянные контакты («слабые связи») индивидов могут быть важны для распространения информации [8,9,10]. Некоторые другие работы идентифицируют местные корреляции в статусе занятости (в окрестностях Чикаго), изучая степень, в которой местные взаимодействия важны в сфере занятости [11,12,13]. ...
В данной публикации представлены результаты исследования скорости распространения информации в группе школьников. Исследование выполнено методом сетевого анализа. Цель исследования – моделирование и анализ социальной структуры сообщества школьников и скорости распространения информации. Также ставились задачи получения ответов на следующие вопросы: насколько отличаются сетевые характеристики группы школьников от случайного графа; подчиняется ли устройство сети дружеских взаимосвязей внутри коллектива общим сетевым законам; каковы ключевые отличия распространения информации в графе, построенном на примере группы школьников, от распространения ее в случайном графе. Случайный граф с аналогичными базовыми параметрами был специально построен в целях данного исследования. Работа предваряется развернутым анализом исследований в области сетевого анализа, социальных моделей и поведения людей. Далее представлены эмпирические данные, которые собраны специально в целях проведения данного исследования. Объяснено, как и для чего нами получены данные сведения. В основной части исследования отражено то, что на базе собранных эмпирических данных, нами построены графы для изучения основных характеристик рассматриваемого сообщества школьников. Анализ включает в себя определение наличия кластеров, расчет и анализ центральности графа группы школьников и его сходства со случайным графом. На основании проведенного эмпирического исследования анализ результатов показал, что информация лучше распространяется (за меньшее число итераций) именно в условиях реальной группы школьников. Напротив, в случайной сети связи распределены более равномерно, что замедляет в ней скорость распространения информации. Исследование снабжено необходимыми пояснениями, а также иллюстрирующими графиками и таблицами.
... This highlights the significance of social networks in navigating complex legal systems, especially in environments where accessing legal services might be difficult due to fear or lack of information on how to access them. According to Granovetter (1973), social ties can provide crucial support in overcoming challenges, including legal barriers. The lawyer's assistance was pivotal in the recovery of the stolen money; illustrating how professional legal aid can transform the outcome of disputes that initially seem unfavourable. ...
This study examined the influence of social networks in enhancing the livelihoods of urban refugees in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. It focused on the key actors within the social networks of urban refugees, as well as the effectiveness of these networks on enhancing the livelihoods of refugees in Dar es Salaam City. Social network and actor network theories guided this study. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through focus group discussions and document reviews. Four focus groups were organized, involving Burundian men, Congolese men, Congolese women, and a mixed group of Congolese and Burundian youth. Thematic analysis was employed to identify key themes and patterns in the data. Findings revealed that urban refugees rely on various social networks, both formal and informal, ranging from government to non-government organizations, international organizations, families, and friends. Actors in the formal networks included Dignity Kwanza, Tanganyika Christian Refugee Services (TCRS), Relief to Development Society (REDESO), Church World Services (CWS), UNHCR, and the Refugee Department under the Ministry of Home Affairs, which provides training, financial, and legal support. In addition, informal networks that refugees have established include family and friendship within the host community, offering critical moral, social, and material support. The results suggest that, while formal network support in the form of training has not significantly improved the livelihoods of refugees due to policy restrictions, informal networks, specifically those made up of family and friendship ties, were effective in enhancing the livelihoods of these refugees in Dar es Salaam. The study recommends tailoring training initiatives for refugees within Tanzania’s refugee policy context, to optimize their impact on their livelihoods.
... Future research may increasingly focus on network experiments, which could systematically validate theoretical predictions of spread patterns conditional on network structure and the underlying contagion mechanism. Pioneering work by Granovetter [14] shows that people are more likely to find higher-level managerial jobs through personal contacts than through advertisements or job applications. And surprisingly, the contacts most useful for finding a job are not one's strong ties -close friends or family. ...
Understanding the collective dynamics behind the success of ideas, products, behaviors, and social actors is critical for decision-making across diverse contexts, including hiring, funding, career choices, and the design of interventions for social change. Methodological advances and the increasing availability of big data now allow for a broader and deeper understanding of the key facets of success. Recent studies unveil regularities beneath the collective dynamics of success, pinpoint underlying mechanisms, and even enable predictions of success across diverse domains, including science, technology, business, and the arts. However, this research also uncovers troubling biases that challenge meritocratic views of success. This review synthesizes the growing, cross-disciplinary literature on the collective dynamics behind success and calls for further research on cultural influences, the origins of inequalities, the role of algorithms in perpetuating them, and experimental methods to further probe causal mechanisms behind success. Ultimately, these efforts may help to better align success with desired societal values.
The activity "Network Development, Collaboration Between MSMEs in Pematang Serai Village: The Role of Human Resources in Increasing Synergy and Shared Growth" is an initiative that aims to strengthen the relationship between micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) units in Pematang Serai Village. This research explores how network development and collaboration between MSMEs can contribute to synergy and shared growth at the local level. Through a participatory approach, various business actors in Pematang Serai Village engage in training activities, workshops, and discussion sessions to increase their understanding of the benefits of collaboration. In an ever-changing global context, these efforts are directed at building the sustainability and resilience of local economies by optimizing the potential of human resources (HR). The result of this activity is an increase in awareness and collaboration capabilities among MSMEs, encouraging the exchange of knowledge and resources, and stimulating sustainable business growth. Through strong partnerships between MSMEs, it is hoped that Pematang Serai Village can better face future challenges and opportunities, and have a positive impact on the local economy and the community as a whole.
This study examines the interconnectedness of entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) through a comprehensive geospatial network analysis of global investment flows. Addressing the critical need to explore EEs beyond their local boundaries, we investigate how EEs interact across regional, national, and international levels. Utilizing data from Crunchbase, which details 556,612 investment interactions among 5488 city-regions globally from 2000 to 2022, our analysis employs network topology analysis and hierarchical clustering to elicit similarities and differences in the financial interconnectedness. Our findings reveal significant variability in how EEs are connected, with distinct patterns emerging among clusters. We highlight the role of external linkages in shaping the structure EEs, challenging the inward-focused perspective commonly held in current literature. Notably, our research uncovers the extensive reach and complexity of EEs’ financial interactions, illustrating both concentrated and dispersed network embeddedness. The study contributes to the entrepreneurial ecosystem literature in three ways. First, we extend the analysis of EEs to consider their spatial interconnectedness and complex network structures. Second, we introduce network topology analysis as a robust method for understanding the complexities of EE connectivity. And third, through hierarchical clustering of EEs by their network metrics, we show that EE vary greatly in their relational structures. These insights not only enrich our understanding of EEs but also inform policy implications, suggesting avenues for fostering stronger, more resilient entrepreneurial environments through strategic network facilitation and international cooperation.
Medical crowdfunding plays an important role in promoting the development of medical public welfare. As there is not great enthusiasm for charity of the Chinese public, it is necessary to understand the relevant factors affecting the intention of medical crowdfunding. Based on the perspective of social capital, this study used WeChat Moments as a research scenario to explore the influence of tie strength and message framing on medical crowdfunding intention as well as the moderating effect of social capital through the method of experimentation. The results showed that the donation and sharing intention of participants in the scenario of strong relationship was significantly higher than that in the scenario of weak relationship. And structural and cognitive social capital had positive moderating effects on donation and sharing intention, respectively. When faced with loss-framed message, donation intention of participants was significantly higher than when they faced gain-framed message; When in the strong relationship scenario, participants were more willing to donate to projects that also used loss frame. This study provides practical guidance for fundraisers on how to better seek financial support and offers reference for promoting the development of "Internet+" medical public welfare.
The comparative case study examines the transformation of the former industrial neighborhoods Savamala (Belgrade) and NDSM Wharf (Amsterdam), both located on riverfronts. By employing a blend of network theoretical and empirical approaches, the research examines governance in urban regeneration programs. The research focuses on three objectives. The first objective is to explain the differences in governance in the regeneration between the two selected case studies. The research thus explores the urban policy formation in both cases: involvement of different stakeholders, the decision-making process, policy goals, and network dynamics. The network of stakeholders includes actors from the public and private sectors. The policy network theoretical and empirical approach is applied to explore the policy-making process. Likewise, the analytical approach explores the social-structural, cultural, and social-psychological contexts in which the actors are embedded, and is applied to explore individual and collective social actions, thus providing an explanation of how those actions have led to the creation of policy outputs. The second objective of the research is to explore policy implementation through the utilization of the network governance approach. The goal is to identify, distinguish, and explore the modes of governance and thus provide an explanation of the power relations in the implementation of regeneration programs in the selected urban environments. The third objective is to question the effectiveness of the governance modes that have been discovered, on two levels, namely, on the network (collective) and community level. This research thus provides answers to whether and why the network and community level goals have or have not been achieved, and to what extent. In the first case study, the research findings suggest the existence of two contrasting policy networks with the different actors’ attributes and structural variables and policy goals behind them. Those policies have also produced two different modes of governance. In the initial phase of the regeneration of Savamala, a fragmented-governed network mode is detected. Whilst, hierarchy is observed in the second phase of the regeneration process. Conversely, in the second case study, a coherency in urban politics can be detected and the modes of network governance are discovered in both phases of the regeneration process. The results of the comparative analysis suggest that network governance modes generate a greater degree of overall effectiveness. Furthermore, the positive outcomes of the regeneration process can be discerned in the urban contexts that support the development of this type of governance structure. This underscores the significance of network governance theory, particularly in the investigation of the regeneration of former industrial riverfronts. Conversely, a governance mode such as hierarchy exhibits limited overall effectiveness, while a fragmented-governed network mode exhibits overall effectiveness to a great extent, but with robust limitations. The former is not effective, as it is not inclusive and relies heavily on the interests of private actors and a handful of political elites, while the latter may lack the stability necessary to engender positive outcomes over the long term.
This study examines the challenges faced by traditional corporations in maintaining agility and competitiveness in rapidly evolving markets, focusing on TechGiant Corporation as a case study. The study identifies critical obstacles within hierarchical organizational structures using a qualitative research approach, including a mini-design ethnography and literature review. The research applies Galbraith’s Star Model as a theoretical framework to propose a comprehensive strategic intervention addressing structure, processes, rewards, people, and strategy. The intervention aims to enhance organizational agility and innovation capacity while maintaining stability. The study also integrates insights from consumer psychology to align internal changes with market demands. Preliminary results indicate improvements in product launch frequency and time-to-market metrics, demonstrating the practical implications of the research. Limitations include the single case focus and time constraints of the ethnographic study. Future research directions are suggested, including longitudinal studies and multi-case analyses across diverse industries.
A hálózatelmélet egy dinamikusan fejlődő tudományterület, napjainkban kétség sem fér hozzá, hogy létjogosultsága van a társadalomtudományi rendszerek vizsgálatában is. A társadalmi innovációk és a hálózatelmélet olyan kutatási terület, amely a különböző társadalmi szereplők közötti kapcsolatokat és kölcsönhatásokat vizsgálja. A társadalmi innováció és a tanuló közösségek között szoros kapcsolat van, és egymást erősítik. Az innovációk olyan folyamatok, amelyek válaszul a közösségi igényekre és hiányokra jönnek létre feltételezésünk szerint, ezek leginkább olyan közösségekben fejlődnek ki hatékonyan, ahol az emberek aktívan részt vesznek a nonformális tanulásban, tudásmegosztásban és a problémamegoldásban (Kozma2022). Jelen tanulmányunk célja, hogy a szisztematikus szakirodalom elemzés módszerével áttekintsük a témában megjelent szakirodalmat és ezek mentén egy átfogó képet kapjunk az innováció hálózatelméleti megközelítéséhez. Kulcsszavak: hálózatelmélet, társadalmi innováció, tanuló közösségek, közösségek Bevezető A tanuló közösségek lehetőséget teremtenek az információk, tapasztalatok és ötletek szabad áramlására, ami elősegíti az innováció terjedését, amelynek az alapja a közösségek közötti tudásmegosztás. Az ilyen közösségek részvétele serkentheti az egyének kreativitását és innovációs szemléletét, valamint lehetőséget ad a szakmaközi kooperációra, az interprofesszionális együttműködésekre a kihívások és problémák megoldása érdekében (Kozma2022). A hálózatelmélet segíthet megérteni, hogyan terjednek az új ötletek, technológiák vagy módszerek a társadalomban a társadalmi innovációk hatására. Továbbá a tanuló közösségek részvétele hozzájárulhat a szervezeti és társadalmi változásokhoz is, mivel tagjaik elkötelezettek az innováció és fejlődés iránt, és közösségükön keresztül igyekeznek pozitív változásokat elősegíteni. A hálózati kapcsolatokon keresztül az innovációk gyakran terjednek, és ezek a kapcsolatok befolyásolhatják az innovációk elfogadását és elterjedését. Az információ és erőforrások áramlása is fontos szerepet játszhat az innovációs folyamatban a hálózatokban. Ráadásul a hálózatelmélet segít azonosítani a közösségi és társadalmi struktúrákat, amelyek befolyásolhatják az innovációkat (Szántó-Tóth 1993). Például egy szorosan összetartó közösség gyorsabban elfogadhatja az új ötleteket, míg egy laza kapcsolatokon alapuló közösségben az információk lassabban terjedhetnek. Összességében a hálózatelmélet hasznos eszköz lehet a társadalmi innovációk elemzéséhez és megértéséhez a közösségekben. Tanulmányunkban a szisztematikus szakirodalom elemzés módszertanával vizsgáljuk meg a témában releváns szakirodalmat. Összefoglaló képet kívánunk adni a társadalmi innováció főbb jellemzőiről, továbbá a hálózatelméletről.
A Study on Formation and Change of Corruption: Network Institutionalism and ‘Lock In’ ※
Lee Sun Yeop※※
This study views corruption as informal network institutions, and connect
theoretically ‘network institutionalism’ with ‘historical institutionalism.’
The purpose of this study is as follows:
First, since ‘corruption network’ is a structure operated by inner actors, this study
intends to present a framework about how the ‘strategic action and preference’ of
actors connect to institutional change mechanism of ‘historical institutionalism’ in it.
Second, the study intends to discover the mechanism of outcome and change of
corrupt institutions by examining network structure and actors.
Third, the study intends to examine how inner network actors ‘preference’ to
‘strategic choice’ are connected with institutional change in any conditions and in
any timing.
Fourth, the study examines what ‘historical junctures’ results in institutional
change in Korean politics and society; especially, the relationship between
‘exogenous event’ and inner ‘dialectical interactions.’
The research results explained that the learning ‘skil’ and ‘resources’ of network
actors are dialectically connected to inner network ‘dialectical interplay’ and
corruption come out through interactions with network structure.
And it could be seen that as for change of corruption institutions' when ‘exogenous event’ results in ‘transformation of network structure’ in ‘decisive junctures,’ the ‘condition’ of institutional change is made.
That is, it can be seen that when ‘exogenous event’ causes ‘structural transformation,’ changing ‘necessary conditions’ to transform into
new institutions are satisfied.
On the other hand, it can be seen that in ‘T3,’ the ‘strategic preference’ of ‘network actor’ is connected to ‘sufficient conditions’ of corruption outcome and institutional change.
Accordingly, since ‘2016 Candlelight Revolution’ and ‘2017 Impeachment’ satisfied ‘necessary conditions’ for institutional change by reconstituting 'new anti-corruption structures'. and Moon Jaein government's 'strategic preference' and action apply to 'sufficient conditions' of institutional change.
Finally, it was seen that an increase in ‘equivalence’and ‘cohesion’ among network
actors is related to ‘Lock-in’ of institutions by reinforcing or linearizing ‘actors'
preference.’
【Key Words】 Network Institutionalism, Historical institutionalism, Corruption, Rooting
out deep-rooted corruption, Institutional change, Critical juncture,
Dialectical interactions, ‘Lock In
Praca bada proces ujawnienia osób neuroróżnorodnych w późnej diagnozie lub samoodkryciu autyzmu i ADHD. Opierając się na modelu społeczno-krytycznym niepełnosprawności, zbadałem zjawisko neuroróżnorodności, to jak się objawia w społeczeństwie i jakie zmiany zachodzą w tym aspekcie. Na podstawie badań i obserwacji stworzyłem pojęcie psychiatrii demotycznej, opierając się na pojęciu zwrotu demotycznego Greame Turner, które miało na celu wyjaśnić aktualne zmiany w podejściu do aspektów dotyczących zdrowia psychicznego takich jak: większe skupienie na aspekcie tożsamości, demokratyzacja, opieranie się na doświadczeniach z życia codziennego, zatarcie się roli między ekspertami, a twórcami. Z obserwacji wynikało, że niektóre obszary wcześniej zdominowane przez dyskurs medyczny, zostają przejmowane przez samorzecznictwo i związane z nim wątki tożsamościowe. Stworzyłem potencjalny proces ujawnienia osób nieheteronormatywnych opierając się na badaniach i na podstawie tego procesu stworzyłem narzędzie badawcze, kwestionariusz, który miał badać etapy procesu ujawnienia analogicznie do stworzonego przeze mnie modelu. Przeprowadziłem 8 wywiadów z osobami neuroróżnorodnymi w późnej diagnozie lub samoodkryciu neuroróżnorodności, skupiając się na dostrzeżeniu etapów ujawnienia w trakcie rozmowy. Przeprowadziłem analizę jakościową zebranego materiału i porównałem etapy procesu ujawnienia osób neuroróżnorodnych do procesu ujawnienia osób nieheteronormatywnych. Analiza potwierdziła to, że procesy te są bardzo podobne, co może świadczyć o generalnym podobieństwie procesów ujawnienia w grupach marginalizowanych, a stworzone przeze mnie pojęcie psychiatrii demotycznej adekwatnie oddaje zachodzące społeczne procesy.
We study cooperation and group pressure on social networks by introducing a new concept termed norm-enforcing ties. By combining network characteristics and agents’ actions, direct and indirect norm-enforcing ties extend and refine the concept of social ties as well as the role of the tightness of a group as drivers of group pressure and cooperation. The results show that a strong commitment by agents with collective interests, or a high degree of confrontation between agents minimizes the effect of indirect norm-enforcing ties on cooperation. The analysis in terms of the agent’s utility reveals that an increase in indirect norm-enforcing ties does not necessarily lead to a decrease in the critical mass of compliers supporting cooperation. We demonstrate that network-oriented policies are more efficient in promoting cooperation than are standard economic policy instruments when the expected value of direct norm-enforcing ties is sufficiently large compared to the tightness of the group. Otherwise, standard economic policy instruments are more efficient.
Networking is a critical component of professional development in medical education, involving the establishment and maintenance of relationships that facilitate the exchange of information, resources, and opportunities. Defined as the process of creating and nurturing connections with peers, mentors, and collaborators, networking is essential for advancing research, enhancing career development, and improving clinical practice. This review explores the multifaceted role of networking in academia, emphasizing its importance for medical professionals who rely on collaborative efforts to drive innovation and improve patient care. Key benefits of strategic networking include access to interdisciplinary research opportunities, enhanced knowledge sharing, career advancement, and resource acquisition. However, networking in medical education is not without challenges. Time commitment and burnout, superficial relationships, exclusivity, ethical concerns, and professional jealousy are potential drawbacks that can hinder the effectiveness of networking efforts. Solutions to these challenges include balancing networking with other responsibilities, focusing on quality over quantity, ensuring inclusivity, and maintaining ethical standards in professional relationships. The review also provides practical tips for effective networking, such as engaging in formal and informal networking activities, leveraging technology, and building a professional online presence. By strategically participating in networking activities and overcoming common challenges, medical professionals can significantly enhance their academic growth, career opportunities, and contributions to the field. The overarching message is that investing in and nurturing professional networks is crucial for sustained success and advancement in medical education and research.
Cet article met en lumière la perception de la population de Nador concernant le projet d’aménagement et de mise en valeur de la lagune de Marchica. Cette étude repose sur une enquête de terrain ciblée, réalisée entre 2021 et 2023. L'enquête menée sur le projet révèle des résultats contrastés. D’un côté, les habitants reconnaissent les bénéfices environnementaux du projet, notamment la réhabilitation de la lagune, l’amélioration de la biodiversité, et l'augmentation de l'attractivité touristique.
This article explores the importance of territorial intelligence in the planning and management of sustainable urban development. Highlighting the contemporary challenges facing cities, such as rapid population growth, natural resource depletion and climate change, the article underlines the urgency of rethinking urban strategies. Through an in-depth review of academic literature and case studies, the article focuses on the various applications of territorial intelligence, including the collection and modeling of urban development scenarios and the implementation of geographic information systems. The integration of territorial intelligence into urban decision-making processes is examined through several concrete examples, demonstrating its effectiveness in identifying areas at risk, designing resilient infrastructures and promoting sustainable lifestyles. The article highlights the importance of territorial intelligence as an essential tool for guiding the transition to more sustainable and resilient cities. It calls for increased collaboration between urban actors, researchers and policymakers to fully exploit the potential of territorial intelligence in building tomorrow's cities.
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