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The Strength of Weak Ties
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... The interaction between individuals significantly impacts consumer behavior and market outcomes. While it is widely accepted that the general structural elements of a network significantly affect the overall performance of the market, the specific ways in which individual actions are influenced by the behavior of others in the network still need to be better understood [1,2]. As a result, businesses and marketers are increasingly interested in network attributes' role in shaping consumer behavior and market outcomes. ...
... Moreover, the impact of networks on consumer behavior is complex, and with new technologies like social media, the phenomena and their implication have extended beyond traditional marketing strategies. Understanding how social ties and network characteristics influence consumers' attitudes, preferences, and purchasing decisions can provide valuable insights for businesses looking to target their audience and drive market success effectively [1,4,5] By examining how information, opinions, and trends spread through social networks, new opportunities for marketing strategies, such as wordof-mouth promotion, can be discovered. ...
... Tie strength, or the degree to which individuals are connected, is another aspect of a network that might affect consumer behavior [10]. In many studies, frequently interacting, feeling emotionally close, and trusting one another are hallmarks of solid relationships [1,10]. These studies have also indicated that individuals are more likely to communicate knowledge and resources that can impact their consumer behavior when they are part of a network that has strong relationships between its members. ...
Social networks are crucial in shaping consumers behavior and influencing market outcomes. These networks connect individuals and groups, facilitating the exchange of values, ideas, and information. Consumers within these networks are influenced by their social ties and interactions, leading to changes in attitudes, perceptions, and purchasing decisions. The structure and characteristics of these networks can impact the overall market dynamics, affecting product adoption, brand awareness, and overall market performance. Thus, understanding the influence of social networks on consumers behavior and market outcomes is essential for businesses to develop effective marketing strategies and succeed in a highly connected world. This paper will utilize data from social and economic networks to analyze and identify key network attributes that are influential from various perspectives, drawing resources from an extensive real-world database and supporting theories. This study aims to provide practical implications for marketers and businesses who seek to optimize their strategies in building market success, also for researchers, academics, and other interested parties that can benefit from the results by learning how to apply network analysis in their studies.
... In order to obtain higher earnings, people tend to change to new jobs with higher incomes. According to Mark Granovetterl, "contacts that provide access to information that are not readily available within one's close circle of friends" [2]. At this point, the weak connections in their social networks seem to provide greater help in providing them with better job opportunities. ...
... The rate of contact with each other are higher among similar people than between people with not much similarity [6]. While Mark.S Granovetter argues that individuals' personal experiences are intimately linked to larger-scale aspects of social structure, far beyond the scope or control of particular individuals [2]. Weak ties, often condemned as a product of alienation, are seen here as indispensable for personal opportunity and integration into the community; strong ties, which breed local cohesion, lead to fragmentation of the whole. ...
... The concept of weak ties was introduced by sociologist Mark Granovetter. He considered that contacts that provide access to information that are not readily available within one's close circle of friends [2]. On the other hands, the theory of six degree of separation is also related to weak ties [11]. ...
In order to have a better quality of life, people need to achieve a higher level of income. As work is one of the most important ways to earn income, people seek more and better employment opportunities in the labour market in order to earn a higher income. Social networks, with their homogeneous aggregation and weak ties, not only help employers to a certain extent to quickly find potential labour that is suitable for the job, but also play an important role in helping people to obtain better employment opportunities. This article will explore both parts. The paper will first analyse the characteristics of homogeneity and weak ties, and then, through case-specific interview statistics, explain how social networks promote employment and improve employment opportunities. This study shows that homophily benefits employment via shared similarity among employees, emphasizing strong social connections. Weak ties aid employment by giving job seekers with weaker relationships better opportunities, underlining the role of weaker connections in jobs.
... Já para Robert E. Park (1987), partindo de uma visão ecológica-funcionalista da segregação 1 que agrega em "áreas naturais" determinados grupos sociais conforme critérios raciais, étnicos e culturais, os laços de vizinhança tendem a abstrair do seu caráter íntimo e permanente na urbe, mas não perdem sua importância analítica e seu potencial de conflito. Massey e Denton (1993) e Small e Newman (2001) assinalam pelas desvantagens estruturais que decorrem do isolamento socioespacial de específicas localidades, chamando a atenção pela estreiteza das redes de sociabilidade, fundamentadas em "laços fortes" (Granovetter, 1973) e tecidas entre indivíduos pobres inseridos em contextos de vizinhança de composição social homogênea. Estes se articulam em relações redundantes que reforçam a coesão intragrupal em vez de estimular a conexão com redes externas menos densas, porém com maior grau de heterofilia e com potencial de proporcionar informações e contatos valiosos para alavancar a mobilidade econômica do indivíduo (Briggs, 2001). ...
... A primeira seção introduz o conceito do efeito-território a luz das principais reflexões teórico-epistemológicas de Briggs (2001), Granovetter (1973) e Wilson (1987). A segunda seção sintetiza os principais mecanismos de segregação operando no quadro da organização socioespacial de Salvador enquanto a terceira seção explora o efeito-território a base de entrevistas semi-estruturadas que investigam sobre a instrumentalização das redes interpessoais para alavancar a mobilidade econômica. ...
... Com respeito à instrumentalização das redes interpessoais visando a inserção econômica, é oportuno recuperar a metodologia elaborada por Granovetter (1973) que distingue entre "laços fracos" (weak ties), remetendo para redes de sociabilidade diversificadas (contatos menos íntimos e menos frequentes) viabilizando acesso a um maior espectro de informações, e "laços fortes" (strong ties), comportando redes mais redundantes (contatos frequentes assentados em vínculos de parentesco e de amigos íntimos) que restringem o acesso a informações externas. Wilson (1987) e Massey e Denton (1993) convergem em hipotetizar que tanto o acesso a estruturas de oportunidades quanto as expectativas de indivíduos acerca do seu potencial de mobilidade econômica correlatam com as configurações grupais das pessoas habitando o mesmo local, considerandose a composição social homogênea de pessoas e grupos congêneres e a subsequente maior exposição a valores e horizontes subjetivos compartilhados como determinantes produtoras da baseline homophily (Massey & Denton, 1993). ...
Se analiza el efecto vecindario en la movilidad económica de habitantes de tres barrios segregados de Salvador a partir de los lazos interpersonales. La proximidad de Nordeste de Amaralina a una vecindad rica promueve la integración económica, al mantener la segmentación social. En Fazenda Grande II, la heterogeneidad social y el efecto socializador de la escuela mitigan el aislamiento. La localización periférica de Plataforma produce la naturalización de las distancias sociales.
... Tie strength was originally defined as a reflection of the "the emotional intensity, the intimacy, and the reciprocal services which characterize a [social] tie" (17). Extant empirical research generally assumes that tie strength and the quality of a relationship can be measured by the frequency (i.e. ...
... Indeed, the classic "strength of weak ties" concept also theorizes that "all social action and outcomes, are affected by actors' dyadic (pair-wise) relations and by the structure of the overall network of relations" (27). In other words, whether people are willing to engage in social action for each other depends not only on (i) their pair-wise relationship strength but also on (ii) how they are embedded within the wider social network (17,27). The former construct is often called "relational embeddedness," while the latter is called "structural embeddedness" (27,28), which we will refer to as "tie strength" and "embeddedness," respectively, to avoid confusion. ...
... Embeddedness is the notion that understanding the relationships or behaviors between individual actors requires an understanding of their social network structural configuration (17,27). Embeddedness is theorized to be the social mechanism behind increased levels of trust, altruism, cooperation, and communications in relationships (29)(30)(31)(32)(33), with the underlying principle that within close-knit (i.e. ...
Social networks provide a basis for collective resilience to disasters. Combining the quasi-experimental context of a major earthquake in Ya’an, China with anonymized mobile telecommunications records regarding 91,839 Ya’an residents, we use initial bursts of post-disaster communications (e.g., choice of alter, order of calls, latency) to reveal the ‘important ties’ that form the social network backbone. We find that only 26.8% of important ties activated during the earthquake were the strongest ties during normal times. Many important ties were hitherto latent and weak, only to become persistent and strong after the earthquake. We show that which ties activated during a sudden disaster are best predicted by the interaction of embeddedness and tie strength. Moreover, a backbone of important ties alone (without the inclusion of weak ties ordinarily seen as important to bridge communities) is sufficient to generate a hierarchical structure of social networks that connect a disaster zone’s disparate communities.
... Referring to pro-environmental behavior, this means that if eco-friendly dentistry practices are ranked as the best alternative, dentists may incorporate them in their offices and services to reduce or avoid cognitive dissonances [40]. Another theory explaining the WOM's influence on spreading green dental philosophy is the theory of the strength of weak ties in interpersonal networks [41]. Weak ties have a higher reach of information and recommendations, whereas strong ties have a lower reach but trust in information is higher [42]. ...
... Strong ties often exist between family members, close friends, or even good colleagues, while weak ties describe the relationship between acquaintances and dentists that are not friends [43]. Weak ties among dentists usually connect different clusters, enabling cross-group information exchange [41], but it is WOM spread by strong ties that is more likely to influence pro-environmental behavior [42,44]. Finally, there is the theory of perceived risk by Bauer [45] and Cox [46] that states that the degree of uncertainty plays a role in most purchases of services or goods. ...
Climate change challenges people’s lives and sustainability. Environmental problems seem to derive from human behavior. Dentistry has a high ecological footprint that needs to be controlled worldwide. Thus, the behavior change of dentists is a necessary condition to improve the environmental situation. In this study, a system dynamics approach is used to analyze pro-environmental behavior in dentists. Systemic modelling and simulation allow researchers to predict how the population of non-eco-dentists will change if certain factors are affected and how much time will be needed by the system of a group of dental professionals to become eco-dentists. To this end, the ECODENT model is presented, which was developed using the Vensim software. It is based on the classic Word of Mouth (WOM) model, which simulates how the WOM influences the spread of information among colleagues and stakeholders (e.g., patients, auxiliary staff, and community). The model incorporates relevant factors such as dental income, state support, CaPex and OpEx, education hours, level of urbanization, and time to react. By changing each one of them, we can observe the changes in the groups of non-eco and eco dentists as well as the flow of the phenomenon/transition. The simulation of this model shows that by augmenting WOM parameters, state economic support, or education hours while diminishing CaPex and OpEx, changes in the pro-environmental behaviors of dentists will be reported in a shorter time. The ECODENT model can be used to further study pro-environmentalism in different dental groups and associations and design relevant eco-friendly educational programs.
... The theory of weak-strong relationship is the classical research of social network in the theory of career search. Granovetter's (1973) weak-relation theory holds that strongrelation is the link between similar people within a group, so the information obtained through strong-relation is more repetitive, while weak-relation is cross-group, connecting dissimilar individuals [4]. In other words, weak relation is an information bridge between different groups. ...
... If the MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) is measured, the smaller the value is, the higher the accuracy of the model is, and the network heterogeneity factor-peripheral performance test set model has the highest accuracy. 4 If we compare the predicted value with the mean value only according to r 2, the model accuracy is higher when the result is closer to 1, then the model accuracy of network heterogeneity factor-peripheral performance is higher. Therefore, for the two complex behavioral systems of social network behavior and career search performance behavior, different models may be used to get different precision prediction models. ...
This study focuses on the impact of social networks on young people’s job search performance. Based on the decision tree classification model, this study first explores the social network behavior characteristics of job-seekers in job search. It was found that the job search behaviors of young job seekers in social networks varied widely. It not only reflects the psychological tendency of blindly seeking social network support, but also shows the obvious fact of low utilization of social network resources. Through the decision tree regression model, this study explored the impact of youth social network behavior on career search performance. The model shows that the factors of kinship network have a great influence on career search performance, while the factors of career network have the least influence on young people’s career search performance. This study is of practical significance to explore more effective ways of obtaining career information and to enhance the career search performance of young people.
... (Interview 26/07/2021: bachelor student, environmental sciences) Basically, our survey reveals third digital spaces that are available in the relationship between teachers and students that are not used because of the peculiarity of hybridisation between private and public, of sharing representations of personal daily life that characterises social platforms. In contrast, they are used because of their ability to offer long networks of weak ties (Granovetter, 1973;1995): people who are not part of our social circle can facilitate our access to information that we would never have found around us, which is especially useful in the job search. Among the students that we interviewed, those who follow the profile of some lecturer in this spirit on Facebook or more rarely on Instagram not only point out the informational or emotional benefits, as studies on social capital point out (Burt, 1992;Granovetter, 1973;Putnam, 2000), but also speak of a formative dimension of the benefits of being in contact with a lecturer on social media. ...
... In contrast, they are used because of their ability to offer long networks of weak ties (Granovetter, 1973;1995): people who are not part of our social circle can facilitate our access to information that we would never have found around us, which is especially useful in the job search. Among the students that we interviewed, those who follow the profile of some lecturer in this spirit on Facebook or more rarely on Instagram not only point out the informational or emotional benefits, as studies on social capital point out (Burt, 1992;Granovetter, 1973;Putnam, 2000), but also speak of a formative dimension of the benefits of being in contact with a lecturer on social media. ...
... Economic capital simply refers to financial assets people have at their disposal. Social capital refers to number and quality of social connections) and can be further divided into bridging and bonding ties (Putnam, 2000), weak and strong ties (Granovetter, 1973), social bridges, and the social value of these ties (Bourdieu, 1984) (see also Milgram, 1967;Alexander, 1987). Cultural capital and its importance for resilience is recently put on the agenda by Hall and Lamont (2013). ...
... Resource exchange and recombination is facilitated if people are connected through strong, or bonding ties, like between family members, friends and neighbours (Granovetter, 1973). Resource diversity therefore strengthens the resilience of people with such strong connections. ...
The aim of this study is to contribute to this debate by (1) proposing a ‘just resilience’ perspective to put justice and inequality issues at the heart of the analysis (2) exploring the relation, or rather, mechanisms, between resilience and inequality, and to relate this to policy interventions. Our research question is: How can we understand the mechanisms between social resilience and inequality, and the role of policy, governance and public interventions therein? We will answer this question by inquiring a combination of international literature and the application of resilience in Dutch (policy) practice. More specific, we conducted a literature review about the relation between resilience and inequality. The findings, synthesized in themes and mechanisms, that arose from the review, are discussed, and evaluated with researchers, policy makers and practitioners in the Delta and beyond. We did so by conducting interviews and organizing focus-groups, both with a focus on the scientific and applied practice of resilience(-making).
... Nella ricerca urbana italiana si segnalano alcuni lavori interessanti, in particolare quello su San Siro di Giubilaro e Pecorelli (2019) e quello su Barriera di Milano a Torino, di Molinari e Borreani (2021). Si tratta per noi di fonti d'ispirazione preziose, anche se la nostra interpretazione dei materiali prodotti sulla scena torinese si affida a un'intelaiatura teorica diversa, fondata su concetti enucleati nell'ambito della ricerca geografico-economica sul radicamento territoriale delle organizzazioni: i concetti di embeddedness (Polanyi, 1957;Granovetter, 1973) e di prossimità geografica (Boschma, 2005), che vengono traslati dal campo della produzione industriale a quello delle pratiche culturali, sull'esempio di altri contributi della letteratura geografica internazionale e nel solco di quella che è stata chiamata la "geografia economica della musica" (dell'Agnese, 2019). ...
... Questa infrastruttura supporta lo sviluppo di una scena locale sia in termini materiali (attraverso, per esempio, la condivisione di materiale o le collaborazioni artistiche) sia in termini immateriali (fornendo gli immaginari di riferimento). Tale infrastruttura non deve essere intesa come un'organizzazione formale, ma piuttosto come un sistema di relazioni 'deboli' (Granovetter, 1998) diffuso, mobile e precario, che si attiva in base al riconoscimento reciproco. Non essendo stabile nel tempo né rigidamente strutturato, esso consente sempre l'attivazione di nuovi legami, la sperimentazione di inedite collaborazioni e l'ampliamento della rete verso nuove affiliazioni. ...
Parole chiave: trap, radicamento, Barriera di Milano, Torino.
Nell'articolo si analizza la scena trap del quartiere di Barriera di Milano (Torino), mettendo in luce gli aspetti socio-spaziali di una produzione musicale molto popolare tra le seconde generazioni degli immigrati, ma relativamente poco presente negli studi urbani sulla Torino contemporanea, anche perché si tratta di una produzione largamente affidata a musicisti non professionisti e che circola prevalentemente su piattaforme digi-tali di streaming. In questo lavoro ci proponiamo di colmare questa lacuna, focalizzan-doci sulla natura contemporaneamente 'situata' e 'globale' di un fenomeno che si nutre di marginalità ed esclusione locale, e, al contempo, di immaginari e codici espressivi mutuati dalla 'scena' trap internazionale, e in particolare dal 'rap delle banlieue'. Per rag-giungere questo scopo, l'analisi si avvale degli strumenti concettuali della teoria dell'em-beddedness (radicamento).
Keywords: trap, embeddedness, Barriera di Milano, Torino
The article analyses the trap scene in the Barriera di Milano neighbourhood (Turin), highlighting the socio-spatial aspects of a musical production that is very popular among the second generation of immigrants, but relatively little present in urban studies on contemporary Turin, partly because it is a production largely entrusted to non-professional musicians and it circulates mainly on digital streaming platforms. In this paper we aim to fill this gap, focusing on the simultaneously 'situated' and 'global' nature of a phenomenon that feeds on local marginality and exclusion, and, at the same time, on imagery and expressive codes borrowed from the international trap ‘scene’, and in particular from the ‘rap of the banlieues’. To achieve this, the analysis makes use of the conceptual tools of embeddedness theory.
... Social support is situated in human relations and exchanged through interpersonal interactions. [33][34][35] Previous research conceptualizes social support as a strategy to buffer against stress, which refers to any environmental, social, or internal changes. 36 There is no denying the fact that COVID-19 has been a fear and stress-inducing subject. ...
... In particular, none sought informational support, very few sought emotional support, and just under six percent sought instrumental support. As much as social support is grounded in human relations and based on an exchange process, [33][34][35] it is undoubtedly difficult to ask something of someone when their most basic human needs, including health and well-being, are at risk. In late April 2020, CVS Pharmacy released its "Heart at Work" campaign thanking the essential workers who were "hard at work" and "full of heart." ...
Background: The COVID-19 virus continues to plague the world, though not at its alarming rate at the peak of the pandemic in 2020-2021. Throughout that time, a great deal of organizational messages were disseminated to audiences in response to the virus. Aims: This study examined organizational messages in the United States about COVID-19 between March and September 2020. The purpose of the project was to identify patterns in these organizational messages to identify where messaging can be improved to better support the public when contending with health emergencies. Method: A total of 106 organizational messages were assessed (N = 106) through risk communication and social support lenses. Results: It was found that the organizational messages provided informational, instrumental, and emotional support. Organizational messages tended to frame risks as low hazard and low outrage. Strategies involving both rational and emotional appeals were used. The most frequently promoted preventive behavior was social distancing. It was found that different organizations promoted preventive behaviors differently, specifically government using their messages to promote wearing face coverings more than other industries. Conclusions: Not only does this project fill a research gap, it also serves a practical function, as the findings can be presented to organizations as helpful information for the development of a comprehensive communication strategy during a public health situation.
... Social identity and corporate identification significantly influence organizational interactions between individuals and groups (Ashforth and Mael, 1989). Business researchers have also expanded the SET to investigate relationships, including multilateral interactions (Granovetter, 1973). Considering the theoretical relevance of SET, we develop a parallel mediating model (Fig. 1) about perceived CSR and employee attitudinal and behavioral outcomes via multiple paths, each of that exerts a distinct effect. ...
The purpose of the study is to (a) examine the impact of perceived micro Corporate Social Responsibility (micro-CSR) on organizational (trust, justice, identification) and employee job-related behavioral and attitudinal outcomes, (b) measure the mediating influence of the organization, (justice, identification, trust) in an association among perceived micro-CSR and employee job-related behavioral and attitudinal outcomes and (c) conduct a meta-analysis about CSR and employee behavioral and attitudinal outcomes related studies. The theory of social exchange supports the parallel mediation model. Questionnaires were distributed among the senior and junior executives of cellular network companies in Pakistan. A total (n = 767) of usable questionnaires were returned cross-sectional, representing (a 92%) response rate. The collected data was first analyzed via factor analysis and measurement model estimation. A structural equation model (SEM) analyzed the parallel mediation model. Third, the PRISMA model was used to conduct a meta-analysis. The study found that perceived micro-CSR positively predicts organizational commitment and job satisfaction, whereas it negatively predicts counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs) and turnover intent. Second, it was found that the organizational (trust, justice, and identification) significantly mediates between perceived micro-CSR and commitment, satisfaction, and CWBs, whereas organization (trust, justice, and identification) insignificantly mediates between perceived micro-CSR and turnover intent. The parallel mediating framework shows that perceived CSR results in positive attitudes and behaviors. Our analysis thus offers concrete evidence encouraging businesses and administrators to be involved in CSR initiatives. The study is original, and the result of the study is valuable for all the stakeholders of business and management.
... People form their attitudes and opinions in several ways; it may take the form of an information network, which can be effectively used by politicians in order to persuade voters and then to gain political consensus or simply votes (Murphy and Shleifer 2004). Several sources of persuasion have been analyzed; people are often persuaded by those they personally interact with (Granovetter 1973); in the political debate, since voter awareness of specific issues is quite low, vulnerability to persuasion is high (Zaller 1992); Mullainathan and Shleifer (2005) develop a theoretical paper on the formation of social networks and on their use by politicians to obtain support; assuming that people are influenced by those inside their network, the model shows how entrepreneurs create networks using core issues that are centrally important to members. These networks can then be rented out to politicians who seek votes as well as support for other initiatives. ...
Recent waves of immigration flows and asylum seekers are posing serious social and political problems in European countries. Between 2009 and 2015, it has been estimated a total of 3–3.5 millions of asylum applications to national governments. This chapter discusses the geography of asylum seekers in the European Union and proposes some descriptive statistics concerning the behavioral reaction of residents. In particular, it is shown a strong correlation between the size of the population of asylum seekers and the fear of terrorism and crime, whereas no economic concern was found. This evidence is interpreted as need to provide also correct information to residents when implementing immigration policies.
... Research on altruism and social networks has shown that people are more supportive of close contacts such as family and friends than of occasional acquaintances and strangers (Stark, 1995;Schulze et al., 2001;Lubatkin et al., 2005). The frequency of communication, intimacy, and reciprocity, referred to as tie strength (Granovetter, 1973), influences the extent to which people support (Koster and Leckie, 2014;Verdery et al., 2012), reciprocate (Baldassarri, 2015;Baldassarri and Grossman, 2013), and cooperate with each other (Binzel and Fehr, 2009;Fowler and Christakis, 2010;Apicella et al., 2012;Melamed and Simpson, 2016). Within families too, altruism, cooperation and solidarity are unequally distributed and dependent on the distance between kin. ...
Mobilization for revolts poses a significant challenge for rational choice theory because revolts are vulnerable to free-riding, which disincentivizes rational actors from mobilizing. Strong, informal relations such as kinship ties have been identified as factors that can shift the rational calculations of individuals and lead to mobilization for revolts. In social networks that are polarized by the presence of mobilized individuals, such as rebels, and actors opposing the mobilization effort such as the elite, kinship relations have not only a bridging effect but also a diverging one. Building on Tullock’s private interest theory, we develop a framework in which kinship relations determine the extent of individual’s payoffs and costs of mobilization for revolts against an elite. We posit that distant kin of the elite expect high payoffs of mobilization for revolts and face the lowest costs of mobilization for revolts by virtue of their position in the network of kinship relations. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset that reconstructs a revolt in Basel, Switzerland, in 1691, we test our framework and contribute to a better relational understanding of the mechanisms that lead rational actors to mobilize for revolts. Our analyses show that mobilization for revolts is mainly driven by distant kinship relations to the ruling elite rather than close kinship relations to the rebels.
... Les pays membres des communautés économiques et régionales partagent souvent certaines réalités culturelles, historiques, linguistiques et géographiques qui, selon Granovetter (1973), les lient fortement. Ces similarités géographiques, même si la taille des territoires diffère, peuvent servir d'instrument pour harmoniser les stratégies d'adaptation aux changements climatiques. ...
L’objectif de cette réflexion est d’analyser le rôle de l’intégration
régionale dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques dans les
pays de l’Afrique. Le travail montre que l’intégration régionale peut
être un instrument efficace pour l’harmonisation des mesures
climatiques et la gestion des changements climatiques des zones
frontalières, et un instrument de coordination et de mobilisation des
financements verts. Ainsi, les communautés économiques régionales
peuvent constituer des centres efficaces de décision des mesures de
lutte contre les changements climatiques. Il est donc important que
les unions régionales développent des projets ou programmes de
lutte contre les changements climatiques d’envergure régionale.
... Social networks play a particularly important role in determining this (DiMaggio and Garip 2012). In domains from job search to house hunting to international migration, individuals frequently learn about key opportunities through their social networks (Carrillo et al. 2016;DeLuca et al. 2019;Garip and Asad 2016;Granovetter 1973). In hiring decisions and other mutual matching processes, network contacts might also vouch for an applicant, improving the odds of being selected (Fernandez et al. 2000;Fernandez and Weinberg 1997;but see Smith 2005 on the limits to this process). ...
Over the past 40 years, college graduates in the USA have become increasingly concentrated in a small number of cities. This paper uses qualitative interviews to explore the processes bringing recent graduates of elite universities to one such city, metropolitan Boston, after graduation. Most respondents reported that their move to Boston was not driven by a clear preference for living there. Rather, they saw themselves as simultaneously choosing a job and a location in one bundled decision, with the job generally determining where they ended up. To reduce the cognitive complexity of the joint job-and-location search, graduates eliminated most options with minimal consideration. The options that remained were disproportionately in cities where the graduates or their universities had preexisting connections—even when the graduates themselves would have preferred to live elsewhere. The social nature of the post-college job search thus served to geographically concentrate these graduates beyond what either their own preferences or the geography of job opportunities would require.
... The family social network acts, therefore, as a socialization tool, influencing the intensity of engagement of family members to the family and to the family firm (Passy and Giugni, 2001). And, although the relational theory of social networks (Granovetter, 1973(Granovetter, , 1985 states that sporadic interactions of weak ties are effective means for gaining novel information and accessing to diverse pools of information sources, it is only through strong ties that the transmission of tacit, complex knowledge or experiential learning is more likely to occur (Hansen, 1999). Families and family organizations are not the exception: strong family ties are needed in order to transmit idiosyncratic knowledge. ...
Purpose-The paper aims to develop a model of knowledge transfer that considers kinship ties and emotions in family-based firms. Design/methodology/approach-There exist several models, which show how information flows among individuals and within organizations. One school of thought is known as Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), which was initially formulated by Lev Vygotsky, the Founder of the school. However, when analyzing CHAT within the family business context, the model no longer holds true. This paper examines knowledge-transfer mechanisms through the lens of family firms. Findings-Family traditions, ties, and emotions, which are not considered in the original learning framework, affect knowledge transfer, commitment, and the motivation of family members. Research limitations/implications-Based on CHAT and subsequently on other social networks theories, a more appropriate next generation learning model is developed which explains how intergenerational knowledge transfer takes place within family firms. Practical implications-This paper improves the understanding of how family members' shared knowledge (i.e. traditions) may become sources of competitive advantages for the family firm (i.e. long-term survival). Originality/value-This paper is among the first known to examine knowledge-transfer mechanisms specifically for family-based businesses.
... Grimm et al. (2013) point to the fact that "family and kinship ties" are different from "social networks", and "community" may cover both concepts. In a Western context community embeddedness is perceived as a set of "weak" links forming a social networka network that we, as individuals, choose to connect to or not (thus the term weak link from Granovetter (1983)). In some sub-Saharan African contexts, a community may primarily be viewed as a set of "strong" (blood) links given to the individual by birth and thus exogenous and only changeable at a high psychological, and possibly also economic cost (due to the risk sharing and insurance aspects of kinship ties). ...
... This scenario can also be examined from the perspective of network analysis; according to Rayder and Burt (1996), one's individual relationship networks significantly impact career performance, given their relationship with the generation and realization of professional opportunities. Influenced by Granovetter (1973), the authors propose the socio-professional superiority of networks whose configuration is characterized by the existence of disconnections between contacts, corresponding to the notion of 'structural holes.' In other words, the respondents' social capital and socialization in an environment where the majority of individuals are engaged in precarious employment proved to be yet another boundary limiting the possibilities of inter-and intra-generational mobility (MacDonald & Marsh, 2005;Perri 6, 1997). ...
In this paper, we employ the life story method to investigate the multiple boundaries that, visible or invisibly, have influenced the trajectories of outsourced cleaners working in organizations, delimiting their career opportunities. Based on the Bourdieusian framework, we aim to contribute to the expansion of the debate in the field of career studies by emphasizing the influence of the contextual dimension of analysis in the career construction process. Above all, we privilege a social class perspective, scarcely present in career studies, in which the dominance of constructs such as boundaryless and protean careers reflects the typical emphasis attributed to individual agency. Access to the life stories of the respondents enabled us to unveil multiple boundaries interposed throughout their trajectories, associated with family (family disorganization and early transitions: maternity, conjugality, and insertion into domestic work), educational (early school dropout), neighborhood (local ties associated with low career returns), and professional (intersubjective relationships associated with experiences of pleasure and social humiliation) contexts. Taken together, these boundaries ended up circumscribing the topography of their careers by largely limiting them to providing care and cleaning services.
Keywords:
career; boundaries; social class; life stories; Bourdieu
... Manifested as barriers of communication, silo mentalities may often lead to disjointed and disadvantageous ways of working (Fenwick et al., 2009). Creating bridges across these social divides may reinforce the ties among actors (Granovetter, 1973), increasing the likelihood of a renewal of discourse and, thus, the emergence of new ways of thinking and acting. Bridging across siloed networks happens through both structured arrangements and by self-organised interactions (Rouse, 2008). ...
To support change processes in complex healthcare service systems, the field of service design has been evolving to develop new approaches and ways of working. These developments include expanding the purpose of service design as a practice beyond the development of specific service offerings, instead moving towards shaping the conditions for the emergence of new forms of value creation. One way of meeting this challenge is by facilitating interactions within a diverse group of actors with multiple perspectives who can collaboratively propose new structural resolutions for service system developments. Despite the fact that most stakeholder interactions are done through conversations, little attention has been given to how designers are influencing conversations while working inside healthcare service systems. More explicit knowledge is needed on design conversations to ensure a more impactful outcome of systemic change processes. By using action research as an approach, we explore the 'design conversations' that took place during two embedded design lab interventions in two hospital settings. Our research reveals how designers use conversations to gain influence in change processes while working inside healthcare service systems. This inquiry highlights the importance of attending to conversations as a central systemic service design material. Further, we argue that more deliberate practical attention to conversations throughout the entire design process may increase the likelihood of emergent novel service propositions, helping shape their supportive social structures over time.
... Дори ако силата на колективизма намалява с нарастването на обхвата му, разширяването на човешките мрежи на взаимодействие и размяна разкрива нови възможности за социален и стопански прогрес. Granovetter (1973) представя свидетелства за този феномен в анализа си на "силата на слабите връзки": с нарастването на социалната дистанция между хората връзките между тях може и да стават все по-слаби, но информационната и икономическата значимост на тези отношения всъщност се увеличава (срв. с Ball, 2001, 79 -80). ...
This article investigates the possible causal relationships between slow-changing cultural characteristics like collectivism and individualism and the economic development of nations. Evidence in the literature shows that there are at least two aspects of collectivism in a society that are important for its economic development. The first can be defined as the strength of collectivism and is related to how strictly individual actions are limited by the power of social norms or the extent to which group members feel socially obliged to give up personal gain for the benefit of the group. The second aspect is the scope of collectivism. This dimension refers to the size of the group within which the collective feeling manifests and whether it spreads also to people with whom an individual has no history of personal relationships. Collectivism that is confined to a narrow group (family, clan) usually hinders economic development, while broad and strong collectivism can foster growth (e.g. East-Asian economies at the end of the XX century). Innovations that accompany economic and social development ñ such as the expansion of markets, the advances in transport and communications, and the increased educational opportunities in turn affect the strength and scope of collectivism. The influence of individualism-collectivism on economic development and vice versa is mediated by societal features like social capital, norms, institutions, ability to organise collective action, conformism, democratisation/modernisation, and meritocratic organisations. An in-depth look into the above mechanisms and their effects on subjective well-being can also help answer the unsettling question why a number of quality of life indicators have ceased to move in parallel with economic growth in leading economies in recent years.
... A focus on heterogeneity may develop from the study of social roles and networks, including the roles of brokerage (Peeples and Hass 2013) and 'weak ties' -social connections that go beyond the 'strong' bonds of kinship in the evolution of urbanism (Granovetter 1973). Sindbaek (2022) has suggested that such connections may be a critical component of urban societies and a factor that helps to focus on and explain some of their social characteristics and developmental paths. ...
Famously defined as large, dense, and heterogeneous settlements, urban sites have been compared by archaeologists as a basic parameter of social complexity globally. In such optics, the key dimensions for the evolution of early urban sites have been size and density. Recent studies and critique, however, suggest that there is great variation between the size and density of urban societies and their potential to facilitate a differentiation of identities and activities. This puts the onus on heterogeneity. This article asks how we may reframe comparative archaeological studies of early urban societies to focus on social heterogeneity. We outline concepts, methodologies, and data that can allow robust comparisons between places and societies, and models that can frame an understanding of patterns and trajectories in this perspective.
... Granovetter, zayıf bağları daha faydalı olarak belirtse de, her iki bağın farklı faydaları mevcuttur. Güçlü bağlara ulaşmak ve onlardan destek almak daha kolayken, zayıf bağlar ise bilgi, fırsat ve kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştırmaktadır (Granovetter, 1983). ...
Sosyal medya, günlük hayatın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline gelerek iletişim aracı olmanın ötesinde bugün halkla ilişkilerden pazarlamaya birçok alanda kullanılarak, iş ve alışveriş yapma kültüründe dönüşüm yaratmıştır. Bu dönüşümden girişimcilik de etkilenmiş ve sosyal medya girişimciliği isimli yeni bir fenomen ortaya çıkmıştır. Sosyal sermaye ise girişimcilik için önemli bir kavram olarak, geliştirilen ilişkilerin girişimin performansı ve başarısı üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çerçeve bağlamında çalışma, Instagram'daki sosyal medya girişimciliği ve sosyal sermaye arasındaki ilişkiyi yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar ile incelemektedir. Bulgular, sosyal medya girişimciliği ile sosyal sermaye arasında olumlu bir ilişki olduğunu ancak zayıf bağların öneminin girişimciler tarafından fark edilmesi ve kullanımının teşvik edilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur.
... The authors call attention to the fact that some factors may reduce the impact of space, since relations can create opportunities for the development of other relations in other contexts, in the sense of social and territorial bridges. Therefore, the literature considers the heterogeneity of networks as crucial for overcoming poverty ("getting ahead"), especially if they work as "bridges" (Briggs 2003(Briggs , 2005, particularly when associated with "weak ties" in the labour market (Granovetter 1973). ...
... Et, de manière encore plus centrale, il apparait qu'il est vécu positivement par une très grande majorité de patients et qu'il répond aux demandes d'information ou d'accompagnement psychologique des patients auxquelles les professionnels de santé ne peuvent faire face. Dans nombre de recherche, le fait que des communautés de patients soient structurées sur ce que Mark Granovetter (1973) nomme des liens faibles, garantissant une forme de distance et d'anonymat, permet de se confier, de s'abandonner au réconfort d'étrangers qui ne jugeront pas ou qui ne s'inquiéteront pas outre mesure. En outre, il paraît clair que le soutien social en ligne s'actualise surtout dans un accompagnement par les pairs de nature cognitive. ...
... International conferences draw a wider spectrum of groups than smaller, more homogeneous national conferences, increasing the chance of such access. 14,15 Researchers can benefit both personally and collectively from attending conferences. Personal growth, like a conference-inspired, single-authored work, is an example of an individual effect. ...
... Na produção científica, as colaborações podem ocorrer sob inúmeros vieses e intencionalidades, quer seja através de parcerias, entre laboratórios de pesquisa, instituições, organizações e empresas, ou por meio da produção conjunta de conhecimento científico, como na coautoria de artigos científicos, a partir da criação de laços fracos (efêmeros) ou fortes (duradouros) (Granovetter, 1973). ...
A valorização da informação e do conhecimento na sociedade contemporânea trouxe mudanças no mundo do trabalho e na educação, com novos paradigmas decorrentes da globalização. Em um ambiente cada vez mais competitivo, as organizações procuram profissionais com competências desenvolvidas além das necessárias para suas atividades específicas, que combinam conhecimentos e habilidades adquiridos em sua formação geral, formação profissional e experiências. Nesse sentido, a Competência em Informação deve fazer parte de todos os níveis educacionais, inclusive, na Educação Profissional, modalidade educacional que objetiva a formação de trabalhadores. Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir sobre a competência em informação na perspectiva da educação profissional e tecnológica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, que possui como instrumento de coleta de dados a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Ao se considerar que a qualificação dos trabalhadores nem sempre é suficiente para que estes sejam capazes de entregar os resultados esperados pelas organizações, acenamos com este artigo, a possibilidade para os professores, em especial, os da educação profissional e tecnológica, a incluir em suas práticas pedagógicas atividades baseadas no desenvolvimento da competência em informação para impulsionar mudanças realmente significativas na formação de seus alunos.
... Granovetter (1973). Entre as maneiras possíveis de compreensão desse conceito, podemos utilizar o grafo da figura 2. Um nó pode apresentar conexões de baixa frequência em termos de quantidade (por exemplo, grau de entrada e/ou de saída), mas se estabelece conexões estratégicas na rede, pode se tornar um nó essencial. ...
Refletimos sobre o controle corporativo brasileiro, levando em conta as relações acionárias das 200 principais holdings. O controle acionário foi modelado a partir da Análise de Redes Sociais, sendo utilizados grau de saída, grau de saída ponderado e centralidade de intermediação. Os centros hegemônicos são o setor energético, finanças e saúde privada. Apenas 20% das empresas concentra 80% do controle acionário e 1% quase 1⁄4. Dessas 62 empresas, 29 pertencem aos três setores mencionados, sendo 3 estatais, 9 estrangeiras e 17 privadas. A Eletrobrás possui o maior controle do fluxo acionário. Os três sócios da 3G Capital são as pessoas físicas mais poderosas. Considerando o controle acionário direto, a principal é a Rede D ́Or. A economia em território nacional está sob o controle de pouquíssimos clusters privados, nacionais e estrangeiros, muito mais influentes do que a capacidade estatal.
... Other studies of crucial factors for employment and inclusion of migrants have highlighted language proficiency (Johansson & Śliwa, 2016;Musgrave & Bradshaw, 2014;Ganassin & Johnstone Young, 2020;Knappert et al., 2019), personal agency and persistence in job seeking (Verwiebe et al., 2019;), cultural competence (Ganassin & Johnstone Young, 2020;Dehghanpour Farashah & Blomquist, 2020) and access to social networks (Granovetter, 1973;Montgomery, 1991). Social capital is a concept often used to analyse migrants' networks, (Behtoui, 2007;Gericke et al., 2018;Friesen, 2011). ...
Support from other people has been identified as one of the key factors facilitating migrants’ access to their previous vocational area in their new country (Eliasson et al., J Educ Work 35(8): 828–842). In this text, migrants’ descriptions of encounters that have influenced their paths to education or employment are studied in depth. The encounters are analysed through theories of social identity construction (Jenkins, Social identity, 2004) and from a class, gender, and ethnicity perspective. The material consists of 20 interviews with migrants who have a professional education from their home country and have gained access to their previous vocational area in Sweden. The result shows that encounters can lead to direct access to education and workplaces, but also function as support and encouragement that strengthen the migrant’s fighting spirit. In other words, successful encounters may lead to successful inclusion into working life. Aspects of ethnicity and profession (class) are visible in the analysis of the encounters, while gender is less visible since the respondents are working in traditionally masculine- or feminine-coded sectors. Resistance to other people’s negative constructions of the respondents’ identities is visible in many narratives, which also seems important to their persistence in job searching.
... It may stimulate ICB for egoistic reasons (e.g., help givers reduce their discomfort from seeing others in need) as well as altruistic reasons (e.g., true desire to increase the welfare of help recipients). Empathic concern is a characteristic of high-quality relationships (Granovetter, 1973;Sheppard & Sherman, 1998), and some have argued that it can function as a trigger for action (Vetlesen, 1994). Relational ties in high-quality work relationships often result in an increased sensitivity to others' experiences and an emotional arousal, both of which, by definition, characterize empathic concern (Batson, 1991;Davis, 1994). ...
A model hypothesizing relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of two complementary forms of interpersonal citizenship behavior (ICB) was tested. Measures with coworkers as the frame of reference were used to collect data from 273 individuals working in 2 service-oriented organizations. As hypothesized, variables reflecting relationship quality were associated with person-focused ICB, as mediated by empathic concern. Also as hypothesized, a relationship context variable, network centrality, exhibited a direct relationship with task-focused ICB. Unexpectedly, network centrality was directly associated with person-focused ICB, and empathic concern was associated with task-focused ICB. The results are discussed, and implications for research and practice are offered.
... En relación con sus vínculos profesionales, los profesores aparecen solo como un factor positivo para los hombres, mientras que para las mujeres, son determinantes en este rubro las prácticas profesionales (PP) y los vínculos que forman en estas. Este hallazgo resulta particularmente importante en nuestra investigación con miras a emprender iniciativas como generar vínculos con las instancias y dependencias en las cuales las estudiantes pueden realizar dichas prácticas, lo que asegurará que las actividades que desarrollen estarán relacionadas con su carrera, y que a la vez serán una nueva fuente de CS, pues pueden establecer contactos dentro del área en la cual les gustaría desenvolverse profesionalmente, algo que va de la mano de los hallazgos de Granovetter (1983Granovetter ( , 1985. Ahora bien, en términos de intención de abandono en estadios tempranos de la carrera, se realizaron cuadros semejantes a los anteriores, donde los cuadros 11.5-11.8 ...
Usualmente, la edad de los estudiantes universitarios en el país va
entre los 17 y los 24 años, por ende, para este texto se ha tomado
información tanto de los rangos de edad de 15 a 19 como de 20
a 24 con el fin de contextualizar el panorama.
De acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía
(INEGI) y la Clasificación Internacional Normalizada de la Educación
(CINE) (Instituto de Estadística de la Unesco, 2013), en México, en el
grupo de 20 a 24 años (educación terciaria), se encuentran registradas
5’256,211 mujeres y 5’165,884 varones, lo que muestra una diferencia de 90,317 a favor de las mujeres. En el grupo de 15 a 19 años hay 5’462,150 varones y 5’344,540 mujeres, donde la mayoría se refleja para los hombres.
En el nivel superior universitario, ciclo 2019-2020, a nivel nacional se registraron 1’843,618 jóvenes, notando que 8’552,384 no se
encontraban en las aulas, lo que representa solo un 18% en la formación educativa. Al respecto, la Dirección General de Planeación, Programación y Estadística Educativa (DGPPyEE) de la Subsecretaría de
Planeación, Evaluación y Coordinación del Sistema Educativo Nacional (SEN)(DGPPyEE, 2020) indica que en el ciclo escolar 2019-2020 se
tienen registradas a 1’786,715 mujeres y 1’824,029 hombres, mientras
que en el ciclo 2015-2016 ingresaron 1’800,558 mujeres y 1’848,387 varones a nivel licenciatura (DGPPyEE y SEP, 2021).
Si contrastamos los datos de los últimos cinco años se observa
un crecimiento en el ingreso de las mujeres a la educación superior, lo
que confirma que se han intensificado los esfuerzos para lograr políticas públicas relacionadas al acceso de las mujeres a la educación, así
como la participación de ellas en su formación; sin embargo, aún existen múltiples retos, debido no solo a las diversas desigualdades que enfrentan, sino también a las crisis económicas que históricamente han
aquejado al país.
En el mismo sentido, entre los obstáculos a los que se enfrentan
las mujeres se encuentra la brecha salarial que, si bien ha disminuido
con el tiempo, sigue siendo significativa. Como lo afirma la ONU Mujeres (s/f), entre 2017 y el primer trimestre de 2020, la brecha salarial
promedio fue del 15%, esto significa que por cada 100 pesos que percibían los hombres mensualmente, las mujeres ganaban solo 85 pesos.
Adicionalmente, en la publicación del Banco Mundial (2020), titulada
La participación laboral de la mujer en México, se afirma que la participación laboral de la mujer está muy por debajo de la de los hombres.
Esta disparidad tiene fuertes repercusiones económicas si se considera
que las mujeres, de acuerdo con cifras del INEGI (2021), constituyen
un 65.2% del PIB nacional.
Por estas inequidades, una de las alternativas que diversos organismos han recomendado (Huerta, 2017; Pearlman & Rubb, 2020)
es cambiar la situación individual de la mujer a través de la educación
superior, ya que una joven egresada de licenciatura tiene más posibilidades de lograr su integración en el mercado laboral;
... Соціальна атмосфера та інтеґрація під час навчального процесу можуть відображатися в концепціях соціального капіталу. Такі концепції передбачають вивчення міжособистісної довіри та довіри до інституцій (Helliwell & Putnam, 2007); акцент на матеріальних і нематеріальних ресурсах (Coleman, 1988;Lin, 2001); вивчення кількісних та якісних показників мереж, здатності індивіда мобілізувати ресурси, наявні у мережі для власних цілей (Granovetter, 1973;Burt, 2004). Надалі ми використовуємо концептуалізацію соціального капіталу на підставі двох останніх підходів. ...
The decision that students make regarding his or her further education or professional career is a complex process driven by multiple different factors. On the global scale, this research direction represents an important strategic tangent, given the significance of the universities in the formation of virtually all aspects of one’s life after graduation. It is equally crucial in the Ukrainian context, considering the educational reforms that are currently taking place in our country. As motivation to make a choice and embark on a particular career trajectory can be informed by different sources and is thus a multifactorial entity, so researching factors that affect academic career choice should accomodate multiple dimensions. To optimize the analytical procedures and to increase the informativeness of the results in our survey we employ methods of multidimensional analysis to explore and explain various aspects of decision making that can influence one’s choice of the institution for further education. To elicit the determinants of the university choice and to illustrate the effects of various factors in different domains of career choice, we use the cognitive self-report data collected from the NaUKMA undergraduates in Spring 2019. The results suggest that in students’ perception institutional characteristics of the NaUKMA, social atmosphere, academic climate and personal features of a student emerge as distinct factors. In the set of factors, the institutional characteristics were subdivided into the evaluation of the quality of the received education and strategic argument against applying for a postgraduate degree at the NaUKMA. Social atmosphere and academic climate, in their turn, split into social atmosphere, academic climate and being socially connected with individuals currently enrolled as MA students. Personal features were further subdivided into career values, attitudes toward one’s studies and attitudes towards the MA programmes. Positive evaluation of NaUKMA’s institutional characteristics has a positive correlation with one’s intentions of joining the programme and continuing one’s studies at NaUKMA, and a negative correlation with planning to apply to MA programmes abroad or elsewhere in Ukraine. Planning to avail of the international mobility programmes had a positive effect on choosing to join the MA programme at NaUKMA.
... This paradigm shift is typically considered to require a few influential individuals or opinion leaders ("key opinion leaders") from within the community to begin adopting the intervention, especially for innovations that were initially introduced by individuals outside of the network (ie, foreign researchers). [44][45][46] This notion is supported by the findings that some respondents were influenced to try PrEP by other TW who were already using it. PrEP outreach efforts should actively and meaningfully involve TW, and especially TW community leaders, in all steps of the process to create more compatible PrEP messaging and targeted programs that facilitate access for TW. ...
Transgender women's (TW) social networks may facilitate HIV prevention information dissemination and normative reinforcement. We conducted a qualitative study of social networks among 20 TW affiliated with 3 “casas trans” (houses shared among TW) in Lima, Peru, using diffusion of innovations theory to investigate community-level HIV prevention norms. Participants completed demographic questionnaires, social network interviews, and semistructured in-depth interviews. Median age was 26 and all participants engaged in sex work. Interviews revealed high HIV prevention knowledge and positive attitudes, but low engagement in HIV prevention. Respondents primarily discussed HIV prevention with other TW. Network members’ opinions about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) frequently influenced respondents’ personal beliefs, including mistrust of healthcare personnel, concern that PrEP efficacy was unproven, fear of adverse effects, and frustration regarding difficulty accessing PrEP. Patterns of influence in TW networks may be leveraged to improve uptake of HIV prevention tools, including PrEP.
... Trust is also needed because a large dimension of the knowledge that is to be shared is of a tacit nature. Completing the circle, concepts such as Granovetter's (1983) "social embeddedness" and "social capital" theorised by Bourdieu (1977) and popularised by Putnam (2000) relate to the extent to which individuals trust one another, and in what configurations . ...
... Trust is also needed because a large dimension of the knowledge that is to be shared is of a tacit nature. Completing the circle, concepts such as Granovetter's (1983) "social embeddedness" and "social capital" theorised by Bourdieu (1977) and popularised by Putnam (2000) relate to the extent to which individuals trust one another, and in what configurations . ...
... Trust is also needed because a large dimension of the knowledge that is to be shared is of a tacit nature. Completing the circle, concepts such as Granovetter's (1983) "social embeddedness" and "social capital" theorised by Bourdieu (1977) and popularised by Putnam (2000) relate to the extent to which individuals trust one another, and in what configurations . ...
The purpose of the research was to establish by what mechanisms and in what contexts does the methodology called Locally Identified Solutions and Practices (LISP) applied to neighbourhood policing work as a socially innovative community engagement process in neighbourhood policing?’
The research used a critical realist & systems analysis approach, utilising Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to investigate 8 projects implementing the Handbook to construct context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) chains to demonstrate what mechanisms contribute to what outcomes in which contexts.
Twenty-seven mechanisms were found to be active, 6 unique to this study, which provide a high-resolution insight into the processes of social innovation, removed from the personal characteristics of the social innovator. This establishes that there are clear, consistent and repeatable processes at play in social innovation, which suggests that the currently hegemonic postmodernist concept of ‘social bricolage’ requires further revision or rejection.
This study has demonstrated that the LISP Handbook is effective in neighbourhood policing for engaging with high risk vulnerable neighbourhoods. Moreover, the Handbook, allied to an understanding of the underlying mechanisms, has been demonstrated to be an effective, consistent and repeatable methodology for engaging intensively in vulnerable communities affected by severe crime.
The study has demonstrated the use of SSM as a method of case study analysis and comparison, and to create new insights within a CMO analysis. The research is the first to use SSM or CMO analyses in social innovation research or practice. Police officers & researchers will be interested in the LISP Handbook and how the projects were implemented. Social innovation practitioners and theorists will be interested in the CMO framework, and how mechanisms can guide the design, and implementation, of social innovations.
A long-standing expectation is that large, dense and cosmopolitan areas support socioeconomic mixing and exposure among diverse individuals1–6. Assessing this hypothesis has been difficult because previous measures of socioeconomic mixing have relied on static residential housing data rather than real-life exposures among people at work, in places of leisure and in home neighbourhoods7,8. Here we develop a measure of exposure segregation that captures the socioeconomic diversity of these everyday encounters. Using mobile phone mobility data to represent 1.6 billion real-world exposures among 9.6 million people in the United States, we measure exposure segregation across 382 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and 2,829 counties. We find that exposure segregation is 67% higher in the ten largest MSAs than in small MSAs with fewer than 100,000 residents. This means that, contrary to expectations, residents of large cosmopolitan areas have less exposure to a socioeconomically diverse range of individuals. Second, we find that the increased socioeconomic segregation in large cities arises because they offer a greater choice of differentiated spaces targeted to specific socioeconomic groups. Third, we find that this segregation-increasing effect is countered when a city’s hubs (such as shopping centres) are positioned to bridge diverse neighbourhoods and therefore attract people of all socioeconomic statuses. Our findings challenge a long-standing conjecture in human geography and highlight how urban design can both prevent and facilitate encounters among diverse individuals.
This case study explores the entangled history of the constructivist network in the course of the 1920s and 1930s in light of the interpersonal relationships between some of its representatives. In order to analyse the evolution and influence of such relationships on the functioning of the network, I present data and details of two seemingly distant areas, namely Poland and the Low Countries, and of the dynamics between chosen members of Polish, Dutch and Belgian avant-garde formations such as Zwrotnica, Blok, Praesens, De Stijl, Het Overzicht and Cercle et Carré. Based on tangible traces of direct and indirect relationships left in avant-garde magazines and private correspondence between the artists, I describe how particular ties were formed, maintained and terminated, and how they influenced the exchange between the analysed nodes. This analysis is partially based on Granovetter's renown theory of 'strong and weak ties', which examined the nature of interpersonal connections within and between given circles of individuals, with specific focus on the so-called 'marginal' individuals, particularly relevant for the description of avant-garde artists and their formations.
The management of large common-pool resources, like fisheries and forests, is more difficult when more people and more communities can access them—a particular problem given increased population sizes, higher mobility and globalized trade in the Anthropocene. Social relationships spanning communities, such as kin relationships, business or trade relationships and friendships, can make management even more challenging by facilitating and transmitting norms of overharvesting. However, these long-distance relationships can also bolster management by transmitting norms for sustainability, promoting interdependence and laying the groundwork for nested management systems. Here, we review the negative and positive impacts of long-distance relationships on local natural resource management (NRM), providing illustrative examples from our field research on forest and fisheries management in Tanzania. Drawing on the evolutionary literature, the development literature and our field data, we offer suggestions for how development partners can avoid the pitfalls of long-distance relationships and how they can use or even deliberately foster long-distance relationships to promote successful local NRM.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution and sustainability: gathering the strands for an Anthropocene synthesis’.
This chapter examines the role of skilled migrants as an international business (IB) resource in stimulating knowledge creation in their country of residence (CR) firms and facilitating cross-border knowledge flows between their CR and their country of origin (CO) firms. Drawing on the current state of research on migration in IB at the firm level, this chapter presents a conceptual framework that explains the motivation of skilled migrants in stimulating knowledge creation and knowledge flows in firms, the processes or mechanisms through which they do so, and the factors affecting the outcomes in internationally engaged firms. The knowledge carrier process, it argues, enhances the technological, institutional, and market-specific knowledge capabilities of CR firms. The knowledge connector process, on the other hand, creates knowledge bridges between migrants’ CO and CR that facilitate cross-border knowledge flows and can lead to the identification of new resources and capabilities for CR firms in CO locations. It concludes with a discussion of implications for organizational policymakers and provides several avenues for future research in IB.
Fair Trade constitutes a social-business initiative that plays a crucial role in the transition towards a "sustainable market economy", countering the major challenges of the 21st century. This research monograph reveals the mechanisms behind this process. It argues that Fair Trade constitutes a new type of market, "a Dispersed Hybrid Market (DHM)", that due to its specific features contributes to a more pro-social functioning of the entire market and taking responsibility for sustainable development by different market participants. It demonstrates, thus, what was underestimated about Fair Trade, and which is extremely important, that it can have a positive impact on the market in terms of sustainable transformation. The book is intended for researchers, lecturers, students, practitioners, and political decision-makers interested in sustainable development, Fair Trade, and transition towards sustainable markets, business, and economy. It contributes to better understanding of sustainability challenges explaining specifics of Fair Trade market, revealing paradoxes and barriers of its development and showing mechanisms of its spillover effects. It also develops arguments about the need to change the role of the state in the face of global challenges and to support such grassroots international initiatives as Fair Trade. Therefore the practical recommendations address both the desired directions of development of the self-governance of this initiative and the expected role of the state towards it, in particular possible ways to strengthen it.
We theorize network diplomacy as a form of symbolic interaction and examine Twitter as an arena for such interaction by comparing the social networks of U.S. missions in Britain, India, and China. Network analysis of a year’s sample of tweets, followed by manual coding of “strong ties” in each country, reveals the three networks reflect and reproduce different national identities for the United States—a friend to Britain, an ally to India, and a rival to China. Our study develops a three-dimensional framework of account-level variables—including Verification, Location, and Type—to evaluate the symbolic significance of diplomatic networking practices.
Machines powered by artificial intelligence increasingly permeate social networks with control over resources. However, machine allocation behavior might offer little benefit to human welfare over networks when it ignores the specific network mechanism of social exchange. Here, we perform an online experiment involving simple networks of humans (496 participants in 120 networks) playing a resource-sharing game to which we sometimes add artificial agents (bots). The experiment examines two opposite policies of machine allocation behavior: reciprocal bots, which share all resources reciprocally; and stingy bots, which share no resources at all. We also manipulate the bot’s network position. We show that reciprocal bots make little changes in unequal resource distribution among people. On the other hand, stingy bots balance structural power and improve collective welfare in human groups when placed in a specific network position, although they bestow no wealth on people. Our findings highlight the need to incorporate the human nature of reciprocity and relational interdependence in designing machine behavior in sharing networks. Conscientious machines do not always work for human welfare, depending on the network structure where they interact.
The social networks of 32 mothers in families being treated in a hospital-based program for indicated cases of child abuse and neglect were compared to the networks of a demographically comparable control group of 24 mothers whose children were not subject to maltreatment. The mean age of Ss in both samples was 35 yrs. The clinic mothers were found to be more isolated and more insulated from other people in their networks. Their isolation reflected a deficiency primarily in their peer connections, and their insularity served to separate their immediate families from their peer connections and from the rest of their families. (27 ref)
This paper extends our understanding of how casino patrons are affected by COVID-19 restrictions and how they cope by substituting gambling with alcohol consumption. We conducted two studies using a nationwide survey sample collected in Australia during the pandemic lockdown. Study 1 compares the casino patrons with two reference groups (other gambling patrons and non-gambling individuals) and investigates the lockdown restrictions on respondents’ relational strength, and their potential impact on mental health and future prospects. Study 2 applies the stress-response dampening model (SRD) and tests how respondents used alcohol consumption to cope with the lack of access to casinos during the lockdown. The results from Study 1 suggest that lockdown restrictions on respondents’ relational strength have significant negative impacts on anxiety, life satisfaction and post-pandemic outlook. Study 2 finds that casino patrons substituted gambling with alcohol consumption during the lockdown, with increased alcohol consumption negatively related to life satisfaction. Paradoxically, Australian gambling venue owners may not be adversely affected as many also run liquor retail operations.
This study examined adolescents’ friend and help relationships to better understand their interrelated nature and the different characteristics of relationship formation and social influence in the behavioral and emotional dimensions of academic engagement. Multiplex networks of friends and helpers were collected (N = 542; Mage = 11.46; 20 classrooms) and analyzed using a multilevel Bayesian social network analysis (multilevel random‐coefficients SAOM). The results showed that exchanging help played a role in the formation of friendships, and that friendships provided a relational context wherein help can be exchanged. Observable behavioral academic engagement played a more salient role in the formation of friend and help relationships, and highly engaged (in behavioral) adolescents were more often nominated as helpers. Both the behavioral and emotional dimensions of friends’ and helper’ academic engagement contributed to adolescents’ own behavioral and emotional engagement over time, but the social influence was more salient among friends compared to helpers. These results underscore that examining the dependencies among multiple networks and distinguishing between different dimensions of behavior and emotion are critical to elucidate the complex processes of relationship formation and social influence.
We investigate the development of cooperative behavior in networks over time. In our controlled laboratory experiment, subjects can cooperate by sending costly messages that contain valuable information for the receiver or other subjects in the network. Any message sent can increase the chance that subjects find the information they are looking for and consequently their profit. We find that cooperation emerges spontaneously and remains stable over time. In an additional treatment, we provide a non-binding suggestion about who to contact at the beginning of the experiment. We find that subjects partially follow our recommendation, and this increases their own and others’ profit. Despite the removal of suggestions, subjects build long-lasting relationships with the suggested contacts.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41109-023-00588-x.
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