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Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens

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Abstract

The present study was designed to evaluate whether a blend of essential oils (EO) extracted from herbs could affect growth performance, digestive enzymes and antimicrobial activity of the gut in growing broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and twenty, 3-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to the basal diet (CON) and the basal diet supplemented with 10mgantibiotics/kgdiet (ANTI), 25mgEO/kgdiet (EO I) and 50mgEO/kgdiet (EO II) until 35 days of age. Throughout the entire feeding period (3–35 days), there were no differences in body weight, feed intake, total gain and feed:gain ratio among the birds fed the basal diet and the diet supplemented with antibiotics, either low (EO I) or high level of EO (EO II). Weights of digestive organs including the liver, pancreas, intestine and mucosal tissues were not affected by the dietary treatments. Total and specific activities of pancreatic trypsin significantly (P

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... Essential oils are composed of a wide variety of molecules, as described above; phytotherapy has been isolated in veterinary medicine since ancient times, whose foundations were the Ethnoveterinary Practices [87,88]. EO molecules have digestive enzyme activity and stabilize the intestinal microflora; some of them assist in digestion [89][90][91]; others act against pathogens [42,54,57] or are antioxidant [8,36,37], and together, they optimize intestinal health [87]. In broiler production, to maintain or improve productivity during stress, alternatives such as improving intestinal health have been proposed. ...
... In one study it was observed that the dietary addition of essential oils showed a decrease in the population of E. coli in the ileocecal digesta. In addition, a high dose of EO resulted in a significant increase in certain activities of digestive enzymes of the pancreas and gut in growing broiler chickens [89]. In another study, it was observed that in the experiment where the group with antibiotics showed the lowest count of Lactobacillus spp. ...
... In broiler chicken production, essential oils from plants are suggested as growth promoters as an alternative to conventional antibiotics; however, the enhancement expected in the productive behavior of broiler chickens receiving essential oils is not always observed. In another study, they found no influence of essential oils (thymol) on production variables in broiler chickens [89]. Other researchers also reported no improvement in the productive performance of broiler chickens supplemented with a compound consisting of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol (extracted from oregano, cinnamon and cloves, respectively). ...
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The influence of essential oils (EOs) on gut microorganisms and broiler chicken production was evaluated through the systematic analysis of scientific reports. The present study was focused on the EO antimicrobial activity oriented toward broiler chicken production. There is a great biodiversity of plants, and various compounds with different biological activity have been isolated from them. The EO molecules extracted from plants have been employed recently in livestock feeding. Microbial resistance to antibiotics has led to their reduced use in animal production. To maintain competitive broiler chicken production with reduced antibiotic use, EOs have been explored. In broiler chickens, EOs are supplemented in the diet or drinking water to enhance weight gain and feed efficiency and reduce mortality. EOs are an alternative to antibiotics, and their research is dynamic in poultry production. The present review focused on the antimicrobial activity oriented to broiler chicken production. The search for information in databases used the terms “broiler chicken”, “essential oils” and combined them with the name of the plants. It was detected that the EO of Cinnamon bark or its compound cinnamaldehyde could reduce pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract and improve intestinal morphology. Essential oils from Cymbopogon spp. and Origanum vulgare had an effect mainly against Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and others, and against some Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus spp., or yeasts, such as Candida albicans. Essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus acted against Salmonella. Citrus japonica affected Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Origanum EO improved the antioxidant status and gut health of chickens, while EO of Eucalyptus with carvacrol, thymol, and Citrus lemon improved the productive performance of broiler chickens; also, Citrus spp. reduced the number of oocysts of Eimeria and showed activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is concluded that EOs are a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in the production of broiler chickens. Future research includes the standardization of EO from different plants and active molecules, as well as the interaction with other feed additives and their impact on the health and production of broiler chickens. In addition, safety for consumers and the environment must be considered.
... Likewise, Basmacioğlu et al., 28 and Zaazaa et al., 14 reported that adding oregano essential oil improved the performance of broiler chickens by higher body weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio. The noticeable improvement in the productive performance of chickens fed oregano essential oil and B. subtilis combination under high stocking density conditions may be due to promoting nutrient utilization, enhancing digestive and antioxidative enzymes, and immune response, in addition to reducing the number of pathogenic microorganisms and improving intestine morphology, as indicated by Jang et al. 29 ; Alagawany et al. 30 ; Elbaz et al. 9 . The results of our study are consistent with previous reports, which demonstrate the positive effect of adding oregano essential oil and B. subtilis on improving growth performance. ...
... Many studies have confirmed a close connection between enhanced nutrient digestibility and increased dressing percentage in broilers via significant increases in gut percentage and length of the intestine, in addition to modifying the microbial content 31,32 . Results by Jang et al. 29 and Elbaz et al. 9 reported that phytogenic (including essential oil) or probiotic feed additives improved the apparent intestinal digestibility of nutrients and promoted digestive enzyme activity, reflecting on increased dressing percentage. Moreover, in this study, abdominal fat content decreased in chickens fed B. subtilis, whether alone or combined with oregano essential oil. ...
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This study investigates the role of dietary Bacillus subtilis and oregano essential oil in mitigating the effects of high stocking density on growth performance, carcass traits, physiological stress indicators, gene expression, and intestinal integrity in broiler chickens. A total of, 1250 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five experimental groups, where each group had five replicates of 50 chicks. Group 1 (control, LSD): 15 chicks/m² fed a basal diet without feed additive, group 2 (HSD): 20 chicks/m² fed a basal diet without feed additive, group 3 (BHSD): 20 chicks/m² fed a basal diet supplemented with B. subtilis (500 mg/kg diet), group 4 (OHSD): 20 chicks/m² fed a basal diet supplemented with oregano essential oil (300 mg/kg diet), group 5 (CHSD): 20 chicks/m² fed a basal diet supplemented with oregano essential oil and B. subtilis. At 35 days of age, there was a noticeable improvement in the growth performance of broilers fed CHSD under high stocking density through the increase in body weight gain, dressing percentage, and crude protein digestibility with a decrease in feed conversion rate compared to other groups. Adding CHSD enhanced the state of oxidation and immunity through increasing superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the relative weight of bursa of Fabricius, while decreasing malondialdehyde, in addition to increasing plasma triiodothyronine levels. The microbial structure and morphometric parameters improved in the group that received the CHSD compared to the other groups, where villus height and Lactobacillus population increased, whereas Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens population decreased. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), fatty acid transporter 1 (FABP1), and amino acid transferase 1 (CAT1) gene expression levels significantly increased when feeding on oregano essential oil with B. subtilis. In conclusion, combining oregano essential oil and B. subtilis supplements mitigated the effects of high stocking density by enhancing growth performance, antioxidative status, and intestinal integrity, in addition to modifying the genetic expression of genes related to nutrient absorption.
... The dietary addition of a blend of essential oils extracted from herbs decreased the population of E. coli in ileocaecal digesta (Jang et al., 2007). ...
... mixtures, the significant increase of amylolytic and cellulolytic activities in the chymus of jejunum was observed only in both experimental groups. The favourable effect of essential oils on amylolytic activities was in agreement with the conclusions ofJang et al. (2007). Their observation was that activities of pancreatic alphaamylase and intestinal maltase were elevated in the gastrointestinal apparatus of broiler chickens after the application of a blend of essential oils extracted from herbs. ...
... Reports indicate that the growth of non-pathogenic gut bacteria can be improved while pathogens can be suppressed simultaneously. For instance, it is well documented that EOs can inhibit the growth of Campylobacter, a major foodborne pathogen while improving the growth of beneficial bacteria through the impact on the intestinal mucosal layer [38]. Eleutherin extract inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus and simultaneously 15:110 promoted the growth of the non-pathogen bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus [39]. ...
... EOs reduce pathogen adherence and balance the gut microflora leading to increased nutrient absorption [46]. A second mechanism relates to stimulating the secretion of digestive enzymes, including amylase and trypsin, as well as hydrochloric acid, resulting in better digestion and nutrient absorption [35,38]. Specifically, it has been reported that the inclusion of garlic powder or thymol and carvacrol significantly improved the broiler performance and carcass yield [47]. Improvement in fertility and hatchability is reported for broiler chickens whose diet was supplemented with a mixture of active compounds of six EOs, including oregano oil, laurel leaf oil, sage leaf oil, myrtle leaf oil, fennel seed oil, and citrus peel oil [48]. ...
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Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development. Essential oils (EOs), as natural, plant-derived compounds, have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed. Nevertheless, the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility, low water solubility, poor intestinal absorption, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. Recently, nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges, improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs, and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed. This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs, the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed, and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations, emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition. Highlights • Essential oils (EOs) are known as powerful antioxidants and antibacterial agents. • EOs have a high potential to replace antibiotics as feed additives. • Nanoformulations of EOs have shown improved bioactivity and storage stability of EOs. • Nanoformulation promotes the bioavailability and gut adsorption of EOs as feed additives.
... Unfortunately, its oxidative and antimutagenic properties in the livestock industry have received little attention (Castillo et al., 2005;Lykkesfeldt & Svendsen, 2007). Essential oils have been shown in research to enhance wildlife productivity and effectiveness by raising digestion (Jang et al., 2007), raising the quantity of probiotics like Lactobacillus spp. (Adaszýnska-Skwirzýnska & Szczerbínska, 2019;Cetin et al., 2016), arousing resistance to infection and the gastric microbes and reducing cell damage (Li et al., 2012;Zeng, Zhang, Wang, et al., 2015;Zeng, Zhang, Zhao, et al., 2015). ...
... Several studies have suggested that antioxidants from the oregano essential oil may move into the muscle of the laying hen, inhibiting the cascade of events linked with peroxidation and thereby reducing oxidation in albumen (Florou-Paneri et al., 2006). Conversely, many researchers have asserted that oregano essential oil has no impact on its effectiveness (Basmacioglu et al., 2010;Jang et al., 2007;Lee et al., 2003). For instance, Arpášová et al. (2015) discovered that the inclusion of thyme and oregano essential oils had no impact on the muscle mass, feed intake, and transformation of laying hens' mass and muscle mass in egg production. ...
... For instance, Yokhana et al. observed comparable enhancements in digestive enzyme activities with dietary interventions, aligning with the present findings (Yokhana et al., 2016). Similarly, Jang et al. reported that essential oils exhibited beneficial effects, including an increase in the activities of key digestive enzymes in the pancreatic and intestinal tissues of broiler chickens (Jang et al., 2007). Furthermore , Xu et al. demonstrated that the addition of 4.0 g/kg fructooligosaccharides to a basal diet significantly improved the activities of amylase and total protease compared to the control group (Xu et al., 2003). ...
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Bamboo powder, a novel ingredient, is gaining recognition for its potential as a dietary supplement in poultry feed. This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented bamboo powder (FBP) on antioxidant status, gut hormone activities, intestinal digestive enzyme activities, gut morphological structure, gastrointestinal development , and the expression of nutritional transporter genes in dwarf yellow-feather broiler chickens. A total of 600 healthy 1-day-old chicks were allocated randomly into two groups, with 10 replicates per group and 30 chicks in each replicate. The control group was provided with a standard basal diet, whereas the experimental group received the same basal diet supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 g/kg of fermented bamboo powder (FBP) in four phases: Phase I (days 1-22), Phase II (days 23-45), Phase III (days 46-60), and Phase IV (days 61-77). Phases I and II were categorized as the pretreatment period (days 0-45), while Phases III and IV represented the experimental period (days 46-77). Tissue samples were collected during Phase IV for further analysis. After 77 days of feeding, results revealed that FBP supplementation significantly enhanced the levels of gastrointestinal hormones (Glucagon-like peptide 1, Peptide YY, Cholecystokinin, and 5-hydroxytryptamine) in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Similarly, the activities of digestive enzymes (protease, chymotrypsin, trypsin, and amylase) were significantly increased in the small intestine. It also improved gut morphology by increasing villus height, crypt depth, and goblet cell counts in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Additionally, antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) were significantly increased, while malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased in the jejunum. Additionally, FBP sup-plementation significantly enhanced gizzard development. Overall, FBP supplementation modulated gut hormones and enzymes, enhanced gut morphology and promoted antioxidant status and gene expression related to nutrient transport and antioxidant defenses in broiler chickens. These findings suggest that FBP has the potential as a beneficial dietary supplement in poultry feed.
... In this 0.2% GML group, host growth increased by promoting energy intake, while antibiotics had the opposite effect. This may be because GML is conducive to reducing pH in the intestinal tract and this has a strong bactericidal effect [66], which can reduce the relative abundance of Escherichia coli [67] in the intestinal tract and increase the number of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus [68]. Additionally, the effect of GML, which encourages the competitive growth of good bacteria but is detrimental to proliferation of pathogenic bacteria, may be associated with improved intestinal microbiota structure in sows and piglets. ...
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This study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal glycerol monolaurate complex (GML) and antibiotic (acetylisovaleryltylosin tartrate, ATLL) supplementation during late gestation and lactation on the reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of piglets. In total, 64 pregnant sows were randomly divided into control, antibiotic, 0.1% GML, and 0.2% GML groups. The GML shortened their delivery interval and farrowing duration. The ATLL increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in sows and piglets and enhanced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in piglets, while reducing the tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ) level in sows. The GML tended to increase milk protein in the colostrum and decreased the TNF-ɑ of sows at lactation. Meanwhile, 0.2% GML increased the serum total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and interleukin-6 level in weaned piglets and decreased the TNF-ɑ level in sows and weaned piglets. Furthermore, ATLL decreased the microbial diversity of sows, and GML tended to increase the microbial diversity of sows and piglets. The ATLL group had an increased relative abundance of Bacteroidota in weaned piglets. The GML decreased the relative abundance of Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales, Proteobacteria, and the harmful bacteria Romboutsia in sows. Compared with the ATLL group, the 0.2% GML reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidota in weaned piglets. Interestingly, both ATLL and GML supplementation decreased the relative abundance of harmful bacteria Peptostreptococcaceae in sows. Correlation analysis also found positive effects of ATLL and GML in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant aspects. In conclusion, GML enhanced reproductive and growth performance by improving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status and maintaining intestinal flora balance, making it a promising alternative to ATLL in future applications.
... Aglipay et al. (2023 reported that administration of oregano extract in drinking water could induce favorable influences on performance criteria. In contrast Lee et al. (2003) and Jang et al. (2007) investigated the effects of oregano essential oils on broilers performance; the researchers reported that it had not any marked effects on broilers performance. On the basis of these investigations, the goal of this experiment was to give a contribute on the efficacy of dietary administration of different levels of oregano on growth performance, carcass traits and immune responses of broiler chickens. ...
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Background & Aim: Since the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been banned in many countries, there is an urgent need to find a suitable alternative for them. Meanwhile, in recent years, special attention has been paid to herbal compounds. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of oregano (Origanum vulgare L) as an alternative for AGPs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and immune responses in broiler chickens. Experimental: A total of 192 one-d-old female broiler chicks (Ross 308) were weighted and randomly allotted to 16 cages (12 chicks/cage). The dietary treatments were as follows: basal diet as a control, control + 4.5 mg flavophospholipol/kg, or control + 5 or 10 g oregano leaves powder/kg of diet. Results: Final body weight of broilers were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments, although it tended to increase in broilers fed diets containing antibiotic or 10 g oregano/kg of diet (P > 0.05). Daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments; although during the whole experiment (0-42 d) FCR tended to improve in broilers fed diets containing antibiotic or 10 g oregano/kg of diet (P > 0.05). The antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were significantly higher in broilers fed diets containing 5 g oregano/kg of diet (P < 0.05). Recommended applications/Industries: In conclusion, the results indicate that supplementation of broiler diet with 5 g oregano/kg could enhance antibody titers against NDV without adverse effects on performance criteria.
... In addition, the pH of the meat was not affected (P>0.05) by Ficus exasperate supplementation. According to Jang et al. (2007), meat is considered to have a very good quality at a pH of 6.2 and becomes uneatable at a pH above 6.7. In this study, the pH values fell within the range where meat is considered to be of good quality, indicating the cessation of glycolysis and the onset of rigor mortis. ...
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Edge row plants are common trees used as wind breakers in homesteads and farms. In recent times, their uses have been reported as feed for ruminants. However, the use of these plants has not been properly reported for rabbits. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ficus exasperata as an additive on the quality of rabbits’ meats. All groups were fed on basal diet with T1, T2, T3, and T4 supplemented with 0, 3, 6, and 9 % levels of F. exasperata leaf meal respectively in a completely randomized design. A total of 36 rabbits (707.5±0.20 g) were used for the study which lasted 12 weeks. A total of 12 rabbits, one from each replicate was slaughtered and the biceps femoris muscle was excised for proximate and meat quality assessment. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) influence of F. exasperata in the ash, fat, and crude protein contents of the meat. Mineral and protein was highest with supplementation of the leaf meal while a corresponding reduction in fat was observed across the treatments. Although meat pH was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by F. exasperata, water holding capacity as well as cooking loss in the meat were significantly (P<0.05) better in groups receiving different supplemental levels of F. exasperata. Juiciness and overall acceptability of the meat were influenced significantly (P<0.05) by the additive. It was concluded that up to 9 % of Ficus exasperata can be added to the diets of rabbits for improved meat quality.
... For this purpose, after thawing one gram of each of the frozen samples was added to 9 ml of distilled water; then 300 microliters of each dilution series of 10 -3 , 10 -4 , and 10 -5 were inoculated on plates containing culture medium by completely spreading on the culture surface by means of a lap. Samples were grown at 37˚C for 24 hours in Eosin methylene blue (EMB) Agar for E. coli and L. acidophilus bacteria and in Blood Agar (BA) culture medium for Bifidobacterium bacteria (Jang et al., 2007). Then, in order to determine CFU (Colony Forming Units), the colonies formed were counted (4-10) in the most appropriate dilution followed by multiplying the number of colonies on each culture medium by the dilution ratio. ...
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In order to investigate the effect of licorice medicinal plant on performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile of breast muscle, intestinal microbial flora, blood constitutes and immunity of broiler chickens, an experiment using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, 4 replications, 10 chicks per repetition and a total of 120 pieces of one-day-old male broiler chickens of commercial strain Ross 308 were performed for 42 days. Experimental treatments included three different levels of licorice (0, 300 and 400 mg/kg feed). Data was analyzed using SAS statistical software and averages were compared at the 5% probability level with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that although variation in feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion ratio was not significant in any of the rearing periods (P≥0.05), the highest feed consumption, weight gain and the best feed conversion ratio was observed in the final period of chickens were fed with Diet containing 400mg/kg licorice. Also, according to the data, the best European index was related to this treatment. In addition, the use of two levels of licorice had no significant effect on carcass characteristics or intestinal microbial flora; however, the highest increase in body weight and the lowest number of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria were observed at the higher level of licorice. However, these high levels did not lead to a decrease in abdominal fat. According to the results obtained, different levels of licorice led to a significant reduction of harmful fats such as cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL and LDL (P<0.05). Furthermore, although the level of HDL was not significant (P≥ 0.05), its highest amount was seen at high levels of licorice. In addition, the lowest amount of total protein, albumin and globulin was observed at the level of 400 mg/kg of licorice. According to these results, although the amount of glucose was lowest its level was not significant (P≥0.05), Also, the use of this same level of licorice had no significant effect on the function of the humoral immune system in response to antigen injection (SRBC Antibody against sheep red blood cell) or antibody titer against Newcastle virus and influenza (P≥0.05). Nevertheless, according to the data, the highest antibody titer against Newcastle virus and SRBC antigen was associated with this treatment. These results also showed that high levels of licorice led to an increase in the number of Bifidobacterium. Villi width and crypt depth decreased at the high dose of licorice, but the ratio of villi length to crypt depth increased. In addition, the use of different levels of licorice could not reduce the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids compared to the control group. Therefore, based on the results of this research, it is recommended to use the level of 400 mg/kg of licorice to supplement the diet of broilers of Ross 308 strain.
... Sample homogenate (5 ml) placed in test tube was analysed to determine the extent of lipid oxidation (malondialdehyde value), reported as the 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) using the procedure described by Ahn et al. (1998). Milligrams of malondialdehyde per kilogram of meat was recorded as lipid oxidation product (Jang et al. 2007). ...
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Nutritional modifications to improve meat quality is targeted by farmers. Bird eye pepper (BEP) contains bio-compounds of physiological significance. The potency of BEP of varying inclusion level and sieve size on meat quality [fatty acid (FA), lipid profile and oxidative stability] of broiler chickens was investigated. A total of 246 birds fed diet-containing BEP [inclusion level (0, 0.15 and 0.3%), sieve size (0.05 and 0.1 mm)] were randomized to six treatments replicated 4 times in a 2 by 3 factorial layout. After feeding (31 days), forty-eight birds (two per replicate) were slaughtered and breast muscles harvested. Meat lipid profile and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were determined on day (d) 0, while TBARs was further assessed on d 3 and 5, but FA on d 10 of refrigeration storage. BEP diet (0.15%) increased (p < 0.05) total monounsaturated FA (MUFA), unsaturated FA (UFA) and n-3 FA, while 0.05 mm BEP lowered (p < 0.05) meat index of thrombogenicity (TI) but increased meat hypocholesteromic: hypercholesteromic (HH) value. Dietary 0.15% (0.05 mm) BEP yielded low (p < 0.05) SFA but high MUFA: SFA, UFA: SFA and NVI, while 0.15% (0.1 mm) BEP diet resulted in high total MUFA and higher (p < 0.05) UFA, n-3 and n-3: n-6 FA. Control, 0.15% and 0.05 mm BEP diets reduced (p < 0.05) meat cholesterol value. This study has shown that 0.15% (0.05 mm) BEP diet had no deleterious effect on the growth of broiler chickens but improved the NVI, IA, TI, HH, TBARs and cholesterol of the meat – a significance to health-conscious consumers.
... Aanyu et al. suggested that the enhanced Nile tilapia weight gain in response to limonene inclusion was due to improved protein absorption and increased mucus secretion, with significant up-regulation of Muc and Pep1 genes [12]. Citrus EOs also motivated the secretion of digestive enzymes such as trypsin, amylase, amino peptidases, and alkaline phosphatase, thus improving feed utilization [93]. They also could increase the levels of beneficial gut microbes compared to pathogenic bacteria, facilitating nutrient absorption [76,94,95]. ...
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The dietary presence of feed additives is crucial for boosting fish growth and immunity. Accordingly, this feeding trial aimed to investigate the effect of the separate and concurrent dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis (SP) and bitter lemon (Citrus limon) peels essential oil (LEO) on the growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four groups of male Nile tilapia were employed. The first group (control) was given the basal diet, while the second and third groups received the basal diet supplemented with LEO- extract (1%) and SP (1 g/kg diet), respectively. The fourth group received the basal diet supplemented with a mix of LEO (1%) and SP at 1 g/kg. After two months of feeding, using LEO or/and SP improved the overall growth and immunological parameters with their combination yielded the best outcomes. The supplementation of LEO or/and SP improved the Nile tilapia’s growth metrics and the transcriptomic levels of growth-regulating genes such as (oligo-peptide transporter 1 (Pep1), growth hormone receptors 1 (GHR1), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1). The improved growth performance was linked to significant increases in the expression levels of the mucin and the fat-metabolism-related genes. Moreover, fish supplemented with LEO, SP, or their combination showed enhanced non-specific immunological measures, including phagocytic and lysozyme activities and the mRNA copies of its regulating genes. Additionally, remarkable increases in the antioxidant enzyme activities and the mRNA levels of their related genes were detected. Besides, the complement (C3) gene's transcriptomic level was significantly increased. Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of LEO, SP, or their combination improved the histological structures of the spleen, hepatopancreas, and intestine. The enhanced effects of LEO, SP, or their combination on fish immunity and growth are suggested to be due to their contents of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Thus, using the LOE and SP blends as feed additives is recommended for better growth and immunity of Nile tilapia.
... In this study, OA+B supplement upregulated the ileal BBM maltase activity at d21, while the jejunal BBM maltase and sucrase activities were not affected until d 42. While other studies using essential oil and organic acid additives observed increased digestive enzyme activity, their focus was primarily on the upper gastrointestinal tract and pancreas (Jang et al., 2007;Khodambashi Emami et al., 2012;Hashemipour et al., 2013;Deng et al., 2021;Su et al., 2021). Very few research in poultry studied the intestinal cell membrane bound enzymes. ...
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Organic acids and botanicals have shown protective effects on gut barrier and against inflammation in broilers. However, their effects on intestinal digestive enzymes and nutrients transporters expression and functions have not been fully studied. The objective of this study was to understand how a microencapsulated blend of botanicals and organic acids affected intestinal enzyme activities and nutrient transporters expression and functions in broilers. A total of 288 birds were assigned to a commercial control diet or diet supplemented with 500 g/MT (metric ton) of the microencapsulated additive. Growth performance was recorded weekly. At d 21 and d 42, jejunum and ileum were isolated for enzyme (maltase, sucrase, and aminopeptidase) and transporter (SGLT1, GLUT2, GLUT1, EAAT3, B⁰AT1, and PepT1) analyses. Jejunum specific nutrients (glucose, alanine, and glutamate) transport activities were evaluated by Ussing chamber. Protein expression of nutrient transporters in small intestine were measured in mucosa and brush-border membrane (BBM) samples by western blot. Intestinal gene expression of the transporters was determined by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test comparing the supplemented diet to the control. The feed efficiency was significantly improved through the study period in the supplemented group (P ≤ 0.05). Significant changes of intestinal histology were shown in both jejunum (P ≤ 0.10) and ileum (P ≤ 0.05) after 21 d of treatment. At d21, jejunal maltase activity was upregulated (P ≤ 0.10). The Ussing chamber transport of glucose and alanine was increased, which was in line with increased gene expression (GLUT2, GLUT1, EAAT3, and B⁰AT1) (P ≤ 0.10 and P ≤ 0.05, respectively) and BBMV protein levels (B⁰AT1, P < 0.10). At d21, ileal sucrase and maltase activities were upregulated (P ≤ 0.05). Increased expressions of GLUT1, EAAT3, and B⁰AT1 were observed in both mRNA and protein levels (P ≤ 0.05). Similar pattern of changes was also shown at d42 of age. Our results suggest that feeding microencapsulated additives improves intestinal nutrient digestion and transporter expression and function in broilers, thereby enhancing feed efficiency.
... Studies have demonstrated that thymol has the ability to induce the secretion of bile acids, gastric, and pancreatic enzymes such as lipase, amylase, and proteases in broiler chickens. 21 Furthermore, thymol has been found to reduce gastritis, which is characterized by inflammation of the stomach lining. It also can attenuate acute and chronic ulcers induced by various agents such as ethanol, indomethacin, and acetic acid. ...
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Abstract Objectives The water distillate derived from Trachyspermum roxburghianum seeds has been traditionally employed in medicine for treating stomach infections and gastric ulcers. However, no systematic study has been conducted to evaluate its efficacy. Therefore, the present study focused on evaluating the potential health benefits, including the chemical constituents of the distillate. This distillate was prepared and identified as Siddhalepa Asamodagam Spirit (Sid.AS). Methods The chemical constituents of Sid.AS were identified and quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The antioxidant potential of Sid.AS samples was assessed in vitro using DPPH and ABTS assays. Various concentrations of Sid.AS were subjected to antimicrobial, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and urease inhibition assays according to the standard methods specified by the Ayurvedic Department in Sri Lanka. Results Thymol was identified as the major compound in Sid.AS through GC-MS analysis. Sid.AS demonstrated significant anti-urease, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipase, and antioxidant activities, as evidenced by low IC50 values compared to the positive controls. This suggests its potential in controlling gastric-related disorders, scavenging free radicals, and managing obesity by inhibiting the breakdown and absorption of fats. Additionally, Sid.AS exhibited inhibitory effects against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes, indicating potential anti-diabetic activity by regulating blood sugar levels. Sid.AS displayed strong antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms, with higher zones of inhibition and lower MIC and MLC values, indicating its effectiveness in combating microbial infections. Findings from the anti-lipase assay demonstrated activity comparable to that of the positive control, Orlistat. Conclusion The findings of Sid.AS suggest its potential as a multi-functional bioactive herbal distillate with various pharmacological activities. Our results highlight that Sid.AS is a promising natural herbal extract with diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-urease, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and antimicrobial activities. Further research and development could explore its potential applications in various therapeutic areas.
... The effectivenes of herbal medicines in preventing and controlling viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal fish diseases is due to their robust immune enhancement, anti-oxidation, or direct anti-pathogenic effects of their active components (e.g., polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids) [140]. A number of studies, mainly on poultry, have proven that the addition of EOs to food leads to a reduction of certain pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines [141,142]. The usage of EOs of Ocimum gratissimum and Hesperozygis ringens for their antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties, respectively, against different fish pathogens, was studied, and both EOs showed moderate activity against the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii (MIC 400-800 µg/mL) and weak activity against Citrobacter freundii and Raoltella ornithinolytica [143]. ...
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The application of antimicrobials in aquaculture primarily aims to prevent and treat bacterial infections in fish, but their inappropriate use may result in the emergence of zoonotic antibiotic-resistant bacteria and the subsequent transmission of resistant strains to humans via food consumption. The aquatic environment serves as a potential reservoir for resistant bacteria, providing an ideal breeding ground for development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The mutual inter-connection of intensive fish-farming systems with terrestrial environments, the food processing industry and human population creates pathways for the transmission of resistant bacteria, exacerbating the problem further. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the most effective and available risk mitigation strategies to tackle AMR in aquaculture, based on the One Health (OH) concept. The stringent antimicrobial use guidelines, promoting disease control methods like enhanced farm biosecurity measures and vaccinations, alternatives to antibiotics (ABs) (prebiotics, probiotics, immunostimulants, essential oils (EOs), peptides and phage therapy), feeding practices, genetics, monitoring water quality, and improving wastewater treatment, rather than applying excessive use of antimicrobials, can effectively prevent the development of AMR and release of resistant bacteria into the environment and food. The contribution of the environment to AMR development traditionally receives less attention, and, therefore, environmental aspects should be included more prominently in OH efforts to predict, detect and prevent the risks to health. This is of particular importance for low and middle-income countries with a lack of integration of the national AMR action plans (NAPs) with the aquaculture-producing environment. Integrated control of AMR in fisheries based on the OH approach can contribute to substantial decrease in resistance, and such is the case in Asia, where in aquaculture, the percentage of antimicrobial compounds with resistance exceeding 50% (P50) decreased from 52% to 22% within the period of the previous two decades.
... Then 300 µL of each dilution series of 10 -3 , 10 -4 , and 10 -5 were taken and inoculated on the plates containing the culture medium and spread completely on the culture surface using a loop. The inoculated samples were incubated at 37°C for 24h for the growth of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus in Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB) and Bifidobacterium on blood agar (Jang et al., 2007). Finally, to determine Colony Forming Units (CFU), the colonies formed in the most appropriate dilution (4-10) were counted. ...
... The improvement in these enzymes reflected the improvement in nutritional digestibility caused by OEOs and suggested the reason for an increase in body weight as shown in this study. Our current findings correspond to the findings of Jang et al., 2007;Boyen et al., 2008;Zhang et al., 2021 who reported that adding OEO as a dietary supplement enhanced the digestibility of all nutrients and thus all digestive enzymes, ultimately leading to better broiler growth performance. Slaughter et al. (2001) state that elevated amylase levels in the gastrointestinal tract suggest that starch's enzymatic hydrolysis may be the main obstacle factor in the digestion of carbohydrates, primarily because of aspects that involve its chemical and physical properties. ...
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The study examined the impact of adding oregano extract and/or rosemary to broiler diets to counteract the growth inhibition caused by heat stress (HS). It also investigated the effects on the activity of digestive enzymes, microbiological composition, and the expression of antioxidant and tight junction-related proteins. Three hundred- and fifty-day-old male broilers, were randomly assigned to seven treatment groups, with each group comprising five replicates, and each replicate containing 10 chicks in a cage. The diets were: 1) a basal diet, 2) a diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg of rosemary, 3) a diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg of rosemary, 4) a diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg of oregano, 5) a diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg of oregano, 6) a combination diet containing 50 mg/kg each of rosemary and oregano, and 7) a combination diet containing 100 mg/kg each of rosemary and oregano. Dietary oregano extract enhanced the growth and feed utilization of heat-stressed birds, especially at a concentration of 50 mg/kg. Moreover, oregano extract improved jejunal protease and amylase activities. The extracts of rosemary and oregano significantly reduced IgG and IgM levels. Dietary 50 mg oregano extract significantly upregulated intestinal integrity-related genes including jejunal CLDNI, ZO-1, ZO-2, and MUC2. Dietary 50 mg oregano extract significantly downregulated hepatic NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expressions. Our results suggest that incorporating oregano leaf extract into the diet at a concentration of 50 mg/kg improves the growth performance of broilers exposed to heat stress. This improvement could be attributed to enhanced gut health and the modulation of genes associated with oxidative stress and tight junction proteins.
... EOs favourably affect gut functions by stimulating digestive secretions, e.g., bile, mucus etc. and increase enzyme activity (Brenes and Roura, 2010). EOs enhance secretion of trypsin, amylase and jejunal chyme (Jang et al., 2007) and reduce adherence of pathogens to the intestinal wall and also improve morphology of intestines (Windisch et al., 2008;Brenes and Roura, 2010). Lee et al., 2003 also demonstrated that ileal digestibility coefficients for starch and protein in broiler chicken fed diets containing EOs were higher owing to the greater activity of amylase. ...
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This study investigated the effects of different dietary inclusion levels of Lavender essential oil (LEO) in free and nanoencapsulated form on intestinal gross and microstructure changes and subsequent nutrient digestibility in broiler chicken. At 1 week of age, 420 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 7 treatment groups with 4 replicate pens, each containing 15 birds. The experiment lasted till the birds were 42 days of age. Dietary treatments included a corn-soybean based diet supplemented with 0 (T1), 20 mg/kg Enramycin as antibiotic growth promoter (T2), 300 mg/kg (nanoencapsulating material) chitosan (T3), 200 and 400 mg/kg free LEO (T4 and T5, respectively), 200 and 400 mg/kg nanoencapsulated LEO (T6 and T7, respectively). The results revealed that the dry matter metabolizability (DMM), digestible crude protein (DCP), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), calcium (Ca), and phosphorous (P) digestibility improved in the groups fed LEO in the diet with more significance (p<0.05) in the groups wherein nanoencapsulated form of LEO was used. Similarly, the intestinal length and weight, ileal villus height (VH), and villus height to crypt depth (VH:CD) improved significantly (p<0.05) in all the LEO groups, particularly in nanoencapsulated groups (T6 and T7) compared to control. In conclusion, nanoencapsulation of LEO is a viable strategy for improving the intestinal gross and microstructure, and subsequent nutrient digestibility in broiler chicken.
... polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids) [138]. A number of studies, mainly on poultry, have proven that the addition of essential oils (EOs) to food leads to a reduction of certain pathogenic microorganisms in the intestines [139,140]. The usage of EOs of Ocimum gratissimum and Hesperozygis ringens for its antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties, respectively, against different fish pathogens was studied and both EOs showed moderate activity against the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas veronii (MIC 400-800 µg/mL) and weak activity against Citrobacter freundii and Raoltella ornithinolytica [141]. ...
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The application of antimicrobials in aquaculture primarily aims to prevent and treat bacterial infections in fish. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials in fish farming may result in the emergence of zoonotic antibiotic-resistant bacteria and subsequent transmission of resistant strains to humans via food consumption. From recently, AMR emerged as a significant public health concern in the aquaculture ecosystem and fisheries. The aquatic environment serves as a potential reservoir for resistant bacteria, with aquaculture practices providing an ideal breeding ground for AMR due to the excessive use of antimicrobials to prevent and treat diseases. The mutual inter-connection of intensive fish farming systems with terrestrial environments, food processing industry and human population creates pathways for the transmission of resistant bacteria, exacerbating the problem further. One Health concept, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health, enables a holistic approach to address the challenges posed by AMR. By understanding the evolution of such approach, the future of aquaculture, being the important source of a global animal protein supply, can be safeguarded. Risk mitigation strategies for AMR should be based on One Health concept to contribute to sustainable aquaculture practices that protect human and animal health, ensure food safety and protection of environment.
... Additionally, comparable to the untreated group, marjoram resulted in a linear increase in trypsin, lipase, and protease secretion from pancreas. It has been demonstrated that involving marjoram active ingredients to broilers feed will increase the production of α-amylase and trypsin from pancreas (Jang et al., 2007). ...
... There was greater nutrient digestibility and retention in broilers fed EOs in the diet [14]. The positive effect on nutrient digestibility has been attributed to the fact that EOs stimulate the digestive secretions of bile, mucus, etc., and improve enzyme activity like trypsin and amylase [54,55]. Moreover, EOs limit the adherence of pathogens to intestinal wall, improve intestinal morphology, balance gut flora, and exert antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects [56,57]. ...
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This study evaluated the effect of free and nanoencapsulated rosemary essential oil (REO) as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and gene expression. Four hundred twenty day-old commercial broiler chicks (VENCOBB) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments, each having four replicates of fifteen chicks. The dietary treatments comprised control (CON) fed a basal diet only, AB (basal diet + 10 mg enramycin/kg), CS (basal diet + 150 mg chitosan nanoparticles/kg), REOF100 and REOF200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg free REO/kg, respectively), and REON100 and REON200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg nanoencapsulated REO/kg, respectively). Overall (7–42 d), REON200 showed the highest (p < 0.001) body weight gain (1899 g/bird) and CON had the lowest gain (1742 g/bird), while the CS, REOF100 and REOF200 groups had a similar gain, but lower than that of the AB and REON100 groups. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. Overall, the feed efficiency increased (p = 0.001) by 8.47% in the REON200 group and 6.21% in the AB and REON100 groups compared with the CON. Supplementation of REO improved (p < 0.05) dry matter and crude protein digestibility, with the highest values in REON100 and REON200. Ether extract, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus digestibility values showed no difference among the groups. The dressing, breast, thigh % increased (p < 0.05) and abdominal fat % decreased (p < 0.001) more in the REON200 group than with other treatments and CON. In breast meat quality, water holding capacity and extract reserve volume increased (p < 0.05) while drip loss and cholesterol content decreased (p < 0.05) in REON100 and REON200. No change was observed in the breast meat color among dietary treatments and CON. The REON100 and REON200 groups had reduced (p < 0.05) meat lipid peroxidation as depicted by the decreased levels of TBARS, free fatty acids and peroxide value compared to other treatments and CON. The expression of the Mucin 2, PepT1 and IL-10 genes was upregulated (p < 0.001) and TNF-α downregulated (p < 0.001) by dietary addition of REO particularly in the nanoencapsulated form compared with the CON. In conclusion, nanoencapsulated REO, especially at 200 mg/kg diet, showed promising results as an antibiotic alternative in improving the performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and upregulation of growth and anti-inflammatory genes.
... There was greater nutrient digestibility and retention in broilers fed EOs in the diet [14]. The positive effect on nutrient digestibility has been a ributed to the fact that EOs stimulate the digestive secretions of bile, mucus, etc., and improve enzyme activity like trypsin and amylase [54,55]. Moreover, EOs limit the adherence of pathogens to intestinal wall, improve intestinal morphology, balance gut flora, and exert antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects [56,57]. ...
Article
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This study evaluated the effect of free and nanoencapsulated rosemary essential oil (REO) as an antibiotic alternative in broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and gene expression. Four hundred twenty day-old commercial broiler chicks (VENCOBB) were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments, each having four replicates of fifteen chicks. The dietary treatments comprised control (CON) fed a basal diet only, AB (basal diet + 10 mg enramycin/kg), CS (basal diet + 150 mg chitosan nanoparticles/kg), REOF100 and REOF200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg free REO/kg, respectively), and REON100 and REON200 (basal diet + 100 mg and 200 mg nanoencapsulated REO/kg, respectively). Overall (7–42 d), REON200 showed the highest (p < 0.001) body weight gain (1899 g/bird) and CON had the lowest gain (1742 g/bird), while the CS, REOF100 and REOF200 groups had a similar gain, but lower than that of the AB and REON100 groups. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatments. Overall, the feed efficiency increased (p = 0.001) by 8.47% in the REON200 group and 6.21% in the AB and REON100 groups compared with the CON. Supplementation of REO improved (p < 0.05) dry ma er and crude protein digestibility, with the highest values in REON100 and REON200. Ether extract, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus digestibility values showed no difference among the groups. The dressing, breast, thigh % increased (p < 0.05) and abdominal fat % decreased (p < 0.001) more in the REON200 group than with other treatments and CON. In breast meat quality, water holding capacity and extract reserve volume increased (p < 0.05) while drip loss and cholesterol content decreased (p < 0.05) in REON100 and REON200. No change was observed in the breast meat color among dietary treatments and CON. The REON100 and REON200 groups had reduced (p < 0.05) meat lipid peroxidation as depicted by the decreased levels of TBARS, free fa y acids and peroxide value compared to other treatments and CON. The expression of the Mucin 2, PepT1 and IL-10 genes was upregulated (p < 0.001) and TNF-α downregulated (p < 0.001) by dietary addition of REO particularly in the nanoencapsulated form compared with the CON. In conclusion, nanoencapsulated REO, especially at 200 mg/kg diet, showed promising results as an antibiotic alternative in improving the performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality and upregulation of growth and anti-inflammatory genes.
... In addition, the pH of the meat was not affected (P>0.05) by Ficus exasperate supplementation. According to Jang et al. (2007), meat is considered to have a very good quality at a pH of 6.2 and becomes uneatable at a pH above 6.7. In this study, the pH values fell within the range where meat is considered to be of good quality, indicating the cessation of glycolysis and the onset of rigor mortis. ...
Conference Paper
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Edge row plants are common trees used as wind breakers in homesteads and farms. In recent times, their uses have been reported as feed for ruminants. However, the use of these plants has not been adequately reported for rabbits. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effect of Ficus exasperata as an additive on the quality of rabbits' meats. All groups were fed on basal diet with T1, T2, T3, and T4 supplemented with 0, 3, 6, and 9% levels of F. exasperate leaf meal, respectively, in a completely randomized design. A total of 36 rabbits (797.5±0.20 g) were used for the study, which lasted 12 weeks. A total of 12 rabbits, one from each replicate, was slaughtered, and the biceps femoris muscle was excised for proximate and meat quality assessment. Results revealed a significant influence of F. exasperata in the ash, fat, and crude protein contents of the meat. Mineral and protein was highest with supplementation of the leaf meal while a corresponding reduction in fat was observed across the treatments. Although meat pH was not significantly affected by F. exasperata, water holding capacity as well as cooking loss in the meat were significantly better in groups receiving different supplemental levels of F. exasperata. Juiciness and overall acceptability of the meat were influenced significantly by the additive. It was concluded that up to 9% of Ficus exasperata can be added to the diets of rabbits for improved meat quality.
... The presence of multidrugresistant (MDR) E. coli and their corresponding resistance genes in poultry is global issue [10]. o Essential oils often have a substantial inhibitory effect on E. coli in vitro and in the lower intestinal tract of chickens [11]. ...
Chapter
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Colibacillosis is any diseased condition caused by avian pathogenic E. coli, a Gram negative, non-acid-fast, uniform staining, and non-spore-forming bacillus. It is the most common, prevalent, and important bacterial disease of poultry in the world. E. coli produces toxins like endotoxin, enterotoxin, cytotoxin, hemolysins, hemagglutinins and virulence factors like adhesins. The common predisposing factors include mismanagement in humidity, temperature, ventilation and litter and immunosuppression. The sources of infection are contaminated feed, water and air while route of infection can be aerosol, oral, defected navel and infected egg with incubation period 5-7 days. It commonly causes Colisepticemia, Coligranuloma, Omphalitis, Salpingitis and Peritonitis, etc. Specific diagnosis can be done by identification, isolation and genotyping of E. coli. Suitable susceptible antibiotic can be used for treatment. Control of colibacillosis can be successfully done by proper management, vaccination and biosecurity protocol.
... To investigate cecal microbial flora, after slaughtering, the right and left ceca were separated with sterile scissors and the contents were emptied into sterile microtubules. They were held at 20 • C until microbial culture was performed to determine the E. coli population [41]. Serial dilution (1:10) in distilled water and autoclaving at a pressure of 120 atmospheres were used to dilute the samples [42]. ...
Article
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This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of ascorbic acid (VC) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on broiler health and performance. A total of 200 Ross 308 male broilers were divided into five groups, each receiving different dietary combinations of ASA and VC (ASA: 50 or 100 mg/kg; VC: 200 or 400 mg/kg). The 42-day trial assessed parameters such as feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass characteristics, serum parameters, immune response and cecal microbial flora. The results indicate significant treatment effects on feed intake and growth performance, with a higher feed intake of ADG and FCR in treatment groups (p < 0.05). Serum lipid parameters were unaffected, but creatine kinase increased with ASA and VC intake (p < 0.05). Changes in sheep red blood cell titers and influenza antibodies were noted (p < 0.05). The combination of ASA and VC positively influenced carcass traits, reducing abdominal fat and altering the ratio of immune response organs to body weight (p < 0.05). Additionally, the cecal E. coli count decreased with treatment (p < 0.05). This study underscores the intricate interactions between ASA and VC supplementation, growth performance and carcass composition and immune response in broilers. Further research is warranted to explore dosage nuances and variations under specific stress conditions.
... They further stated that antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of EO are mainly due to their specific structure; wherein 831 g/kg eugenol is contained in clove EO. Jang et al. [30] also recorded significantly reduced E. coli count and significantly increased (P < 0.05) lactobacilli count in broilers supplemented 50 ppm EOs. Similarly, Aksu and Bozkurt [5] recorded significant reduction in E. coli along with significant increase (P < 0.05) in lactobacilli in broilers supplemented with EO blend with or without humic acid. ...
... In the present study, the positive effects of dietary oregano extract at 50 mg/kg on final body weight, feed intake, and FCR in heat-stressed broilers were attributed to the bioactive phenols present in the oregano extract, especially thymol and carvacrol (as shown in Table 5). Thymol and carvacrol have been known to enhance protein digestibility by reducing pepsin and hydrogen chloride production, as supported by various studies (Jang et al., 2007;Mathlouthi et al., 2012;Gopi et al., 2014;Badiri and Saber, 2016). Moreover, thymol was found to increase trypsin and pancreatic enzyme activity in the digestive tract of broiler chickens (Lee et al., 2003;Lee et al., 2004). ...
Article
The growing interest in countering the adverse effects of heat stress in poultry using phytogenic feed additives has garnered considerable attention in recent times, this research sought to examine the impact of rosemary leaves extract (RLE) and oregano leaves extract (OLE) on the growth performance, physiological responses, and hepatic mRNA expression of heat shock proteins in broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. A total of 150 male Indian River chicks, aged one day, were randomly allocated into five equally sized groups, each consisting of six replicates. The initial group was designated as the control and was provided with the basal diet. The second and third groups (R1 and R2) were administered the basal diet enriched with 50 and 100 mg/kg of rosemary leaves extract (RLE), respectively. The fourth and fifth groups (O1 and O2) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 50 and 100 mg/kg of oregano leaves extract (OLE), respectively. These chicks were reared in a controlled environmental chamber maintained at a temperature of 32±2 ◦C and relative humidity of 50 ± 5 %. Ferruginol was the leading component in RLE, whereas thymol was the prevalent constituent in OLE. RLE and OLE both have high DPPH• and ABTS•+ antioxidant potential. Among the experimental groups, the fourth group (O1) showed the heaviest live body weight and the lowest feed conversion ratio, indicating improved growth per�formance. There was a significant reduction in plasma total lipids and LDL-cholesterol levels within the R2 and O2 groups, respectively. Enhanced total antioxidant capacity and an improvement in the T3 hormone were observed in the R1 and R2 groups. In the second and fourth groups, the mRNA expression of hsp70 and 90A were both found to be significantly downregulated, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of 50 mg/kg of oregano leaves extract (OLE) to the diets of heat-stressed broilers resulted in improved hepatic heat shock proteins, along with certain physiological responses, ultimately contributing to enhanced growth performance.
... However, the results of this study were partially in line with the findings of Khaligh et al. (2011) who observed no differences in feed intake and FCR of birds fed different medicinal plant blends as compared to control birds from 22 to 42 days of age, but body weight gain of the birds differed significantly across treatments. Furthermore, the efficacy of different blends of herbal plants to improve growth indices in broiler chickens still remains controversial; from one standpoint, some researchers (Botsoglou et al. 2002;Zhang et al. 2005;Jang et al. 2007) documented no significant effect of phytobiotics supplementation on performance of chickens while other reports indicated improvement in growth performance in poultry of different ages (Jamroz et al. 2003;Hernandez et al. 2004;Cross et al. 2007;Gheisar et al. 2015). ...
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Introduction In a bid to mitigate growing concerns regarding the use of antibiotics in food animals Objectives This study determined the growth performance, haemato-biochemical status, organ development and intestinal morphology of Arbor Acre broiler chicken strain on oral administration of citrus-coconut electrolyte blend (CCEB) for 26 days. Methods One-hundred ninety-two chicks were brooded for 2 weeks and thereafter divided on a weight equalization basis into four groups (0, 5, 10 and 15 ml CCEB per litre of water) of six replicates each and eight birds per replicate. Phytochemical screening of CCEB was determined, while data collected for growth performance, organ proportions and intestinal morphology were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Results Phytochemical composition revealed the abundance of phenols (128.40 mg/100g) and tannins (78.10 mg/100g) in CCEB. All productive performance parameters measured were not significantly (p < 0.05) different across treatment means. However, significantly (p < 0.05) highest concentrations (134.47 and 66.48 mg/dl, respectively) for total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the lowest concentration (38.34 mg/dl) for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were recorded in birds on 15 ml of CCEB/litre of water. Furthermore, a progressive reduction (p < 0.05) in the bursa of Fabricius was observed with increasing CCEB/litre of water. The supplementation of CCEB did not influence (p > 0.05) duodenal morphological parameters. Conclusion The study concluded that 15 ml of CCEB/litre of water enhanced the production of HDL, reduced LDL, and improved immunity via the reduction of the bursa of Fabricius in broiler chickens.
... Jamroz et al.(2005)은 capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde와 carvacrol이 함유된 식물 추출물 을 사료 내 첨가한 결과, 사료 효율에 긍정적인 영향을 주었 고, Al-Kassie et al.(2009)은 백리향과 계피 추출물을 통해 육계 체중과 사료 효율을 개선시켰으나, 계피와 페퍼민트, 아니스 오일을 혼합한 PFA의 첨가는 유의적인 영향을 보이 지 않았다(Ahsan et al., 2018). 이러한 불일치는 첨가한 식물 의 유형 및 부분, 제조 방법, 물리적 특성, 수확 시기 등과 같은 수많은 요인들로 인해 발생할 수 있다(Jang et al., 2007). 또한Alqhtani et al.(2022)은 사용된 첨가제의 첨가량 에 따라 육계의 생산성이 달라져 적절한 첨가량을 선정하는 것이 필요하다고 하였다. ...
... Pour la physiologie digestive de l'animale, plusieurs auteurs ont relevé des modifications au niveau du tractus digestif et une amélioration des fonctions intestinales sont parfois rapportées suite à l'ingestion de thym [44,45,46]. Thomke et Elwinger [33]; Dibner et Richards, [32] montrent que les bactéries sont capables de dé-conjuguer les sels biliaires, réduisant l'efficacité de digestion des lipides par l'hôte, et sont en concurrence directe avec celui-ci pour certains nutriments. ...
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This study is tends to examine the effect of seven livestock phytobiotics (ginger, millet, flax, rosemary, thyme, turmeric and pepper) on Japanese quail, which were incorporated as food additives at a dose of 3% in the daily ration. 200 quails were reared in brooder and divided into 8 groups and placed during the laying phase in three-stage cages battery type. Treatment began at the age of 2 weeks and lasted for 8 weeks. Analysis of the results showed that sexual maturity is not influenced by the different types of treatment compared with the control (p = 0.99> 0.05). Similarly, at any age confused, plants that recorded the average weight of egg improved compared to the control are: turmeric, thyme, turmeric mixture, pepper, ginger and millet. Thus, the results are respectively as follows: a highly significant difference (p <0.0001) compared to controls (11,07 ± 1,10g). While, millet, ginger, flax and turmeric have demonstrated a positive effect on the rate of lay highly significantly (p <0.0001) with respective average rates of 43.67 ± 36.34; 42.85 ± 32.82 and 42.75 ± 31, compared to the control (33.85 ± 33.02). These results, although preliminary, open an interesting research for the use of natural products for zootechnical and therapeutic purposes. RÉSUMÉ: Le but de cette étude est de tester l'effet zootechnique de sept phytobiotiques (gingembre, millet, lin, romarin, thym, curcuma et poivre) chez la caille japonaise, et qui ont été incorporées en tant qu'additifs alimentaires à la dose de 3% dans la ration journalière. Un effectif de 200 cailleteaux ont été élevées à la poussinière et répartis en 8 groupes, puis placées pendant la phase de ponte dans des cages à trois étages de type batterie. Le traitement a débuté à l'âge de 2 semaines et a duré pendant 8 semaines. L'analyse des résultats a montré que la maturité sexuelle n'est pas influencée par les différents types de traitements en comparaison avec le témoin (p = 0,99 > 0,05). De même, à tout âge confondu, les plantes ayant enregistré le poids moyen d'oeuf amélioré par rapport au témoin sont : le curcuma, le thym, le mélange de curcuma-poivre, le gingembre et le millet. Ainsi, les résultats sont respectivement comme suit : (11,32 ±1,12g ; 11,19 ±1,12g ; 11,18 ±1,14g ; 11,01 ±1,19g ; 11,09 ±1,10g) avec une différence hautement significative (p<0,0001) par rapport au témoin (11,07 ±1,10g). Alors que, le millet, le gingembre, le lin et le curcuma ont démontré un effet positif sur le taux de ponte de façon hautement significative 457 (p<0,0001) avec des taux moyens respectifs de 43,67 ±36,34 ; 42,85±32,82 et 42,75±31, par rapport au témoin (33,85 ±33,02). Ces résultats, bien que préliminaires, ouvrent une voie de recherche intéressante pour l'usage des produits naturels à des fins zootechniques et thérapeutiques.
... Finally, limiting the development of the microbiota, they reduce immune responses, consuming energy associated with it(Humphrey and Klasing, 2004 Windischand al, 2008.).• Properties of stimulating digestion: increased enzymatic digestive secretions or length of the intestine were observed after ingestion of thyme, thymol containing(Jang and al., 2007.). For the fennel, its main components (and Anetholeestrgole) are gastrointestinal stimulants (Cabukand al,. ...
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... Essential oils (EOs), such as thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol, are plant derived mixture of potent compounds that exhibit growth and gut health promoting benefits in poultry (Bassol� e and Juliani 2012; Stevanovic et al. 2018). Moreover, essential oils possess anti-inflammatory (Craig 2001), immunomodulatory (Szigeti et al. 1998) and antioxidative (Fernandez-Panchon et al. 2008) properties that helps birds to maintain good health in stressful conditions (Jang et al. 2007), which result in enhanced production performance and health of chickens (Kazempour and Jahanian 2017). Plantderived essential oil such as thyme, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and citral have been demonstrated in vitro to either inhibit or kill Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria including Salmonella, E. coli, Campylobacter and Clostridium perfringens, without compromising the colonies of beneficial bacteria (Calo et al. 2015;Do et al. 2015;Lopez-Romero et al. 2015;Yang et al. 2015) It is highly imperative to carefully monitor the inclusion rates and sources of protein in poultry feed to maintain a healthy and balanced gut microbiota and to promote optimal animal performance (Gilani et al. 2013). ...
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... Further, essential oils in AGPR stimulate the digestive enzyme, which enhances nutrient absorption [47]. The results of the current study on enhanced nutrient absorption of DM, CP, and AME by probiotic, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens [30], organic acids blend [34], mixture of essential oils/phytogenic additives [48] in commercial broilers have been supported by a number of studies. Conversely, a small number of studies demonstrated that adding some phytogenic extracts to poultry diets had no impact on the metabolizability of CP [49], DM, and AME [37]. ...
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... They further stated that antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of EO are mainly due to their specific structure; wherein 831 g/kg eugenol is contained in clove EO. Jang et al. [30] also recorded significantly reduced E. coli count and significantly increased (P < 0.05) lactobacilli count in broilers supplemented 50 ppm EOs. Similarly, Aksu and Bozkurt [5] recorded significant reduction in E. coli along with significant increase (P < 0.05) in lactobacilli in Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. ...
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... Ayrıca, bazı çalışmalar fitobiyotiklerin sindirim enzimi aktivitesini ve emilim kapasitesini artırabileceğini göstermiştir (Jang ve ark. 2004;2007). Yapılan bir çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, fitojenik ürünlerin bağırsak mukus üretimini uyarabildiğini ve bunun da mukozaya yapışmayı engelleyerek patojen baskısından kurtulmaya daha fazla katkıda bulunabileceğini göstermiştir (Jamroz ve ark., 2006). ...
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1. The present experiment was conducted to describe the effects of thymol, cinnamaldehyde and a commercial preparation of essential oil components (CRINA Poultry), in female broilers. Feed and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. 2. Feed intake, weight gain and feed:gain ratio were not different among the treatments. Water intake was significantly lowered by cinnamaldehyde. Relative liver weight (g/100 g of body weight) was highest in birds given thymol, but this was seen only at the age of 21 d and not at 40 d. Patterns of digestive enzymes in pancreatic tissue were similar for the 4 treatments. 3. Amylase activity in intestinal digesta was highest in chickens given CRINA Poultry for 21 d, but the effect had disappeared after 40 d. Ileal digestibility coefficients for starch and protein were high and identical for all treatments. 4. Fatty acid composition of diet was reflected in that of adipose tissue. Plasma lipid concentrations were not changed by any dietary treatment. 5. Thus, the present results show no effect of essential oil constituents on growth performance in female broiler chickens, but it cannot be excluded that positive effects would have been observed under less hygienic environmental conditions or when using a less digestible diet.
Conference Paper
Food safety is a term broadly applied to food quality that may adversely affect human health. These include zoonotic diseases and acute and chronic effects of ingesting natural and human-made xenobiotics. There are two major areas of concern over the presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs with regard to human health. The first is allergic reactions. Some antibiotics, such as penicillins can evoke allergic reactions even though small amounts of them are ingested or exposed by parenteral routes. The second is development of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria of human. Recently multi-resistant pneumococcal, glycopeptide-resistant enterococci and gram negative bacteria with extended-spectrum p-lactamases have spread all over the world, and are now a serious therapeutic problem in human. Although it is evident that drugs are required in the efficient production of meat, milk and eggs, their indiscriminate use should never be substituted for hygienic management of farm. Drug should be used only when they are required. In addition to veterinary drugs, environmental contaminants that were contaminated in feed, water and air can make residues in animal products. Mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals derived from industries can be harmful both to animal and human health. Most of organic contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, and metals are persistent in environment and biological organisms and can be accumulated in far and hard tissues. Some of them are suspected to have endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunodepressive and nervous effects. The governmental agencies concerned make efforts to prevent residue problems; approval of drugs including withdrawal times of each preparation of drugs, establishment of tolerances, guidelines regarding drug use and sanitation enforcement of livestock products. National residue program is conducted to audit the status of the chemical residues in foods. Recently HACCP has been introduced to promote food safety from farm to table by reducing hazardous biological, chemical and physical factors. Animal Production Food Safety Program, Quality Assurance Programs, Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank are para- or non-governmental activities ensuring food safety. This topic will cover classification and usage or sources of chemical residues, their adverse effects, and chemical residue status of some countries. Issues are expanded to residue detection methodologies, toxicological and pharmacokinetic backgrounds of MRL and withdrawal time establishments, and the importance of non-governmental activities with regard to reducing chemical residues in food.
Article
Food safety is a term broadly applied to food quality that may adversely affect human health. These include zoonotic diseases and acute and chronic effects of ingesting natural and human-made xenobiotics. There are two major areas of concern over the presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs with regard to human health. The first is allergic reactions. Some antibiotics, such as penicillins can evoke allergic reactions even though small amounts of them are ingested or exposed by parenteral routes. The second is development of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria of human. Recently multi-resistant pneumococcal, glycopeptide-resistant enterococci and gram negative bacteria with extended-spectrum β-lactamases have spread all over the world, and are now a serious therapeutic problem in human. Although it is evident that drugs are required in the efficient production of meat, milk and eggs, their indiscriminate use should never be substituted for hygienic management of farm. Drug should be used only when they are required. In addition to veterinary drugs, environmental contaminants that were contaminated in feed, water and air can make residues in animal products. Mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals derived from industries can be harmful both to animal and human health. Most of organic contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, and metals are persistent in environment and biological organisms and can be accumulated in fat and hard tissues. Some of them are suspected to have endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunodepressive and nervous effects. The governmental agencies concerned make efforts to prevent residue problems; approval of drugs including withdrawal times of each preparation of drugs, establishment of tolerances, guidelines regarding drug use and sanitation enforcement of livestock products. National residue program is conducted to audit the status of the chemical residues in foods. Recently HACCP has been introduced to promote food safety from farm to table by reducing hazardous biological, chemical and physical factors. Animal Production Food Safety Program, Quality Assurance Programs, Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank are para- or non-governmental activities ensuring food safety. This topic will cover classification and usage or sources of chemical residues, their adverse effects, and chemical residue status of some countries. Issues are expanded to residue detection methodologies, toxicological and pharmacokinetic backgrounds of MRL and withdrawal time establishments, and the importance of non-governmental activities with regard to reducing chemical residues in food.
Chapter
Article
To investigate the efficacy of alternatives to antibiotics, the present study was conducted to compare the effects of antibiotic, lactic acid, a blend of commercial essential oils (EOs) and EOs in combination with lactic acid on growth performance and the functional activity of the gut in broiler chickens. A total of 168 broiler chickens were given the basal diet supplemented with 10 ppm colistin (T1), 0.1% lactic acid (T2), 25 ppm EOs (T3), 25 ppm EOs+0.1% lactic acid (T4), 50 ppm EOs (T5) or 50 ppm EOs+0.1% lactic acid (T6) in the period 3 to 35 days of age. As a result, the broiler chickens assigned to T4 group throughout the experimental period had apparently (p
Article
Diets supplemented (1 mmol/kg) with thymol, carvacrol, and β-ionone significantly decreased the serum cholesterol levels of cockerels. These mevalonate-derived end products of plant secondary metabolism (isoprenoids) had no impact on two cytosolic prenyl alcohol (and ethanol) dehydrogenase activities; each treatment increased microsomal geranyl pyrophosphate pyrophosphatase activity by greater than twofold. The structural diversity of the isoprenoids which suppress cholesterol synthesis may be reconciled by their ability to increase pyrophosphatase activity, thus leading to the production of the endogenous, post-transcriptional regulator of 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity.
Article
A simplified method for the assay of small intestine disaccharidase activity is described which is suitable for use both on the “standard” scale (final volume 3.2 ml) and on the “ultramicro” scale (final volume 320 μl).
Article
Carvacrol, (+)-carvone, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde were tested for their inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, their toxicity to Photobacterium leiognathi was determined, utilizing a bioluminescence assay. Their effects on the cell surface were investigated by measuring the uptake of 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN), by measuring their sensitization of bacterial suspensions toward detergents and lysozyme, and by analyzing material released from cells upon treatment by these agents. Carvacrol, thymol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibited E. coli and S. typhimurium at 1-3 mM, whereas (+)-carvone was less inhibitory. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was the most inhibitory component toward P. leiognathi. Carvacrol and thymol disintegrated the outer membrane and released outer membrane-associated material from the cells to the external medium; such release by (+)-carvone or trans-cinnamaldehyde was negligible. Of the tested components, carvacrol and thymol decreased the intracellular ATP pool off. coli and also increased extracellular ATP, indicating disruptive action on the cytoplasmic membrane.
Article
We adapted the Weiser method, previously used to fractionate enterocytes of rat and rabbit intestine, to the much smaller intestine of mice. By histological, morphometric, enzymatic, histochemical, and immunocytochemical evidence, the method succeeded in removing mouse enterocytes sequentially along the crypt-villus axis while preserving cell viability and minimizing mixing among cell fractions. Activities of three brush-border enzymes [alkaline phosphatase (AP), sucrase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGP)] varied simultaneously with dietary substrate level, intestinal region, and position along the crypt-villus axis. All three enzymes proved to be stimulated by dietary substrate: sucrase by dietary sucrose, AP and GGP by dietary protein. We also studied cell migration rates and life-times by autoradiography and by our modified Weiser method. By both methods, injected [3H]thymidine after short times was virtually confined to crypt cells, whereas after 40-48 h it was distributed from the crypt over the whole villus except for the villus tip. Villus height decreased twofold from duodenum to ileum, parallel to the regional decrease in cell migration rates because the cell lifetime of 68 h was independent of region. When we varied dietary carbohydrate and protein levels reciprocally while maintaining protein above the maintenance level, both cell migration rate and cell lifetime proved independent of diet.
Article
The aim of the present experiment was to determine the influence of either probiotic or antibiotic inclusion in the diets of pigs from birth on the development of enzyme activity in the small intestine. Pigs were fed on creep feed and grower diets containing either a probiotic, an antibiotic or no added growth promoter. At 7, 17, 42 and 80 d of age pigs from each treatment group were sampled to investigate the development of carbohydrase and peptidase activity in the mucosa at five sites along the small intestine. Inclusion of either the probiotic or antibiotic had a significant effect on the development of sucrase (sucrose alpha-D-glucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.48), lactase (beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.23) and tripeptidase (EC 3.4.11.4) activities before weaning but had no effect on depeptidase (EC 3.14.13.11) activity. The study of the distribution of enzyme activity along the small intestine showed significant differences between the proximal and distal sections associated with weaning.
Article
FULL TEXT available free from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00780.x/pdf The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of < or = 2.0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0.008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
Article
1. We studied the effect of dietary oregano essential oil (50 and 100 mg/kg of feed) on the performance of broilers, and determined the susceptibility of the resulting broiler meat to iron-induced lipid oxidation. 2. Performance of the birds was unaffected by the experimental diets. Therefore, dietary oregano oil exerted no growth-promoting effect on broilers. 3. Iron-induced lipid oxidation showed that as oregano oil increased in the diet, malondialdehyde values decreased in tissue samples, suggesting that the oil, particularly at 100 mg/kg of feed, exerted an antioxidant effect on chicken tissues. 4. Dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation at 200 mg/kg of feed displayed greater antioxidant activity than oregano oil at either supplementation rate. 5. Thigh muscle was more susceptible to oxidation than breast muscle, although the former contained alpha-tocopherol at higher concentration. Muscle alpha-tocopherol is an important factor influencing lipid oxidation, but the influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids and content of pro-oxidants must be taken into consideration too.
Article
The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.
The use of essential oils and their compounds in poultry nutrition
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SAS Inst., SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6, 4th ed., vol. 2. SAS Inst., Cary, NC, 1989. William, P., Losa, R., 2001. The use of essential oils and their compounds in poultry nutrition. World Poultry 17 (4), 14–15.
Amylases alpha and beta
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Assay of the intestinal disaccharidase
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Regulation of leukotriene A4 hydrolase activity in endothelial cells by phosphorylation
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