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Birth, life and death of the Pannonian Lake
Abstract and Figures
The Miocene-Pliocene Pannonian Lake formed in an extensional basin system behind the compressional arc of the Carpathians. Its size and depth were comparable to those of the Caspian Sea. Subsidence began in Middle Miocene times, forming deep, pelagic basins, separated by reef-bearing ridges. Clastic influx filled the marginal basins during Middle Miocene time. Prograding deltas dissected the lake and completed the infilling of the basin system by the end of the Pliocene. Basin plain, prodelta, delta front, delta plain, beach, fluviatile, and marsh environments can be recognized.
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... This separation is also reflected in the stratigraphy of the area (Paratethys stratigraphy), which differs from the worldwide-used stratigraphic system [10]. The development of the area continued with the formation of the Pannonian Sea, later Pannonian Lake [12], a closed hydrological system similar in situation to the recent Caspian Sea. The geodynamic evolution continued in the form of orogeny in the surrounding PanCarDi (Pannonian-Carpathian-Dinaridic) region; the emerging of the Eastern Alps and the filling up of the Molasse Basin to the north redrew the direction of the main watercourses, creating the Paleo-Danube, which delivered large volumes of sediments towards the east. ...
... In the (sub)recent phase of evolution during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, the The development of the area continued with the formation of the Pannonian Sea, later Pannonian Lake [12], a closed hydrological system similar in situation to the recent Caspian Sea. The geodynamic evolution continued in the form of orogeny in the sur- rounding PanCarDi (Pannonian-Carpathian-Dinaridic) region; the emerging of the Eastern Alps and the filling up of the Molasse Basin to the north redrew the direction of the main watercourses, creating the Paleo-Danube, which delivered large volumes of sediments towards the east. ...
... Although, for the last 2-3 million years, the basin inversion has speeded up, the subsiding parts trapped the resulting thousands of km 3 of siliciclastic material [10]. The eroded volume has been partly deposited in these subbasins and partly transported through the basin towards the Black Sea [12,16], maintaining a dynamic equilibrium within the Pannonian Basin. ...
The extreme drought in Europe in 2022 also hit hard the Great Hungarian Plain. In this short overview article, we summarize the natural environmental conditions of the region and the impact of river control works on the water-retention capacity of the landscape. In this respect, we also review the impact of intensive agricultural cultivation on soil structure and on soil moisture in light of the meteorological elements of the 2022 drought. The most important change is that the soil stores much less moisture than in the natural state; therefore, under the meteorological conditions of summer 2022, the evapotranspiration capacity was reduced. As a result, the low humidity in the air layers above the ground is not sufficient to trigger summer showers and thunderstorms associated with weather fronts and local heat convection anymore. Our proposed solution is to restore about one-fifth of the area to the original land types and usage before large-field agriculture. Low-lying areas should be transformed into a mosaic-like landscape with good water supply and evapotranspiration capacity to humidify the lower air layers. Furthermore, the unfavorable soil structure that has resulted from intensive agriculture should also be converted into more permeable soil to enhance infiltration.
... The final retreat of the Central Paratethys Sea occurred in the Messinian (Krijgsman et al. 2010). Although a remnant lake, Slavonian Lake still existed until 4.5 Ma (Kázmér 1990). After the disappearance of the Central Paratethys, the endemic Diptera species were able to move to colonise the lower altitude regions of the Carpathian Range (Keresztes et al. 2012). ...
... From the produced palaeoclimatic values, the mean annual temperature (Tam,°C), the temperature of the coldest month (Tmcq,°C ), the temperature of the warmest month (Tmwq,°C) and the mean annual precipitation (Pas, mm) were used for modelling purposes. The palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Pannonian Central Paratethys was based on the findings of Kázmér (1990), Magyar et al. (1999) and Matenco and Radivojević (2012). Figure 4 shows both the fossil palaeoflora sites of the Pannonian Central Paratethys stage and the palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Central Paratethys used in the modelling. ...
... similis-like ancient sandfly species. Because the Tortonian was the last period when the Central Paratethys existedapart from the Messinian age Slavonian Lake which was a relatively small remnant of the Pannonian Sea (Kázmér 1990)it could be a critical period in the aspect of the migration of sandfly species between western and eastern Europe. Surprisingly, the model results showed lower suitability values for the Slovenian land bridge (corridor) than for the Vienna Basin. ...
The Oligocene and Miocene tectonic and biogeographical alterations of the peri-Mediterranean area could strongly impact the speciation processes and migrations of Mediterranean sandfly species. To understand the possible former role of this palaeobiogeographic factor on ancestral sandfly species, the potential suitability values of five Larroussius , two Paraphlebotomus and one Phlebotomus species were modelled from the Rupelian to the Tortonian stage in the Central Paratethys. The bioclimatic extrema of this sandfly species and the Coexistence Approach-based palaeoclimatic reconstructions made the basis of hypothesis testing. In the case of the Tortonian stage, a georeferenced climatic model was created. The models indicate that the suitability values could notably vary by species and periods. The monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate of the Oligocene epoch could be less suitable for the ancestors of Mediterranean sandfly taxa than the later, drier humid subtropical climates-characterised Miocene stages. The Central Paratethys area could be less suitable for ancestors of the extant Paraphlebotomus , and Phlebotomus in the Miocene epoch compared to Larroussius species. It may indicate that the Central Paratethys formed a barrier against the east-to-west migration of the ancestors of Phlebotomus and Paraphlebotomus species . In contrast, Larroussius species could prefer the Miocene climate of the Central Paratethys. In the Tortonian stage, mainly the coastal areas of the sea could be colonised by sandflies. These results indicate that the coasts of the Central Paratethys should be not only considered as a potential former migration route but could be a part of the speciation area of Larroussius sandflies.
... The current area of Hungary occupies the central area of the former Pannonian Sea, which was part of the ancient Paratethys. The regression of the Paratethys prompted speciation in surface waters [14][15][16] and after the Pannonian Sea got isolated from it and became the shallow Pannonian Lake [17], it most likely remained a dispersal route for aquatic animals [18]. ...
... This is rather unfortunate, given that the geographic position of Hungary falls within the area of the ancient Paratethys. Moreover, during the regression of the Paratethys, the Pannonian Sea and later the Pannonian Lake with their occasionally decreased salinity [17] could serve as a dispersal route for freshwater animal species. Indeed, the results show that species found across the karstic and nonkarstic regions of Hungary may improve the biogeography of some clades and may be of utmost importance in future reconstruction analyses. ...
The Palaearctic genus Niphargus is a promising model system to understand subterranean
fauna genesis in Europe. The Pannonian Plain (mainly covered by Hungary) in Central Europe, once
being the area of the Paratethys, is a key area for Niphargus diversification. However, our knowledge
on Hungarian species of Niphargus is primarily based on sporadic taxonomical works from the premolecular
era. Here, we studied 14 localities, covering the eight valid Hungarian species of Niphargus
and including nine previously unstudied populations. Based on sequences of three gene fragments,
we reconstructed their phylogeny using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. We found
that not all Hungarian species of Niphargus are closely related, and even species sampled at the same
localities can belong to different clades. Some Hungarian species form monophyletic clades, while
others are nested in various non-Hungarian lineages. The new populations are all genetically distinct
from the known species. Our results suggest that the Hungarian Niphargus fauna has originated from
seven unrelated clades and its diversity is underestimated due to unknown populations and cryptic
species. The detection of genetically distinct species of Niphargus from non-carbonate regions calls for
further research efforts. The high diversity and the number of putative new species in the N. tatrensis
clade warrants further, high-resolution phylogenetic studies.
... We have included the Hungarian specimen from Lake Balaton to analyses, which indicated that the first split of present-day mtDNA haplotypes occurred more recently, ca. (Kázmér, 1990). Notably, the long lifetime of Lake Pannon also contributed to the remarkable diversity of endemic molluscan fauna (Geary et al., 2000). ...
The contemporary diversity and distribution of species are shaped by their evolutionary and ecological history. This can be deciphered with the help of phylogenetic and demographic analysis methods, ideally combining and supplementing information from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. In this study, we investigated the demographic history of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), a highly adaptable teleost with a distribution range across Eurasia. We combined whole‐genome resequencing data with available genomic resources to analyse the phylogeny, phylogeography, and demographic history of P. fluviatilis populations from Europe and Siberia. We identified five highly diverged evolutionary mtDNA lineages, three of which show a strong signal of admixture in the Baltic Sea region. The estimated mean divergence time between these lineages ranged from 0.24 to 1.42 million years. Based on nuclear genomes, two distinct demographic trajectories were observed in European and Siberian samples reflecting contrasting demographic histories ca. 30,000–100,000 years before the present. A comparison of mtDNA and nuclear DNA evolutionary trees and AMOVA revealed concordances, as well as incongruences, between the two types of data, most likely reflecting recent postglacial colonization and hybridization events. Overall, our findings demonstrate the power and usefulness of genome‐wide information for delineating historical processes that have shaped the genome of P. fluviatilis. We also highlight the added value of data‐mining existing transcriptomic resources to complement novel sequence data, helping to shed light on putative glacial refugia and postglacial recolonization routes.
... The Pannonian Basin in Central Europe formed as a backarc extensional basin in the early to middle Miocene (Balla 1986;Royden 1988;Horváth 1993;Horváth et al. 2006;Balázs et al. 2016) and was gradually filled up with sediments during the late Miocene-Pliocene when sediment input from the surrounding orogens outbalanced basin subsidence (Bérczi and Phillips 1985;Pogácsás and Révész 1987;Pogácsás et al. 1988;Mattick et al. 1988;Sztanó et al. 2013a). From the beginning of the late Miocene, the water body of the Pannonian Basin was isolated from the Paratethys Sea and became a vast brackish lake (e.g., Steininger et al. 1988;Kázmér 1990;Rögl 1999;Magyar et al. 1999;Harzhauser and Piller 2007;ter Borgh et al. 2013). The paleo-Danube built a shelf into the deep northwestern part of Lake Pannon ca. 10 Ma Sztanó et al. 2016;Šujan et al. 2016). ...
In the late Neogene, the Pannonian Basin in Central Europe was filled with sediments when rivers from the Alps and Carpathians
shed their sediment load into Lake Pannon. The most powerful source-to-sink system was that of the paleo-Danube,
transporting sediments from the NW as far as the southeastern part of the lake. In the southeastern margin of the basin,
however, local sedimentary systems worked in the opposite direction, against the “tide” of the prevailing N to S sediment
transport. The lifetime and advance rate of these systems were unknown. We investigated such a sedimentary system in SE
Banat, SE tip of the Pannonian Basin that transported material from the westernmost Southern Carpathians towards the basin
center in the NW. Following the flooding of the Southern Carpathian foothills by Lake Pannon 9.6–9.1 My ago, a shelf was
built from the Southern Carpathians into the 300–500 m deep water of the adjacent local depression. The advance of the
shelf-edge reached the surroundings of Vršac Island some 20–25 km to the NW about 7.5–7.0 My ago, when a small-scale
transgressive–regressive cycle formed on the flanks of the Vršac Mts: coarse-grained deposits derived from local sources
during the initial flooding and the overlying offshore marls representing the maximum flooding are capped by the regressive
deltaic succession advancing from the Southern Carpathians. The average shelf-edge progradation rate (ca. 10 km /My)
was, thus, almost an order of magnitude smaller than the progradation rate of the coeval paleo-Danube shelf on the opposite,
northwestern side of the lake.
... In the late Miocene, the paleogeography and climate of Central Europe was shaped by giant Lake Pannon covering the area between the Alps, Carpathians, and Dinarides (e.g. Kázmér 1990;Bruch et al. 2006). This Caspian-type, endorheic, brackish, and very deep lake and its highly endemic biota emerged at the beginning of the late Miocene when the evolution of the orogenic belts isolated the Pannonian Basin System from the Paratethys Sea (ter Borgh et al. 2013). ...
Sedimentary successions exposed at basin margins as a result of late-stage inversion, uplift and erosion usually represent only a limited portion of the entire basin fill; thus, they are highly incomplete records of basin evolution. Small satellite basins, however, might have the potential of recording more complete histories. The late Miocene sedimentary history of the Șimleu Basin, a north-eastern satellite of the vast Pannonian Basin, was investigated through the study of large outcrops and correlative well-logs. A full transgressive–regressive cycle is reconstructed, which formed within a ca. 1 million-year time frame (10.6–9.6 Ma). The transgressive phase is represented by coarse-grained deltas overlain by deep-water lacustrine marls. Onset of the regressive phase is indicated by sandy turbidite lobes and channels, followed by slope shales, and topped by stacked deltaic lobes and fluvial deposits. The deep- to shallow-water sedimentary facies are similar to those deposited in the central, deep part of the Pannonian Basin. The Șimleu Basin is thus a close and almost complete outcrop analogue of the Pannonian Basin’s lacustrine sedimentary record known mainly from subsurface data, such as well-logs, cores and seismic sections from the basin interior. This study demonstrates that deposits of small satellite basins may
... Based on the time tree (Fig. 9) -theoretically considered superior to conventional analyses requiring an outgroup for rooting by some authors (Drummond et al. 2007) -and paleogeographic considerations as well as considering the above caveats, we developed the following -admittedly speculative -scenario for the evolution of Hauffenia (Fig. 20). Hauffenia probably had a Dinaric origin and spread northwards in the Upper Miocene about 10 Ma, when the Pannonian Sea had formed as an isolated continental lake, a remnant of the Paratethys, after the closure of the straits towards Bavaria, Đerdap Valley, Preševo Valley, and Slovenia (Kázmér 1990;Magyar et al. 1999). Especially closing the Slovenian strait (Ivančič et al. 2018) Bole, 1961, H. michleri, H. subcarinata Bole & Velkovrh, 1987, H. subpiscinalis (Kuščer, 1932, H. tellinii (Pollonera, 1898), H. wagneri (Kuščer, 1928)], the ancestral populations likely dwelled in karstic and cave conduits (Falniowski & Szarowska 2015). ...
www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2021 · Haase M. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). R e s e a r c h a r t i c l e urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:264FC47B-9D2B-47F2-9461-F3A6CA5EB58B Abstract. During systematic surveys of groundwater snails in Slovakia, Hungary and Bosnia and Hercegovina two new species of the genus Hauffenia, H. lozekiana sp. nov. from a single locality in Slovakia, and H. steffeki sp. nov. with a small range in Bosnia and Hercegovina were discovered and are here described based on shell morphology, anatomy and DNA sequence data (COI, 16S rRNA, ITS2). The discovery of H. steffeki sp. nov. extends the range of the genus considerably towards the south. Hauffenia lozekiana sp. nov. appears to be a relict surviving within the range of the today widely distributed H. kissdalmae. Based on a time tree, we developed a scenario for the origin and diversification of the genus. The ancestor probably evolved in the Miocene on the Balkans and with the gradual desiccation of the Paratethys and its remnant water bodies diversified towards the north. Karstic and in particular alluvial connectivities together with changing courses of paleo-rivers probably played an important role for dispersal. Ecological observations suggest that the phreatic rhizosphere, the delicate net of tree rootlets and their exudates, are important for the existence of these groundwater snails.
... Its final occlusion from the ocean resulted in a peculiar endemic fauna. Rivers coming from the surrounding mountainous area formed huge delta systems, and 4.5-6.5 mys BP the Pannonian Lake, a remnant of the Paratethys was filled with prograding delta sediments; the area became a fluvial plain with several small lakes (Kázmér 1990;Gábris and Nádor 2007). ...
Environmental geological survey of a chemical works situated in NE Hungary has been performed for decades. Up till now, several hundreds of drillings of different depths as well as engineering geological soundings have been carried out in the area. Vivianite has been found in a discrete part of a drilling in a gray, silty bed at the depth 6.8–8.5 m. Vivianite was analyzed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), thermal analysis (TG/DTG), and scanning electron microscopic and energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) techniques. To demonstrate the spatial distribution of hydrochemical parameters and selected chemical constituents the available data concerning drillings and hydrochemical analyses were collected and evaluated, and field measurements were also performed. For mapping the distribution of relevant physico-chemical parameters and chemical constituents kriging interpolation method was used. Archive aerial photographs demonstrate that a coffered, earth-bedded reservoir for storing huge amounts of extracted plant debris is situated in the vicinity of the drilling. Our study suggests that orthophosphate derived from decomposing biomass entered the groundwater and accumulated within the lowest permeability zone of the intact bedrock. Therefore, the discrete appearance of vivianite in the drilling can be regarded, at least partly, the result of a man-induced mineralogical process.
... When the basin has lost its connection with the world ocean (ca. 12 Ma), salinity changed to brackish, then, gradually the body of water became freshwater Lake Pannon (Kázmér, 1990), reaching its maximum extent at ~9.7 Ma (Magyar et al., 1999). Following its isolation, a distinct fauna developed in Lake Pannon that is difficult to correlate with the global stratigraphic units. ...
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https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1dHoo3HcE1fbah
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Lake Balaton (Hungary), the largest lake in Central Europe, formed by the interplay of tectonic and external forces. Its shallow water and young soft sediments together allow to carry out ultra-high resolution reflection seismic surveys to investigate shallow tectonic structures and near surface stratigraphy at depth of ca. 0–30 m. To document neotectonics of the eastern lake basin and its onshore surroundings to the East, we have integrated new ultra-high-resolution seismic-reflection data with deeper penetrating multichannel lake and land seismic profiles, regional geological, geophysical and seismicity data, and geomorphological observations. Combined use of these different data sets provided an opportunity to understand better, how these different types and scales of structural features are linked.
In our study area, late middle to late Miocene formations compose a deepening than shallowing sedimentary cycle from terrestrial clastic through offshore marl and deltaic sequence filling up the basin between ca. 8.6 to 7.5 Ma. The deltaic sequence is unconformably overlain by erosional remnants of late Pleistocene fluvial deposits and a mantle of latest Pleistocene to Holocene lake mud. Post-early Miocene deformation history involved two phases; a latest middle to early late Miocene transtension and a dominantly strike-slip regime with locally transpressional or transtensional character. The latter neotectonic phase reactivated the earlier faults and resulted in the propagation of 4 major fault zones across the complete late Miocene sequence. The resulting young faults show segmented geometry, stepovers, and connecting splays. The deformation also induced the modest but penetrative folding of the highest preserved Miocene deltaic sequence. The change in deformation style could happen during the late-stage of delta formation, at ca. 8 Ma although a slightly younger timing is not excluded. Faults imaged offshore apparently do not offset the Holocene lacustrine mud by discrete fractures, but the improved distribution of recent seismicity and morphotectonic indices along their onshore continuations suggests that several segments of the fault pattern are still active, and might be capable of generating earthquakes. Integration of these different data provided an opportunity to understand better, how these different types and scales of structural features are linked and evolved one after another.
The authigenic 10Be/9Be dating method is a relatively new geochronological technique that shows great potential for use in epicontinental sedimentary successions, largely due to its ability to date ubiquitous mud. However, the factors influencing the applicability of this method are not yet fully understood, which limits its robust application. This study presents the first direct evidence that deep-water mud redeposition can lead to significantly older authigenic 10Be/9Be ages, with an offset of ca. 2 Myr in the studied example. The redeposition generated hybrid event beds (products of mixed gravity flows) on the Late Miocene basin floor of Lake Pannon. The source material for redeposition was the Middle Miocene successions exposed on the lake bottom, as indicated by reworked foraminiferal and calcareous nannoplankton fossils, as well as inorganic and organic geochemical proxies. This case study suggests that a thorough understanding of depositional processes and paleogeographic settings is essential when proposing future authigenic 10Be/9Be dating sampling strategies, to avoid the influence of deep-water mud redeposition by hybrid event beds. Additionally, a notable shift in geochemical signature was observed between syn- and post-rift phases. During the ca. 6 Myr-long rifting, sediment recycling and local provenance were dominant from the rifted basin margins, while the post-rift stage marked the onset of a regional-scale sediment routing system. Notably, organic matter preserved its compositional signature of the redeposited successions.
