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The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible
... For almost seven centuries now (or even more), there has been a tyranny that, according to Aristotle, differs from monarchy by the illegitimacy of the transfer of power. It means, with rare exceptions, murders, usurpations, coups, revolutions, plots, vagaries, etc [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. It is no wonder that all these events are often accompanied by continuous and rampant thievery as the most striking manifestation of lawlessness. ...
... The 16th century went down in history as "The Little Ice Age": 84 years of this century were lean. The famine was so severe that human flesh was sold in the markets of France [3,8] and caused more deaths than any pestilences. This greatly affected the shortage of workers and professional skills. ...
... As Braudel (1979) observed, "Numbers dictate the division and organization of the world. They give each mass of population its own particular weight, and thereby virtually command its levels of culture and efficacy, its biological … patterns of growth, and indeed its pathological destiny…" (p. ...
In 1927, the nascent Turkish Republic engaged in its first endeavor as a nation-state to systematically account for all its citizens. Included on this census were a number of different attributes the Turkish government wanted to know about its citizenry, including language. In the Turkish context, examining the language categories on the census between 1927 and 1965 and how – they changed over time – provides insight into how the new republic was imagining its citizenry (and by extension, itself). The dynamic nature of the language categories not only reflected an ambiguity that the nascent nation-state had regarding what constituted salient ethnolinguistic category for governing purposes, it also reflected the realization and subsequent politicization of minoritized populations over time. After examining the history of the development of the Turkish census, the article outlines the use of running records like censuses to provide insight into how state apparatuses were creating taxonomies to realize (or visualize) its citizenry and the value of utilizing such unobtrusive measures in Durkheimian social facts such as those who are “Us” and those who are “Other”. This article then situates the census data in its geographical context and demonstrates how the delineation of historic parts of the country that were settled by non-Turkish communities were ones that were then later demarcated into smaller administrative borders, allowing for closer government and military oversight. While this article is an exploratory case study of the Turkish census as part of its state building process, I contend that looking at how language categories were used in the 1927–1965 censuses provides insight into the nature of the Turkish government’s imaginings regarding its citizenry. In particular, the use of language data as a proxy for ethnicity was concomitant with processes of internal border demarcation that was taking place to increase government oversight in particular non-Turkish contexts, resulting in a “new” form of minoritization and marginalization in the Turkish Republic.
... 77 Some seem rather too exclusive: despite his protests to the contrary, Braudel's insistence on separating capitalism-"a world apart where an exceptional kind of capitalism goes on, to my mind the only real capitalism"-from both material life and the market economy, and finding it only in the "shadowy zone" of great merchants and monopolists "hovering above the sunlit world of the market economy," seems rigid and artificial (or at least excessively Olympian). 78 In stark contrast with McCloskey's paleolithic capitalists, some have pushed the "dawn of capitalism" all the way to the 1830s or 40s. 79 Rather than every market participant being a capitalist, most definitions are more restrictive, like David Schweickart's: a capitalist, for him, is "someone who owns enough productive assets that he can, if he so chooses, live comfortably on the income generated by those assets." ...
... Dressing styles are changing and today those changes take place faster and more frequently than in the past. The cycles of changes happen within few months and the offer a wide range of particular items of clothing (Braudel, 1981). However, what we will see on streets is also highly influenced by the giants of retail sales (we call their shops the "retail shops") -these are a couple of main brands, which decide every season what will be worn within the next few months, what will be the current "must have". ...
The article presents methodological issues related to the preparation and realisation of the project dealing with daily dress, as well as contexts and obstacles accompanying such research subject. The aim of the study is to understand better the dynamics, structures, and mechanisms accompanying daily dress and to show that dress and dressing up are significant parts of everyday life. Simultaneously , its realisation requires leaving the insofar observations in this area and methods applied in social sciences. Furthermore, rooting of the hypotheses in the empirical material calls for multiannual research and creation of methods for gathering, stardardising and analyzing data.
... The same goes for Braudel (1981 and1983). 6 Both the chess player and the genial doctor present entrepreneurial traits: "The art of diagnosis permits not only to heal the sick, but also to succeed in stock-exchange speculation" (Sombart 1982, 209). ...
The work of Werner Sombart is often overlooked in the academic traditions of economics and sociology. Nevertheless, it deserves an attentive consideration and a reassessment regarding several important aspects, namely: the recognition of the category of capitalism; the relations of capitalism with war and luxury; the importance of religious factors in the emergence of modern capitalism; the dual nature of the modern economic mind, opposing burgher and entrepreneurial mentalities; the long-term perspectives of capitalism’s evolution; and the specificities of US political trajectory. A critical reading of Sombart’s work is still potentially very productive to better understand all these aspects.
... The same goes for Braudel (1981 and1983). 6 Entrepreneurial traits are present in the chess player and the genial doctor: «The art of diagnosis permits not only to heal the sick, but also to succeed in the stock-exchange's speculations» (Sombart 1982, 209). ...
The work of Werner Sombart is often overlooked in the academic traditions of economics and sociology. It nevertheless deserves an attentive consideration, and a reassessment, concerning a number of important aspects: the recognition of the category of capitalism; the relations of capitalism with war and luxury; the importance of religious factors in the emergence of modern capitalism; the dual nature of the modern economic mind, opposing burgher and entrepreneurial mentalities; the long term perspectives of capitalism’s evolution; the specificities of US political trajectory. Regarding all these aspects, a critical reading of Sombart’s work may prove rather productive.
... Dressing styles are changing and today those changes take place faster and more frequently than in the past. The cycles of changes happen within few months and the offer a wide range of particular items of clothing (Braudel, 1981). However, what we will see on streets is also highly influenced by the giants of retail sales (we call their shops the "retail shops") -these are a couple of main brands, which decide every season what will be worn within the next few months, what will be the current "must have". ...
The article presents methodological issues related to the preparation and realisation of the project dealing with daily dress, as well as contexts and obstacles accompanying such research subject. The aim of the study is to understand better the dynamics, structures, and mechanisms accompanying daily dress and to show that dress and dressing up are significant parts of everyday life. Simultaneously, its realisation requires leaving the insofar observations in this area and methods applied in social sciences. Furthermore, rooting of the hypotheses in the empirical material calls for multiannual research and creation of methods for gathering, stardardising and analyzing data.
... Change and fluidity are essential in the world of fashion. Several theorists have pointed out that various fashion styles may emerge in a fluid society [65,66]. 1 corset female corset female 2 female corset female corset 3 movement movement movement woman 4 Tal-Co woman woman movement 5 woman makeup feminism society 6 man Tal-Co Tal-Co notion 7 feminism feminism society man 8 society clothes clothes Tal-Co 9 male English default diary 10 makeup German man the middle class Table 2. Positive(+)/negative evaluation words related to "ETC". The mention of ETC began on social media on 9 July 2015. ...
The “escape the corset” movement (ETC-M) is a declaration that actively reflects the voices of Korean women in fourth-wave feminism and spread through social media. This movement emerged as a fashion style against social prejudice and inequality through the lens of feminism and sparked the launch of the “escape the corset” fashion (ETC-F) brand. Feminism, which discusses the conditions of women in our society, is inevitably related to sustainability. It is time to examine the much-neglected social inclusion of sustainable development goals, by examining the declarations that women express through fashion. This study intends to lay down the foundation for in-depth research into ETC-M by understanding the historical background of Korean feminism, the basis of ETC-M. Furthermore, this study aims to analyze ETC-M as a phenomenon that has grown in social media and understand the characteristics and significance of the resulting fashion style. An analysis of the characteristics of ETC-F formed through social media engagement shows that it has developed a range of special items, styles, and looks. ETC-F marked an opportunity to raise awareness about the discriminatory practices in women's fashion and formed an anti-fashion solidarity among non-mainstream women. In addition to the development of fashion products, ETC-F is leading the development of fashion content that competes with mainstream lifestyle, culture, and entertainment industries. This study offers not only an opportunity to examine the role and meaning of ETC-F from an industrial and cultural perspective, but also implications for the practical consideration of a sustainable society based on inclusion and diversity.
... Kunkin tutkimustapauksen käsittely alkaa tutkimuskirjallisuuteen perustuvalla tarkastelulla maakunnan kehityksestä rajattuna tilana aina keskiajalta 1900-luvun loppuun. Näin on mahdollista hahmottaa ne rakenteelliset olosuhteet, "mahdollisen rajat" (Braudel 1985), jotka kehystivät kunkin maakunnan liiton tilallista orientaatiota 1990-luvulla ja 2000-luvun ensimmäisinä vuosina. Artikkeli päättyy keskustelulukuun, jossa peilaan teoreettista lähestymistapaani ja empiirisen osuuteni tuloksia käytyyn keskusteluun territoriaalisuuden ja relationaalisuuden välisestä suhteesta, sekä loppuyhteenvetoon, jossa tiivistän löydökseni ja sijoitan ne osaksi aluekehityksen ja -politiikan tutkimuskenttää. ...
Tämä artikkeli tarkastelee, miten territoriaalisuutta ja relationaalisuutta rakentavat tekijät suhteutuivat toisiinsa maakuntien liittojen ”tilallisessa orientaatiossa”, niiden tavassa määrittää maakunnan asemaa suhteessa toisiin tiloihin sekä tavassa harjoittaa aluekehittämistä 1990-luvulla ja 2000-luvun alkuvuosina. Tutkimustapauksina ovat Kymenlaakson liitto, Etelä-Karjalan liitto ja Pohjois-Karjalan liitto, joita yhdistää toiminta-alueen rajautuminen Suomen ja Venäjän väliseen rajaan. Maakuntien liittojen harjoittamaa tilallista orientaatiota lähestytään kolmen toisiinsa linkittyvän lähestymistavan, geohistoriallisen, possibilistisen ja vuorovaikutteisen näkökulman kautta. Näiden näkökulmien kautta pyritään osoittamaan: 1) kuinka jokaisen maakunnan liiton omaksumalla tilallisella orientaatiolla oli omat pitkälle historiaan ulottuvat juurensa; 2) kuinka tilallinen orientaatio ei vallitsevista rakenteellisista olosuhteista huolimatta noudattanut mitään ennalta määrättyä polkua vaan määrittyi avoimien ja jännitteisten prosessien kautta; 3) kuinka maakuntien liittojen tilallinen orientaatio kytkeytyi kansallisten ja ylikansallisten toimijoiden tilallisiin orientaatioihin toinen toisiaan muokkaavalla tavalla. Artikkelin tulosten perusteella voidaan esittää, että sen sijaan, että tutkitaan tilallista orientaatiota sinänsä, on hedelmällisempää tutkia, miten tilallista orientaatiota ilmaistaan – ja kyseenalaistetaan tai vastustetaan – tietyssä ajallisessa ja alueellisessa kontekstissa.
... In particular, it points to the logic underlying the functioning of that economy, its modes of accumulation, its ways of securing livelihoods, and how it interacts with public policies and the country programmes and projects of international organizations. Hart (1973), de Certeau (1984 and Braudel (1992) believe that it is a mistake to consign popular culture and practices to the past, to the countryside or to primitive peoples: they are part of the strength of contemporary economies and societies. They constitute what Balandier (2007Balandier ( [1957) called the 'constant inventiveness of daily life'-the tangible and intangible creation of what is needed to sustain it. ...
... Bosworth and Fitzpatrick's claims about the everyday or the ordinary are part of a much broader family of historical writing that includes the Annales school in France (e.g., Braudel 1981), Alltagsgeschichte in Germany (e.g., Lüdtke 1982), and the microstoria of Italian scholars such as Carlo Ginzburg (1980). None of these various movements are identical with one another, but they all share a concern with scaling down historical narratives away from "macrostructures" or "Events" and toward Braudel's "realm of routine" and "ordinary experience." ...
This paper examines the ways in which “ordinariness” can come to be exemplified as a virtue. It does so by comparing the status of ordinariness in historical and present-day Predappio, the town in which Mussolini was born and is buried. It describes the ways in which Predappio was mobilized by the Fascist regime as an exemplar of an ordinary Italian town, rendered extraordinary by its wholesale reconstruction as a jewel in the crown of Fascist urban planning. In similar fashion, Mussolini’s ordinary rural upbringing was mobilized in the service of propagandizing his extraordinary and exemplary leadership. In contemporary Predappio, by contrast, ordinariness is what locals reach for to contest understandings of their home as irrevocably associated with the extraordinary Fascist heritage they have inherited. One of the ways in which they do so is to celebrate a local exemplar of this ordinariness, Giuseppe Ferlini, the town’s first postwar mayor. In contrast to Mussolini, Ferlini’s ordinariness is not a backdrop to future greatness, but exactly the quality for which he is celebrated. I assert that these cases demonstrate the need for vigilance in analytic usage of the category of “the ordinary,” which sometimes tacitly assumes the existence of “the ordinary” as a scale in itself, independent of human action. I argue instead that “the ordinary” may be the object of ethical labor, rather than its site, and that exemplification may be a form of such labor, in both our accounts and the lives of those we study.
... Europe's transition from cottage industries to mass-scale factory assembly in the second half of the 18th century involved not merely an increase in the scale of production but shifts in notions of self in relation to work, consumption and production (Braudel, 2002). Current developments in smart technologies, during what is being called the fourth industrial revolution, mediate new ways of living, working and relating to others (Schwab, 2016). ...
Performances of self on social media are mediated via platform interfaces and social rituals while dramaturgical or theatrical perspectives of frontstage/backstage identity are frequently drawn upon in scholarship. However, emphasis on face and self-portraiture tends to background other forms of representation exhibiting objects, places and the various people that could be viewed as facets of the extended or disembodied self. In this article, Instagram is taken as a case to illustrate self-(re)presentations, beyond icons or selfies (the popular term for photographic self-portraiture), to include the symbols and indexical signs of subjectification. To this purpose, the author draws on the semiotic philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) in order to develop an analytic table of sign correlates. The Peircean sign doctrine is applied to systematically analyse observable elements as well as to consider the routine, abstract and conceptual sign phenomena constituting meanings in an interpreter’s mind. The analytic framework helps to unravel a series of densely stitched compound-signs, interweaving Instagrammers’ self-(re)presentations. Importantly, the sign typology does not dispense with performative ontologies entirely but suggests that signs of self cannot necessarily be removed ‘backstage’. Conversely, considering self-(re)presentations, beyond facial displays, is fruitful for theorizing what is shown, inferred as well as obscured. In turn, this illuminates self-(re)presentations orchestrated within broader sociomaterial constructs and the symphony of signs.
... We are interested in textile-specific plant knowledge that may be generalized regionally and across culture groups, while also maintaining awareness of distinct ways that local communities organize, make use of and transmit such knowledge. We broadly draw on anthropological and historical ideas that consider 'macro-surveys of material culture' at the regional level (Miller 1998;Braudel 1981); cultural histories both of resource use by normatively invisible peripheral populations (Wolf 2010); and the specific challenges and opportunities in interdisciplinary method and theory in the interpretation of material evidence from archaeological and ethnobotanical fields (Hodder and Hutson 2003;Hodder 2012;Yarrow 2010;Ludwig 2018). ...
This paper will present a methodological overview and preliminary synthesis of multi-site ethnographic data on botanical practices related to indigenous textiles. Focusing on information derived from fieldwork among Bagobo and T'boli specialists in the late 20th and early 21st century, the paper will present indigenous textile practices related to plant use drawing on field and herbarium specimens with comparative information from other textile-producing groups in the region. The use of abaca (Musa textilis) thread alongside principal dye plants (Morinda citrifolia L. and Diospyros nitida) create the characteristic textile patterns long associated with Mindanao material culture. The use of contemporary sources that extend plant-based repertoires will also be presented, along with the role of indigenous specialists and collaborators in multi-site research. In presenting both method and data patterning, this paper seeks to delineate how traditional botanical knowledge facilitates a range of contemporary aesthetic goals among Mindanao's indigenous communities. In addition, this paper seeks to add to our understanding of how material culture, or the making of culturally meaningful things by historically marginalized peoples, continues to shape knowledge systems and organize individual and collective action.
... The inference that mercantile, commercial exchange emerged at a significant scale only in this period is another point of contrast, now questioned Freidel 2012, 2013). The structures of everyday life, as Braudel (1981) has argued, are steeped in custom and reflect reproductions of structures that adjust to changing historical contingencies (Sahlins 1981: 9-32). Social memory, often cached in the countryside during times of disjunction (Trigger 1980: 113), certainly contributed to the reconstitution of Maya society in the Postclassic period (Masson 1997, 2000, D. Chase and A. Chase 2004. ...
U radu će biti prikazan kratak osvrt na neke od hipoteza realističke ontologije, sa akcentom na dva njena živuća filozofska predstavnika: Bruna Latoura i Manuela DeLandu. Prvo će se ispitati teorijske postavke iz Latourove An Inquiry into Modes of Existence. An Anthropology of the Moderns (2013), knjige u kojoj autor dovršava vlastitu ontološku tezu o tzv. modusima postojanja i DeLandinih promišljanja sklopova i društvene kompleksnosti u A New Philosophy of Society. Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity (2006), a potom izvršiti sumiranje argumenata u neku vrstu koherentne cjeline. Dobijeni rezultat neće služiti za dokaz postojanja grubo određenog teorijsko-filozofskog sistema, već nekakve vrste platforme, koja se može koristiti za analizu fenomena koji bi prvenstveno bili relativni, a u isto vrijeme i realni. Metodološko polazište isključuje linearni, istorijsko-dijalektički razvoj mišljenja i zato u konačnici ne može ponijeti predikat klasične filozofske kritike: ontologije Latoura i DeLande koriste mnogo pojmova koji svoju genezu ne duguju etabliranim filozofskim sistemima. Takođe, rad će uputiti na akcentovanje posebne vrste pluralističkog poimanja svijeta, formalnog shvatanja ontologije promjene i pružiti neke informacije o tome šta bi mogla biti definicija realizma u ontologiji, oslobođena transcendentalne filozofije i tretiranja iskustva kao unaprijed zahvaćenog funkcijama uma.
In this open access book, Stephen Wooten offers a holistic historical ethnography of cooking and female agency inWestAfrica, and of the broader cultural and historical significance of women’s culinary agency.
Drawing on archaeological evidence, historical accounts, and extensive ethnographic research, Stephen Wooten documents and theorizes Malian women’s culinary agency. He finds that their cooking not only transforms raw ingredients into cooked fare, providing essential physical nourishment, but also helps foster fundamental values, facilitate elemental family and community dynamics, and reproduce gender identities and relations. These findings shed light on the cultural productivity of cooking within a specific African context and foster a deeper appreciation for the significance of culinary dynamics more broadly. The study makes important contributions to the fields of African studies, anthropology, and “everyday studies”.
The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. Open access was funded by the Bloomsbury Open Collections Library Collective.
In 1951-1964 the daily life of workers at Virgin Lands campaign of cultural and educational institutions during the “development of virgin and fallow lands” is described. The state of cultural and educational centers in the former settlements of the virgin lands and new methods of cultural services for the population at the time of the arrival of the workers, the activities of state and party bodies on organizing the leisure of them, the state of cultural centers in Kazakhstan, which was part of Virgin and Fallow Lands in the USSR, the opinions of the authorities on this matter were considered.The place and importance of cultural and educational institutions in the daily life of the inhabitants of the Virgin Lands covering the period 1951-1964 are analyzed on the basis of new archival data. Especially emphasizes that an extremely important aspect of the daily life of the inhabitants of the Virgin Lands is daily work, the organization of everyday life and leisure, large-scale cultural and educational work and its problems, the peculiarities of the life of the population during the Soviet period, the growth of "houses of culture" in farms with high capacity, on the study of the formation of cultural centers. During the study, it was notedthat there were cases when small Kazakh villages were closed by houses of culture under the pretext of inefficiency of maintaining such institutions, instead, samples of Russian culture were promoted under the pretext of developing international socialistculture without taking into account the spiritual and cultural values of the indigenous people of the region, other nationalities and nationalities who arrived on virgin land.
The relevance of the presented research is determined by the fact that in the current decade, changes in global development trends are associated with significant changes that, with varying degrees of probability, can occur within several cycles of economic activity. The purpose of the presented research is to analyze modern world development through the prism of the cumulative infl uence of economic activity cycles of varying duration and strength of infl uence, which determine the emerging mega trends of the coming decade. The novelty of the obtained results lies in identifying the main factors influencing the geopolitical economic trends of contemporary world development, which manifest in the superposition of expected intense changes within the cycles of J. Kitchin, K. Juglar, and N. Kondratieff , potentially demonstrating a convergence in the timing of crisis phases in 2024. The practical significance of the results is in the possibility of using the identified patterns for making strategic management decisions at the meso- and macro-levels.
The 18th century is often spoken of as “the Enlightenment”. This is as informative and as misleading as identifying the 15th and 16th centuries with “the Renaissance”. Like the Renaissance, the Enlightenment was a movement, made possible by particular social conditions – first of all the establishment of a public sphere allowing more exchange of ideas than could be controlled by the absolutist states – not least through an immense number of newspapers and journals.
The movement had its centre in France and the philosophes – Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau, etc. Since the movement was rooted in a broad public sphere, the philosophes saw the purpose of knowledge to be general welfare, not theoretical knowledge produced for its own sake and belonging to specialists. The sciences that were most strongly influenced by the Enlightenment were therefore those having to do with human beings and their society – not least the political and economic organization of society (Montesquieu, Rousseau, the physiocrats and Smith).
Natural sciences made impressive progress during the century, certainly also under the influence of the Enlightenment mood, but what happened to astronomy, mathematics and the earth sciences had more to do with the organization of scientific life in institutions furthered by the state power, in particular the Paris, Berlin and St. Petersburg Academies (chemistry and natural history remained more private affairs).
A first text, excerpted from the Encyclopédie, expresses the new attitude to the purpose of scientific knowledge. It is followed by two representing the mathematics of the century, one (Wolff) a lexicon intended for the university environment and for officers, another one (Euler) exemplifying the highest level of the new mathematics. Natural history, geology and chemistry are represented by excerpts from Linné, Pallas and Lavoisier. A final groups of texts is closer to the Enlightenment: La Mettrie's L'homme machine, which eliminates the separate soul and replaces it by active matter; Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws; Rousseau, On the Social Contract; Smith, The Wealth of Nations; Burke's Reflections of the Revolution in France; and Condillac, Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge.
This MSc. thesis is trying to explore the different motivations behind the public space appropriation. Based on literature, this study hypothesizes that the motivations of public space temporary appropriation are social, cultural, political and economic motivations. This hypothesis will be tested using various tools at the case study of this research: El Gamea square and market in Heliopolis, Cairo, Egypt.
It is believed that understanding the motivations of the user’s behavior allows for more adaptive design to the user needs. Which will lead eventually to sensitive urban adjustments to public spaces that will be more inclusive, resilient and sustainable.
Agriculture was and is inherently dependent on weather and climate. This dependency varies over time and space. The climatic regime of the Little Ice Age (ca 1300–1850) with its reduced average temperatures has been proposed to have presented agriculture in Europe with particular challenges. And yet, in the centuries after the Late Medieval Agrarian Crisis of the 14th and 15th centuries, population and agricultural production expanded markedly in many regions of Europe. This thesis employs the large amounts of agricultural and climatic data available from the Early Modern period as well as a comprehensive set of quantitative methods to explore agrometeorological relationships in central and southern Scandinavia, Switzerland, and Spain during the years ca 1500–1900. This thesis also contributes novel long time series of harvest, sowing, and hay-cutting dates, the latter two types of dates being exceptionally rare in European historiography. Results show that farmers faced different types of agrometeorological constraints in the regions studied here. Nonetheless, harvests in central agricultural areas generally tended to be larger during cooler years. Only in marginal agricultural areas did an opposite signal prevail. In other words, by the Early Modern period, if not earlier, agriculture in large parts of Europe appears to have been well adapted to the lower average temperatures of the Little Ice Age.
This book looks at the dynamic relationship between women’s productive and reproductive work in a Global South country from a Global South perspective.
Applying a feminist political economy and historical materialist approach and building on an ethnographic extended case study, it analyses the relationships between class and gender across both the productive and reproductive realms at the macro and micro levels in the case of women garment workers in Turkey. Overall, it shows that the material and social conditions of women’s productive and reproductive work co-constitute each other. It suggests that productive and social reproductive labour should be examined as an integrated process and an interrelated social relation, in constant dialogue with other social relations.
This book is of interest to researchers and students in the disciplines of gender studies, labour studies, feminist economics, sociology and development studies. Given that most studies on social reproduction have largely focused on the Global North, this book is of particular interest to those in search of a more comprehensive and holistic understanding. It is also of great relevance to policymakers concerned with gender and labour issues as well as labour and feminist activists.This book looks at the dynamic relationship between women’s productive and reproductive work in a Global South country from a Global South perspective.
Applying a feminist political economy and historical materialist approach and building on an ethnographic extended case study, it analyses the relationships between class and gender across both the productive and reproductive realms at the macro and micro levels in the case of women garment workers in Turkey. Overall, it shows that the material and social conditions of women’s productive and reproductive work co-constitute each other. It suggests that productive and social reproductive labour should be examined as an integrated process and an interrelated social relation, in constant dialogue with other social relations.
This book is of interest to researchers and students in the disciplines of gender studies, labour studies, feminist economics, sociology and development studies. Given that most studies on social reproduction have largely focused on the Global North, this book is of particular interest to those in search of a more comprehensive and holistic understanding. It is also of great relevance to policymakers concerned with gender and labour issues as well as labour and feminist activists.
Civilisation is a term widely used but is also very difficult to define. It can be thought of as a sort of super-culture, the widest and broadest form of culture and social identification, encompassing beliefs, religion, values, language and institutions. Historically, civilisation is considered to be a distinct shift in humanity from more organic forms of human organisation (pejoratively referred to as “primitive”) to more complex forms marked by urbanisation, technological adaptation, social complexity, long-distance trade and symbolic communication. The concept lends itself to both horizontal comparisons, i.e. between civilisations of different types, such as “Western” versus “Oriental”, “English”, “American”, etc.; and vertical comparisons along an implicit (often explicit) hierarchy between uncivilised and civilised and less and more civilised.
Este trabajo explora cómo la industrialización pudo estar afectando a la formación de capital humano. A través del análisis del gasto educativo de los ayuntamientos minero-industriales de Vizcaya entre 1857 y 1923, se puede observar como estos respondieron positivamente al boom minero-industrial desde mediados de 1880. Aunque en las décadas de 1880 y 1890 la inmigración a la cuenca hizo retroceder levemente el gasto educativo, los datos muestran que a partir de 1900, estos ayuntamientos realizaron una inversión importante en la formación de capital humano de sus habitantes. Sin embargo, la aproximación a los datos de alfabetización de la cuenca muestran que, pese al gasto educativo, la alfabetización no pareció responder positivamente hasta las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Los resultados parecen indicar que las condiciones de mineros y operarios fabriles pudieron estar afectando directamente a la escolarización, minimizando el efecto del gasto educativo local
O livro traz reflexões unindo questões sociais, da saúde e da nutrição. Na primeira parte, apresenta uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre a área da antropologia e da nutrição. Na segunda parte, abordam-se os paradoxos e repercussões das transformações sociais e da internacionalização da economia na cultura alimentar. A terceira parte dedica-se à alimentação tal como ela se configura hoje nos diferentes espaços, privados e públicos, dos contextos urbanos e diante das transformações sociais ocorridas no país nos últimos 35 anos.
The rules and practices governing international finance are necessarily the product of
political contestation and this research seeks to better understand this process. It draws
on the work of Steven Lukes, Charles Lindblom, Karl Polanyi, Antonio Gramsci, John
Ruggie, Margaret Keck, and Katherine Sikkink. This dissertation examines how the
process of international/transnational contestation is changing. Two case studies, one on
the transnational civil society based campaign for the cancellation of third world debt and
the second on the role of the World Economic Forum in this contestation, are used to
explore how non-state actors have mobilized to change the rules and practices governing
international finance in general and debt cancellation in particular in the period ending
with the Gleneagles G8 summit in 2005.
First, it argues that CSOs and NGOs redefined the global agenda with respect to
finance and debt and produced a crisis in one elite discursive framework and a (partial)
shift to another discursive framework which incorporated the demands of non-elite
actors. Second, CSOs’ and NGOs’ activism and innovative political strategies changed
the process of decision making to include alternative perspectives and actors. Third, this
is part of a Polanyian double movement taking place at a transnational level in which the
effects of international financial markets have produced a societal backlash. Finally, in
the emerging context of transnational civil society based politics moral values and
normative ideas - ideas about how the world should be - are a powerful force in shaping
change, even with respect to such an opaque, highly technical and apparently empirically
based system of rules and practices as those which govern international finance.
Although many scholars date the onset of the Anthropocene to the Industrial Revolution or the post-1945 ‘Great Acceleration’, there is growing interest in understanding earlier human impacts on the earth system. Research on the ‘Palaeoanthropocene’ has investigated the role of fire, agriculture, trade, urbanisation and other anthropogenic impacts. While there is increasing consensus that such impacts were more important than previously realised, geographical variation during the Palaeoanthropocene remains poorly understood. Here, we present a preliminary comparative analysis of claims that pre-industrial anthropogenic impacts in Japan were significantly reduced by four factors: the late arrival of agriculture, an emphasis on wet-rice farming limited to alluvial plains, a reliance on seafood rather than domesticated animals as a primary source of dietary protein, and cultural ideologies of environmental stewardship. We find that none of these claims of Japanese exceptionalism can be supported by the archaeological and historical records. We make some suggestions for further research but conclude that the Japanese sequence appears consistent with global trends towards increased anthropogenic impacts over the course of the Palaeoanthropocene.
There has been much research undertaken over the years to better identify the factors leading to both firm and economic growth. These range from building an understanding of innovation, particularly of non-rivalous goods to better examining the increasing returns present in increasingly networked economies. In Central Asia, studies of firm and accompanying economic growth have been more on the quantitative side in examining aggregate factors such as industry productivity and the resulting impact on GDP. The current research seeks to review the economic growth literature and its links with innovation and human capital in the context of a Central Asian economy. Top down and particularly bottom up policy implications are also examined. An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is also taken in interviewing Iranian researchers and experts from the areas of economics, entrepreneurship, science and technology, and public policy. They are interviewed to illustrate how innovative human capital can contribute to firm development and economic growth in a major Central Asian economy not normally associated with innovative human capital and new ventures. Potential implications for firm growth through innovation and enhanced human capital are identified and linked to the Central Asian context and its traditional, historical attention to individual development and the freedom to “have a go.”
This article offers an overview of specific aspects of the material culture of Pomerelian minor towns in the late Middle Ages. Although small urban centres in Pomerelia (also known as Gdańsk Pomerania) were located off the main trade routes and in the hinterland of the Hanseatic world, archaeological excavations have revealed numerous remains related to the Hanseatic way of life. The analysis of buildings, pottery, glassware, and metalware reveal the Baltic towns’ participation in urban culture, providing an insight into the status of the smaller towns in relation to the main trade centres of the Baltic Sea.
Dress is a part of Chinese cultural heritage that has fascinated Western audiences for centuries. On the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of China, there are items related to textiles, embroideries and certain examples of Chinese clothing. This article analyses issues connected with the different uses of Chinese dress in the West. To fashion theorists such as Bell, Wilson, Sapir and Veblen, Chinese dress was the opposite of modern Western clothing and did not deserve to be called fashion. However, researchers such as Welters, Lillethun and Craik have opposed viewing fashion theory through a Eurocentric prism in their desire to rewrite fashion history. Fashion designers drew ideas from China, treating it as a source of inspiration to create their own original designs. For some of them, such as Yves Saint Laurent, it was a China of their imagination. In certain cases, they made use of porcelain designs or dragon motifs in their own collections, for instance, in designs by Cavalli and Ford. The incorporation of Chinese garments into Western collections has also become visible.
The vivid social lives of street magicians’ paraphernalia narrate the conflicts that threaten their artform today. Here, we attend to the movements of the Maseit street magician’s objects to map the incursion of globalization and state oppression into their lifeworlds in Kathputli Colony, Delhi. Street magic, until 2018, was criminalized as begging under the Bombay Prevention of Begging Act. We examine how the rule of law inflicts routine violence on the Maseit and how the magicians in turn internally sabotage the everyday framework of legality. The first part focuses on the magician’s props to unpack the brutal legacy of subordination perpetuated via legal and extralegal means. The second part describes the magician’s and his things’ alternation between ritual and commodity forms. We then investigate the changes in the Maseit’s kinship structure and gendered division of labor that taking their performance to the stage has propelled. These accounts of disenfranchisement and marginalization reveal the dystopic condition of subalternity where the Maseit’s repression becomes a necessary exercise of neutralizing suspect
bodies to sustain the masses' trust in law’s promises of freedom and rights.
In mid-18th Century France, the cooking and serving of meat dishes had been in decline for many years. Household cooks were invariably male and were experienced professionals serving those who could afford their expertise. In 1746, Menon, a prolific food writer, published a cook-book, "La Cuisiniere Bourgeiose", which was specifically written for the female cook, What has not been noticed or addressed by previous authors, is the fact that the majority of recipes in this book are devoted to the cooking of meat and poultry. Within a few years of publication of the first edition, all subsequent editions carried this emphasis on meat cookery on the title pages. The book went though multiple editions attesting to its relevance and usefulness to the cooks to which it was directed. It is argued that this publication may have had a substantial influence on household meat cookery of the time.
The essay sets out to explore the functions of food discourse in the plays Three Sisters by Anton Chekhov and Crimes of the Heart by Beth Henley. Based on the critically established continuity between the two plays, the essay looks at the ways the dramatists capitalize on food imagery to achieve their artistic goals. It seemed logical to discuss the alimentary practices within the framework of everyday life studies (Edmund Husserl, Alfred Schütz, Fernand Braudel, Bernhard Waldenfels and others), moved to the forefront of literary scholarship by the anthropological turn in the humanities. Enhanced by a semiotic approach, this perspective enables one to understand food products and consumption manners as performing a variety of functions in each play. Most obviously, they are instrumental in creating the illusion of “everydayness” vital for new drama. Then, for Chekhov, food comes to epitomize the spiritless materiality of contemporary life, while in Henley’s play it is predominantly used, in accordance with the play’s feminist agenda, as a grotesque substitute for the lack of human affection. Relying upon the fundamental cultural distinction between everyday and non-everyday makes it possible to compare representations of festive occasions in the two plays seen through the gastronomical lens of “eating together.” Despite substantial differences, the emphases on alimentary practices in the plays serve to realize the inexhaustible dramatic potential inherent in the minutiae of quotidian life.
The dominant ideology of the United States has stressed as a primary precept the nation’s willingness to accept and incorporate new peoples. Patriotic boosters have promoted the nation as the exemplary model of cultural pluralism and inclusion, but immigration has remained a topic of protracted debate. Controversy occurs because racial theory underpins America’s national ideology. The 19th-century Anglo-Saxon elite that governed, financed, and controlled the nation racialized many immigrant groups as inferior. Irish immigration to the United States in the decades following the Great Famine provides an example. A process of racialized incorporation is outlined, and an example is presented using archaeological remains from Albany, New York. Speculation is presented about the connection between racialized social position and cut-sponge-stamped ceramics.
The sustainability has been a burning issue in the field of fashion and textiles over the last decades due to various issues such as greenhouse gases emission, carbon foot prints, rising of global temperature, etc. The life cycle assessment of all fashion garments or even textile products needs to be thoroughly analyzed by relevant industries from time to time. The sustainability think‐tank and know‐how are required to address this holding issue by channelling few factors like machineries used, new fibers innovativeness, and inventing latest eco‐friendly dyes and chemicals. This current chapter deals with the various parameter and innovativeness matrixes relevant to sustainability in the field of modern fashion and textile manufacturing in details.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate how much variation in adult stature and body mass can be explained by growth disruption among soldiers who served in Napoleon's Grand Army during the Russian Campaign of 1812.
Methods
Linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) were recorded as representations of early life growth disruption, while the impact on future growth was assessed using maximum femur length (n = 73) as a proxy for stature and maximum femoral head diameter (n = 25) as a proxy for body mass. LEH frequency, severity, age at first formation, and age at last formation served as explanatory variables in a multiple regression analysis to test the effect of these variables on maximum femur length and maximum femoral head diameter.
Results
The multiple regression model produced statistically significant results for maximum femur length (F ‐statistic = 3.05, df = 5 and 67, P = .02), with some variation in stature (adjusted r ² = 0.13) attributable to variation in growth disruption. The multiple regression model for maximum femoral head diameter was not statistically significant (F ‐statistic = 1.87, df = 5 and 19, P = .15).
Conclusions
We hypothesized stress events during early life growth and development would have significant, negative, and cumulative effects on growth outcomes in adulthood. The results did not support our hypothesis. Instead, some variables and interactions had negative effects on stature, whereas others had positive effects. This is likely due to catch‐up growth, the relationship between acute and chronic stress and growth, resilience, and plasticity in human growth over the life course.
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