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Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) grooms her infant's wound with tools
Abstract
After an attack on her 6-day-old infant, a capuchin monkey manufactured, modified, and used simple tools to manipulate her infant's head wound, and applied modified plant materials to the wound. The monkey's preparation and use of plant materials were varied and skillful. Several contextual factors probably facilitated the extension of tool-using behaviors that this female used in treating her own wounds to treating another's wound. We consider these in relation to the prehistorical development of social medicine in our own species.
... Observations both in the wild and in the captivity have shown that a number of primate species are able to use tools, largely in feeding contexts (for reviews see Beck, 1980;Tomasello and Call, 1997;van Schaik et al., 1999). However, the more complex modification and manufacture of objects to make tools more suitable for a particular function has been found far less frequently (Leca et al., 2010;Lindshield and Rodrigues, 2009;Ritchie and Fragaszy, 1988;Sinha, 1997;Thierry et al., 1994;van Schaik et al., 1999;Watanabe et al., 2007). Tool modification is defined here as separating the tool from its substrate and giving it a new shape for its subsequent use (Beck, 1980). ...
... Outside of feeding, but in a specific hygiene context, tool manufacture has been observed in Cebus (e.g. Ritchie and Fragaszy, 1988), Macaca (Sinha, 1997;Thierry et al., 1994), and recently in Ateles (Lindshield and Rodrigues, 2009). The former observations all involved breaking sticks, and the latter study of spider monkeys was done under wild conditions. ...
... Compared to the previous instances of tool manufacture in hygienic contexts, this mandrill manipulated sticks in a manner similar to that reported for capuchin monkeys (Ritchie and Fragaszy, 1988), macaques (Sinha, 1997;Thierry et al., 1994), and spider monkeys (Lindshield and Rodrigues, 2009). The different sequences of actions were distinct and clear, similar to those described for capuchin monkeys (Ritchie and Fragaszy, 1988). ...
Tool making or modification to produce a tool of apparent improved functionality has rarely been reported in monkeys, especially when tools are used outside the context of food acquisition. We report on an observation of selection, modification and use of splinters for hygiene purposes in a male mandrill. The zoo-housed animal was video-recorded breaking splinters in sequence to use them underneath his toenails. This record brings forward new evidence that the ability to use and modify tools is not limited to apes and some New World monkeys but is also apparent in Old Word monkeys.
... Benjamin B. Beck gives us the best-known definition of tool-use as "the external deployment of an unattached environmental object to alter more efficiently the form, position or condition of another object" (Shumaker et al., 2011). Many observations on tool use have been described in chimpanzees (McGrew and Tutin, 1973;McGrew, 1977;Boesch and Boesch, 1983, 1984, 1989Goodall, 1986;De Waal, 2016) and bonobos (Jordan, 1982;Ingmanson, 1996;McGrew and Marchant, 1997) but in the last two decades there has been an increase of studies and experiments of tool use by monkeys including macaques (Huffman et al., 2010;Leca et al., 2012;Leca et al., 2016), baboons (van Lawick- Goodall et al., 1973) and capuchins (Fernandes, 1975;Antinucci and Visalberghi, 1986;Westergaard and Fragazsy, 1987;Boinski, 1988;Ritchie and Fragaszy, 1988;Anderson, 1990;Chevalier-Skolnikoff, 1990;Visalberghi, 1990;Anderson and Henneman, 1994;Phillips, 1998;Jalles-Filho and Grassetto, 2008). Panger et al. (2002) describe some tool-use behaviors that include the "leaf wrap" processing technique, where monkeys wrapped objects such as Automeris spp. ...
In the last two decades there has been an increase of studies and experiments of tool-use by monkeys. A behavior included on this tool use is "leaf-wrap" where monkeys wrapped objects in order to facilitate the use or improve the state of another object. A group of captive white-faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) were observed making use of anise avocado leaves (Persea americana) to wrap diferent items of their daily diet. The description of the behavior, the possible explanation for this behavior as well as the plant used are detailed on the following article.
... Romanes 1883Cooper & Harlow, 1961;Vitale et al. 1991;Fredman, personal observations. Westergaard & Fragaszy 1987b;Ritchie & Fragaszy, 1988;Renan, Fredman & Eizenberg, 2006. ...
... Capuchins use rocks and sticks as hammers to open hard-shelled nuts and oysters; they hit or throw objects at other animals and people; they use towels and other matter for soaking up liquids; and they use sticks as rakes and pushing devices, and as probes to "fish" for insects or other food. Capuchins also use composite tools, that is, the use of more than one tool to accomplish a specific goal: for example, connecting two sticks together to reach an object (Anderson 1990;Boinski 1988;Costello 1989;Izawa and Mizuno 1977;Ritchie and Fragaszy 1988;Visalberghi 1990;Westergaard and Fragaszy 1987; for discussion see Chevalier-Skolnikoff 1989;Visalberghi and Trinca 1989). This ability exceeds tool use of all New and Old World monkeys and is surpassed only by our closest relatives, the chimpanzees. ...
Two genera of nonhuman primates that include howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata and Alouatta pigra) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) currently are located throughout the Maya region. It has been suggested that the Classic Maya associated these monkeys, especially howler monkeys, with the arts. This view is exemplified in the Popol Vuh and in depictions of monkey-man scribes on Late Classic (c. a.d. 550–900) ceramics. This paper provides evidence that a third genus, the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus), is also located in the southern Maya region and may have extended as far north as Belize within the last century. Supporting data are drawn from historic accounts, artifact and faunal analysis, and linguistic data. It is also proposed, based on an interspecific comparison of morphological and behavioral characteristics, that capuchin monkeys rather than howler monkeys are the animals represented in depictions of monkey scribes.
... Consequently, they have been characterized as eating foods that " fight back " . The documented studies of tool/object use in Cebus (see Panger, 1998 for definitions, and Panger, 2007 for review; but see Garber and Brown, 2002) describe how palm nuts are repeatedly pounded against another surface until opened (Izawa and Mizuno, 1977; Struhsaker and Leland, 1977; Anderson, 1990; Visalberghi et al., 2007 Visalberghi et al., , 2008 ), how marine oysters are opened by the use of stones and other oysters (Fernandez, 1991; Parker and Gibson, 1977), and how sticks are used to groom wounds or to contact a potentially dangerous object (Boinski, 1988; Cooper and Harlow, 1961; Richie and Fragaszy, 1989; Visalberghi, 1990; Westergaard and Fragaszy, 1987). This combination of manipulative skills and an opportunistic feeding strategy allow the highly adaptive Cebus species to exploit different habitats and diets. ...
The explication of altruistic behavior in primates remains complex. Gregarious, socially complex primates are characterized by a diverse array of social behavior patterns with seemingly altruistic behavior being relatively commonplace. Human societies are a form of primate society but with much higher levels of social complexity and extremely high levels of cooperative and apparently altruistic behavior. It is likely that there are elements of primate (at least anthropoid) sociality that act as baseline for subsequent expansion and elaboration during human evolution. Can understanding patterns and contexts of primate social complexity and cooperation help us understand human altruism? In this chapter we have two primary objectives: to examine three nonhuman primate genera to show how social cooperation, social bonding, and niche construction can affect our understandings of altruism and to illustrate where we think that such nonhuman primate information is a good model for humans and where it is not.
... The monkey chewed on the branch and repeatedly pressed it against the wound. This behavior resembles an earlier report of a captive female tufted capuchin monkey using a stick to groom herself when she had a local infection and later using a stick to clean her infant's head wound 37,38 . These observations indicate that although the monkeys had been housed individually and under restricted conditions for most of their lives, they still had some abilities to manufacture and use tools. ...
The authors provided different forms of environmental enrichment to six old laboratory male tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and studied the behavior of the monkeys during a baseline period and during three enrichment periods. Each observation period lasted 5 d, with an interval of 6 d between periods. During the first enrichment period, the authors provided Buster cubes and wood cylinders with drilled holes filled with gum arabic. During the second enrichment period, monkeys were provided with a deep litter of bark shavings, and during the third enrichment period, they were given Buster cubes, wood cylinders and bark shavings. When provided with enrichment, the monkeys engaged in natural, species-specific activities and began to exhibit behavioral profiles that more closely resembled those of their natural counterparts. This suggests that their psychological well-being had improved and that group housing combined with environmental enrichment can improve the welfare of old laboratory tufted capuchin monkeys that were previously housed individually.
This chapter considers one aspect of God’s appearance in the postdigital condition: the human imperative to create technology in a manner that reflects their own creation in the image of God. This imperative exists from the start of the species; since cultivating the Earth entails the creation of technology, technological innovation is part of God’s divine design for humanity, and humanity’s general use of technology follows this divine design. After establishing four preliminary foundations, this chapter argues that first, technology integrates naturally with humanity in their native environment; second, technology increases humans’ capacity for humanness; and third, technological innovation is scalable with human progress. This chapter uses presence as a test case to show how humans’ divine design permits and encourages the innovation and proliferation of technology.KeywordsTechnologyPresenceTelepresenceHeideggerTheological anthropologyTools
Monografia jest próbą przedstawienia aktualnego stanu wiedzy z zakresu psychologii porównawczej oraz etologii poznawczej. Maciej Trojan skupia się szczególnie na pięciu obszarach: komunikacji i języku, kompetencjach numerycznych, użyciu i wytwarzaniu narzędzi, teorii umysłu oraz mentalnych podróżach w czasie. Podejmuje też kwestię budzącą powszechne zainteresowanie: problem świadomości i samoświadomości u zwierząt.
With the recent publication of a new edition of a prominent classification system of psychiatric disorders (i.e., DSM-5), and the prospect that the next version will retain the conventional zeitgeist of psychiatry, this chapter discusses why such disorders, when examined from an evolutionary standpoint (e.g., as per cause, manifestation, and impact), are different from disorders germane to the rest of medicine. Specifically, we draw on ideas and insights of evolutionary social and life sciences, including population genetics, gene-culture coevolution, evolutionary psychology and anthropology, evolutionary medicine, behavioral ecology, and human evolutionary developmental biology. We discuss how and why these and related sciences provide an appropriate framework for understanding distinctive features of psychiatric disorders and its practical exigencies (see Fabrega, 1997, 2006a, 2009, 2013 for general background).
This paper reports the behavior of the black capped capuchin monkey, Cebus apella, using tools to break seeds of Syagrus romanzoffianum in search of coleoptera larvae that live inside. The study area was the Parque Municipal Arthur Thomas (85,47 ha) located in the city of Londrina, Paraná state. In one year of study, using the ad libitum method, the monkeys were observed using rocks pretty much in the same way as if they were hammer and anvil. Individuais of both sexes including adults, subadults and juveniles with more than two years of age, were involved in such activity. The behavior of the animais consisted of they place the seeds on a large rock in the ground, and using a smaller rock which was hold among the hands, the seeds were beaten repeatedly until breaking. Then they ate the larvae and/or endosperm. The use of tools is thought to have brought benefits to the animais by allowing the access to a source of food that would not normally be used.
Some animals are served perceptually by keratinous appendages without nervous supply, such as vibrissae, whereas others (principally primates) are able to perceive using inorganic tools. These capacities may be designated extended haptic percep- tion. Examples of extended haptic perception in crustaceans, whiskered animals, nonhuman primates, and humans are reviewed. It is argued that such perceptual recruitment of neurally inert components shows perception, per se, to be more fundamental than specialized perceptual organs.
During capture, in order to separate him from a possessive adult female and return him to his mother, a newborn male in a laboratory group of Cebus Capucinus monkeys was found to have a seriously infected compound fracture of the humerus associated with a deep and extensive slash wound. Amputation of the affected limb was deemed necessary. Shortly after surgery the newborn was returned to his mother, in isolation from the group, with periodic removal for post-surgical care. Three weeks later the mother-newborn pair was returned to the social group and no further intervention occurred. Regular observations revealed mutual behavioural adjustments to the handicap by the mother and newborn. Compared to a normal age-mate, the amputee received more positive social attention from the mother and other group-members. Despite his showing delays in locomotor and manipulatory activities, the handicapped infant showed good behavioural progress. Early resocialization thus appears feasible following emergency surgery in newborn primates.
Our fascination with the use of tools by nonhuman animals reflects a profound appreciation of the importance of tools to our own species. There is no doubt that the use of tools has empowered humans to diversify their way of life and to exploit resources not available to other primates. The paleontological and archaeological records show that changes in tools throughout human history reflect an accumulating mastery of physical relations and knowledge of natural processes. The tools themselves provide a record of human workmanship, and, from the earliest periods of human history, one of the best records from which to infer the behavior of our ancestors. Moreover, using tools is linked in our minds to intelligence; the emergence of tools in human history is thought to reflect the evolution of human intelligence. To the best of our knowledge, capuchins learn to use tools in much the same way that other species do. Understanding how they learn to use tools, and the aspects of using tools that challenge them, gives us a new understanding of tool use in our own species as well as other species of nonhuman animals. Finally, to better understand why captive capuchins readily use tools, but capuchins in the wild rarely do so, we discuss the behavioral and environmental factors that promote and constrain the occurrence of tool use in these monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
There is a growing body of evidence documenting animals' selective use of medicinal plants found in their environments. During research conducted in Costa Rica, capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus) have been observed topically applying material of at least four plant genera (Citrus, Clematis, Piper, and Sloanea). The first three of these plants contain secondary compounds which are known to have anti-insect and/or medicinal benefits and the ethnographic record shows that indigenous peoples throughout the New World use these plants for similar purposes and in similar ways. It is suggested that free-ranging nonhuman primates use plants topically for their potential medicinal purposes. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recent progress in the field of wildlife disease ecology demonstrates that infectious disease plays a crucial role in the lives of wild animals. Parasites and pathogens should be especially important for social animals in which high contact among individuals increases the potential for disease spread. As one of the best studied mammalian groups, primates offer a unique opportunity to examine how complex behaviours (including social organization) influence the risk of acquiring infectious diseases, and the defences used by animals to avoid infection. This book explores the correlates of disease risk in primates, including not only social and mating behaviour but also diet, habitat use, life history, geography and phylogeny. The authors examine how a core set of host and parasite traits influence patterns of parasitism at three levels of biological organization: among individuals, among populations, and across species. A major goal is to synthesize, for the first time, four disparate areas of research: primate behavioural ecology, parasite biology, wildlife epidemiology, and the behavioural and immune defences employed by animals to counter infectious disease. Throughout, the authors provide an overview of the remarkable diversity of infectious agents found in wild primate populations. Additional chapters consider how knowledge of infectious diseases in wild primates can inform efforts focused on primate conservation and human health. More generally, this book identifies infectious disease as an important frontier in our understanding of primate behaviour and ecology. It highlights future challenges for testing the links between host and parasite traits, including hypotheses for the effects of disease on primate social and mating systems.
A 14-yr-old male brown capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, with stranguria. The history included distal urethral obstruction and a previous surgical attempt to create a urinary diversion through the perineum. A perineal urethrostomy was performed. In a 17-mo follow-up period, neither stranguria nor dysuria was observed, and the monkey's social behavior appeared normal. Perineal urethrostomy appears to be a simple and practical procedure in primates with a compromised distal urethra.
TOOL use by animals is characteristically restricted to agonistic, exploratory, or self-maintenance contexts, and we have only one record of its use in social grooming1. Belle, a female chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) at the Delta Regional Primate Research Center, used sticks as aids in grooming the teeth of other individuals, and on one occasion she fashioned a stick tool by stripping a twig of its leaves. In 135 h of observation over 6 weeks, we recorded forty-five bouts of dental grooming: four of tool use (all social), twenty-three of social grooming, seven of attempted social grooming, and eleven of self grooming. Dental grooming occurred on 16 of the 27 observation days.
In this report we describe the manufacture and use of tools in captive groups of tufted capuchin monkeys (
Cebus apella). Apparatus designed to accommodate probing and sponging behaviors were introduced into the monkeys' home cage with materials provided for fashioning tools. In one group of 9 capuchins, 6 were successful in manufacturing and using probes, and in a second group, 4 of 5 capuchins were successful in using probes, and 3 in manufacturing them. In a follow-up study with the larger group of capuchins, 8 monkeys were successful in manufacturing sponging tools from paper towels. Our studies provide the first report of spontaneous manufacture of tools in any group of monkeys. The tool-using and manufacturing behaviors observed in the capuchins were similar in form, function, and ontogeny to those that have previously been reported for chimpanzees. Our results provide further evidence that capuchins possess extensive manipulative propensities and emphasize the significance of the normal social environment in the full expression of these propensities. Finally, we spell out some directions future research could take in developing an understanding of the psychological characteristics underlying tool-related behaviors in diverse species. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
A captive adult female capuchin monkey spontaneously manufactured and used tools to groom her vaginal area and four of her
own wounds over a six-month period. The wounds apparently occurred during fights with other monkeys living in the same social
groups. The monkey often groomed her vaginal area and wounds with tools she had coated with a sugar-based syrup. The monkey
did not use tools to groom other body areas, nor did she use tools that were coated with substances other than syrup. This
monkey’s unusual habit developed in the context of manufacturing and using tools in a feeding task. These observations demonstrate
that the serendipitous performance of particular behaviours in appropriate contexts can lead to the discovery and practice
of simple treatment of wounds by a monkey. The independent discovery of simple medicinal procedures in human cultures may
have occurred in a similar manner. Such discoveries could have predated the development of sophisticated cultures in which
medicinal practices were embedded and eventually recorded.
Description d'un cas de sélection et d'utilisation spontanée d'outils pour sonder un orifice chez un mâle Mandrillus sphinx (Linnaeus 1758).
AN animal may be said to use a tool when an object is used as a functional extension of the hand (or claw, mouth, beak) in the attainment of an immediate goal1. References have been made to tool-using in wild baboons. Marais2 describes the manner in which the individuals of one troop of baboons (Papio ursinus) broke open the hard-shelled fruits of “sausage trees” (Kigelia pinnata) with rocks in order to feed on the seeds. Kortlandt and Kooij3 mention one baboon using a stone to squash a scorpion to eat it, and another using a stick to prod about in a termite nest. In these two instances no details of the behaviours nor of the conditions under which they were observed are given so that they should probably not be accepted as wholly reliable.
Tool use in free-living baboons in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania Utilisation spontange d'outils chez le mandrill (Primate) MAMMALIA Westergaard, G.; Fragaszy, D. The manufac-ture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys (Cebus upella)
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Packer, C. Tool use in free-living baboons in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. NATURE 241:212-213, 1973. Vincent, F. Utilisation spontange d'outils chez le mandrill (Primate). MAMMALIA Westergaard, G.; Fragaszy, D. The manufac-ture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys (Cebus upella). JOURNAL OF COMPAR-ATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 101: 159-168, 1987a.
Chimpanzee tool use in dental grooming Van Lawick-Goodall, J. Tool-using in pri-mates and other vertebrates
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Kohler, W. THE MENTALITY OF APES. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1925. McGrew, W.C.; Tutin, C.E.G. Chimpanzee tool use in dental grooming. NATURE 241: 477-478, 1973. Van Lawick-Goodall, J. Tool-using in pri-mates and other vertebrates. Pp. 195-249 in ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BE-HAVIOUR. DS. Lehrman, R.A. Hinde, E. Shaw, eds. New York, Academic Press, 1970. Van Lawick-Goodall, J.; Van Lawick, H.;
The Chimpanzees of Gombe
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